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/></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK577864_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for transient ischaemic attack (TIA) prediction rules</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management</div><p><b>Evidence review B</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 128</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2019 May</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3386-0</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="ch2.s1"><h2 id="_ch2_s1_">1. Risk prediction scores</h2><div id="ch2.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question: How accurately do scoring systems predict the risks of future ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) within the first 7 days in people with suspected TIA?</h3></div><div id="ch2.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Introduction</h3><p>Patients who have experienced a TIA are at increased risk of having a stroke in the days and weeks following the TIA. Scoring systems have been developed to stratify TIA patients according to their individual future risk of stroke or TIA. The results of these TIA risk scoring systems have been used to guide decisions about the rapidity of access to specialist assessment following a TIA; however these tools are not applied consistently in practice. The committee considered how accurately these scoring systems predicted the risk of stroke or TIA in the first seven days following a TIA and whether these should be used to guide current practice.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#ch2.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab1" rid-ob="figobch2tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Methods and process</h3><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual.<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref19" rid="ch2.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a> Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#ch2.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to NICE’s 2014 conflicts of interest policy upto March 2018, and NICE’s 2018 conflicts of interest policy from April 2018.</p><p>Risk of bias was assessed using the prediction study risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) risk of bias checklist for primary studies or the ROBIS checklist for systematic reviews, including individual patient data (IPD) meta-analyses. IPD analyses were included in the same way as published systematic reviews, with the outcomes reported as described in the IPD analysis and risk of bias assessed for the IPD analysis per outcome.</p><p>Note that this question is an update and was also included in the previous guideline. Search strategies run from 2008 onward. The previous guideline included 4 studies,<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref10" rid="ch2.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref42" rid="ch2.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref74" rid="ch2.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref82" rid="ch2.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a> none of which meet the protocol for this review. Three of these studies related to the ABCD score, and one was a derivation study for ABCD2.</p><p>For risk prediction tools ideal discrimination produces a C statistic of 1∙0, whereas discrimination that is no better than chance produces a C statistic of 0∙5.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.5"><h3>1.5. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="ch2.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. Included studies</h4><p>Two individual patient data (IPD) analyses were identified for this review, both from the same multicentre authors.<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref52" rid="ch2.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref59" rid="ch2.ref59"><sup>59</sup></a> The first study from Merwick et al., 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref52" rid="ch2.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a> consists of a derivation sample from 8 papers,<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref7" rid="ch2.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref11" rid="ch2.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref22" rid="ch2.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref23" rid="ch2.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref50" rid="ch2.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref54" rid="ch2.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref66" rid="ch2.ref66"><sup>66</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref68" rid="ch2.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a> and a validation sample from population-based studies in Dublin<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref23" rid="ch2.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref78" rid="ch2.ref78"><sup>78</sup></a> and Oxford,<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref13" rid="ch2.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a> plus additional unpublished data. The derivation cohort was used to derive the ABCD3 and ABCD3-I scores and therefore only the pooled individual patient data for ABCD2 scores have been included from this cohort, excluding the derivation data as per protocol. The validation sample consists of population based studies that the authors note are more likely to be treated later, treated by non-specialists, and have higher recurrent stroke risk than those in hospital-based studies. These cohorts were used for validation of the ABCD2, ABCD3 and ABCD3-I scores.</p><p>The second paper from Kelly et al., 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref46" rid="ch2.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a> is a validation study of the prediction rules using pooled individual patient data from 16 cohort studies across 13 papers<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref1" rid="ch2.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref17" rid="ch2.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref27" rid="ch2.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref30" rid="ch2.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref32" rid="ch2.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref45" rid="ch2.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref51" rid="ch2.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a><sup>–</sup><a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref53" rid="ch2.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref57" rid="ch2.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref67" rid="ch2.ref67"><sup>67</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref73" rid="ch2.ref73"><sup>73</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref79" rid="ch2.ref79"><sup>79</sup></a> and additional unpublished data. These cohorts were used for validation of the ABCD2, ABCD2-I, and ABCD3-I.</p><p>Details for each of the included risk stratification tools are detailed in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch2tab2" rid-ob="figobch2tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><p>Although some retrospective data may have been included in the IPD analyses the majority of included studies for the validation cohorts are prospective and, given the benefits of IPD analysis, it was agreed to include these findings despite the potential for some retrospective data being included.</p><p>The included studies are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch2tab3" rid-ob="figobch2tab3">Table 3</a> below. Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summary below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch2tab4" rid-ob="figobch2tab4">Table 4</a>).</p><p>It is noted that the population differs slightly from our protocol as these studies include those with TIA, rather than those suspected with TIA, with the exception of 1 study<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref6" rid="ch2.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a>. Data from the OXVASC study population were included in both of the IPD analyses but it was not possible to be certain about the degree of overlap in the samples. Data from the earlier Merwick study was also included in the Kelly study, but the overalp in the sample was approximately 10% and it was decided to be acceptable to include both reviews to avoid losing large amounts of data. Also of note is that in Kelly et al., 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref59" rid="ch2.ref59"><sup>59</sup></a> the inclusion criteria selected only those who had an MRI within 7 days of TIA onset and before stroke occurrence. Outcomes for ABCD2 in the Kelly study have been downgraded for selection bias, whereas outcomes for risk tools that require imaging have not been downgraded.</p><p>Five additional prospective cohorts were included, all of which evaluated the discriminative ability of the ABCD2 score.</p><p>See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch2.appc">appendix C</a> and study evidence tables in <a href="#ch2.appd">appendix D</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab2" rid-ob="figobch2tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Risk score items and definitions." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Risk score items and definitions. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>See the excluded studies list in <a href="#ch2.appf">appendix F</a>.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.5.3"><h4>1.5.3. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab3" rid-ob="figobch2tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch2.appd">appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.5.4"><h4>1.5.4. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div id="ch2.s1.5.4.1"><h5>1.5.4.1. Discrimination</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab4" rid-ob="figobch2tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Clinical evidence profile: Risk scores for predicting future stroke, Merwick 2010." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence profile: Risk scores for predicting future stroke, Merwick 2010. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab5" rid-ob="figobch2tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. Clinical evidence profile: Risk scores for predicting future stroke, Kelly 2016." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence profile: Risk scores for predicting future stroke, Kelly 2016. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab6" rid-ob="figobch2tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. Clinical evidence profile: Risk scores for predicting future stroke or TIA, prospective cohort studies." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence profile: Risk scores for predicting future stroke or TIA, prospective cohort studies. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.5.4.2"><h5>1.5.4.2. Calibration</h5><p>Both IPD studies reported calibration scores. A score of <20 indicates a well-calibrated tool and >20 indicates poor calibration.<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref25" rid="ch2.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab7" rid-ob="figobch2tab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 7. Clinical evidence profile: Calibration of risk tools." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab7">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence profile: Calibration of risk tools. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.5.4.3"><h5>1.5.4.3. Additional results</h5><p>The IPD studies both report observed risk of stroke categorised by risk score as low, medium and high risk (high score = high risk), as shown in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch2tab8" rid-ob="figobch2tab8">Table 8</a>. This data is not appropriate to quality assess using GRADE.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 8" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab8" rid-ob="figobch2tab8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab8/?report=previmg" alt="Table 8. Risk of stroke stratified by risk score (low, medium and high)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab8">Table 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Risk of stroke stratified by risk score (low, medium and high). </p></div></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.5.4.4"><h5>1.5.4.4. Non-included outcomes</h5><p>No results were presented in the papers for the other outcomes listed in the protocol (e.g. prediction of 7 day mortality).</p></div></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Economic evidence</h3><div id="ch2.s1.6.1"><h4>1.6.1. Included studies</h4><p>No relevant published health economic studies were identified in the 2017 update searches or in the 2008 guideline.</p><p>Original health economic modelling undertaken as part of the 2008 guideline did not specifically address the cost effectiveness of risk stratification tools for people with suspected TIA/minor stroke, but addressed the cost effectiveness of early versus late assessment. While the review question on early versus late assessment has not been updated in the 2017 update of the guideline, the recommendations resulting from this review question have implications for the timing of expert assessment for people with suspected TIA. Therefore, a summary of the health economic model from the 2008 guideline is provided in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch2tab9" rid-ob="figobch2tab9">Table 9</a> below and in Health economic evidence tables F. For the full report, see: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg68/evidence/full-guideline-pdf-196845517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg68/evidence/full-guideline-pdf-196845517</a>.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch2.appe">appendix E</a>.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.6.2"><h4>1.6.2. Summary of studies included in the economic evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab9"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 9" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab9" rid-ob="figobch2tab9"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab9/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab9/?report=previmg" alt="Table 9. Health economic evidence profile: Non specialist assessment by a GP versus immediate assessment at a stroke unit versus assessment within 7 days at a weekly specialist stroke unit clinic." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab9">Table 9</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Health economic evidence profile: Non specialist assessment by a GP versus immediate assessment at a stroke unit versus assessment within 7 days at a weekly specialist stroke unit clinic. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.6.3"><h4>1.6.3. Unit costs</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab10"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 10" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab10" rid-ob="figobch2tab10"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab10/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab10/?report=previmg" alt="Table 10. UK costs of outpatient imaging." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab10">Table 10</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">UK costs of outpatient imaging. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.7"><h3>1.7. Resource costs</h3><p>The recommendation made by the committee based on this review (see section <b>Error! R eference source not found.</b>) is likely to have a substantial impact on resources for the NHS in England.</p><p>The committee agreed that urgent (within 24 hours) specialist assessment and investigation arranged for people with suspected TIA represents current best practice, but acknowledged that current practice varies widely. Setting up responsive (7-day per week) TIA services in trusts which do not currently offer daily clinics will require significant additional resources. However, there are likely to be downstream cost savings due to prevention of stroke.</p><p>Further work is being carried out to quantify the potential resource impact in this area.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.8"><h3>1.8. Evidence statements</h3><div id="ch2.s1.8.1"><h4>1.8.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><ul id="l67"><li id="lt176" class="half_rhythm"><div>One IPD analysis of 1232 people assessed the discriminative ability of the ABCD2, ABCD3 and ABCD3-I scores for prediction of stroke at 7 days after TIA or minor stroke. All showed poor or moderate discrimination, which was not considered sufficient for the tools to be clinically useful in this setting (Very Low to Low quality).</div></li><li id="lt177" class="half_rhythm"><div>One IPD analysis of 2654 people assessed the discriminative ability of the ABCD2 score for prediction of stroke at 2 and 7 days after TIA or minor stroke. This showed moderate discrimination, which was not considered sufficient for the tools to be clinically useful in this setting (Low quality).</div></li><li id="lt178" class="half_rhythm"><div>One IPD analysis assessed the discriminative ability of the ABCD2, ABCD2-I and ABCD3-I scores in 2176 people across 16 cohort studies. Discrimination to identify early stroke risk was poor for ABCD2 at both 2 days and 7 days (Very Low quality). ABCD2-I had moderate discriminative ability at 2 and 7 days while ABCD3-I had good and moderate discriminative ability at 2 and 7 days, respectively (Low quality).</div></li><li id="lt179" class="half_rhythm"><div>Five prospective cohort studies in a total of 4328 people with TIA found very poor to moderate discrimination of ABCD2 for stroke risk at 3 or 7 days (Very low to Moderate quality).</div></li><li id="lt180" class="half_rhythm"><div>Overall, there was no evidence to suggest that the tools worked better at 2 or 3 days, compared with 7 days except for ABCD3-I.</div></li><li id="lt181" class="half_rhythm"><div>The evidence from the IPD analyses suggested that the ABCD3 and ABCD2-I tools had poor calibration (Low quality) and there was inconsistency for the ABCD3-I score with 1 study suggesting good and the other suggesting poor calibration for this tool (Very Low quality).</div></li></ul></div><div id="ch2.s1.8.2"><h4>1.8.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><ul id="l68"><li id="lt182" class="half_rhythm"><div>No relevant economic evaluations were identified in the 2017 update searches or in the 2008 guideline.</div></li><li id="lt183" class="half_rhythm"><div>Original health economic modelling undertaken for the 2008 guideline found that immediate assessment at a stroke unit dominated assessment within a seven days at a weekly specialist stroke unit clinic. This cost utility analysis was assessed as directly applicable with minor limitations.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.9"><h3>1.9. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="ch2.s1.9.1"><h4>1.9.1. Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="ch2.s1.9.1.1"><h5>1.9.1.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>Critical outcomes for this review were risk of stroke at 24 hours, 72 hours 7 days and mortality. Important outcomes were identified as functional outcome (mRS) and quality of life.</p><p>No evidence was identified for functional outcome or quality of life, nor for risk of stroke at 24 hours.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.9.1.2"><h5>1.9.1.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The included evidence consists of two individual patient data (IPD) analyses of 26 observational cohorts from both retrospective and prospective studies, and 5 prospective cohort studies rated as very low to moderate quality across outcomes.</p><p>The population for the majority of the data was patients with confirmed TIA, rather than suspected cases, and so the evidence was downgraded for indirectness. The IPD analyses used data obtained for each person to allow comparison of baseline data and uniform definitions of variables to reduce heterogeneity, and additional unpublished data were obtained. It is noted that selection bias was present in the IPD analyses as the studies only included patients with full data sets, including imaging, and therefore outcomes for ABCD2 and ABCD3 (the risk scores without imaging criteria) were downgraded for risk of bias. Other risks of bias were also present, including high rates of missing data and unclear risk of bias of included studies.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.9.1.3"><h5>1.9.1.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>In people with TIA, ABCD2, the most widely used risk score, had a C statistic of 0.56 to 0.76 across the studies for risk of ischaemic stroke at 2, 3 and 7 days. Therefore, the committee considered this tool to be poorly discriminative for early risk of stroke. In addition, the lower limit of the confidence intervals for the C statistic were as low as 0.47, indicating a similar chance of predicting the outcome as tossing a coin. Calibration was not reported for ABCD2. The evidence showed similar predictive ability of the ABCD3 score, which includes the addition of dual TIA to the risk score, and also reports poor calibration for this tool.</p><p>Adding imaging of the brain and carotid artery (ABCD2-I and ABCD3-I) to the risk scores showed a small improvement in discrimination of stroke risk, with a C statistic of 0.71 to 0.84 across the studies. However, this still demonstrates only modest discriminative ability and it was noted that although these tools are better at risk prediction than ABCD2, imaging is not currently available in all but one of the settings (i.e. the emergency department [ED]) to which these tools might most usefully apply. The calibration of the prediction rules varied across the risk scores and populations. ABCD2-I and ABCD3 had poor calibration and there was inconsistency for the ABCD3-I score with 1 study suggesting good and the other suggesting poor calibration for this tool.</p><p>The committee discussed the potential harm of not identifying those at high risk of stroke and the implications of this, for example the possibility of not receiving preventative treatment, or receiving it later, leading to increased risk of stroke and potentially worse functional outcome or death. However, the committee noted that since the last version of this guideline was produced, provision of daily TIA clinics is much more common and is now accepted best practice in the UK. Patients with suspected TIA should therefore be seen within 24 hours regardless of their risk as indicated by a risk score. The committee agreed that seeing some patients less urgently based on risk scores had potential for harm because the risk scoring systems are not sufficiently good predictors of risk of stroke.</p><p>The committee noted that there was no disadvantage to patients who are at “low risk” being seen within 24 hours alongside patients at high risk. However, there will be organisational considerations for those services that do not currently have a 7 day TIA clinic provision.</p><p>The committee discussed individual predictors of stroke recurrence, such as carotid stenosis (as identified through imaging in the ABCD3-I risk tool) and atrial fibrillation. They believed that wider issues are useful to consider, such as. evidence of recurrent TIA and presence of anticoagulation, and would expect clinicians to take this into account when assessing patients.</p><p>In conclusion, the committee therefore did not recommend the use of risk scores, as their discriminative ability for future ischaemic stroke risk and their calibration were not good enough. It is recommended that all those who have had a suspected TIA are assessed in a specialist setting within 24 hours.</p></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.9.2"><h4>1.9.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>No cost effectiveness evidence was identified for the use of scoring systems to assess the subsequent risk of stroke following suspected TIA. The committee considered that risk scoring tools might have an adverse impact on the timing of referral to expert assessment and further imaging (MRI/extracranial arterial imaging including doppler USS). In the absence of economic evidence, the committee also considered the unit costs of outpatient CT and MR imaging. The committee highlighted that current best practice has evolved dramatically since the last version of this guideline was produced and people with suspected TIA are increasingly seen within 24 hours in England.</p><p>The committee noted, however, that there is variation in current TIA clinic service provision and while people with suspected TIA are increasingly being seen within 24 hours (which represents current best practice), 7-day services are not yet universal. The committee discussed the need to decide how to prioritise which people should be seen earliest in TIA clinics and how to allocate direct access scan slots. As the clinical evidence determined that scoring systems are poorly discriminative for early risk of stroke recurrence, the committee did not feel that use of scoring systems was appropriate for prioritising which people with suspected TIA are prioritised first for expert clinical assessment.</p><p>The committee noted that adding imaging of the brain and carotid artery (ABCD2-I and ABCD3-I) increased the C-statistic, improving the risk-prediction capacity of the tool. However, these tools are more costly due to the addition of imaging costs to the costs of administering ABCD2 and ABCD3. Furthermore, the committee noted that access to imaging is not possible in most of the settings in which scoring systems are applied.</p><p>The committee also discussed the costs and effects of incorrect risk stratification using scoring systems. People incorrectly assigned as low risk that are in fact at high risk of recurrent stroke might be referred for specialist assessment and undergo imaging later than they should and might experience delays in secondary prevention, increased risk of stroke, worse functional outcome or death. These outcomes would be associated with a reduction in quality of life. The committee considered that, as the C-statistic for ABCD2 was between 0.6 and 0.7, the risk of incorrect risk stratification was high. The committee agreed that all people with suspected TIA are at significant risk of stroke and so should all be seen within 24 hours. With best practice 7-day TIA clinics in place, the current optimal management strategy is not influenced by the use of a scoring system, and therefore their use is not cost effective.</p><p>The recommendation not to use scoring systems has implications for the timing of expert assessment for people with suspected TIA. This review question did not consider the cost effectiveness of seeing all people with suspected TIA within 24 hours and the review question on the timing of expert assessment has not been updated in the 2017 update of the guideline. The committee noted the results of an original cost–utility analysis, undertaken in the original version of the stroke guideline (CG68), which considered the cost effectiveness of early versus late assessment of people with suspected TIA. The analysis concluded that ‘immediate assessment’ was more effective and less costly than ‘assessment within a week’ for the entire population of suspected TIA, without the use of a risk stratification tool. Immediate assessment remained dominant in a sensitivity analysis which assumed that 50% of those with suspected TIA had TIA mimics, which in practice lies between 30-50%. The committee agreed that urgent (within 24 hours) assessment arranged for people with suspected TIA represents current best practice, but acknowledged that current practice varies widely. The consensus was that TIA services not currently achieving this should be strengthened in order to see all people immediately, aligning with current best practice. The committee acknowledged that setting up responsive (7-day per week) services in trusts which do not currently offer daily clinics could have a substantial resource impact. In conclusion, no cost effectiveness evidence was identified for the use of scoring systems to assess the subsequent risk of stroke following suspected TIA. The committee chose to recommend that urgent (within 24 hours) assessment at a TIA clinic is arranged, irrespective of the risk of recurrent stroke as predicted by scoring systems. This recommendation was informed by the results of a cost–utility analysis which was undertaken in the previous version of this guideline (CG68). The committee anticipates that this recommendation will have a substantial resource impact to the NHS in England.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.9.3"><h4>1.9.3. Other factors the committee took into account</h4><p>It was noted that anyone who has a suspected TIA is at risk of ischaemic stroke, and that in a service that is able to assess anyone who presents within 24 hours, a tool to risk stratify (triage) patients is not needed. The committee discussed that there is variation around the country in access to TIA clinics and that risk stratification is currently used to prioritise those with a high ABCD2 score for assessment. Whilst the committee considered that risk assessing patients using these tools has been used to help prioritise patients where the service is limited, they thought the scoring systems are not reliable and that it was much more important to set up a suitable 7-day service where one currently does not exist.</p><p>This recommendation should not increase the absolute numbers of people who need to receive expert assessment but it does mean that in some areas people may need to be assessed sooner than they currently are.</p><p>The committee noted that education about TIA diagnosis was important. The diagnosis is difficult because the symptoms have resolved at the point of assessment and history taking is crucial. This highlights the need for early specialist assessment. Also it is important to realise that having a TIA (or suspected TIA) is a worrying time for the patient and most people would prefer to be assessed as soon as possible.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch2.rl.r1"><h2 id="_ch2_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref1">Akijian
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SB, Eliasziw
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BL, Messe
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RA, Pacelli
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RB, Nam
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Q, Sun
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W, Xiong
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Y, Hankey
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GJ, Xiao
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L, Zhu
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GM, Weck
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A, Audebert
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H, Benik
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S, Foerch
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C, Buhl
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A, Jagoda
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A. Transient ischemic attacks: Advances in diagnosis and management in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2016; 34(4):811–35 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27741990" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27741990</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref29">Engelter
|
|
ST, Amort
|
|
M, Jax
|
|
F, Weisskopf
|
|
F, Katan
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M, Burow
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A
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et al. Optimizing the risk estimation after a transient ischaemic attack - the ABCDE score. European Journal of Neurology. 2012; 19(1):55–61 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21554497" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21554497</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref30">Ferrari
|
|
J, Knoflach
|
|
M, Kiechl
|
|
S, Willeit
|
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J, Schnabl
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S, Seyfang
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L
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et al. Early clinical worsening in patients with TIA or minor stroke: the Austrian Stroke Unit Registry. Neurology. 2010; 74(2):136–41 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20065248" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20065248</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref31">Fothergill
|
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A, Christianson
|
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TJ, Brown
|
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RD, Jr., Rabinstein
|
|
AA. Validation and refinement of the ABCD2 score: a population-based analysis. Stroke. 2009; 40(8):2669–73 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2753856/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2753856</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19520983" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19520983</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref32">George
|
|
PM, Mlynash
|
|
M, Adams
|
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CM, Kuo
|
|
CJ, Albers
|
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GW, Olivot
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JM. Novel TIA biomarkers identified by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. International Journal of Stroke. 2015; 10(8):1204–11 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26307429" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26307429</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref33">Ghandehari
|
|
K, Ahmadi
|
|
F, Ebrahimzadeh
|
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S, Shariatinezhad
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K, Ghandehari
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K. The ABCD(2) score is highly predictive of stroke in minor ischemic stroke patients. Translational Stroke Research. 2012; 3(2):273–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24323783" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24323783</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref34">Ghandehari
|
|
K, Ahmadi
|
|
F, Ebrahimzadeh
|
|
S, Shariatinezhad
|
|
K, Ghandehari
|
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K. Assessment of ABCD2 scale in patients with transient ischaemic attack or stroke. Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska. 2012; 46(5):421–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23161185" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23161185</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref35">Ghia
|
|
D, Thomas
|
|
P, Cordato
|
|
D, Epstein
|
|
D, Beran
|
|
RG, Cappelen-Smith
|
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C
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et al. Low positive predictive value of the ABCD2 score in emergency department transient ischaemic attack diagnoses: the South Western Sydney transient ischaemic attack study. Internal Medicine Journal. 2012; 42(8):913–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21790923" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21790923</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref36">Giles
|
|
MF, Albers
|
|
GW, Amarenco
|
|
P, Arsava
|
|
EM, Asimos
|
|
AW, Ay
|
|
H
|
|
et al. Early stroke risk and ABCD2 score performance in tissue- vs time-defined TIA: a multicenter study. Neurology. 2011; 77(13):1222–8 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3179650/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3179650</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21865578" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21865578</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref37">Giles
|
|
MF, Albers
|
|
GW, Amarenco
|
|
P, Arsava
|
|
MM, Asimos
|
|
A, Ay
|
|
H
|
|
et al. Addition of brain infarction to the ABCD2 Score (ABCD2I): a collaborative analysis of unpublished data on 4574 patients. Stroke. 2010; 41(9):1907–13 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20634480" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20634480</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref38">Hotter
|
|
BA, Lechner
|
|
JM, Nolte
|
|
CH, Audebert
|
|
HJ, Malzahn
|
|
U, Heuschmann
|
|
PU
|
|
et al. ABCD(2) as a screening tool for cerebral infarction on stroke MRI?
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|
European Neurology. 2012; 67(5):315–20 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22555495" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22555495</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref39">Ishida
|
|
K, Kasner
|
|
SE, Cucchiara
|
|
B. Inter-rater reliability and misclassification of the ABCD(2) score after transient ischemic attack. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2015; 24(6):1174–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25816725" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25816725</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref40">Jeerakathil
|
|
T, Shuaib
|
|
A, Majumdar
|
|
SR, Demchuk
|
|
AM, Butcher
|
|
KS, Watson
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TJ
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et al. The Alberta Stroke Prevention in TIAs and mild strokes (ASPIRE) intervention: rationale and design for evaluating the implementation of a province-wide TIA triaging system. International Journal of Stroke. 2014; 9(Suppl A100):135–43 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23088263" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23088263</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref41">Johansson
|
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E, Bjellerup
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J, Wester
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P. Prediction of recurrent stroke with ABCD2 and ABCD3 scores in patients with symptomatic 50-99% carotid stenosis. BMC Neurology. 2014; 14:223 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4256835/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4256835</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433667" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25433667</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref42">Johnston
|
|
SC, Rothwell
|
|
PM, Nguyen-Huynh
|
|
MN, Giles
|
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MF, Elkins
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JS, Bernstein
|
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AL
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et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2007; 369(9558):283–92 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17258668" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17258668</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref43">Josephson
|
|
SA, Sidney
|
|
S, Pham
|
|
TN, Bernstein
|
|
AL, Johnston
|
|
SC. Factors associated with the decision to hospitalize patients after transient ischemic attack before publication of prediction rules. Stroke. 2008; 39(2):411–3 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18096832" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18096832</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref44">Josephson
|
|
SA, Sidney
|
|
S, Pham
|
|
TN, Bernstein
|
|
AL, Johnston
|
|
SC. Higher ABCD2 score predicts patients most likely to have true transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2008; 39(11):3096–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18688003" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18688003</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref45">Katan
|
|
M, Nigro
|
|
N, Fluri
|
|
F, Schuetz
|
|
P, Morgenthaler
|
|
NG, Jax
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F
|
|
et al. Stress hormones predict cerebrovascular re-events after transient ischemic attacks. Neurology. 2011; 76(6):563–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21228295" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21228295</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>46.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref46">Kelly
|
|
PJ, Albers
|
|
GW, Chatzikonstantinou
|
|
A, De Marchis
|
|
GM, Ferrari
|
|
J, George
|
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P
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et al. Validation and comparison of imaging-based scores for prediction of early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack: a pooled analysis of individual-patient data from cohort studies. Lancet Neurology. 2016; 15(12):1238–47 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27751555" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27751555</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>47.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref47">Kim
|
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AS. Stroke risk prediction after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet Neurology. 2016; 15(12):1199–200 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27751537" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27751537</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>48.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref48">Kiyohara
|
|
T, Kamouchi
|
|
M, Kumai
|
|
Y, Ninomiya
|
|
T, Hata
|
|
J, Yoshimura
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S
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et al. ABCD3 and ABCD3-I scores are superior to ABCD2 score in the prediction of short- and long-term risks of stroke after transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2014; 45(2):418–25 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24335223" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24335223</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>49.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref49">Knoflach
|
|
M, Lang
|
|
W, Seyfang
|
|
L, Fertl
|
|
E, Oberndorfer
|
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S, Daniel
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G
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et al. Predictive value of ABCD2 and ABCD3-I scores in TIA and minor stroke in the stroke unit setting. Neurology. 2016; 87(9):861–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27473138" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27473138</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>50.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref50">Lavallee
|
|
PC, Meseguer
|
|
E, Abboud
|
|
H, Cabrejo
|
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L, Olivot
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JM, Simon
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O
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|
|
L, Yiin
|
|
GS, Geraghty
|
|
OC, Schulz
|
|
UG, Kuker
|
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W, Mehta
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Z
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et al. Incidence, outcome, risk factors, and long-term prognosis of cryptogenic transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: a population-based study. Lancet Neurology. 2015; 14(9):903–13 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5714616/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5714616</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227434" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26227434</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>52.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref52">Merwick
|
|
A, Albers
|
|
GW, Amarenco
|
|
P, Arsava
|
|
EM, Ay
|
|
H, Calvet
|
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D
|
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et al. Addition of brain and carotid imaging to the ABCD2 score to identify patients at early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack: a multicentre observational study. Lancet Neurology. 2010; 9(11):1060–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20934388" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20934388</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>53.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref53">Merwick
|
|
A, Albers
|
|
GW, Arsava
|
|
EM, Ay
|
|
H, Calvet
|
|
D, Coutts
|
|
SB
|
|
et al. Reduction in early stroke risk in carotid stenosis with transient ischemic attack associated with statin treatment. Stroke. 2013; 44(10):2814–20 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3871879/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3871879</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23908061" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23908061</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>54.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref54">Mlynash
|
|
M, Olivot
|
|
JM, Tong
|
|
DC, Lansberg
|
|
MG, Eyngorn
|
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I, Kemp
|
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S
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et al. Yield of combined perfusion and diffusion MR imaging in hemispheric TIA. Neurology. 2009; 72(13):1127–33 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2680066/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2680066</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19092109" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19092109</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>55.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref55">Mortezabeigi
|
|
HR, Taghizadeh
|
|
A, Talebi
|
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M, Amini
|
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K, Goldust
|
|
M. ABCD2 score and BNP level in patients with TIA and cerebral stroke. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013; 16(21):1393–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24511754" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24511754</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>56.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref56">Munro
|
|
S, Rodbard
|
|
S, Ali
|
|
K, Horsfield
|
|
C, Knibb
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|
W, Holah
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J
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|
|
HW, Kwon
|
|
SU, Kang
|
|
DW, Lee
|
|
DH, Kim
|
|
JS. Diagnostic and prognostic value of multimodal MRI in transient ischemic attack. International Journal of Stroke. 2014; 9(7):895–901 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24256197" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24256197</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>58.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref58">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Developing NICE guidelines: the manual. London. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2014. Available from: <a href="http://www.nice.org.uk/article/PMG20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/article/PMG20/chapter<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview</a> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26677490" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26677490</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>59.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref59">National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Guide to the methods of technology appraisal 2013. London. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2013. Available from: <a href="http://publications.nice.org.uk/pmg9" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://publications<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk/pmg9</a> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27905712" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27905712</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>60.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref60">O’Brien
|
|
EC, Zhao
|
|
X, Fonarow
|
|
GC, Schulte
|
|
PJ, Dai
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D, Smith
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EE
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et al. Quality of care and ischemic stroke risk after hospitalization for transient ischemic attack: Findings from get with the guidelines-stroke. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes. 2015; 8(6 Suppl 3):S117–24 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26515199" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26515199</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>61.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref61">Ohara
|
|
T, Uehara
|
|
T, Toyoda
|
|
K, Suzuki
|
|
R, Sato
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S, Nagatsuka
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K
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et al. Early stroke risk after transient ischemic attack in patients without large-artery disease or atrial fibrillation. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2015; 24(7):1656–61 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922155" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25922155</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>62.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref62">Ozpolat
|
|
C, Denizbasi
|
|
A, Akoglu
|
|
H, Onur
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O, Eroglu
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SE, Demir
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H. Use of ABCD2 risk scoring system to determine the short-term stroke risk in patients presenting to emergency department with transient ischaemic attack. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2013; 63(9):1142–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24601194" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24601194</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>63.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref63">Ozturk
|
|
M, Yuzbasioglu
|
|
Y, Akinci
|
|
E, Tanrikulu
|
|
C, Kunt
|
|
R, Coskun
|
|
F. An evaluation of ABCD2 scores, atrial fibrillation, serum CRP, fibrinogen and D-dimer levels as diagnostic predictors for stroke in patients admitted to emergency department with the diagnosis of transient ischemic attack. Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2016; 33(3):473–81</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>64.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref64">Perry
|
|
JJ, Losier
|
|
JH, Stiell
|
|
IG, Sharma
|
|
M, Abdulaziz
|
|
K. National survey of neurologists for transient ischemic attack risk stratification consensus and appropriate treatment for a given level of risks. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2015; 24(11):2514–20 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26419528" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26419528</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>65.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref65">Perry
|
|
JJ, Sharma
|
|
M, Sivilotti
|
|
ML, Sutherland
|
|
J, Symington
|
|
C, Worster
|
|
A
|
|
et al. Prospective validation of the ABCD2 score for patients in the emergency department with transient ischemic attack. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2011; 183(10):1137–45 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3134721/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3134721</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21646462" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21646462</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>66.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref66">Purroy
|
|
F, Begue
|
|
R, Quilez
|
|
A, Pinol-Ripoll
|
|
G, Sanahuja
|
|
J, Brieva
|
|
L
|
|
et al. The California, ABCD, and Unified ABCD2 risk scores and the presence of acute ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging in TIA patients. Stroke. 2009; 40(6):2229–32 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372450" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19372450</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>67.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref67">Purroy
|
|
F, Jimenez-Caballero
|
|
PE, Mauri-Capdevila
|
|
G, Torres
|
|
MJ, Gorospe
|
|
A, Ramirez Moreno
|
|
JM
|
|
et al. Predictive value of brain and vascular imaging including intracranial vessels in transient ischaemic attack patients: external validation of the ABCD3-I score. European Journal of Neurology. 2013; 20(7):1088–93 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23530724" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23530724</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>68.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref68">Purroy
|
|
F, Montaner
|
|
J, Molina
|
|
CA, Delgado
|
|
P, Arenillas
|
|
JF, Chacon
|
|
P
|
|
et al. C-reactive protein predicts further ischemic events in transient ischemic attack patients. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2007; 115(1):60–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17156267" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17156267</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>69.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref69">Quinn
|
|
TJ, Cameron
|
|
AC, Dawson
|
|
J, Lees
|
|
KR, Walters
|
|
MR. ABCD2 scores and prediction of noncerebrovascular diagnoses in an outpatient population: a case-control study. Stroke. 2009; 40(3):749–53 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19150868" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19150868</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>70.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref70">Ranta
|
|
A, Dovey
|
|
S, Weatherall
|
|
M, O’Dea
|
|
D, Tiyard
|
|
M, Gommans
|
|
J. Utility of ABCD2 score and expanded New Zealand TIA guideline criteria to predict 90-day stroke risk. International Journal of Stroke. 2015; 10:(Suppl 3):4</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>71.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref71">Raser
|
|
JM, Cucchiara
|
|
BL. Modifications of the ABCD2 score do not improve the risk stratification of transient ischemic attack patients. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2012; 21(6):467–70 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21388829" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21388829</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>72.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref72">Robichaud
|
|
L, Saluja
|
|
SS. The ABCD2 score: A poor predictor of stroke risk in the emergency department. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2014; 16(1):66–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24424004" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24424004</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>73.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref73">Rothwell
|
|
PM, Giles
|
|
MF, Chandratheva
|
|
A, Marquardt
|
|
L, Geraghty
|
|
O, Redgrave
|
|
JN
|
|
et al. Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet. 2007; 370(9596):1432–42 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17928046" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17928046</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>74.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref74">Rothwell
|
|
PM, Giles
|
|
MF, Flossmann
|
|
E, Lovelock
|
|
CE, Redgrave
|
|
JN, Warlow
|
|
CP
|
|
et al. A simple score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2005; 366(9479):29–36 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15993230" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15993230</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>75.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref75">Saedon
|
|
M, Hutchinson
|
|
CE, Imray
|
|
CHE, Singer
|
|
DRJ. ABCD<sup>2</sup> risk score does not predict the presence of cerebral microemboli in patients with hyper-acute symptomatic critical carotid artery stenosis. Stroke & Vascular Neurology. 2017; 2(2):41–6 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5600015/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5600015</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28959490" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28959490</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>76.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref76">Sciolla
|
|
R, Melis
|
|
F, Group
|
|
S. Rapid identification of high-risk transient ischemic attacks: prospective validation of the ABCD score. Stroke. 2008; 39(2):297–302 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18174479" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18174479</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>77.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref77">Selvarajah
|
|
JR, Smith
|
|
CJ, Hulme
|
|
S, Georgiou
|
|
RF, Vail
|
|
A, Tyrrell
|
|
PJ
|
|
et al. Prognosis in patients with transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke attending TIA services in the North West of England: the NORTHSTAR Study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2008; 79(1):38–43 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18033799" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18033799</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>78.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref78">Sheehan
|
|
OC, Merwick
|
|
A, Kelly
|
|
LA, Hannon
|
|
N, Marnane
|
|
M, Kyne
|
|
L
|
|
et al. Diagnostic usefulness of the ABCD2 score to distinguish transient ischemic attack and minor ischemic stroke from noncerebrovascular events: the North Dublin TIA Study. Stroke. 2009; 40(11):3449–54 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19745173" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19745173</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>79.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref79">Song
|
|
B, Fang
|
|
H, Zhao
|
|
L, Gao
|
|
Y, Tan
|
|
S, Lu
|
|
J
|
|
et al. Validation of the ABCD3-I score to predict stroke risk after transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2013; 44(5):1244–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23532014" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23532014</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>80.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref80">Song
|
|
B, Pei
|
|
L, Fang
|
|
H, Zhao
|
|
L, Gao
|
|
Y, Wang
|
|
Y
|
|
et al. Validation of the RRE-90 scale to predict stroke risk after transient symptoms with infarction: A prospective cohort study. PloS One. 2015; 10(9):e0137425 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4579076/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4579076</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26394400" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26394400</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>81.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref81">Sun
|
|
W, Dai
|
|
J, Xiong
|
|
Y, Huang
|
|
Z, Li
|
|
Y, Liu
|
|
W
|
|
et al. Correlation between ABCD, ABCD2 scores and craniocervical artery stenosis in patients with transient ischemic attack. European Neurology. 2013; 70(5-6):333–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24158138" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24158138</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>82.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref82">Tsivgoulis
|
|
G, Spengos
|
|
K, Manta
|
|
P, Karandreas
|
|
N, Zambelis
|
|
T, Zakopoulos
|
|
N
|
|
et al. Validation of the ABCD score in identifying individuals at high early risk of stroke after a transient ischemic attack: a hospital-based case series study. Stroke. 2006; 37(12):2892–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17053179" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17053179</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>83.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref83">Tsivgoulis
|
|
G, Stamboulis
|
|
E, Sharma
|
|
VK, Heliopoulos
|
|
I, Voumvourakis
|
|
K, Teoh
|
|
HL
|
|
et al. Multicenter external validation of the ABCD2 score in triaging TIA patients. Neurology. 2010; 74(17):1351–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20421579" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20421579</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>84.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref84">Walker
|
|
J, Isherwood
|
|
J, Eveson
|
|
D, Naylor
|
|
AR. Triaging TIA/minor stroke patients using the ABCD2 score does not predict those with significant carotid disease. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2012; 43(5):495–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22377238" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22377238</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>85.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref85">Wang
|
|
J, Wu
|
|
J, Liu
|
|
R, Gao
|
|
F, Hu
|
|
H, Yin
|
|
X. The ABCD2 score is better for stroke risk prediction after anterior circulation TIA compared to posterior circulation TIA. International Journal of Neuroscience. 2015; 125(1):50–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24655153" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24655153</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>86.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref86">Wardlaw
|
|
JM, Brazzelli
|
|
M, Chappell
|
|
FM, Miranda
|
|
H, Shuler
|
|
K, Sandercock
|
|
PA
|
|
et al. ABCD2 score and secondary stroke prevention: meta-analysis and effect per 1,000 patients triaged. Neurology. 2015; 85(4):373–80 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4520819/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4520819</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26136519" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26136519</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>87.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref87">Wardlaw
|
|
JM, Chappell
|
|
FM, Stevenson
|
|
M, De Nigris
|
|
E, Thomas
|
|
S, Gillard
|
|
J
|
|
et al. Accurate, practical and cost-effective assessment of carotid stenosis in the UK. Health Technology Assessment. 2006; 10(30) [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16904049" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16904049</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>88.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref88">Yilmaz
|
|
BK, Cevik
|
|
E, Celik
|
|
Y, Dogan
|
|
H, Uzun
|
|
O, Sayin
|
|
T
|
|
et al. A new scoring system predicting acute ischemic stroke: NIHSS+ABCD2. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2014; 30(3):621–6</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>89.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref89">Yuan
|
|
Z, Voss
|
|
EA, DeFalco
|
|
FJ, Pan
|
|
G, Ryan
|
|
PB, Yannicelli
|
|
D
|
|
et al. Risk prediction for ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack in patients without atrial fibrillation: A retrospective cohort study. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2017; 26(8):1721–31 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28392100" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28392100</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>90.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref90">Zhang
|
|
C, Wang
|
|
Y, Zhao
|
|
X, Liu
|
|
L, Wang
|
|
C, Pu
|
|
Y
|
|
et al. Prediction of recurrent stroke or transient ischemic attack after noncardiogenic posterior circulation ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2017; 48(7):1835–41 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28626054" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28626054</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>91.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref91">Zhang
|
|
C, Zhao
|
|
X, Wang
|
|
C, Liu
|
|
L, Ding
|
|
Y, Akbary
|
|
F
|
|
et al. Prediction factors of recurrent ischemic events in one year after minor stroke. PloS One. 2015; 10(3):e0120105 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4361485/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4361485</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25774939" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25774939</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>92.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref92">Zhao
|
|
M, Wang
|
|
S, Zhang
|
|
D, Zhang
|
|
Y, Deng
|
|
X, Zhao
|
|
J. Comparison of stroke prediction accuracy of ABCD2 and ABCD3-I in patients with transient ischemic attack: A meta-analysis. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2017; 26(10):2387–95 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28647418" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28647418</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixesappgroup2"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup2_">Appendices</h2><div id="ch2.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="ch2.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 11. Review protocol: Risk prediction tools</a></p><p id="ch2.appa.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appatab2" class="figpopup">Table 12. Health economic review protocol</a></p></div><div id="ch2.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual 2014, updated 2017 <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869</a></p><p><i>For more detailed information, please see the</i> Methodology <i>Review</i>.</p><div id="ch2.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>Searches were constructed using the following approach:</p><ul id="l77"><li id="lt210" class="half_rhythm"><div>Population AND Prognostic/risk factor terms AND Study filter(s)</div></li></ul><p id="ch2.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab1" class="figpopup">Table 13. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch2.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab2" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch2.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab3" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch2.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab4" class="figpopup">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p></div><div id="ch2.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to the stroke population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional searches were run on Medline and Embase for health economics studies.</p><div id="ch2.appb.s2.1"><h5>B.2.1. Health economics search</h5><p id="ch2.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab5" class="figpopup">Table 14. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch2.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab6" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch2.appb.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab7" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch2.appb.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab8" class="figpopup">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</a></p></div></div></div><div id="ch2.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><p id="ch2.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577864/figure/ch2.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appcfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of risk prediction tools</a></p></div><div id="ch2.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="ch2.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK577864/bin/ch2-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (342K)</span></p></div><div id="ch2.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="ch2.appe.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577864/figure/ch2.appe.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appefig1" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline</a></p></div><div id="ch2.appf"><h3>Appendix F. Health economic evidence tables</h3><p id="ch2.appf.et1"><a href="/books/NBK577864/bin/ch2-appf-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (261K)</span></p></div><div id="ch2.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Excluded studies</h3><div id="ch2.appg.s1"><h4>G.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="ch2.appg.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appg.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appgtab1" class="figpopup">Table 15. Studies excluded from the clinical review</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>FINAL</p></div><div><p>Prognostic evidence review</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Centre</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK577864</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35167203" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">35167203</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab1"><div id="ch2.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People aged over 16 with suspected TIA</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk tool</th><td headers="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Validated risk stratification tools/scoring systems (ABCD2 and other variants e.g. ABCD2-I, ABCD3, ABCD3-I)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Target condition</th><td headers="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroke or TIA within 7 days</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Discrimination (area under curve [c statistic])</p>
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<p>Calibration (R<sup>2</sup>, Brier Score, Hosmer-Lemeshow test statistic; Somers’ D statistic),</p>
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<p>Calibration plot</p>
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<p>Reclassification</p>
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<p>
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<u>These will be assessed for the following outcomes:</u>
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</p>
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<p>
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<u>Critical</u>
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</p>
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<p>Risk of stroke (stroke at 24 hours, 72 hours and 7 days)</p>
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<p>Mortality (7 day)</p>
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<p>
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<u>Important</u>
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</p>
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<p>Functional outcomes – modified Rankin scale (mRS) 90 days and 1 year</p>
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<p>Quality of life</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Prospective observational studies</p>
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<p>Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the above</p>
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<p>Exclusions: derivation studies/internal validation studies</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab2"><div id="ch2.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Risk score items and definitions</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Item</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Definition</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2-I</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3-I</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥ 60 years</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blood pressure</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥140, ≥90 mm Hg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 1<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 1<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 1<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 1<sup>(a)</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unilateral weakness, or speech impairment without weakness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 1 (speech impairment), 2 (motor weakness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 1 (speech impairment), 2 (motor weakness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 1 (speech impairment), 2 (motor weakness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 1 (speech impairment), 2 (motor weakness)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duration</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥60, 10–59, or <10 minutes</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 (<10 minutes), 1 (10-59 minutes), 2 (≥60 minutes)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 (<10 minutes), 1 (10-59 minutes), 2 (≥60 minutes)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 (<10 minutes), 1 (10-59 minutes), 2 (≥60 minutes)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 (<10 minutes), 1 (10-59 minutes), 2 (≥60 minutes)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diabetes Mellitus</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diabetes mellitus present</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0,1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0,1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0,1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0,1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dual TIA</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TIA prompting medical attention, plus at least one other TIA in the preceding 7 days</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imaging - Brain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acute DWI hyperintensity</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imaging - Carotid</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ipsilateral ≥ 50% stenosis of internal carotid artery by duplex ultrasound, or angiography</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0, 2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Total range</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>0-7</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>0–10</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>0 - 9</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>0 - 13</b>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">Coded as 1 if either systolic blood pressure ≥140mmHg or diastolic ≥90mmHg.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab3"><div id="ch2.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk tool</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No of events</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Merwick 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref52" rid="ch2.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>ABCD2</p>
|
|
<p>ABCD3</p>
|
|
<p>ABCD3-I</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Derivation cohort</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>(IPD): n=2654</p>
|
|
<p>8 cohorts from Europe and North America</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Validation cohort</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>(2 population based cohorts): n=1232 2 centres UK and Ireland</p>
|
|
<p>TIA confirmed by a stroke specialist, age >18 years, or DWI done within 7 days of TIA (28 days for validation cohort).</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>C statistic</p>
|
|
<p>2 day stroke</p>
|
|
<p>7 day stroke</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Stroke recurrence:</p>
|
|
<p>Derivation cohort</p>
|
|
<p>2 day 24/2362 (1%)</p>
|
|
<p>7 day 45/2366 (2%)</p>
|
|
<p>Validation</p>
|
|
<p>7 days 92/1232 (7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Some data obtained from registries unclear if prospective or retrospective data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kelly 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref46" rid="ch2.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>ABCD2</p>
|
|
<p>ABCD2-I</p>
|
|
<p>ABCD3-I</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>16 Cohorts: n=2176</p>
|
|
<p>Europe, USA, Asia</p>
|
|
<p>TIA confirmed by a stroke specialist, age >18 years, and MRI done within 7 days of TIA onset</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>C statistic</p>
|
|
<p>2 day stroke</p>
|
|
<p>7 day stroke</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Stroke recurrence:</p>
|
|
<p>2 day 30/2085 (1%)</p>
|
|
<p>7 day 49/2108 (2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Some data obtained from registries unclear if prospective or retrospective data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asimos 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref6" rid="ch2.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Validation cohort; n=1667</p>
|
|
<p>Presumptive diagnosis of TIA (sudden focal loss of neurologic function involving the brain or retina with complete recovery within 24 hours).</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>C statistic</p>
|
|
<p>7 day stroke</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Stroke occurrence</p>
|
|
<p>7 day: 373/1667 (22.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-consecutive enrolment and, no other performance measures evaluated (for example, calibration or reclassification)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tsivgoulis 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref83" rid="ch2.ref83"><sup>83</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Validation cohort; n=148</p>
|
|
<p>TIA patients hospitalised and diagnosed according to the WHO criteria</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>C statistic</p>
|
|
<p>7 day stroke</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Stroke occurrence</p>
|
|
<p>7 day: 12/148 (8.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No other performance measures evaluated (for example, calibration or reclassification) and few events per predictor</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Perry 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref65" rid="ch2.ref65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Validation cohort; n=2056</p>
|
|
<p>Adults with a final diagnosis of transient ischemic attack or minor stroke at the emergency department</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>C statistic</p>
|
|
<p>7 day stroke</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Stroke occurrence</p>
|
|
<p>7 day: 38/2056 (1.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No other performance measures evaluated (for example, calibration or reclassification) and few events per predictor</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ghandehari 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref33" rid="ch2.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Validation cohort; n=393</p>
|
|
<p>TIA or minor ischaemic stroke patients diagnosed by a neurologist, presenting within 24 hours from symptom onset and a pre-morbid mRS of ≤1</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>C statistic</p>
|
|
<p>3 day stroke</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Stroke occurrence</p>
|
|
<p>3 day: 132/393 (34%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No other performance measures evaluated (for example, calibration or reclassification)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ozpolat 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref62" rid="ch2.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Validation cohort; n=64</p>
|
|
<p>Adults with TIA diagnosed by a neurologist</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>C statistic</p>
|
|
<p>3 day stroke</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Stroke occurrence</p>
|
|
<p>3 day: 8/64 (12.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No other performance measures evaluated (for example, calibration or reclassification)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab4"><div id="ch2.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Risk scores for predicting future stroke, Merwick 2010</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk tool</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">n</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">statistic (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2 - IPD 2 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (8 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2654</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.71 (0.62 - 0.77)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2 - IPD 7 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (8 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2654</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.71 (0.64 - 0.77)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2 - IPD, 7 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (2 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1232</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious risk of bias<sup>(c)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.63 (0.56 - 0.69)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3 - IPD, 7 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (2 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1232</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious risk of bias<sup>(c)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.64 (0.58 - 0.71)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3-I -IPD, 7 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (2 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1232</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(d)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.71 (0.63 - 0.78)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment for risk of bias (selection bias as only included those with imaging data and unclear risk of bias of included studies).</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment for population indirectness (confirmed TIA, not suspected)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 2 increments for risk of bias (validation sample not systematically derived, plus selection bias as only included those with imaging data and unclear risk of bias of included studies).</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab4_4"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment for risk of bias (validation sample not systematically derived, plus unclear risk of bias of included studies.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab5"><div id="ch2.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Risk scores for predicting future stroke, Kelly 2016</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk tool</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">n</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">statistic (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2 - IPD, 2 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (16 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2176</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious risk of bias<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.64 (0.56 - 0.71)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2 - IPD, 7 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (16 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2176</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious risk of bias<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.61 (0.53 - 0.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2-I - IPD, 2 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (16 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2176</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(c)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.74 (0.67 - 0.80)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2-I - IPD, 7 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (16 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2176</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(c)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.71 (0.64 - 0.77)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3-I - IPD, 2 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (16 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2176</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(c)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.84 (0.76 - 0.90)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3-I - IPD, 7 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (16 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2176</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(c)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.76 (0.69 - 0.83)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 2 increments for risk of bias (high rate of missing data, plus selection bias as only included those with imaging data and unclear risk of bias of included studies)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment for population indirectness (confirmed TIA, not suspected)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment for risk of bias (high rate of missing data, plus unclear risk of bias of included studies)</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab6"><div id="ch2.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Risk scores for predicting future stroke or TIA, prospective cohort studies</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk tool</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">n</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">statistic (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2 -, 3 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">393</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.59 (0.53-0.66)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2 -, 3 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious risk of bias<sup>(c)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious imprecision<sup>(d)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.76 (0.64-0.86)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2 -, 7 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1667</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.59 (0.56-0.62)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">MODERATE</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2 -, 7 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">148</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious risk of bias<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious imprecision<sup>(d)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.72 (0.57-0.88)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2 -, 7 day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2056</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious risk of bias<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Calculated by enrolling physician: 0.56 (0.47-0.65)</p>
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<p>Calculated by co-ordinating centre: 0.65 (0.58-0.73)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment for risk of bias (analysis method)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment for population indirectness (confirmed TIA, not suspected)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab6_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 2 increments for risk of bias (analysis method and sample size)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab6_4"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment based on the width of the 95% confidence interval</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab7"><div id="ch2.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Calibration of risk tools</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk tool</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">n</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">χ<sup>2</sup> statistic</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (8 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2654</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">>20</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2-I</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (16 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2176</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">93.9</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3-I</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (8 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2654</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">>20</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3-I</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (16 cohorts)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2176</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious risk of bias<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>(c)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious indirectness<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.9</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">VERY LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment for risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment for population indirectness (confirmed TIA, not suspected)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab7_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment for inconsistent findings between studies (good and poor calibration).</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab8"><div id="ch2.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Risk of stroke stratified by risk score (low, medium and high)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 day</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 day</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk tool, score</th><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Events/non events</th><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Percentage risk</th><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Events/non events</th><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Percentage risk</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5" id="hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Merwick 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref52" rid="ch2.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a> validation cohort</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2, 0 – 3 (low risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.6%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2, 4 – 5 (medium risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.5%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2, 6 – 7 (high risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.3%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3, 0 – 3 (low risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.1%<sup>(a)</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3, 4 – 5 (medium risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.5%<sup>(a)</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3, 6 – 9 (high risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.7%<sup>(a)</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3-I, 0 – 3 (low risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.9%<sup>(a)</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3-I, 4 – 7 (medium risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.1%(a)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3-I, 8 – 13 (high risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/R</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.8%<sup>(a)</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5" id="hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kelly 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref46" rid="ch2.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2, 0 – 3 (low risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3/671</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.45%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7/680</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.03%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2, 4 – 5 (medium risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22/892</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.47%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32/902</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.55%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2, 6 – 7 (high risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5/253</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.98%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9/253</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.56%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2-I, 0 – 3 (low risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1/516</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.19%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3/516</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.58%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2-I, 4 – 7 (medium risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20/1039</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.92%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30/1054</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.85%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD2-I, 8 – 10 (high risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9/261</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.45%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15/265</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.66%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3-I, 0 – 3 (low risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1/407</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.25%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2/408</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.49%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3-I, 4 – 7 (medium risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8/1108</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.72%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18/1126</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.60%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD3-I, 8 – 13 (high risk)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21/301</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.98%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28/301</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch2.tab8_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.30%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">Data extracted from bar graph using WebPlotDigitizer online software</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab9"><div id="ch2.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Health economic evidence profile: Non specialist assessment by a GP versus immediate assessment at a stroke unit versus assessment within 7 days at a weekly specialist stroke unit clinic</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Limitations</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Other comments</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incremental cost</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incremental effects</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Cost effectiveness</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Uncertainty</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Initial Management of Acute Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA) (CG68): <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg68/evidence/full-guideline-pdf-196845517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.nice.org.uk/guida nce/cg68/evidence/full-guideline-pdf-196845517</a></p>
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<p>(UK NHS and Personal Social Services perspective)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly applicable<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor limitations<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Decision tree modelling the effect of the treatment strategies on incidence of stroke within 90 days. Treatment effect due to prescribing of modified release <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000596" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">dipyridamole</a> obtained from<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref87" rid="ch2.ref87"><sup>87</sup></a>.</p>
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<p>People assessed immediately get the benefit from medical treatment immediately, whereas people assessed at the weekly clinic get the effect from day 4. Costs and QALYs estimated over a lifetime time horizon for those who do not experience a stroke, fatal, dependent and independent strokes.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Immediate assessment saves £95 compared with assessment within 7 days<sup>(e)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Immediate assessment compared with assessment within 7 days: 0.06 QALYs gained</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<b>Cost effectiveness for all suspected TIA/minor stroke</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>ICER (weekly assessment versus GP assessment):</b> £5,412</p>
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<p><b>ICER (Immediate assessment versus GP assessment):</b> £3,332</p>
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<p><b>ICER (Immediate assessment versus weekly assessment):</b> Dominant</p>
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<p>
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<b>Cost effectiveness by ABCD<sup>2</sup> score group</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>Optimal strategy at £20,000 per QALY gained threshold:</b> ABCD<sup>2</sup>score 0-1: GP assessment</p>
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<p>ABCD<sup>2</sup>score 2-7: Immediate assessment</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>95% CI: NR</p>
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<p>Probability cost effective (£20K/30K threshold): NR</p>
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<p>Costs of immediate and weekly assessment were varied in a probabilistic <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nicecg68/ch4/def-item/glossary.gl1-d71/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">sensitivity analysis</a>.</p>
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<p>Results were robust across several one-way sensitivity analyses, including:
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<ul id="l66"><li id="lt174" class="half_rhythm"><div>Impact of including TIA mimics in ratio 1:1 of actual TIA or minor stroke to TIA mimic.</div></li><li id="lt175" class="half_rhythm"><div>The timing of endarterectomy: For immediate assessment, 50% to 100% of surgery would take place within 2 weeks of <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nicecg68/ch4/def-item/glossary.gl1-d83/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">TIA</a>. For assessment at a weekly clinic, 0 to 50% of surgery would take place within 2 weeks of TIA</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Abbreviations: 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; HTA: Health Technology Assessment; ICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; pa: probabilistic analysis; QALY: quality-adjusted life years; pa: probabilistic analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">UK NHS and Personal Social Services perspective</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab9_2"><p class="no_margin">The base case for the model assumes that all people with suspected TIA have a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nicecg68/ch4/def-item/glossary.gl1-d83/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">TIA</a> or a minor <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nicecg68/ch4/def-item/glossary.gl1-d79/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stroke</a> and so the costs and QALYs associated with TIA mimics are not captured. However, this was explored in a sensitivity analysis. The model is a simple representation, looking at only 90 days after the TIA for the effects of medical treatment and extrapolating from this to get long-term outcomes.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab9_3"><p class="no_margin">2007 UK pounds</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab9_4"><p class="no_margin">A dominant treatment option is one that is both less costly and results in better <b>health</b> outcomes than the comparator treatment</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab10"><div id="ch2.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">UK costs of outpatient imaging</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Currency Description</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit Cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasound of Carotid Artery</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasound Scan with duration of less than 20 minutes, without Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£52</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_3_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic Resonance Angiography</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of One Area, with Pre- and Post-Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£180</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_5_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cardiac Computed Tomography Angiography</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complex Computerised Tomography Scan</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£148</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_7_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Computed Tomography of Head</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Computerised Tomography Scan, of One Area, without Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£86</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_9_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Head</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan, One Area, without Contrast, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch2.tab10_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£139</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Source: NHS Reference Costs, 2016-2017</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appatab1"><div id="ch2.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Review protocol: Risk prediction tools</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Field</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Content</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">How accurately do scoring systems predict the risks of future ischaemic stroke or TIA within the first 7 days in people with suspected TIA or minor stroke?</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Prognostic (clinical prediction rule)</p>
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<p>A review of health economic evidence related to the same review question was conducted in parallel with this review. For details see the health economic review protocol for this NICE guideline.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objective of the review</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To determine if any risk prediction tools are useful in stratifying patients with TIA for risk of future stroke.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – population / disease / condition / issue / domain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People aged over 16 with suspected TIA</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – intervention(s) / exposure(s) / prognostic factor(s)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Validated risk stratification tools/scoring systems (ABCD2 and other variants e.g. ABCD2-I, ABCD3, ABCD3-I)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – comparator(s) / control or reference (gold) standard</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard of confirmed stroke</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes and prioritisation</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Discrimination (area under curve [c statistic])</p>
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<p>Calibration (R<sup>2</sup>, Brier Score, Hosmer-Lemeshow test statistic; Somers’ D statistic),</p>
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<p>Calibration plot</p>
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<p>Reclassification</p>
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<p>
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<u>These will be assessed for the following outcomes:</u>
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</p>
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<p>Critical</p>
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<p>Risk of stroke (stroke at 24 hours, 72 hours and 7 days) - area under curve (AUC).</p>
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<p>Mortality at 7 days</p>
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<p>Important</p>
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<p>Functional outcomes – mRS at 90 days and 1 year</p>
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<p>Quality of life</p>
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<p>Plan to report calibration and discrimination of tools</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – study design</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Prospective observational studies</p>
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<p>Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the above</p>
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<p>Exclusions: derivation studies/internal validation studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other inclusion criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion</p>
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<p>Language: Restrict to English only</p>
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<p>Settings</p>
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<p>General practice, walk in centres, UCCs, pre-hospital setting (paramedic / ambulance), emergency department.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed sensitivity / subgroup analysis, or meta-regression</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Selection process – duplicate screening / selection / analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Studies are sifted by title and abstract. Potentially significant publications obtained in full text are then assessed against the inclusion criteria specified in this protocol.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data management (software)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="l69"><li id="lt184" class="half_rhythm"><div>EndNote will be used for reference management, sifting, citations and bibliographies.</div></li><li id="lt185" class="half_rhythm"><div>Data extraction into word and quality assessment in excel using PROBAST checklist</div></li><li id="lt186" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pairwise meta-analyses will be performed using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan5).</div></li><li id="lt187" class="half_rhythm"><div>GRADEpro will be used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Information sources – databases and dates</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library,</p>
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<p>Cut-off date: 2007</p>
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<p>Key papers
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<ol id="l70"><li id="lt188" class="half_rhythm"><div>Giles MF and Rothwell PM. (2010) Systematic review and pooled analysis of published and unpublished validations of the ABCD and ABCD2 transient ischemic attack risk scores. Stroke 41:667-673.</div></li><li id="lt189" class="half_rhythm"><div>Wardlaw J, Brazzelli M, Miranda H et al. (20-6-2014) An assessment of the cost-effectiveness of magnetic resonance, including diffusion-weighted imaging, in patients with transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke: a systematic review, meta-analysis and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 18:1-368.</div></li></ol></p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify if an update</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Yes, CG68 included 5 studies up to 2007.</p>
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<p>Recommendations from CG68</p>
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<p>1.1.2.1 People who have had a suspected TIA (that is, they have no neurological symptoms at the time of assessment [within 24 hours]) should be assessed as soon as possible for their risk of subsequent stroke using a validated scoring system[9], such as ABCD2.</p>
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<p>[9]=These scoring systems exclude certain populations that may be at particularly high risk of stroke, such as those with recurrent TIAs and those on anticoagulation treatment, who also need urgent evaluation. They also may not be relevant to patients who present late.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Author contacts</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10071" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10071</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Highlight if amendment to previous protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 4.5 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/4-Developing-review-questions-and-planning-the-evidence-review#planning-the-evidence-review" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy – for one database</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see <a href="#ch2.appb">appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data collection process – forms / duplicate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A standardised evidence table format will be used, and published as <a href="#ch2.appd">appendix D</a> of the evidence report.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data items – define all variables to be collected</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see evidence tables in <a href="#ch2.appd">Appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or H (health economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for assessing bias at outcome / study level</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Standard study checklists were used to critically appraise individual studies (PROBAST for clinical prediction rules). For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></p>
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<p>The risk of bias across all available evidence was evaluated for each outcome using an adaptation of the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) toolbox’ developed by the international GRADE working group <a href="http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gradeworkinggroup.org/</a></p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criteria for quantitative synthesis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.4 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for quantitative analysis – combining studies and exploring (in)consistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the separate Methods report for this guideline.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-bias assessment – publication bias, selective reporting bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Confidence in cumulative evidence</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see sections 6.4 and 9.1 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rationale / context – what is known</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the introduction to the evidence review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Describe contributions of authors and guarantor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>A <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10071/documents" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">multidisciplinary committee</a> developed the evidence review. The committee was convened by the National Guideline Centre (NGC) and chaired by Jason Kendall in line with section 3 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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<p>Staff from NGC undertook systematic literature searches, appraised the evidence, conducted meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis where appropriate, and drafted the evidence review in collaboration with the committee. For details please see <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sources of funding / support</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Name of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roles of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NICE funds NGC to develop guidelines for those working in the NHS, public health and social care in England.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROSPERO registration number</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not registered</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appatab2"><div id="ch2.appa.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appa.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Objectives</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify health economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search criteria</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="l71"><li id="lt190" class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the clinical review protocol above.</div></li><li id="lt191" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant health economic study design (cost–utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–benefit analysis, cost–consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li id="lt192" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of health economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed. The bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li id="lt193" class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li id="lt194" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A health economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and a health economic study filter – see <a href="#ch2.appb.s2">appendix B2</a> of reviews. For questions being updated, the search will be run from 2007, which was the cut-off date for the searches conducted for NICE guideline CG68. For the new review question on endovascular therapy, the search will be run from 2007 as studies published before 2007 are not likely to be relevant.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Review strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2002, abstract-only studies and studies from non-OECD countries or the USA will also be excluded.</p>
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<p>Studies published after 2002 that were included in the previous guideline will be reassessed for inclusion and may be included or selectively excluded based on their relevance to the questions covered in this update and whether more applicable evidence is also identified.</p>
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<p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in appendix H of Developing NICE guidelines: the manual (2014).<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref58" rid="ch2.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></p>
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<p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
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<ul id="l72"><li id="lt195" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’ then it will be included in the guideline. A health economic evidence table will be completed and it will be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="lt196" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’ then it will usually be excluded from the guideline. If it is excluded then a health economic evidence table will not be completed and it will not be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="lt197" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul>
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<b>Where there is discretion</b></p>
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<p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question, in discussion with the guideline committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include health economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to selectively exclude the remaining studies. All studies excluded on the basis of applicability or methodological limitations will be listed with explanation as excluded health economic studies in appendix H.</p>
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<p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p>
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<p><i>Setting:</i>
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<ul id="l73"><li id="lt198" class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li id="lt199" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li id="lt200" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li id="lt201" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the USA will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Health economic study type:</i>
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<ul id="l74"><li id="lt202" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost–utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li id="lt203" class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost–benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–consequences analysis).</div></li><li id="lt204" class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li id="lt205" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Year of analysis:</i>
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<ul id="l75"><li id="lt206" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li id="lt207" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2002 or later (including any such studies included in the previous guideline) but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly from before 2002 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li id="lt208" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2002 (including any such studies included in the previous guideline) will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis:</i>
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<ul id="l76"><li id="lt209" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis match with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab1"><div id="ch2.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 12 January 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Diagnostic tests studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 12 January 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Diagnostic tests studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Cochrane Reviews to 2018</p>
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<p>Issue 1 of 12</p>
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<p>CENTRAL to 2017 Issue 12 of 12</p>
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<p>DARE, and NHSEED to 2015 Issue 2 of 4</p>
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<p>HTA to 2016 Issue 2 of 4</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab2"><div id="ch2.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((mini or minor or mild or acute) adj2 (stroke or strokes)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Brain Ischemia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((brain or brainstem or cerebr* or cerebell* or vertebrobasil* or verte brobasil* or hemisphere* or intracran* or intracerebral or infratentorial or supratentorial or mca*1 or anterior circulation or carotid or crescendo or transient or lacunar) adj3 isch?emi*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ischemic Attack, Transient/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(isch?emi* adj2 attack*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TIA*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/8-15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 not 17</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/18-24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 not 25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 26 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(exp child/ or exp pediatrics/ or exp infant/) not (exp adolescent/ or exp adult/ or exp middle age/ or exp aged/)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27 not 28</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Decision Support Techniques/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health Status Indicators/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Severity of Illness Index/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Triage/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((risk* or predict* or prognos* or triage* or warning) adj4 (tool* or rule* or index* or indices or score* or scoring or scale* or model* or system* or algorithm* or stratif* or criteria or calculat*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(predict* adj4 (outcome* or risk*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((score* or scoring or stratif*) adj3 (system* or schem*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/30-36</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37 or 38</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">predict.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(validat* or rule*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(predict* and (outcome* or risk* or model*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((history or variable* or criteria or scor* or characteristic* or finding* or factor*) and (predict* or model* or decision* or identif* or prognos*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">decision*.ti,ab. and logistic models/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(decision* and (model* or clinical*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(prognostic and (history or variable* or criteria or scor* or characteristic* or finding* or factor* or model*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(stratification or discrimination or discriminate or c statistic or “area under the curve” or AUC or calibration or indices or algorithm or multivariable).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ROC curve/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/40-48</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Trials as topic.sh.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/50-56</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj2 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/58-67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “sensitivity and specificity”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sensitivity or specificity).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pre test or pretest or post test) adj probability).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(predictive value* or PPV or NPV).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">likelihood ratio*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">likelihood function/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ROC curve* or AUC).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(diagnos* adj2 (performance* or accurac* or utilit* or value* or efficien* or effectiveness)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">gold standard.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/69-77</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29 and 39 and (49 or 57 or 68 or 78)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab3"><div id="ch2.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((mini or minor or mild or acute) adj2 (stroke or strokes)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*brain ischemia/ or *hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((brain or brainstem or cerebr* or cerebell* or vertebrobasil* or verte brobasil* or hemisphere* or intracran* or intracerebral or infratentorial or supratentorial or mca*1 or anterior circulation or carotid or crescendo or transient or lacunar) adj3 isch?emi*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*Transient ischemic attack/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(isch?emi* adj2 attack*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TIA*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/8-12</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 not 14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/15-22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 not 23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 24 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(exp child/ or exp pediatrics/) not (exp adult/ or exp adolescent/)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25 not 26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">decision support system/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">health status indicator/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">“severity of illness index”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">emergency health service/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((risk* or predict* or prognos*) adj4 (tool* or rule* or index* or indices or score* or scoring or scale* or model* or system* or algorithm* or stratif* or criteria or calculat*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(predict* adj4 (outcome* or risk*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((score* or scoring or stratif*) adj3 (system* or schem*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/28-34</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35 or 36</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">predict.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(validat* or rule*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(predict* and (outcome* or risk* or model*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((history or variable* or criteria or scor* or characteristic* or finding* or factor*) and (predict* or model* or decision* or identif* or prognos*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">decision*.ti,ab. and Statistical model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(decision* and (model* or clinical*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(prognostic and (history or variable* or criteria or scor* or characteristic* or finding* or factor* or model*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(stratification or discrimination or discriminate or c statistic or “area under the curve” or AUC or calibration or indices or algorithm or multivariable).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Receiver operating characteristic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/38-46</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">crossover procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">single blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">double blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/48-56</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">systematic review/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj2 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/58-67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “sensitivity and specificity”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sensitivity or specificity).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pre test or pretest or post test) adj probability).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(predictive value* or PPV or NPV).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">likelihood ratio*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((area under adj4 curve) or AUC).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(receive* operat* characteristic* or receive* operat* curve* or ROC curve*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(diagnos* adj3 (performance* or accurac* or utilit* or value* or efficien* or effectiveness)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diagnostic accuracy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diagnostic test accuracy study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">gold standard.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/69-79</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27 and 37 and (47 or 57 or 68 or 80)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab4"><div id="ch2.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(mini or minor or mild or acute) near/2 (stroke or strokes):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Brain Ischemia] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((brain or brainstem or cerebr* or cerebell* or vertebrobasil* or verte brobasil* or hemisphere* or intracran* or intracerebral or infratentorial or supratentorial or mca*1 or anterior circulation or carotid or crescendo or transient or lacunar) near/3 isch?emi*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Ischemic Attack, Transient] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(isch?emi* near/2 attack*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TIA*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #1-#6)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Decision Support Techniques] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Health Status Indicators] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Severity of Illness Index] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Triage] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((risk* or predict* or prognos* or triage* or warning) near/4 (tool* or rule* or index* or indices or score* or scoring or scale* or model* or system* or algorithm* or stratif* or criteria or calculat*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(predict* near/4 (outcome* or risk*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((score* or scoring or stratif*) near/3 (system* or schem*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #8-#14)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ABCD*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #15-#16)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7 and #17</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab5"><div id="ch2.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">01 January 2007 – 06 August 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">01 January 2007 – 06 August 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HTA - 01 January 2007 – 10 November 2017</p>
|
|
<p>NHSEED - 01 January 2007 – March 2015</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab6"><div id="ch2.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Stroke/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(stroke or strokes).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((cerebro* or cerebral*) adj2 (accident* or apoplexy)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(CVA or poststroke or poststrokes).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Intracranial Hemorrhages/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(brain adj2 (attack*1 or hemorrhag* or haemorrhag* or bleed* or infarct*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((intracerebral or intracranial or cerebral* or cerebro* or cerebrum or cerebellum or subarachnoid* or choroidal or basal ganglia or subdural) adj3 (hemorrhag* or haemorrhag* or bleed*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Brain infarction/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Carotid Artery Thrombosis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((brain or brainstem or cerebr* or cerebell* or vertebrobasil* or verte brobasil* or hemisphere* or intracran* or intracerebral or infratentorial or supratentorial or mca*1 or anterior circulation or carotid or transient or lacunar) adj3 (infarct* or thrombo* or emboli* or occlus* or hypoxi*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Brain Ischemia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((brain or brainstem or cerebr* or cerebell* or vertebrobasil* or verte brobasil* or hemisphere* or intracran* or intracerebral or infratentorial or supratentorial or mca*1 or anterior circulation or carotid or crescendo or transient or lacunar) adj3 isch?emi*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ischemic Attack, Transient/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(isch?emi* adj2 attack*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TIA.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/17-24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25 not 26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27-33</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 not 34</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 35 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(exp child/ or exp pediatrics/ or exp infant/) not (exp adolescent/ or exp adult/ or exp middle age/ or exp aged/)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36 not 37</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “costs and cost analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">economics, pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effectiv* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/39-54</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38 and 55</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab7"><div id="ch2.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*cerebrovascular accident/ or cardioembolic stroke/ or exp experimental stroke/ or lacunar stroke/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(stroke or strokes).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((cerebro* or cerebral*) adj2 (accident* or apoplexy)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(CVA or poststroke or poststrokes).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*brain hemorrhage/ or *brain ventricle hemorrhage/ or *cerebellum hemorrhage/ or *subarachnoid hemorrhage/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(brain adj2 (attack*1 or hemorrhag* or haemorrhag* or bleed* or infarct*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((intracerebral or intracranial or cerebral* or cerebro* or cerebrum or cerebellum or subarachnoid* or choroidal or basal ganglia or subdural) adj3 (hemorrhag* or haemorrhag* or bleed*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*brain infarction/ or *brain infarction size/ or *brain stem infarction/ or *cerebellum infarction/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*Carotid Artery Thrombosis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((brain or brainstem or cerebr* or cerebell* or vertebrobasil* or verte brobasil* or hemisphere* or intracran* or intracerebral or infratentorial or supratentorial or mca*1 or anterior circulation or carotid or transient or lacunar) adj3 (infarct* or thrombo* or emboli* or occlus* or hypoxi*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*brain ischemia/ or *hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((brain or brainstem or cerebr* or cerebell* or vertebrobasil* or verte brobasil* or hemisphere* or intracran* or intracerebral or infratentorial or supratentorial or mca*1 or anterior circulation or carotid or crescendo or transient or lacunar) adj3 isch?emi*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*Transient ischemic attack/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(isch?emi* adj2 attack*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TIA.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/17-21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 not 23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/24-31</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 not 32</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(exp child/ or exp pediatrics/) not (exp adult/ or exp adolescent/)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33 not 34</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">health economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp economic evaluation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp health care cost/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp fee/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">funding/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effectiv* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/36-48</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35 and 49</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab8"><div id="ch2.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Stroke EXPLODE 1 2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((stroke or strokes))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((cerebro* or cerebral*) adj2 (accident* or apoplexy)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((CVA or poststroke or poststrokes))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Intracranial Hemorrhages EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((brain adj2 (attack*1 or hemorrhag* or haemorrhag* or bleed* or infarct*)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((intracerebral or intracranial or cerebral* or cerebro* or cerebrum or cerebellum or subarachnoid* or choroidal or basal ganglia or subdural) adj3 (hemorrhag* or haemorrhag* or bleed*)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Brain Infarction EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Carotid Artery Thrombosis EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((brain or brainstem or cerebr* or cerebell* or vertebrobasil* or verte brobasil* or hemisphere* or intracran* or intracerebral or infratentorial or supratentorial or mca*1 or anterior circulation or carotid or transient or lacunar) adj3 (infarct* or thrombo* or emboli* or occlus* or hypoxi*)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Brain Ischemia EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((brain or brainstem or cerebr* or cerebell* or vertebrobasil* or verte brobasil* or hemisphere* or intracran* or intracerebral or infratentorial or supratentorial or mca*1 or anterior circulation or carotid or crescendo or transient or lacunar) adj3 isch?emi*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Ischemic Attack, Transient EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((isch?emi* adj2 attack*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch2appcfig1"><div id="ch2.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20risk%20prediction%20tools.&p=BOOKS&id=577864_ch2appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577864/bin/ch2appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of risk prediction tools." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of risk prediction tools</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch2appefig1"><div id="ch2.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20health%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=577864_ch2appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577864/bin/ch2appef1.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>* Non-relevant population, intervention, comparison, design or setting; non-English language</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appgtab1"><div id="ch2.appg.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577864/table/ch2.appg.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appg.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Almasi 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref2" rid="ch2.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Retrospective</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Amarenco 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref3" rid="ch2.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Amarenco 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref4" rid="ch2.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect follow up time</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Appelros 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref5" rid="ch2.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Retrospective</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Bejot 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref8" rid="ch2.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Bibok 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref9" rid="ch2.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Cadth 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref12" rid="ch2.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Chandratheva 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref13" rid="ch2.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Analysis of OXVASC data already included</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Chandratheva 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref14" rid="ch2.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Chardoli 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref15" rid="ch2.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect follow up time</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Chardoli 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref16" rid="ch2.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Chu 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref18" rid="ch2.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Systematic review: insufficient quality assessment of included studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Cocho 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref20" rid="ch2.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect follow up time</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Coutts 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref21" rid="ch2.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Cutting 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref24" rid="ch2.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Retrospective</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Dai 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref26" rid="ch2.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect follow up time</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Duca 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref28" rid="ch2.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Engelter 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref29" rid="ch2.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect follow up time</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Fothergill 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref31" rid="ch2.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Retrospective</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Ghandehari 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref34" rid="ch2.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Ghia 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref35" rid="ch2.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Retrospective</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Giles 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref36" rid="ch2.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Meta-analysis; references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Giles 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref37" rid="ch2.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Meta-analysis; references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Hotter 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref38" rid="ch2.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No relevant outcomes/incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Ishida 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref39" rid="ch2.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Jeerakathil 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref40" rid="ch2.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Not full study (protocol only)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Johansson 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref41" rid="ch2.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Retrospective cohort</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Josephson 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref44" rid="ch2.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Retrospective cohort</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Josephson 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref43" rid="ch2.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Kim 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref47" rid="ch2.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type (comment)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Kiyohara 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref48" rid="ch2.ref48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Retrospective cohort</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Knoflach 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref49" rid="ch2.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Mortezabeigi 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref55" rid="ch2.ref55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect follow up time</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Munro 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref56" rid="ch2.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">O’Brien 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref60" rid="ch2.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study design - Pilot study, includes retrospective data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Ohara 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref61" rid="ch2.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Ozturk 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref63" rid="ch2.ref63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect follow up time</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Perry 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref64" rid="ch2.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: survey</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quinn 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref69" rid="ch2.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect outcome: AUC for prediction of non CV event</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Ranta 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref70" rid="ch2.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type (conference abstract)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Raser 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref71" rid="ch2.ref71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Robichaud 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref72" rid="ch2.ref72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Saedon 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref75" rid="ch2.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect follow up time</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sciolla 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref76" rid="ch2.ref76"><sup>76</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect tool: ABCD scale</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Selvarajah 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref77" rid="ch2.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect follow up time</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Song 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref80" rid="ch2.ref80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect follow up time</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sun 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref81" rid="ch2.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Walker 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref84" rid="ch2.ref84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Wang 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref85" rid="ch2.ref85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Wardlaw 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref86" rid="ch2.ref86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Meta-analysis; references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Wardlaw 2014 {Wardlaw, 2014 #292}</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Meta-analysis; references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Yilmaz 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref88" rid="ch2.ref88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Yuan 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref89" rid="ch2.ref89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type: Retrospective cohort</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Zhang 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref90" rid="ch2.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Zhang 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref91" rid="ch2.ref91"><sup>91</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Zhao 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref92" rid="ch2.ref92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incorrect study type - meta-analysis</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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