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id="_NBK577654_"><span itemprop="name">Stents before surgery</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management</div><p><b>Intervention evidence review (H)</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 118</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2019 Jan</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3190-3</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="ch8.s1"><h2 id="_ch8_s1_">1. Stents before surgery</h2><div id="ch8.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question: Is inserting a stent clinically and cost-effective before surgical treatment in people with renal or ureteric stones?</h3></div><div id="ch8.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Introduction</h3><p>Ureteric JJ stents are used in stone management to relieve obstruction and uncontrollable pain in the emergency setting. In the elective setting the rationale for their use before surgery is that they will improve stone fragment passage, reduce complications, and reduce readmissions. There is particular concern that shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) for larger stones will result in stone fragments failing to pass resulting in the need for ancillary procedures and that pre-stenting will reduce this risk. However JJ stents are known to have adverse effects, and significant “stent symptoms” (for example, frequency, haematuria and pain) affecting patients quality of life are seen in 80% of cases.</p><p>There are no national agreed guidelines to the use of stents before SWL and practice varies. This questions aims to address this variation in practice.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#ch8.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch8tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch8tab1" rid-ob="figobch8tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch8.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch8.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="ch8.s1.4.1"><h4>1.4.1. Included studies</h4><p>Five randomised studies and two non-randomised studies were included in the review;<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref2" rid="ch8.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref4" rid="ch8.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref35" rid="ch8.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref38" rid="ch8.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref50" rid="ch8.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref53" rid="ch8.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref70" rid="ch8.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a> these are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch8tab4" rid-ob="figobch8tab4">Table 4</a> below. Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summary below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch8tab4" rid-ob="figobch8tab4">Table 4</a>). All included studies compared stent placement followed by SWL to SWL alone. All RCTs were in the adult population. No RCT evidence was identified for children and young people, so the search was extended to non-randomised studies. Two non-randomised studies were identified for inclusion; <a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref4" rid="ch8.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref38" rid="ch8.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a>. See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch8.appc">appendix C</a>, study evidence tables in <a href="#ch8.appd">appendix D</a>, forest plots in <a href="#ch8.appe">appendix E</a> and GRADE tables in <a href="#ch8.apph">appendix H</a>.</p><div id="ch8.s1.4.1.1"><h5>1.4.1.1. Heterogeneity</h5><p>For the comparison of stent before SWL versus SWL alone in the adult, renal, 10-20mm strata, there was substantial heterogeneity between the studies when they were meta-analysed for the outcomes of stent symptoms (haematuria). Pre-specified subgroup analyses did not explain the heterogeneity. A random effects meta-analysis was therefore applied to these outcomes, and the evidence was downgraded for inconsistency in GRADE.</p></div></div><div id="ch8.s1.4.2"><h4>1.4.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>See the excluded studies list in <a href="#ch8.appi">appendix I</a></p></div><div id="ch8.s1.4.3"><h4>1.4.3. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch8tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch8tab2" rid-ob="figobch8tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch8.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch8.appd">appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.4.4"><h4>1.4.4. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div id="ch8.s1.4.4.1"><h5>1.4.4.1. Adults, ureteric, 10-20mm</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch8tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch8tab3" rid-ob="figobch8tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch8.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch8.s1.4.4.2"><h5>1.4.4.2. Adults, renal, 10-20mm</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch8tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch8tab4" rid-ob="figobch8tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch8.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch8.s1.4.4.3"><h5>1.4.4.3. Adults, renal, >20 mm</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch8tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch8tab5" rid-ob="figobch8tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch8.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch8.s1.4.4.4"><h5>1.4.4.4. Children, renal, <10mm</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch8tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch8tab6" rid-ob="figobch8tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch8.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8tab6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch8.s1.4.4.5"><h5>1.4.4.5. Children, renal, staghorn</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch8tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch8tab7" rid-ob="figobch8tab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 7. Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch8.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8tab7">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch8.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch8.s1.5"><h3>1.5. Economic evidence</h3><div id="ch8.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. Included studies</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were identified.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>One economic study relating to this review question was identified but was excluded due to methodological limitations. <a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref29" rid="ch8.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a> These are listed in <a href="#ch8.appi">appendix I</a>, with reasons for exclusion given.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch8.appg">appendix G</a>.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.5.3"><h4>1.5.3. Unit costs</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch8tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 8" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch8tab8" rid-ob="figobch8tab8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab8/?report=previmg" alt="Table 8. UK costs of stent (per surgery i.e. removal and insertion = cost x 2)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch8.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8tab8">Table 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">UK costs of stent (per surgery i.e. removal and insertion = cost x 2). </p></div></div><p>The clinical review data identified compares inserting a stent prior to SWL, and then leaving the stent in until a few weeks after the SWL then removing. This is compared to SWL with no stent inserted.</p><p>This essentially means that there are three procedures in the stent arm; stent insertion, SWL, and stent removal, and only the SWL in the no stent arm. This will create a large cost difference between the two interventions of over £2,000.</p></div></div><div id="ch8.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Resource costs</h3><p>The recommendations made in this review are not expected to have a substantial impact on resources.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.7"><h3>1.7. Evidence statements</h3><div id="ch8.s1.7.1"><h4>1.7.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><div id="ch8.s1.7.1.1"><h5>Adults, ureteric, 10-20mm</h5><p>One study compared stent use before SWL to SWL alone in a population of adults with 10-20mm ureteric stones. There was no clinical difference between the groups in terms of stone-free state and fever (1 study; n=60). There was a clinical benefit of SWL alone in terms of retreatment, and in terms of all stent symptoms outcomes (dysuria, microscopic haematuria, gross haematuria) (1 study, n=60). The quality of the evidence ranged from Low to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.7.1.2"><h5>Adult, renal, 10-20mm</h5><p>Three studies compared stent use before SWL and SWL alone in a population of adults with 10-20mm renal stones. All the studies reported stone-free state, and the evidence showed no clinical difference between the two groups (3 studies; n=258). Evidence from single studies showed no clinical difference for the outcomes clinically insignificant fragments, clinically significant fragments, ancillary procedures and retreatment (1 study; n=58-120). Evidence from two studies also showed no clinical difference in terms of readmission (2 studies; n=200). In terms of adverse events, evidence demonstrated no clinical difference in terms of UTI and in terms of fever (1-2 studies; n=58-138). In terms of stent symptoms, there was no clinical difference between groups for the outcome haematuria (3 studies; n=258). There was a clinical benefit of SWL alone in terms of all other stent symptom outcomes (urgency, frequency, dysuria, nocturia) (1 study; n=80). The quality of the evidence ranged from Moderate to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias, imprecision and in some cases, inconsistency.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.7.1.3"><h5>Adults, renal, >20mm</h5><p>One study compared stent use before SWL to SWL alone in a population of adults with renal stones >20mm. There was no clinical difference between the groups in terms of stone-free state, fever and failed technology (1 study; n=38-400). There was a clinical benefit of stent before SWL in terms of retreatment (1 study, n=38). The quality of the evidence ranged from Moderate to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias, imprecision and in some cases, indirectness.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.7.1.4"><h5>Children, renal, 10-20mm</h5><p>One non-randomised study compared stent use before SWL to SWL alone in a population of children with 10-20mm renal stones. The evidence demonstrated a clinical benefit of stent before SWL in terms of stone-free state, retreatment, ancillary procedures, and dysuria (1 study, n=20). For the outcome haematuria, there was a clinical benefit of SWL alone (1 study; n=20). The quality of the evidence was Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.7.1.5"><h5>Children, renal, 10-20mm</h5><p>One non-randomised study compared stent use before SWL to SWL alone in a population of children with staghorn renal stones. The evidence demonstrated a no clinical difference between the groups in terms of stone-free state (1 study; n=42). There was a clinical benefit of stent before SWL in terms of readmission, ancillary procedures, length of stay and major adverse events (sepsis) (1 study, n=42). The quality of the evidence was Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div></div><div id="ch8.s1.7.2"><h4>1.7.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><ul id="ch8.l4"><li id="ch8.lt13" class="half_rhythm"><div>No relevant economic evaluations were identified.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="ch8.s1.8"><h3>1.8. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="ch8.s1.8.1"><h4>1.8.1. Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="ch8.s1.8.1.1"><h5>1.8.1.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee agreed that stone-free state, recurrence rate, use of healthcare services, kidney function, quality of life, failed technology, major adverse events, minor adverse events and stent symptoms were the outcomes that were critical for decision making. Pain was also considered as an important outcome.</p><p>Evidence was reported for stone-free state, recurrence rate, use of healthcare services, failed technology, major adverse events, minor adverse events and stent symptoms. There was no evidence for the critical outcomes of quality of life or kidney function, or for the important outcome pain.</p><p>No evidence was found that compared stent use to no stent for the surgery modalities of URS or PCNL. The only evidence found for inclusion used SWL as the treatment modality.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.8.1.2"><h5>1.8.1.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>For the majority of evidence in this review, the quality ranged from a GRADE rating of moderate to very low. This was due to a lack of blinding, presence of selection bias in terms of a lack of adequate randomisation and allocation concealment, resulting in a high risk of bias rating. Evidence was further downgraded due to the presence of imprecision for many of the outcomes, and inconsistency for one outcome. No outcomes were given a high quality rating.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.8.1.3"><h5>1.8.1.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>Evidence for people with both symptomatic and asymptomatic stones was searched for; however no evidence was identified for the asymptomatic population. The committee therefore agreed that the recommendations should only apply to those with symptomatic stones.</p><div id="ch8.s1.8.1.3.1"><h5>Adults, ureteric, 10 to 20 mm</h5><p>The committee considered very low to low quality evidence from one study with 60 participants and noted that there was no difference between the two groups, or a clinical benefit of no stent. There was no evidence of a clinical benefit of stent for any outcomes. The committee agreed that this demonstrated that there was no evidence that stents improve outcomes for participants, and may actually impede beneficial outcomes, demonstrated by more retreatments, and more stent related adverse events and symptoms. Having a stent in place during SWL may prevent the shocks reaching the stone and consequently more retreatments may be required. The committee therefore agreed that stenting should not be recommended for ureteric stones of 10-20mm. The committee’s opinion was that ureteric stones need to be treated more urgently compared to renal stones as large ureteric stones can block the kidney and can lead to obstructive uropathy within 2-6 weeks, therefore treatment needs to be completed within this time frame. The committee considered that in cases where SWL could not be done in a timely fashion, the use of a stent may be considered appropriate in individual circumstances.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.8.1.3.2"><h5>Adults, renal, 10 to 20 mm</h5><p>The committee considered very low to moderate quality evidence from three studies and noted that there was no clinical difference between those who had had a stent before SWL and those who had not for any outcomes apart from the stent symptoms outcomes. The committee agreed that this demonstrated that there was no benefit of stenting before SWL over not stenting, and discussed that given that stenting is associated with a number of stent related adverse events and symptoms, stenting should not be offered for this group of people.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.8.1.3.3"><h5>Adults, renal, greater than 20 mm</h5><p>The committee considered the evidence from one study of very low to moderate quality and noted that there was no difference between the groups for the stone-free state, minor adverse events and failed technology outcomes. There was a clinical benefit for the stent group in terms of retreatment rate, however the committee noted that this evidence was from a single study and was very imprecise. The committee further noted several concerns regarding the validity and applicability of this study. For instance, it was noted that it is unusual practice to perform SWL for renal stones of this size, and that this would not be done in the UK. The committee also noted that the number of shocks given per session was above the recommended limit, which also does not reflect UK practice. It was further noted that in order to tolerate this level of shocks, it is likely that this would have been performed under general anaesthesia, which is also a deviation from standard practice in the UK. Therefore, the committee agreed that this study does not reflect UK current practice and therefore may not be applicable to a UK population. It was also noted that following the surgical interventions review, there is no recommendation for SWL for this group of people.</p><p>There was no evidence for ureteric or renal stones less than 10 mm, and no evidence for ureteric stones greater than 20 mm. The committee agreed that stone size should not be specified in the recommendation for a number of reasons;
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<ul id="ch8.l5"><li id="ch8.lt14" class="half_rhythm"><div>For small renal stones, current standard practice is not to stent pre-treatment.</div></li><li id="ch8.lt15" class="half_rhythm"><div>For small ureteric stones, stenting is sometimes used in current practice for a variety of reasons (ongoing pain, obstruction, lack of access to emergency definite treatment), however as shown in the timing of surgery review, there is clinical benefit to primary intervention within 48 hours, therefore avoiding the use of stents. The committee wanted to further encourage best practice of treating with primary treatment rather than temporising with a stent.</div></li><li id="ch8.lt16" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ureteric stones greater than 20 mm are unlikely to be treated with SWL and therefore the recommendation would not apply to this group.</div></li></ul></p><p>Overall, the committee agreed that although the evidence had been reviewed and presented by strata, the results demonstrated that the same recommendation should be made for all adults with either ureteric or renal stones of all sizes. This is because the recommendation would only apply to where SWL is being used anyway (which generally precludes large stones; >20mm), and would reinforce current or best practice in other groups (stents before surgery are not generally used in small renal stones, and treatment within 48 hours would preclude the use of stents before SWL). Therefore adding a size into the recommendation was not felt to be necessary. The committee agreed no evidence had been presented that would warrant recommending the use of stents prior to SWL for any of the strata.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.8.1.3.4"><h5>Children and young people, renal, less than 10 mm</h5><p>One small non-randomised comparative study of very low quality was identified. Although this evidence demonstrated potential clinical benefit of stenting before SWL in terms of stone-free state, retreatment rate, ancillary procedures the committee noted that there was very high risk of bias and serious and very serious imprecision in the outcomes. The committee noted that this was likely due to the unequal distribution of lower pole stones in each arm (3/10 lower pole stones in stent group versus 7/10 lower pole stones non-stented group). These stones are more difficult to treat, and therefore the committee agreed that the differences between groups in stone-free state, retreatment rate and ancillary procedures are likely to be due to this difference in stone location. The committee were also aware that although the mean stone size of the participants was less than 10mm, the maximum stone size was 16mm and so some of this evidence included participants in the 10-20mm population. The committee further noted that this evidence was not consistent with clinical experience as stents would not normally inserted before SWL in this population. Therefore, the committee did not have confidence in the evidence and decided not to make a recommendation for this stratum.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.8.1.3.5"><h5>Children and young people, renal, staghorn</h5><p>Evidence from one non-randomised comparative study demonstrated a clinical benefit of stenting before SWL in terms of readmission, ancillary procedures, length of stay and sepsis, and no clinical difference between groups in terms of stone-free state. The committee considered that the maximum number of shockwaves per session used in this study was high compared to standard practice in the UK, but noted that it was unclear how many participants received the maximum number of shocks. The committee noted that the evidence came from a single study of very low quality. However, it was noted that the reduction in readmission and ancillary procedures were of particular benefit for the paediatric population. Based on this evidence, clinical experience and expertise of the committee, the consensus of the committee was that children with staghorn stones would generally derive benefit from having a stent and this would reflect usual practice, therefore it was agreed that stenting before SWL should be considered for children with a staghorn stone. The committee also noted that although SWL monotherapy is an option for paediatric staghorn calculi, many centres utilise PCNL as first line treatment for children with this type of stone.</p><p>No evidence was found for ureteric stones or for renal stones greater than 10 mm for children. The committee agreed that standard practice for children and young people is varied and so agreed that a consensus recommendation could not be made.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch8.s1.8.2"><h4>1.8.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>One economic evaluation was identified but excluded because it was based on retrospective data and therefore considered to have very serious limitations, as this is not in keeping with the clinical review (for adults).</p><p>All the clinical review data identified compares inserting a stent prior to SWL, and then leaving the stent in until a few weeks after the SWL, then removing. This is compared to SWL with no stent inserted. This essentially means there are 3 procedures in the stent arm; stent insertion, SWL, and stent removal, and only the SWL in the no stent arm. This will create a large cost difference between the two interventions of over £2,000, as inserting or removing a stent comes under the same procedure code which has a cost of £1,018.</p><p>There were more stent symptoms with a stent which is to be expected. This will involve resource use such as patients possibly seeking healthcare advice such as GP time or hospital attendances, and being given pain relief and/or other drug treatments. For most outcomes there was no difference. Most outcomes are informed by only one study so it is difficult to have confidence in the results. However in general, if stents are a more expensive strategy and it is uncertain if there is any benefit but they do have more adverse events, then no stents are likely to be a dominant option if cheaper and equally effective.</p><p>The committee felt that there are two aspects to using stents; 1) if having an SWL, then does a stent stop the fragments getting stuck?, and 2) if there is an obstruction, should a stent be used to delay surgery?. It’s possible that this review can answer the first nuance, but not necessarily the second.</p><p>In the data identified for an adult ureteric population, there was a clinical benefit for no stent for retreatment, and also for stent symptoms. The committee thought that the stent may be impeding stone passage, which can sometimes happen, and might explain why more people needed retreatment in the stent group. This would lead to additional resource use of more interventions in the stent group, as well as more stent symptoms. The committee concluded that there was no convincing benefit to using stents and is also likely to be more costly.</p><p>In the adult renal stones population, data was identified for two strata; 10-20cm and >20cm. in the smaller stone group, the only outcome where there was a clinical benefit was of stent symptoms, again signalling that there is no benefit to stents but possible increased costs and quality of life impact. In the larger renal stone group, the committee had concerns about the quality of the paper with regards to the high frequency of shockwaves, and also that using SWL for this size stones was not in keeping with UK practice. There was only a clinical benefit of retreatment favouring the stent arm. This is in contrast to the result of the ureteric study where no stent led to lower retreatments. Perhaps with a larger stone the stent is helping the fragments to pass, or the increase in shockwave frequency compared to other studies has resulted in smaller fragments which can pass despite the stent. The study did not define the time frame it was reporting which may impact on outcomes such as retreatments. The committee did not feel confident making a recommendation based on this study.</p><p>The committee decided to make recommendations against using stents prior to SWL for both the ureteric and renal groups. As only data prior to SWL was identified, nothing can be said about stenting prior to other types of intervention. Kidney function can deteriorate irreversibly if left for up to 6 weeks with an obstruction, and so it is only safe to stent if treatment with SWL is available in a timely manner. In some areas, where a fixed site lithotripter is not available and patients have to wait for a mobile lithotripter, then it is a clinical decision whether the patient can safely wait for that period of time. If they cannot, then SWL is unlikely to be the appropriate intervention and surgery should be planned as soon as possible. Hence the population that cannot safely wait for SWL is a separate population that is not the intended population for these recommendations.</p><p>Stenting before SWL is not particularly common in UK practice at the moment (around 5% based on a recent UK audit (Doherty et al, 2017), however in areas where it might be, these recommendations are likely to be cost saving.</p><p>In children, only non-randomised evidence was identified. One study in children with renal stones had differing baseline characteristics which were thought to explain the results. One study relating to staghorn stones demonstrated that stenting pre SWL had a benefit with respect to readmission, ancillary procedures, and major adverse events. Readmission and ancillary procedures lead to higher resource use. The shockwave dose was thought to be high in this study. SWL monotherapy is an option for children with this type of stone. The committee reached a consensus that a consider recommendation should be made for stents in this group. A consider recommendation allows an element of clinician judgement. This population is small and therefore is unlikely to reach the resource impact threshold, even with full uptake.</p></div><div id="ch8.s1.8.3"><h4>1.8.3. Other factors the committee took into account</h4><p>The only evidence available was for stenting pre SWL. The committee considered the availability of SWL and noted that most urology departments in the UK have access to SWL, but the majority use a mobile machine on a sessional basis. Therefore, the use of SWL for treatment of patients presenting acutely and within a timely fashion of that admission is mainly limited to units with a fixed site facility. 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RR, Auge
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J, Dangi
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SC, Kuo
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VS, Ahuja
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AS, Saltzman
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YT, Chen
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WY, Yang
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SS, Hsieh
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CH, Wang
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CC. Is ureteral stenting necessary after uncomplicated ureteroscopic lithotripsy? A prospective, randomized controlled trial. Journal of Urology. 2002; 167(5):1977–80 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11956421" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11956421</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref20">Cheung
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MC, Lee
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YL, Wong
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BB, Tam
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FC, Tam
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PC. Outpatient ureteroscopic lithotripsy: selective internal stenting and factors enhancing success. Journal of Endourology. 2000; 14(7):559–64 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11030536" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11030536</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref22">Chew
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AT, Smaldone
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MC, Mally
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MC, Bellinger
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TJ, Lockyer
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SR, Walmsley
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R, Autorino
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C, Cantiello
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F, de Sio
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M, D’Armiento
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R, Autorino
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C, Cantiello
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F, Sacco
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H, Germann
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C, Pelzer
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N, Ruhle
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A, Stucki
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P, Mattei
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M, Sibartie
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T, Inglis
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J, Rukin
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N. Is acute ureteroscopy for painful ureteric colic cost effective and beneficial for patients? A cost-analysis. Journal of Clinical Urology. 2017; 10(1):17–21</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref30">Denstedt
|
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JD, Wollin
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TA, Sofer
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M, Nott
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L, Weir
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M, RJ
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DAH. A prospective randomized controlled trial comparing nonstented versus stented ureteroscopic lithotripsy. Journal of Urology. 2001; 165(5):1419–22 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11342889" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11342889</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref31">Dudek
|
|
P, Gołabek
|
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T, Jaskulski
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J, Orłowski
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P, Bukowczan
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J, Szopiński
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T
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Y, Abakka
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N, El Anzaoui
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J, Ghoundale
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O, Touiti
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D. Ureteral stenting after uncomplicated ureteroscopy for distal ureteral stones: a randomized, controlled trial. Minimally Invasive Surgery. 2014; 2014:892890 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4241699/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4241699</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25431663" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25431663</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref33">Elgammal
|
|
MA, Safwat
|
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AS, Elderwy
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A, El-Azab
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AS, Abdelkader
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MS, Hammouda
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HM. Primary versus secondary ureteroscopy for pediatric ureteral stones. Journal of Pediatric Urology. 2014; 10(6):1193–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25138475" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25138475</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref34">ElSheemy
|
|
MS, Shouman
|
|
AM, Shoukry
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AI, ElShenoufy
|
|
A, Aboulela
|
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W, Daw
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K
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|
|
IA, El-Ghoneimy
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MN, El-Naggar
|
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AE, Hammoud
|
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KM, El-Gammal
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MY, Morsi
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AA. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in impacted upper ureteral stones: a prospective randomized comparison between stented and non-stented techniques. Urology. 2010; 75(1):45–50 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19811806" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19811806</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref36">Gou
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J, Dong
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Q, Seng
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S, Xu
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Y. Necessity and safety of ureteral stenting after ureteroscopic lithotripsy in treatment of ureteral calculi: a systematic review. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine. 2010; 10(9):1096–101</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref37">Grossi
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FS, Ferretti
|
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S, Di Lena
|
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S, Crispino
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M. A prospective randomized multicentric study comparing stented vs non-stented ureteroscopic lithotripsy. Archivio Italiano di Urologia, Andrologia. 2006; 78(2):53–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16929603" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16929603</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref38">Gunduz
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M, Sekmenli
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T, Ciftci
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I, Elmacl
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AM. Do JJ stents increase the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for pediatric renal stones?
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Urologia Internationalis. 2017; 98(4):425–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27780167" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27780167</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref39">Gunlusoy
|
|
B, Degirmenci
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T, Arslan
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M, Kozacyoglu
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Z, Minareci
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S, Ayder
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AR. Is ureteral catheterization necessary after ureteroscopic lithotripsy for uncomplicated upper ureteral stones?
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Journal of Endourology. 2008; 22(8):1645–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18721044" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18721044</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref40">Haleblian
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G, Kijvikai
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K, de la Rosette
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J, Preminger
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G. Ureteral stenting and urinary stone management: a systematic review. Journal of Urology. 2008; 179(2):424–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18076928" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18076928</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref41">Hammady
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A, Gamal
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WM, Zaki
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M, Hussein
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M, Abuzeid
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A. Evaluation of ureteral stent placement after retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy for upper ureteral stone: randomized controlled study. Journal of Endourology. 2011; 25(5):825–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21457084" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21457084</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref42">Hussein
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A, Rifaat
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E, Zaki
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A, Abol-Nasr
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M. Stenting versus non-stenting after non-complicated ureteroscopic manipulation of stones in bilharzial ureters. International Journal of Urology. 2006; 13(7):886–90 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16882049" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16882049</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref43">Ibrahim
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HM, Al-Kandari
|
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AM, Shaaban
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HS, Elshebini
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YH, Shokeir
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AA. Role of ureteral stenting after uncomplicated ureteroscopy for distal ureteral stones: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Urology. 2008; 180(3):961–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18639269" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18639269</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref44">Jeong
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H, Kwak
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C, Lee
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SE, Pearle
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MS. Ureteric stenting after ureteroscopy for ureteric stones: a prospective randomized study assessing symptoms and complications. BJU International. 2004; 93(7):1032–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15142158" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15142158</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref45">Ji
|
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C, Gan
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W, Guo
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H, Lian
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H, Zhang
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S, Yang
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I, Salih
|
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B, Suat
|
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E, Huseyin
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E, Vehbi
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K. Is routine ureteral stenting necessary after uncomplicated ureteroscopic lithotripsy for lower ureteral stones larger than 1 cm?
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Urological Research. 2008; 36(2):115–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18385992" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18385992</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>47.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref47">Marcovich
|
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R, Jacobson
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AI, Singh
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J, Shah
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D, El-Hakim
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A, Lee
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BR
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|
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A, Fernandez
|
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MI, Recabal
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P, Fleck
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D, Ledezma
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R, Moya
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|
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E, Defoor
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W, Reddy
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P, Nishinaka
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K, Wacksman
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J, Sheldon
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|
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N, Malik
|
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HA, Hussain
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M, Tipu
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SA, Shehzad
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A, Hashmi
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|
|
H, Braun
|
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PM, Martinez Portillo
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FJ, Siegsmund
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M, Alken
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P, Kohrmann
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KU. Percutaneous nephrostomy versus ureteral stents for diversion of hydronephrosis caused by stones: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Journal of Urology. 2001; 165(4):1088–92 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11257644" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11257644</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>52.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref52">Moon
|
|
KT, Cho
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HJ, Cho
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JM, Kang
|
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JY, Yoo
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TK, Moon
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HS
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AA. Use of double-J stents prior to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is not beneficial: results of a prospective randomized study. International Urology and Nephrology. 2008; 40(1):19–22 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17394095" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17394095</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>54.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref54">Mustafa
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M. The role of stenting in relieving loin pain following ureteroscopic stone therapy for persisting renal colic with hydronephrosis. International Urology and Nephrology. 2007; 39(1):91–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17268908" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17268908</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>55.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref55">Mustafa
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M, Ali-El-Dein
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B. Stenting in extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy; may enhance the passage of the fragments!
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G, Cook
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J, N’Dow
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J, McClinton
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S. Outcomes of stenting after uncomplicated ureteroscopy: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007; 334(572):1–7 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1828345/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1828345</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17311851" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17311851</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>57.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref57">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Developing NICE guidelines: the manual. London. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2014. Available from: <a href="http://www.nice.org.uk/article/PMG20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/article/PMG20/chapter<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview</a> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26677490" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26677490</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>58.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref58">Netto
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J, Zillo
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C. Routine ureteral stenting after ureteroscopy for ureteral lithiasis: is it really necessary?
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JH, Kim
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M, Borofsky
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M, Bakker
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B, Dogan
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GE, Tansu
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S, Yutao
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L, Jie
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Y, Wuran
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W, Yi
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D, Hao
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P, Nualyong
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R, Choudhary
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P, Jiang
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A, Gupta
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R, Kumar
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A, Kapoor
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R, Mandhani
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A. Routine stenting after ureteroscopy for distal ureteral calculi is unnecessary: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Endourology. 2003; 17(10):871–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14744352" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14744352</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>77.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref77">Telha
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KA, Alba’adani
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TH, Alkohlany
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KM, Al-Adimy
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AO, Alnono
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IH. Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy with double-J stent compared with external ureteral catheter to decrease postoperative complications. Saudi Medical Journal. 2010; 31(10):1137–40 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20953530" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20953530</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>78.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref78">Wang
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CJ, Huang
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SW, Chang
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CH. Indications of stented uncomplicated ureteroscopic lithotripsy: a prospective randomized controlled study. Urological Research. 2009; 37(2):83–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19183976" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19183976</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>79.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref79">Wang
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H, Man
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L, Li
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G, Huang
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G, Liu
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N, Wang
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J. Meta-analysis of stenting versus non-stenting for the treatment of ureteral Stones. PloS One. 2017; 12(1):e0167670 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5221881/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5221881</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28068364" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28068364</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>80.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref80">Xu
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Y, Wei
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Q, Liu
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LR. A prospective randomized trial comparing non-stented versus routine stented ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy. Saudi Medical Journal. 2009; 30(10):1276–80 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19838433" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19838433</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>81.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref81">Younesi Rostami
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M, Taghipour-Gorgikolai
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M, Sharifian
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R. Treatment of kidney stones using extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and double-j stent in infants. Advances in Urology. 2012; 2012:589038 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3329132/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3329132</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22550483" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22550483</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>82.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref82">Zaki
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MR, Salman
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A, Chaudhary
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AH, Asif
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K, Rehman
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MU. Is DJ stenting still needed after uncomplicated ureteroscopic lithotripsy? A randomized controlled trial. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2011; 5(1):121–4</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>83.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref83">Zhao
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PT, Hoenig
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DM, Smith
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AD, Okeke
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Z. A randomized controlled comparison of nephrostomy drainage vs ureteral stent following percutaneous nephrolithotomy using the Wisconsin StoneQOL. Journal of Endourology. 2016; 30(12):1275–84 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27736198" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27736198</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>84.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch8.ref84">Zhou
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Y, Zhu
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J, Gurioli
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A, Yuan
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D, Luo
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J, Li
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Z
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et al. Randomized study of ureteral catheter vs double-j stent in tubeless minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy patients. Journal of Endourology. 2017; 31(3):278–82 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27967216" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27967216</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixes.appgroup8"><h2 id="_appendixes_appgroup8_">Appendices</h2><div id="ch8.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="ch8.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 9. Review protocol: Is inserting a stent clinically and cost-effective before surgical treatment in people with renal or ureteric stones?</a></p><p id="ch8.appa.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appatab2" class="figpopup">Table 10. Health economic review protocol</a></p></div><div id="ch8.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual 2014, updated 2017 <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869</a></p><p><i>For more detailed information, please see the</i> Methodology Review. [Add cross reference]</p><div id="ch8.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>Searches were constructed using a PICO framework where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and in some cases Comparison (C) terms. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions as these concepts may not be well described in title, abstract or indexes and therefore difficult to retrieve. Search filters were applied to the search where appropriate.</p><p id="ch8.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appbtab1" class="figpopup">Table 11. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch8.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appbtab2" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch8.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appbtab3" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch8.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appbtab4" class="figpopup">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p></div><div id="ch8.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to renal and ureteric stones population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional searches were run on Medline and Embase for health economics studies.</p><p id="ch8.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appbtab5" class="figpopup">Table 12. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch8.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appbtab6" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch8.appb.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appbtab7" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch8.appb.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appbtab8" class="figpopup">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</a></p></div></div><div id="ch8.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><p id="ch8.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appcfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of Is inserting a stent clinically and cost-effective before surgical treatment in people with renal or ureteric stones?</a></p><p id="ch8.appc.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appc.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appcfig2" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</a></p></div><div id="ch8.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="ch8.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (380K)</span></p></div><div id="ch8.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="ch8.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. Adults, ureteric, 10-20mm</h4><div id="ch8.appe.s1.1"><h5>E.1.1. Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</h5><p id="ch8.appe.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig1" class="figpopup">Figure 3. Stone-free state</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig2" class="figpopup">Figure 4. Retreatment</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig3" class="figpopup">Figure 5. Minor adverse events (fever)</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig4" class="figpopup">Figure 6. Stent symptoms (dysuria)</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig5"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig5" class="figpopup">Figure 7. Stent symptoms (haematuria)</a></p></div></div><div id="ch8.appe.s2"><h4>E.2. Adults, renal, 10-20mm</h4><div id="ch8.appe.s2.1"><h5>E.2.1. Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</h5><p id="ch8.appe.fig6"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig6" class="figpopup">Figure 8. Stone-free state</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig7"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig7" class="figpopup">Figure 9. Clinically insignificant residual fragments</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig8"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig8" class="figpopup">Figure 10. Clinically significant residual fragments</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig9"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig9" class="figpopup">Figure 11. Readmission to hospital</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig10"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig10" class="figpopup">Figure 12. Retreatment rate</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig11"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig11" class="figpopup">Figure 13. Ancillary procedures</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig12"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig12" class="figpopup">Figure 14. Minor adverse events (UTI)</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig13"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig13" class="figpopup">Figure 15. Minor adverse events (fever)</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig14"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig14" class="figpopup">Figure 16. Stent symptoms (urgency)</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig15"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig15" class="figpopup">Figure 17. Stent symptoms (frequency)</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig16"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig16" class="figpopup">Figure 18. Stent symptoms (haematuria)</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig17"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig17/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig17" class="figpopup">Figure 19. Stent symptoms (dysuria)</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig18"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig18/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig18" class="figpopup">Figure 20. Stent symptoms (nocturia)</a></p></div></div><div id="ch8.appe.s3"><h4>E.3. Adults, renal, >20mm</h4><div id="ch8.appe.s3.1"><h5>E.3.1. Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</h5><p id="ch8.appe.fig19"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig19" class="figpopup">Figure 21. Stone-free state</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig20"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig20" class="figpopup">Figure 22. Minor adverse events (fever)</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig21"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig21/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig21" class="figpopup">Figure 23. Retreatment (ESWL leading to fragmentation)</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig22"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig22/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig22" class="figpopup">Figure 24. Failed technology</a></p></div></div><div id="ch8.appe.s4"><h4>E.4. Children, renal, <10mm (non-randomised studies)</h4><div id="ch8.appe.s4.1"><h5>E.4.1. Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</h5><p id="ch8.appe.fig23"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig23/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig23" class="figpopup">Figure 25. Stone-free state</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig24"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig24/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig24" class="figpopup">Figure 26. Retreatment</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig25"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig25/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig25" class="figpopup">Figure 27. Ancillary procedures</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig26"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig26/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig26" class="figpopup">Figure 28. Stent symptoms (dysuria)</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig27"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig27/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig27" class="figpopup">Figure 29. Stent symptoms (hematuria)</a></p></div></div><div id="ch8.appe.s5"><h4>E.5. Children, renal, staghorn (non-randomised studies)</h4><div id="ch8.appe.s5.1"><h5>E.5.1. Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</h5><p id="ch8.appe.fig28"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig28/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig28" class="figpopup">Figure 30. Stone-free state</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig29"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig29/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig29" class="figpopup">Figure 31. Length of stay (days)</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig30"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig30/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig30" class="figpopup">Figure 32. Readmission</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig31"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig31/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig31" class="figpopup">Figure 33. Ancillary procedures</a></p><p id="ch8.appe.fig32"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appe.fig32/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appefig32" class="figpopup">Figure 34. Major adverse events (sepsis)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="ch8.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><div id="ch8.appf.s1"><h4>F.1. Adults, ureteric, 10-20mm</h4><p id="ch8.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appftab1" class="figpopup">Table 13. Clinical evidence profile: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</a></p></div><div id="ch8.appf.s2"><h4>F.2. Adults, renal, 10-20mm</h4><p id="ch8.appf.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appftab2" class="figpopup">Table 14. Clinical evidence profile: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</a></p></div><div id="ch8.appf.s3"><h4>F.3. Adults, renal, >20mm</h4><p id="ch8.appf.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appftab3" class="figpopup">Table 15. Clinical evidence profile: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</a></p></div><div id="ch8.appf.s4"><h4>F.4. Children, renal, 10-20mm</h4><p id="ch8.appf.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appftab4" class="figpopup">Table 16. Clinical evidence profile (non-randomised studies): Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</a></p></div><div id="ch8.appf.s5"><h4>F.5. Children, renal, staghorn</h4><p id="ch8.appf.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appftab5" class="figpopup">Table 17. Clinical evidence profile (non-randomised studies): Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</a></p></div></div><div id="ch8.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="ch8.appg.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577654/figure/ch8.appg.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appgfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 35. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</a></p></div><div id="ch8.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Health economic evidence tables</h3><p>None</p></div><div id="ch8.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Excluded studies</h3><div id="ch8.appi.s1"><h4>I.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="ch8.appi.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appitab1" class="figpopup">Table 18. Studies excluded from the clinical review</a></p></div><div id="ch8.appi.s2"><h4>I.2. Excluded health economic studies</h4><p id="ch8.appi.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch8appitab2" class="figpopup">Table 19. Studies excluded from the health economic review</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Intervention evidence review (H)</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Centre</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK577654</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35133762" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">35133762</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8tab1"><div id="ch8.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_ch8.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_ch8.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People (adults, children and young people) with symptomatic and asymptomatic renal or ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch8.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interventions</th><td headers="hd_b_ch8.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Insertion of a stent followed by a surgical procedure (SWL, or URS/RIRS or PCNL)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch8.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparisons</th><td headers="hd_b_ch8.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Surgical procedure (SWL, or URS/RIRS or PCNL) alone</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch8.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_ch8.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Critical outcomes:
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<ul id="ch8.l1"><li id="ch8.lt1" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stone-free state (including residual fragment)</div></li><li id="ch8.lt2" class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrence</div></li><li id="ch8.lt3" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of healthcare services (length of stay, readmission, retreatment or ancillary procedure)</div></li><li id="ch8.lt4" class="half_rhythm"><div>Kidney function</div></li><li id="ch8.lt5" class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li id="ch8.lt6" class="half_rhythm"><div>Major adverse events (infective complications [sepsis, obstructive pyelonephritis], ureteric injury [ureteral damage, ureteral perforation, ureteral stricture], mortality)</div></li><li id="ch8.lt7" class="half_rhythm"><div>Minor adverse events (infective complications [UTI, fever, infection], ureteric injury [extravasation, submucosal dissection], haemorrhage [any bleeding, transfusion])</div></li><li id="ch8.lt8" class="half_rhythm"><div>Failure to treat (inaccessible stone, stone not seen/reached)</div></li><li id="ch8.lt9" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stent symptoms (dysuria, irritative symptoms, haematuria, frequency, urgency, nocturia)</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Important outcomes:
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<ul id="ch8.l2"><li id="ch8.lt10" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain intensity (visual analogue scale)</div></li></ul></p></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch8.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_ch8.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Randomised controlled trials (RCTs)</p>
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<p>If no RCT evidence for children is available, cohort studies will be considered.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch8.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Key confounders</th><td headers="hd_b_ch8.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch8.l3"><li id="ch8.lt11" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stone site</div></li><li id="ch8.lt12" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stone size</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8tab2"><div id="ch8.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention and comparison</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults, renal, 10-20mm</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mohayuddin 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref50" rid="ch8.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Intervention (n=40): a JJ stent (4.8Fr) was placed before SWL, and removed at 3 months or once the stone disappeared. SWL was performed using an electromagnetic machine. 3000 shockwaves were given at a rate of 70 per minute, and the energy was kept between 4 and 6.</p>
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<p>Comparison (n=40): SWL with no stent placement.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=80</p>
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<p>People with radio opaque renal pelvic stone in which the greatest diameter was 2cm</p>
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<p>Stone size (mean, SD): stent group 19.5 (0.138); no stent group 19.3 (0.126)</p>
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<p>Age (mean, SD), years: stent group 34.3 (11.35); no stent group 32.13 (11.5)</p>
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<p>Number of SWL sessions (mean): stent group 1.63; no stent group 1.55</p>
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<p>Gender not reported</p>
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<p>Pakistan</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Stone free state (3 months): not defined. Assessed by X ray KUB and ultrasound KUB</p>
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<p>Readmission (3 months): defined as hospital visits and admissions</p>
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<p>Ancillary procedures (3 months)</p>
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<p>Minor adverse events (3 months): fever</p>
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<p>Stent symptoms (3 months): urgency, dysuria, frequency, haematuria, nocturia</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Readmission downgraded for indirectness due to including hospital visits</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Musa 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref53" rid="ch8.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Intervention (n=60): stenting prior to SWL, using 5 Fr DJ stents, followed by SWL using the electrohydrolic spark gap lithotripter under general anesthesia at KV ranges between 14-22 and shockwave rate of 75/min. The stent was removed after 2 weeks.</p>
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<p>Comparison (n=60): no stenting, followed by SWL as above</p>
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<p>All patients received 1g ceftriaxone intravenously prior to the operative procedure.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=120</p>
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<p>People with renal calculi between 10-20 mm who presented for elective ESWL</p>
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<p>Stone size (mean, range), mm: stent group 16.8 (10-20); no stent group 16.6 (10-20)</p>
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<p>Age (mean), years: stent group 39; no stent group 37.5</p>
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<p>Male to female ratio 78:42</p>
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<p>Yemen</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Stone-free state (3 months): not defined, assessed by plain abdominal film</p>
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<p>Retreatment (3 months): number of people requiring a second SWL session</p>
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<p>Readmission (3 months)</p>
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<p>Stent symptoms (48 hours): haematuria</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sharma 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref70" rid="ch8.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Intervention (n=31): DJ stenting was done 1 week before ESWL procedure and the procedure was accomplished with the DJ stent in situ. The stent was kept until the completion of 3 sittings, done 4 weeks apart, or it was removed earlier upon clearance of the stones</p>
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<p>Comparison (n=27): ESWL without any stenting</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=58</p>
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<p>People with renal stone disease and a stone between 15-20mm</p>
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<p>Stone size (mean, SD), mm: stent group 14.3 (3.1); no stent group 13.8 (3.0)</p>
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<p>Age (mean, SD), years: stent group 40.4 (12.7); no stent group 32.8 (8.4)</p>
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<p>Number of SWL sittings (mean): stent group 2.2; no stent group 2.0</p>
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<p>Male to female ratio 33:25</p>
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<p>India</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Stone-free state (4 weeks): complete clearance or a clinically insignificant residual fragment (CIRF) of less than 4 mm.</p>
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<p>Significant residual fragments (4 weeks): defined as >4mm residual fragment</p>
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<p>Insignificant residual fragment (4 weeks): defined as fragment <4 mm</p>
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<p>Minor adverse events (4 weeks): UTI, fever</p>
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<p>Stent symptoms (4 weeks): haematuria</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults, renal, >20mm</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Al-Awadi 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref2" rid="ch8.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Intervention (n=200): ESWL using the Siemens LithoStar 2-Plus machine, giving 6000 shocks per stone per session, with treatment repeated weekly until the patients became stone-free. Stents were inserted before ESWL and removed within a week of the patients becoming stone-free</p>
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<p>Comparison (n=200): ESWL without any stenting</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=400</p>
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<p>People with unilateral renal calculi (mean diameter 1.5–3.5 cm)</p>
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<p>Stone size: 15-20mm 8%; >20mm 92%</p>
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<p>Age (mean, SD): 43 (18.7)</p>
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<p>Male to female ratio 337:63</p>
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<p>Kuwait</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Stone-free state (time-point not reported): not defined, assessed by KUB, ultrasonography and IVU</p>
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<p>Retreatment (time-point not reported)</p>
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<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): fever</p>
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<p>Failed technology (time-point not reported)</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults, ureteric, 10-20mm</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ghoneim 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref35" rid="ch8.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Intervention (n=30): JJ stenting followed by SWL. A single 6F JJ stent was placed 1 week before SWL and removed after radiological evidence of no sizeable fragments.</p>
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<p>Comparison (n=30): SWL with no stent placement.</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=60</p>
|
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<p>People with solitary, radio-opaque, impacted upper ureteral stone <20mm</p>
|
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<p>Stone size (mean SD), mm: stent group 10.23 (0.38); no stent group 10 (0.43)</p>
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<p>Age (mean, SD), years: stent group 43.1 (11.5); no stent group 40.7 (10.6)</p>
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<p>Number of SWL sessions (mean, SD): stent group 2 (0.14); no stent group 1.97 (0.16)</p>
|
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<p>Male to female ratio 39: 21</p>
|
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<p>Egypt</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Stone free state (3 months): defined as complete stone clearance with no visible fragments on radiological studies or fragments ≤4mm. Stone free state includes those with multiple SWL sessions</p>
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<p>Retreatment (3 months)</p>
|
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<p>Minor adverse events (3 months): fever</p>
|
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<p>Stent symptoms (3 months): dysuria, haematuria</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_9_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children, renal, <10mm (non-randomised studies)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gunduz 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref38" rid="ch8.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Intervention (n=10): Before SWL treatment, a placed 3 Fr 16 cm JJ stent was placed under general anaesthesia. An Elmed Complit System was used with 11-13 kV, 60 frequency, and 1,000-1,200 shots in patients 2-4 years old, and 11-14 kV, 70 frequency, and 1,0001,500 shots in patients over 4 years old. The stent was removed at 5 days if the patient was stone free, or SWL was repeated 1 week later, up to 2 times</p>
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<p>Comparison (n=10): SWL with no JJ stents inserted. SWL as in the intervention group</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=20</p>
|
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<p>Children with renal calculi</p>
|
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<p>Stone size (mean, range): stent group 9 (7-15); no stent group 9 (7-16)</p>
|
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<p>Age (mean, range): stent group 4 (3-5); no stent group 4.5 (2-12)</p>
|
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<p>Male to female ratio 7:13</p>
|
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<p>Turkey</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Stone-free state (time-point not reported)</p>
|
|
<p>Retreatment (time-point not reported): number of patients with 2 or 3 sessions of SWL</p>
|
|
<p>Ancillary procedures (time-point not reported)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-randomised study</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_11_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children, renal, staghorn (non-randomised studies)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Al-Busaidy, 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref4" rid="ch8.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Intervention (n=23): ESWL with a 4Fr (8-10 or 12-16cm) double-J ureteral stent which was inserted immediately before ESWL. ESWL involved delivering a maximum of 4000 shocks per session. Further ESWL sessions were at 3 week intervals. The stent was removed 3 weeks after the last ESWL session</p>
|
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<p>Comparison (n=19): ESWL without prophylactic ureteral stenting. ESWL as in the intervention group.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<p>n=42</p>
|
|
<p>Children with staghorn calculi</p>
|
|
<p>Stone size (mean, SD), mm: stent group 32 (5); no stent group 32 (6)</p>
|
|
<p>Age (mean, SD), years: stent group 6.3 (3.5); no stent group 5.7 (3.6)</p>
|
|
<p>Number of SWL sessions (mean, SD): stent group 2.6 (0.9); no stent group 2.5 (0.7)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female 29:13</p>
|
|
<p>Oman</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Stone-free state (3 months after the last ESWL session): defined as the complete absence of residual stone fragments of any size on plain abdominal x-ray and renal ultrasound</p>
|
|
<p>Length of stay (time-point not reported)</p>
|
|
<p>Readmission (time-point not reported)</p>
|
|
<p>Ancillary procedures (time-point not reported)</p>
|
|
<p>Major adverse events (time-point not reported): sepsis</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-randomised study</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8tab3"><div id="ch8.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with No stent before SWL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Stent (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone free</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>60</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.04</p>
|
|
<p>(0.86 to 1.25)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">867 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>35 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 121 fewer to 217 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retreatment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>60</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.15</p>
|
|
<p>(0.83 to 1.59)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">667 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>100 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 113 fewer to 394 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (fever)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>60</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.5</p>
|
|
<p>(0.05 to 5.22)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>34 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 64 fewer to 283 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (dysuria)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>60</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 2.57</p>
|
|
<p>(1.26 to 5.24)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">233 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>366 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 61 more to 988 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (Microscopic haematuria)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>60</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 2.88</p>
|
|
<p>(1.54 to 5.37)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">267 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>502 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 144 more to 1000 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (Gross haematuria)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>60</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 4</p>
|
|
<p>(0.47 to 33.73)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>99 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 17 fewer to 1000 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8tab4"><div id="ch8.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with No stent before SWL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Stent (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone free state</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>258</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>1-3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.97</p>
|
|
<p>(0.86 to 1.08)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">825 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>25 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 115 fewer to 66 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinically insignificant residual fragment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>58</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1</p>
|
|
<p>(0.6 to 1.64)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">519 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 208 fewer to 332 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinically significant residual fragment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>58</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.96</p>
|
|
<p>(0.48 to 1.9)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">370 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>15 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 192 fewer to 333 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Readmission</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1</p>
|
|
<p>(0.26 to 3.91)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 34 fewer to 134 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retreatment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>120</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.67</p>
|
|
<p>(0.42 to 6.66)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>33 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 29 fewer to 283 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ancillary procedure</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>80</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1</p>
|
|
<p>(0.06 to 15.44)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 24 fewer to 361 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (UTI)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>58</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.44</p>
|
|
<p>(0.04 to 4.54)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>41 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 71 fewer to 262 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (fever)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>138</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>1-3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 3.48</p>
|
|
<p>(0.59 to 20.65)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>32 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 5 fewer to 255 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (urgency)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>80</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 4.75</p>
|
|
<p>(1.77 to 12.72)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>375 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 77 more to 1000 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (dysuria)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>80</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 3.83</p>
|
|
<p>(1.75 to 8.4)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">150 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>425 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 113 more to 1000 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (frequency)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>80</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 6</p>
|
|
<p>(1.92 to 18.78)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>375 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 69 more to 1000 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (haematuria)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>258</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>48 hours - 3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.04</p>
|
|
<p>(0.56 to 1.93)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">317 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>13 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 139 fewer to 295 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (nocturia)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>80</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 5</p>
|
|
<p>(0.61 to 40.91)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>100 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 10 fewer to 998 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab4_4"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 63%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8tab5"><div id="ch8.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with No stent before SWL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Stent (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone free state</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>400</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.99</p>
|
|
<p>(0.91 to 1.07)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">870 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>9 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 78 fewer to 61 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retreatment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>38</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.54</p>
|
|
<p>(0.07 to 4.34)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">154 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>71 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 143 fewer to 514 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (fever)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>38</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.08</p>
|
|
<p>(0.23 to 5.12)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">154 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>12 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 119 fewer to 634 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Failed technology</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>400</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 7.46</p>
|
|
<p>(0.77 to 72.16)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>15 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 4 fewer to 34 more)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab5_4"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8tab6"><div id="ch8.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with No stent before SWL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Stent (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone free state</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.24</p>
|
|
<p>(0.87 to 1.75)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">800 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>192 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 104 fewer to 600 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retreatment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.67</p>
|
|
<p>(0.27 to 1.66)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">600 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>198 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 438 fewer to 396 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ancillary procedures</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.14</p>
|
|
<p>(0 to 6.82)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>85 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 100 fewer to 331 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (hematuria)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 3</p>
|
|
<p>(0.37 to 24.17)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 63 fewer to 1000 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (dysuria)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.5</p>
|
|
<p>(0.05 to 4.67)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>100 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 190 fewer to 734 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8tab7"><div id="ch8.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with No stent before SWL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Stent (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone free state</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>42</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.99</p>
|
|
<p>(0.72 to 1.36)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">790 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 221 fewer to 284 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Length of stay (days)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>42</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean length of stay (days) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>6.4</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean length of stay (days) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.8 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(3.36 to 0.24 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Readmission</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>42</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.09</p>
|
|
<p>(0.01 to 0.71)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">211 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>187 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 51 fewer to 208 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ancillary procedures</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>42</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.08</p>
|
|
<p>(0.01 to 0.38)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">368 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>323 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 187 fewer to 362 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major adverse events (sepsis)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>42</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.1</p>
|
|
<p>(0.01 to 1.74)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">105 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>93 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 104 fewer to 65 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch8.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8tab8"><div id="ch8.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">UK costs of stent (per surgery i.e. removal and insertion = cost x 2)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Parameter</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Description</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent removal cost</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LB09D</p>
|
|
<p>Intermediate Endoscopic Ureter Procedures, 19 years and over</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,018</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Source: NHS reference cost 2016/17 <a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref59" rid="ch8.ref59"><sup>59</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appatab1"><div id="ch8.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Review protocol: Is inserting a stent clinically and cost-effective before surgical treatment in people with renal or ureteric stones?</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Field</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Content</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Is inserting a stent clinically and cost-effective before surgical treatment in people with renal or ureteric stones?</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention review</p>
|
|
<p>A review of health economic evidence related to the same review question was conducted in parallel with this review. For details see the health economic review protocol for this NICE guideline.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objective of the review</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To find whether inserting a stent before a surgical procedure leads to better outcomes in people with renal and ureteric stones.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – population / disease / condition / issue / domain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People (adults, children and young people) with symptomatic and asymptomatic renal or ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – intervention(s) / exposure(s) / prognostic factor(s)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Insertion of a stent followed by a surgical procedure (SWL, or UTS/RIRS or PCNL)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Concomitant treatment, such as pain medication, not part of inclusion/exclusion criteria for intervention or comparator</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – comparator(s) / control or reference (gold) standard</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Surgical procedure (SWL, or URS/RIRS or PCNL) alone</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes and prioritisation</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Critical outcomes:
|
|
<ul id="ch8.l6"><li id="ch8.lt17" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stone-free state (including residual fragment)</div></li><li id="ch8.lt18" class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrence</div></li><li id="ch8.lt19" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of healthcare services (length of stay, readmission, retreatment or ancillary procedure)</div></li><li id="ch8.lt20" class="half_rhythm"><div>Kidney function</div></li><li id="ch8.lt21" class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li id="ch8.lt22" class="half_rhythm"><div>Major adverse events (infective complications [sepsis, obstructive pyelonephritis], ureteric injury [ureteral damage, ureteral perforation, ureteral stricture], mortality)</div></li><li id="ch8.lt23" class="half_rhythm"><div>Minor adverse events (infective complications [UTI, fever, infection], ureteric injury [extravasation, submucosal dissection], haemorrhage [any bleeding, transfusion])</div></li><li id="ch8.lt24" class="half_rhythm"><div>Failure to treat (inaccessible stone, stone not seen/reached)</div></li><li id="ch8.lt25" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stent symptoms</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Important outcomes:
|
|
<ul id="ch8.l7"><li id="ch8.lt26" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain intensity (visual analogue scale)</div></li></ul></p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – study design</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Randomised controlled trials (RCTs)</p>
|
|
<p>If no RCT evidence for children is available, cohort studies will be considered.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other inclusion exclusion criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclude:</p>
|
|
<p>Bladder stones</p>
|
|
<p>Open surgery for renal (kidney and ureteric) stones</p>
|
|
<p>Laparoscopic nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy</p>
|
|
<p>Non-English language studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed sensitivity / subgroup analysis, or meta-regression</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Strata:
|
|
<ul id="ch8.l8"><li id="ch8.lt27" class="half_rhythm"><div>Population
|
|
<ul id="ch8.l9" class="circle"><li id="ch8.lt28" class="half_rhythm"><div>Adults (≥16 years)</div></li><li id="ch8.lt29" class="half_rhythm"><div>Children and young people (<16 years)</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="ch8.lt30" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stone size:
|
|
<ul id="ch8.l10" class="circle"><li id="ch8.lt31" class="half_rhythm"><div><1 cm</div></li><li id="ch8.lt32" class="half_rhythm"><div>1-2 cm</div></li><li id="ch8.lt33" class="half_rhythm"><div>>2 cm</div></li><li id="ch8.lt34" class="half_rhythm"><div>staghorn</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="ch8.lt35" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stone site (not lower/upper pole):
|
|
<ul id="ch8.l11" class="circle"><li id="ch8.lt36" class="half_rhythm"><div>Renal stone</div></li><li id="ch8.lt37" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ureteric stone</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Subgroups:
|
|
<ul id="ch8.l12"><li id="ch8.lt38" class="half_rhythm"><div>Symptomatic/ Asymptomatic</div></li><li id="ch8.lt39" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pregnant women</div></li><li id="ch8.lt40" class="half_rhythm"><div>Lower/non-lower kidney pole</div></li><li id="ch8.lt41" class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper/lower ureteric stones</div></li><li id="ch8.lt42" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stone composition/hounsfield units</div></li><li id="ch8.lt43" class="half_rhythm"><div>Obesity /skin-to-stone distance</div></li><li id="ch8.lt44" class="half_rhythm"><div>Neuropathic/ cerebral-palsy /immobility</div></li></ul></p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Selection process – duplicate screening / selection / analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Studies are sifted by title and abstract. Potentially significant publications obtained in full text are then assessed against the inclusion criteria specified in this protocol.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data management (software)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul id="ch8.l13"><li id="ch8.lt45" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pairwise meta-analyses performed using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan5).</div></li><li id="ch8.lt46" class="half_rhythm"><div>GRADEpro used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome</div></li><li id="ch8.lt47" class="half_rhythm"><div>Endnote for bibliography, citations, sifting and reference management</div></li><li id="ch8.lt48" class="half_rhythm"><div>Data extractions performed using EviBase, a platform designed and maintained by the National Guideline Centre (NGC)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Information sources – databases and dates</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Clinical search databases to be used: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library</p>
|
|
<p>Date: all years</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics search databases to be used: Medline, Embase, NHSEED, HTA</p>
|
|
<p>Date: Medline, Embase from 2014</p>
|
|
<p>NHSEED, HTA – all years</p>
|
|
<p>Language: Restrict to English only</p>
|
|
<p>Supplementary search techniques: backward citation searching</p>
|
|
<p>Key papers: Not known</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify if an update</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not applicable</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Author contacts</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10033</a>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Highlight if amendment to previous protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 4.5 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/4-Developing-review-questions-and-planning-the-evidence-review#planning-the-evidence-review" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy – for one database</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see <a href="#ch8.appb">appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data collection process – forms / duplicate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A standardised evidence table format will be used, and published as <a href="#ch8.appd">appendix D</a> of the evidence report.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data items – define all variables to be collected</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see evidence tables in <a href="#ch8.appd">Appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#ch8.apph">H</a> (health economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for assessing bias at outcome / study level</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Standard study checklists were used to critically appraise individual studies. For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></p>
|
|
<p>The risk of bias across all available evidence was evaluated for each outcome using an adaptation of the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) toolbox’ developed by the international GRADE working group <a href="http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gradeworkinggroup.org/</a></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criteria for quantitative synthesis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.4 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Methods for quantitative analysis – combining studies and exploring</p>
|
|
<p>(in)consistency</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the separate Methods report for this guideline.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-bias assessment – publication bias, selective reporting bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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<p>[Consider exploring publication bias for review questions where it may be more common, such as pharmacological questions, certain disease areas, etc. Describe any steps taken to mitigate against publication bias, such as examining trial registries.]</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Confidence in cumulative evidence</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see sections 6.4 and 9.1 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rationale / context – what is known</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the introduction to the evidence review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Describe contributions of authors and guarantor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>A multidisciplinary committee developed the evidence review. The committee was convened by the National Guideline Centre (NGC) and chaired by Andrew Dickinson in line with section 3 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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<p>Staff from NGC undertook systematic literature searches, appraised the evidence, conducted meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis where appropriate, and drafted the evidence review in collaboration with the committee. For details please see <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sources of funding / support</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Name of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roles of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NICE funds NGC to develop guidelines for those working in the NHS, public health and social care in England.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROSPERO registration number</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not registered</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appatab2"><div id="ch8.appa.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appa.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Objectives</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search criteria</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch8.l14"><li id="ch8.lt49" class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the individual review protocol above.</div></li><li id="ch8.lt50" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant economic study design (cost-utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li id="ch8.lt51" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed. The bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li id="ch8.lt52" class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li id="ch8.lt53" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and an economic study filter – see <a href="#ch8.appg">Appendix G</a>
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<i>[in the Full guideline]</i>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Review strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2002, abstract-only studies and studies from non-OECD countries or the USA will also be excluded.</p>
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<p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in <a href="#ch8.appg">Appendix G</a> of the 2014 NICE guidelines manual.<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref57" rid="ch8.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a></p>
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<p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
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<ul id="ch8.l15"><li id="ch8.lt54" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’ then it will be included in the guideline. An economic evidence table will be completed and it will be included in the economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="ch8.lt55" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’ then it will usually be excluded from the guideline. If it is excluded then an economic evidence table will not be completed and it will not be included in the economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="ch8.lt56" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul>
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Where there is discretion</b>
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</p>
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<p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question, in discussion with the Committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the Committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to selectively exclude the remaining studies. All studies excluded on the basis of applicability or methodological limitations will be listed with explanation as excluded economic studies in Appendix M.</p>
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<p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p>
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<p><i>Setting:</i>
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<ul id="ch8.l16"><li id="ch8.lt57" class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch8.lt58" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li id="ch8.lt59" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li id="ch8.lt60" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the USA will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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</p>
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<p><i>Economic study type:</i>
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<ul id="ch8.l17"><li id="ch8.lt61" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost-utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch8.lt62" class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-consequences analysis).</div></li><li id="ch8.lt63" class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li id="ch8.lt64" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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</p>
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<p><i>Year of analysis:</i>
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<ul id="ch8.l18"><li id="ch8.lt65" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li id="ch8.lt66" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2002 or later but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly from before 2002 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li id="ch8.lt67" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2002 will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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</p>
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<p><i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the economic analysis:</i>
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<ul id="ch8.l19"><li id="ch8.lt68" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the economic analysis matches with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appbtab1"><div id="ch8.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 12 September 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 12 September 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Cochrane Reviews to 2017 Issue 9 of 12</p>
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<p>CENTRAL to 2017 Issue 8 of 12</p>
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<p>DARE, and NHSEED to 2015 Issue 2 of 4</p>
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<p>HTA to 2016 Issue 4 of 4</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appbtab2"><div id="ch8.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7-14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 not 16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/17-23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 25 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Stents/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stent*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Catheters/ or exp Cannula/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(catheter* or cannul*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27-30</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 and 31</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Trials as topic.sh.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/33-39</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Meta-Analysis as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/41-50</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epidemiologic studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Cohort studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Controlled Before-After Studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Historically Controlled Study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interrupted Time Series Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/52-61</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/63-64</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62 or 65</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/67-68</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62 or 69</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62 or 65 or 69</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32 and 40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32 and 51</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72 or 73</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32 and 71</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75 not 74</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appbtab3"><div id="ch8.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7-11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 not 13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/14-21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 23 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp stent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stent*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp catheter/ or exp cannula/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(catheter* or cannul*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25-28</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 29</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">crossover procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">single blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">double blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/31-39</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">systematic review/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">meta-analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/41-50</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">family study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">longitudinal study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">retrospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">prospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">follow-up/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59 and 60</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/52-58,61-65</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/67-68</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66 or 69</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cross-sectional study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/71-72</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66 or 73</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66 or 69 or 73</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30 and 40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30 and 51</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76 or 77</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30 and 75</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79 not 78</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appbtab4"><div id="ch8.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Urolithiasis] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) near/3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) near/3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #1-#5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Stents] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stent*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Catheters] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Cannula] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">catheter*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cannul*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #7-#12)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6 and #13</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appbtab5"><div id="ch8.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>For health economics</p>
|
|
<p>2014 – 9 March 2018</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>For health economics</p>
|
|
<p>2014 – 9 March 2018</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HTA - Inception – 9 March 2018</p>
|
|
<p>NHSEED - Inception to March 2015</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appbtab6"><div id="ch8.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7-14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 not 16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/17-23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 25 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27-42</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 and 43</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appbtab7"><div id="ch8.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7-11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 not 13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/14-21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 23 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">health economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp economic evaluation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp health care cost/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp fee/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">funding/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25-37</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 38</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appbtab8"><div id="ch8.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR urolithiasis EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or urolithiasis)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((((renal or kidney or urinary or ureteric or ureteral or ureter or urethra*) adj2 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or colic))))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((stone disease*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((((calculi or calculus) adj2 (stone* or lithiasis))))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appcfig1"><div id="ch8.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20Is%20inserting%20a%20stent%20clinically%20and%20cost-effective%20before%20surgical%20treatment%20in%20people%20with%20renal%20or%20ureteric%20stones%3F&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of Is inserting a stent clinically and cost-effective before surgical treatment in people with renal or ureteric stones?" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of Is inserting a stent clinically and cost-effective before surgical treatment in people with renal or ureteric stones?</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appcfig2"><div id="ch8.appc.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appcf2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appcf2.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig1"><div id="ch8.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Stone-free%20state.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef1.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Stone-free state." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Stone-free state</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig2"><div id="ch8.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Retreatment.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef2.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Retreatment." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Retreatment</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig3"><div id="ch8.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(fever).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef3.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Minor adverse events (fever)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (fever)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig4"><div id="ch8.appe.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%206.%20Stent%20symptoms%20(dysuria).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef4.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Stent symptoms (dysuria)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">Stent symptoms (dysuria)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig5"><div id="ch8.appe.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%207.%20Stent%20symptoms%20(haematuria).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef5.jpg" alt="Figure 7. Stent symptoms (haematuria)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 7</span><span class="title">Stent symptoms (haematuria)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig6"><div id="ch8.appe.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%208.%20Stone-free%20state.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef6.jpg" alt="Figure 8. Stone-free state." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 8</span><span class="title">Stone-free state</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig7"><div id="ch8.appe.fig7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%209.%20Clinically%20insignificant%20residual%20fragments.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef7.jpg" alt="Figure 9. Clinically insignificant residual fragments." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 9</span><span class="title">Clinically insignificant residual fragments</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig8"><div id="ch8.appe.fig8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2010.%20Clinically%20significant%20residual%20fragments.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef8.jpg" alt="Figure 10. Clinically significant residual fragments." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 10</span><span class="title">Clinically significant residual fragments</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig9"><div id="ch8.appe.fig9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2011.%20Readmission%20to%20hospital.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef9.jpg" alt="Figure 11. Readmission to hospital." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 11</span><span class="title">Readmission to hospital</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig10"><div id="ch8.appe.fig10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2012.%20Retreatment%20rate.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef10.jpg" alt="Figure 12. Retreatment rate." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 12</span><span class="title">Retreatment rate</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig11"><div id="ch8.appe.fig11" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2013.%20Ancillary%20procedures.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef11.jpg" alt="Figure 13. Ancillary procedures." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 13</span><span class="title">Ancillary procedures</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig12"><div id="ch8.appe.fig12" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2014.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(UTI).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef12.jpg" alt="Figure 14. Minor adverse events (UTI)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 14</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (UTI)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig13"><div id="ch8.appe.fig13" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2015.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(fever).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef13.jpg" alt="Figure 15. Minor adverse events (fever)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 15</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (fever)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig14"><div id="ch8.appe.fig14" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2016.%20Stent%20symptoms%20(urgency).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef14.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef14.jpg" alt="Figure 16. Stent symptoms (urgency)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 16</span><span class="title">Stent symptoms (urgency)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig15"><div id="ch8.appe.fig15" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2017.%20Stent%20symptoms%20(frequency).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef15.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef15.jpg" alt="Figure 17. Stent symptoms (frequency)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 17</span><span class="title">Stent symptoms (frequency)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig16"><div id="ch8.appe.fig16" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2018.%20Stent%20symptoms%20(haematuria).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef16.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef16.jpg" alt="Figure 18. Stent symptoms (haematuria)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 18</span><span class="title">Stent symptoms (haematuria)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig17"><div id="ch8.appe.fig17" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2019.%20Stent%20symptoms%20(dysuria).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef17.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef17.jpg" alt="Figure 19. Stent symptoms (dysuria)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 19</span><span class="title">Stent symptoms (dysuria)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig18"><div id="ch8.appe.fig18" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2020.%20Stent%20symptoms%20(nocturia).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef18.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef18.jpg" alt="Figure 20. Stent symptoms (nocturia)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 20</span><span class="title">Stent symptoms (nocturia)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig19"><div id="ch8.appe.fig19" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2021.%20Stone-free%20state.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef19.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef19.jpg" alt="Figure 21. Stone-free state." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 21</span><span class="title">Stone-free state</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig20"><div id="ch8.appe.fig20" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2022.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(fever).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef20.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef20.jpg" alt="Figure 22. Minor adverse events (fever)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 22</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (fever)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig21"><div id="ch8.appe.fig21" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2023.%20Retreatment%20(ESWL%20leading%20to%20fragmentation).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef21.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef21.jpg" alt="Figure 23. Retreatment (ESWL leading to fragmentation)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 23</span><span class="title">Retreatment (ESWL leading to fragmentation)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig22"><div id="ch8.appe.fig22" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2024.%20Failed%20technology.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef22.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef22.jpg" alt="Figure 24. Failed technology." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 24</span><span class="title">Failed technology</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig23"><div id="ch8.appe.fig23" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2025.%20Stone-free%20state.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef23.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef23.jpg" alt="Figure 25. Stone-free state." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 25</span><span class="title">Stone-free state</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig24"><div id="ch8.appe.fig24" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2026.%20Retreatment.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef24.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef24.jpg" alt="Figure 26. Retreatment." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 26</span><span class="title">Retreatment</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig25"><div id="ch8.appe.fig25" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2027.%20Ancillary%20procedures.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef25.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef25.jpg" alt="Figure 27. Ancillary procedures." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 27</span><span class="title">Ancillary procedures</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig26"><div id="ch8.appe.fig26" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2028.%20Stent%20symptoms%20(dysuria).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef26.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef26.jpg" alt="Figure 28. Stent symptoms (dysuria)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 28</span><span class="title">Stent symptoms (dysuria)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig27"><div id="ch8.appe.fig27" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2029.%20Stent%20symptoms%20(hematuria).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef27.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef27.jpg" alt="Figure 29. Stent symptoms (hematuria)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 29</span><span class="title">Stent symptoms (hematuria)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig28"><div id="ch8.appe.fig28" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2030.%20Stone-free%20state.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef28.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef28.jpg" alt="Figure 30. Stone-free state." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 30</span><span class="title">Stone-free state</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig29"><div id="ch8.appe.fig29" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2031.%20Length%20of%20stay%20(days).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef29.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef29.jpg" alt="Figure 31. Length of stay (days)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 31</span><span class="title">Length of stay (days)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig30"><div id="ch8.appe.fig30" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2032.%20Readmission.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef30.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef30.jpg" alt="Figure 32. Readmission." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 32</span><span class="title">Readmission</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig31"><div id="ch8.appe.fig31" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2033.%20Ancillary%20procedures.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef31.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef31.jpg" alt="Figure 33. Ancillary procedures." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 33</span><span class="title">Ancillary procedures</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appefig32"><div id="ch8.appe.fig32" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2034.%20Major%20adverse%20events%20(sepsis).&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appef32.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appef32.jpg" alt="Figure 34. Major adverse events (sepsis)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 34</span><span class="title">Major adverse events (sepsis)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appftab1"><div id="ch8.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Stent</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No stent before SWL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone free state (follow-up 3-6 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>27/30</p>
|
|
<p>(90%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>26/30</p>
|
|
<p>(86.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.04 (0.86 to 1.25)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35 more per 1000 (from 121 fewer to 217 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retreatment (follow-up 3-6 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>23/30</p>
|
|
<p>(76.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20/30</p>
|
|
<p>(66.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.15</p>
|
|
<p>(0.83 to 1.59)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100 more per 1000 (from 113 fewer to 394 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (fever) (follow-up 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/30</p>
|
|
<p>(3.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/30</p>
|
|
<p>(6.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.5 (0.05 to 5.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34 fewer per 1000 (from 64 fewer to 283 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (dysuria) (follow-up 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>18/30</p>
|
|
<p>(60%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7/30</p>
|
|
<p>(23.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 2.57</p>
|
|
<p>(1.26 to 5.24)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">366 more per 1000 (from 61 more to 988 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (haematuria) - Microscopic (follow-up 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>23/30</p>
|
|
<p>(76.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/30</p>
|
|
<p>(26.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.88 (1.54 to 5.37)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">502 more per 1000 (from 144 more to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (haematuria) - Gross (follow-up 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/30</p>
|
|
<p>(13.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/30</p>
|
|
<p>(3.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 4 (0.47 to 33.73)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99 more per 1000 (from 17 fewer to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2=83%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab1_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab1_4"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab1_5"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appftab2"><div id="ch8.appf.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appf.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Stent</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No stent before SWL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone free state (follow-up 1-3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>104/131</p>
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<p>(79.4%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>105/127</p>
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<p>(82.7%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.97 >(0.86 to 1.08)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>25 fewer per 1000</p>
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<p>(from 116 fewer to 66 more)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinically insignificant residual fragment (follow-up 4 weeks)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>16/31</p>
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<p>(51.6%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>14/27</p>
|
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<p>(51.9%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1 (0.6 to 1.64)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 207 fewer to 332 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinically significant residual fragment (follow-up 4 weeks)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>11/31</p>
|
|
<p>(35.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>10/27</p>
|
|
<p>(37%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.96 (0.48 to 1.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15 fewer per 1000 (from 193 fewer to 333 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ancillary procedure (follow-up 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/40</p>
|
|
<p>(2.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/40</p>
|
|
<p>(2.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1 (0.06 to 15.44)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 24 fewer to 361 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retreatment (follow-up 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>5/60</p>
|
|
<p>(8.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/60</p>
|
|
<p>(5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.67 (0.42 to 6.66)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33 more per 1000 (from 29 fewer to 283 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Readmission (follow-up 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/100</p>
|
|
<p>(4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/100</p>
|
|
<p>(4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1 (0.26 to 3.91)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 30 fewer to 116 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (UTI) (follow-up 4 weeks)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/31</p>
|
|
<p>(3.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/27</p>
|
|
<p>(7.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.44 (0.04 to 4.54)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41 fewer per 1000 (from 71 fewer to 262 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (fever) (follow-up 1-3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>5/71</p>
|
|
<p>(7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/67</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.48 (0.59 to 20.65)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32 more per 1000 (from 5 fewer to 255 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (urgency) (follow-up 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>19/40</p>
|
|
<p>(47.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/40</p>
|
|
<p>(10%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 4.75 (1.77 to 12.72)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">375 more per 1000 (from 77 more to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (frequency) (follow-up 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>18/40</p>
|
|
<p>(45%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/40</p>
|
|
<p>(7.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 6 (1.92 to 18.78)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">375 more per 1000 (from 69 more to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (haematuria) (follow-up 48 hours - 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>52/131</p>
|
|
<p>(39.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>47/127</p>
|
|
<p>(37%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.04 (0.56 to 1.93)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13 more per 1000 (from 139 fewer to 295 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (dysuria) (follow-up 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>23/40</p>
|
|
<p>(57.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>6/40</p>
|
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<p>(15%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.83 (1.75 to 8.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">425 more per 1000 (from 113 more to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
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<p>MODERATE</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (nocturia) (follow-up 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>5/40</p>
|
|
<p>(12.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>1/40</p>
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|
<p>(2.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 5.00 (0.61 to 40.91)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100 more per 1000 (from 10 fewer to 998 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab2_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab2_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab2_4"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 63%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appftab3"><div id="ch8.appf.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appf.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Stent</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No stent before SWL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone free state (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>172/200</p>
|
|
<p>(86%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>174/200</p>
|
|
<p>(87%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.99 (0.91 to 1.07)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9 fewer per 1000 (from 78 fewer to 61 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retreatment (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>1/12</p>
|
|
<p>(8.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/26</p>
|
|
<p>(15.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.54 (0.07 to 4.34)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">71 fewer per 1000 (from 143 fewer to 514 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (fever) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/12</p>
|
|
<p>(16.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/26</p>
|
|
<p>(15.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.08 (0.23 to 5.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12 more per 1000 (from 119 fewer to 634 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Failed technology (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/200</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/200</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">OR 7.46 (0.77 to 72.16)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15 more per 1000 (from 4 fewer to 34 more)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab3_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab3_4"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appftab4"><div id="ch8.appf.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile (non-randomised studies): Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appf.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Stent</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No stent before SWL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone free state (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10/10</p>
|
|
<p>(100%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/10</p>
|
|
<p>(80%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.24 (0.87 to 1.75)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">192 more per 1000 (from 104 fewer to 600 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retreatment (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/10</p>
|
|
<p>(40%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>6/10</p>
|
|
<p>(60%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.67 (0.27 to 1.66)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">198 fewer per 1000 (from 438 fewer to 396 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ancillary procedures (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/10</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/10</p>
|
|
<p>(10%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">OR 0.14 (0 to 6.82)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">85 fewer per 1000 (from 100 fewer to 331 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (dysuria)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/10</p>
|
|
<p>(10%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/10</p>
|
|
<p>(20%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.5 (0.05 to 4.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100 fewer per 1000 (from 190 fewer to 734 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stent symptoms (hematuria)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/10</p>
|
|
<p>(30%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/10</p>
|
|
<p>(10%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.0 (0.37 to 24.17)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">200 more per 1000 (from 63 fewer to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appftab5"><div id="ch8.appf.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile (non-randomised studies): Stent followed by SWL versus SWL alone</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appf.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Stent</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No stent before SWL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone free state (follow-up 3 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>18/23</p>
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<p>(78.3%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>15/19</p>
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<p>(78.9%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.99 (0.72 to 1.36)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8 fewer per 1000 (from 221 fewer to 284 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Readmission (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>0/23</p>
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<p>(0%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>4/19</p>
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<p>(21.1%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">OR 0.09 (0.01 to 0.71)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">187 fewer per 1000 (from 51 fewer to 208 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ancillary procedures (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>0/23</p>
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<p>(0%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>7/19</p>
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<p>(36.8%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">OR 0.08 (0.01 to 0.38)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">323 fewer per 1000 (from 187 fewer to 362 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Length of stay (days) (follow-up time-point not reported; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.8 lower (3.36 to 0.24 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major adverse events (sepsis) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/23</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/19</p>
|
|
<p>(10.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">OR 0.10 (0.01 to 1.74)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">93 fewer per 1000 (from 104 fewer to 65 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch8.appf.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch8appgfig1"><div id="ch8.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2035.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=577654_ch8appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577654/bin/ch8appgf1.jpg" alt="Figure 35. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 35</span><span class="title">Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appitab1"><div id="ch8.appi.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appi.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusion reason</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aghamir 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref1" rid="ch8.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Al-Ba’adani 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref3" rid="ch8.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ali 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref5" rid="ch8.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ali 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref6" rid="ch8.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barnes 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref7" rid="ch8.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baseskioglu 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref8" rid="ch8.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bierkens 1991<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref9" rid="ch8.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone size not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borboroglu 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref10" rid="ch8.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Byrne 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref11" rid="ch8.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed renal and ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Castagnetti 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref12" rid="ch8.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cevik 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref13" rid="ch8.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chang 1993<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref16" rid="ch8.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chander 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref14" rid="ch8.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Laparoscopic nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chandhoke 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref15" rid="ch8.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed renal and ureteral stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chauhan 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref17" rid="ch8.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chen 1993<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref18" rid="ch8.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chen 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref19" rid="ch8.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cheung 2000 <a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref21" rid="ch8.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cheung 2003 <a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref20" rid="ch8.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chew 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref22" rid="ch8.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clayman 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref23" rid="ch8.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Corcoran 2008 <a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref24" rid="ch8.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crook 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref25" rid="ch8.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Damiano 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref27" rid="ch8.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Damiano 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref26" rid="ch8.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not available</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Danuser 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref28" rid="ch8.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Denstedt 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref30" rid="ch8.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dudek 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref31" rid="ch8.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paper not available</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elgammal 2014 <a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref33" rid="ch8.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">El Harrech 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref32" rid="ch8.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elsheemy 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref34" rid="ch8.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gou 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref36" rid="ch8.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paper not available</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Grossi 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref37" rid="ch8.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gunlusoy 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref39" rid="ch8.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Haleblian 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref40" rid="ch8.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hammady 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref41" rid="ch8.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hussein 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref42" rid="ch8.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ibrahim 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref43" rid="ch8.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jeong 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref44" rid="ch8.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ji 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref45" rid="ch8.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kenan 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref46" rid="ch8.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Marcovich 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref47" rid="ch8.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mercado 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref48" rid="ch8.ref48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minevich 2005 <a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref49" rid="ch8.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mokhmalji 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref51" rid="ch8.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moon 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref52" rid="ch8.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mustafa 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref54" rid="ch8.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mustafa 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref55" rid="ch8.ref55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nabi 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref56" rid="ch8.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Netto 2001 <a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref58" rid="ch8.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Overall stone size not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Noh 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref60" rid="ch8.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Okada 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref61" rid="ch8.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Citation only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ordonez 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref62" rid="ch8.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ozkan, 2015 <a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref63" rid="ch8.ref63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pais 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref64" rid="ch8.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pengfei 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref65" rid="ch8.ref65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prasanchaimontri 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref66" rid="ch8.ref66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pryor 1990<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref67" rid="ch8.ref67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed renal and ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shao 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref68" rid="ch8.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shao 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref69" rid="ch8.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paper not available</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shen 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref71" rid="ch8.ref71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Singh 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref72" rid="ch8.ref72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sofimajidpour 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref74" rid="ch8.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paper not available</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sofimajidpour 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref73" rid="ch8.ref73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Song 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref75" rid="ch8.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Srivastava 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref76" rid="ch8.ref76"><sup>76</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Telha 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref77" rid="ch8.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wang 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref78" rid="ch8.ref78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wang 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref79" rid="ch8.ref79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Xu 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref80" rid="ch8.ref80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Younesi Rostami, 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref81" rid="ch8.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zaki 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref82" rid="ch8.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zhao 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref83" rid="ch8.ref83"><sup>83</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Stone size not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zhou 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref84" rid="ch8.ref84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch8appitab2"><div id="ch8.appi.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 19</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the health economic review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577654/table/ch8.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch8.appi.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference</th><th id="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Darrad 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch8.ref29" rid="ch8.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch8.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This study was assessed as partially applicable with very serious limitations due to the clinical data being retrospective and not from an RCT, therefore not in keeping with the guideline clinical review.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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