3724 lines
1.1 MiB
3724 lines
1.1 MiB
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" class="no-js no-jr">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<!-- For pinger, set start time and add meta elements. -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-toc">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK577651">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_domain" content="niceng118er5">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_report" content="reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK577651/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Pain management - NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="toc">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf">
|
|
<!-- Logger end -->
|
|
|
|
<!--component id="Page" label="meta"/-->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Pain management - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
|
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no">
|
|
<meta name="jr-col-layout" content="1">
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE,NOIMAGEINDEX">
|
|
<meta name="author" content="National Guideline Centre (UK)">
|
|
<meta name="citation_title" content="Pain management">
|
|
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)">
|
|
<meta name="citation_date" content="2019/01">
|
|
<meta name="citation_author" content="National Guideline Centre (UK)">
|
|
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="35133753">
|
|
<meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK577651/">
|
|
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Pain management">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Text">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="National Guideline Centre (UK)">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2019/01">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK577651/">
|
|
<meta name="og:title" content="Pain management">
|
|
<meta name="og:type" content="book">
|
|
<meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK577651/">
|
|
<meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng118er5-lrg.png">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks">
|
|
<meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/niceng118er5/toc/?report=reader">
|
|
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK577651/">
|
|
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Archivo+Narrow:400,700,400italic,700italic&subset=latin" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/libs.min.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/jr.min.css">
|
|
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css//books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_reader.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style>
|
|
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8E0FA67D7481F10000000000DC00B4.m_5">
|
|
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3849091.css"></head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<!-- Book content! -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="jr" data-jr-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/"><div class="jr-unsupported"><table class="modal"><tr><td><span class="attn inline-block"></span><br />Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.<br />Go to <a href="/pmc/about/pr-browsers/">this page</a> to see a list of supported browsers<br />or return to the <br /><a href="/books/NBK577651/?report=classic">regular view</a>.</td></tr></table></div><div id="jr-ui" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-head"><div class="flexh tb"><div id="jr-tb1"><a id="jr-links-sw" class="hidden" title="Links"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 70.6 85.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 70.6 85.3;vertical-align:middle" xml:space="preserve" width="24" height="24">
|
|
<style type="text/css">.st0{fill:#939598;}</style>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M36,0C12.8,2.2-22.4,14.6,19.6,32.5C40.7,41.4-30.6,14,35.9,9.8"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.5,85.3c23.2-2.2,58.4-14.6,16.4-32.5c-21.1-8.9,50.2,18.5-16.3,22.7"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.7,37.1c66.5-4.2-4.8-31.6,16.3-22.7c42.1,17.9,6.9,30.3-16.4,32.5h1.7c-66.2,4.4,4.8,31.6-16.3,22.7 c-42.1-17.9-6.9-30.3,16.4-32.5"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg> Books</a></div><div class="jr-rhead f1 flexh"></div><div id="jr-tb2"><a id="jr-bkhelp-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Help with NLM PubReader">?</a><a id="jr-help-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Settings and typography in NLM PubReader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M462,283.742v-55.485l-29.981-10.662c-11.431-4.065-20.628-12.794-25.274-24.001 c-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.009-0.006-0.013c-4.659-11.235-4.333-23.918,0.889-34.903l13.653-28.724l-39.234-39.234l-28.72,13.652 c-10.979,5.219-23.68,5.546-34.908,0.889c-0.005-0.002-0.01-0.003-0.014-0.005c-11.215-4.65-19.933-13.834-24-25.273L283.741,50 h-55.484l-10.662,29.981c-4.065,11.431-12.794,20.627-24.001,25.274c-0.005,0.002-0.009,0.004-0.014,0.005 c-11.235,4.66-23.919,4.333-34.905-0.889l-28.723-13.653l-39.234,39.234l13.653,28.721c5.219,10.979,5.545,23.681,0.889,34.91 c-0.002,0.004-0.004,0.009-0.006,0.013c-4.649,11.214-13.834,19.931-25.271,23.998L50,228.257v55.485l29.98,10.661 c11.431,4.065,20.627,12.794,25.274,24c0.002,0.005,0.003,0.01,0.005,0.014c4.66,11.236,4.334,23.921-0.888,34.906l-13.654,28.723 l39.234,39.234l28.721-13.652c10.979-5.219,23.681-5.546,34.909-0.889c0.005,0.002,0.01,0.004,0.014,0.006 c11.214,4.649,19.93,13.833,23.998,25.271L228.257,462h55.484l10.595-29.79c4.103-11.538,12.908-20.824,24.216-25.525 c0.005-0.002,0.009-0.004,0.014-0.006c11.127-4.628,23.694-4.311,34.578,0.863l28.902,13.738l39.234-39.234l-13.66-28.737 c-5.214-10.969-5.539-23.659-0.886-34.877c0.002-0.005,0.004-0.009,0.006-0.014c4.654-11.225,13.848-19.949,25.297-24.021 L462,283.742z M256,331.546c-41.724,0-75.548-33.823-75.548-75.546s33.824-75.547,75.548-75.547 c41.723,0,75.546,33.824,75.546,75.547S297.723,331.546,256,331.546z"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-cmap-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Table of Contents"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,20h10v8H20V20zM36,20h44v8H36V20zM20,37.33h10v8H20V37.33zM36,37.33h44v8H36V37.33zM20,54.66h10v8H20V54.66zM36,54.66h44v8H36V54.66zM20,72h10v8 H20V72zM36,72h44v8H36V72z"></path></svg></a></div></div></nav><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><div id="jr-pi" class="hidden"><a id="jr-pi-prev" class="hidden" title="Previous page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><div class="pginfo">Page <i class="jr-pg-pn">0</i> of <i class="jr-pg-lp">0</i></div><a id="jr-pi-next" class="hidden" title="Next page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div><div id="jr-is-tb"><a id="jr-is-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Switch between Figures/Tables strip and Progress bar"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><rect x="10" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="40" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="70" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect></svg></a></div><nav id="jr-istrip" class="istrip hidden"><a id="jr-is-prev" href="#" class="hidden" title="Previous"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M80,40 60,65 80,90 70,90 50,65 70,40z M50,40 30,65 50,90 40,90 20,65 40,40z"></path><text x="35" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><a id="jr-is-next" href="#" class="hidden" title="Next"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,40 40,65 20,90 30,90 50,65 30,40z M50,40 70,65 50,90 60,90 80,65 60,40z"></path><text x="15" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></nav><nav id="jr-progress"></nav></nav></nav><aside id="jr-links-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">NCBI Bookshelf</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/">Home</a><a href="/books/browse/">Browse All Titles</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK577651/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24" preserveAspectRatio="none"><g><path d="M 17.996,32L 12,32 L 12,16 l-4,0 l0-5.514 l 4-0.002l-0.006-3.248C 11.993,2.737, 13.213,0, 18.512,0l 4.412,0 l0,5.515 l-2.757,0 c-2.063,0-2.163,0.77-2.163,2.209l-0.008,2.76l 4.959,0 l-0.585,5.514L 18,16L 17.996,32z"></path></g></svg> Share on Facebook</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK577651/&text=Pain%20management"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24"><g><path d="M 32,6.076c-1.177,0.522-2.443,0.875-3.771,1.034c 1.355-0.813, 2.396-2.099, 2.887-3.632 c-1.269,0.752-2.674,1.299-4.169,1.593c-1.198-1.276-2.904-2.073-4.792-2.073c-3.626,0-6.565,2.939-6.565,6.565 c0,0.515, 0.058,1.016, 0.17,1.496c-5.456-0.274-10.294-2.888-13.532-6.86c-0.565,0.97-0.889,2.097-0.889,3.301 c0,2.278, 1.159,4.287, 2.921,5.465c-1.076-0.034-2.088-0.329-2.974-0.821c-0.001,0.027-0.001,0.055-0.001,0.083 c0,3.181, 2.263,5.834, 5.266,6.438c-0.551,0.15-1.131,0.23-1.73,0.23c-0.423,0-0.834-0.041-1.235-0.118 c 0.836,2.608, 3.26,4.506, 6.133,4.559c-2.247,1.761-5.078,2.81-8.154,2.81c-0.53,0-1.052-0.031-1.566-0.092 c 2.905,1.863, 6.356,2.95, 10.064,2.95c 12.076,0, 18.679-10.004, 18.679-18.68c0-0.285-0.006-0.568-0.019-0.849 C 30.007,8.548, 31.12,7.392, 32,6.076z"></path></g></svg> Share on Twitter</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-cmap-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">In Page Navigation</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/n/niceercollect/?report=reader">NICE Evidence Reviews Collection</a><a class="current">Title Information</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-help-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Settings</div></div><div class="cnt f1"><div id="jr-typo-p" class="typo"><div><a class="sf btn wsprkl">A-</a><a class="lf btn wsprkl">A+</a></div><div><a class="bcol-auto btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 200 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text x="10" y="70" style="font-size:60px;font-family: Trebuchet MS, ArialMT, Arial, sans-serif" textLength="180">AUTO</text></svg></a><a class="bcol-1 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M15,25 85,25zM15,40 85,40zM15,55 85,55zM15,70 85,70z"></path></svg></a><a class="bcol-2 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M5,25 45,25z M55,25 95,25zM5,40 45,40z M55,40 95,40zM5,55 45,55z M55,55 95,55zM5,70 45,70z M55,70 95,70z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="lol"><a class="" href="/books/NBK577651/?report=classic">Switch to classic view</a><a href="/books/n/niceng118er5/pdf/">PDF (5.1M)</a><a href="/books/n/niceng118er5/toc/?report=printable">Print View</a></div></div></aside><aside id="jr-bkhelp-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Help</div></div><div class="cnt f1 lol"><a id="jr-helpobj-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/help.xml" href="">Help</a><a href="mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov?subject=PubReader%20feedback%20%2F%20NBK577651%20%2F%20sid%3ACE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID%20%2F%20phid%3ACE8E0FA67D7481F10000000000DC00B4.4">Send us feedback</a><a id="jr-about-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/about.xml" href="">About PubReader</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-objectbox" class="thidden hidden"><div class="jr-objectbox-close wsprkl">✘</div><div class="jr-objectbox-inner cnt"><div class="jr-objectbox-drawer"></div></div></aside><nav id="jr-pm-left" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Previous Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-pm-right" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Next Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-fip" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-fip-term-p"><input type="search" placeholder="search this page" id="jr-fip-term" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" /><a id="jr-fip-mg" class="wsprkl btn" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style"><div class="fm-sec bkr_bottom_sep"><div class="bkr_thumb"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng118er5-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Pain management" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK577651_"><span itemprop="name">Pain management</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management</div><p><b>Intervention evidence review (E)</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 118</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2019 Jan</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3190-3</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="ch5.s1"><h2 id="_ch5_s1_">1. Pain management</h2><div id="ch5.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question: What is the clinical and cost-effectiveness of drugs in managing acute pain in people with symptomatic renal or ureteric stones?</h3></div><div id="ch5.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Introduction</h3><p>Pain relief is the first step in managing people with acute renal colic. Whilst NSAIDs are generally accepted as the first line treatment by health professionals, there is uncertainty in the efficacy of other treatment options such as antispasmodics, and there are concerns surrounding the use of opioids, because of their significant side effects, and because of the potential risks of misuse of a controlled drug.</p><p>There are variations in practice with the method of administering pain relief, which has significant resource implications, particularly the use of intravenous or intramuscular methods requiring hospital attendance as well as variation in practice due to the patient’s age. An intramuscular route is rarely used in children due to the distress this may cause, and an intravenous route is often preferred in young children who won’t swallow medication on demand. There is currently a lack of guidance on an evidence-based step-by-step approach to pain relief for patients presenting with renal/ureteric colic.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#ch5.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab1" rid-ob="figobch5tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="ch5.s1.4.1"><h4>1.4.1. Included studies</h4><p>Thirty-eight studies were included in the review;<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref3" rid="ch5.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref4" rid="ch5.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref6" rid="ch5.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref9" rid="ch5.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref11" rid="ch5.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref15" rid="ch5.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref22" rid="ch5.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref27" rid="ch5.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref28" rid="ch5.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref32" rid="ch5.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref43" rid="ch5.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref49" rid="ch5.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref53" rid="ch5.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref54" rid="ch5.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref56" rid="ch5.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref62" rid="ch5.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref70" rid="ch5.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref71" rid="ch5.ref71"><sup>71</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref74" rid="ch5.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref77" rid="ch5.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref80" rid="ch5.ref80"><sup>80</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref82" rid="ch5.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref90" rid="ch5.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref93" rid="ch5.ref93"><sup>93</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref99" rid="ch5.ref99"><sup>99</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref100" rid="ch5.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref103" rid="ch5.ref103"><sup>103</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref114" rid="ch5.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref116" rid="ch5.ref116"><sup>116</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref120" rid="ch5.ref120"><sup>120</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref122" rid="ch5.ref122"><sup>122</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref123" rid="ch5.ref123"><sup>123</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref126" rid="ch5.ref126"><sup>126</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref129" rid="ch5.ref129"><sup>129</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref130" rid="ch5.ref130"><sup>130</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref133" rid="ch5.ref133"><sup>133</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref136" rid="ch5.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref144" rid="ch5.ref144"><sup>144</sup></a> these are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch5tab2" rid-ob="figobch5tab2">Table 2</a> below. Twenty-two studies compared NSAIDS to opioids<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref4" rid="ch5.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref6" rid="ch5.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref9" rid="ch5.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref25" rid="ch5.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref27" rid="ch5.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref28" rid="ch5.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref49" rid="ch5.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref53" rid="ch5.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref54" rid="ch5.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref56" rid="ch5.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref70" rid="ch5.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref71" rid="ch5.ref71"><sup>71</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref80" rid="ch5.ref80"><sup>80</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref90" rid="ch5.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref100" rid="ch5.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref103" rid="ch5.ref103"><sup>103</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref114" rid="ch5.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref116" rid="ch5.ref116"><sup>116</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref120" rid="ch5.ref120"><sup>120</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref123" rid="ch5.ref123"><sup>123</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref133" rid="ch5.ref133"><sup>133</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref144" rid="ch5.ref144"><sup>144</sup></a>, 3 studies compared NSAIDs to antispasmodics<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref3" rid="ch5.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref32" rid="ch5.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref126" rid="ch5.ref126"><sup>126</sup></a>, 5 studies compared NSAIDs to paracetamol<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref6" rid="ch5.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref22" rid="ch5.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref62" rid="ch5.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref93" rid="ch5.ref93"><sup>93</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref103" rid="ch5.ref103"><sup>103</sup></a>, 6 studies compared opioids to paracetamol <a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref6" rid="ch5.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref11" rid="ch5.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref15" rid="ch5.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref82" rid="ch5.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref103" rid="ch5.ref103"><sup>103</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref122" rid="ch5.ref122"><sup>122</sup></a>, 4 studies compared NSAIDs to placebo <a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref3" rid="ch5.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref74" rid="ch5.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref77" rid="ch5.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref136" rid="ch5.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a>, 2 studies compared opioid to antispasmodics <a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref99" rid="ch5.ref99"><sup>99</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref130" rid="ch5.ref130"><sup>130</sup></a>, 1 study compared opioid to placebo <a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref15" rid="ch5.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a>, 1 study compared paracetamol to placebo <a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref15" rid="ch5.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a>, 1 study compared antispasmodics to placebo <a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref3" rid="ch5.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a> and 4 studies compared combinations of pain relief medications. <a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref54" rid="ch5.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref93" rid="ch5.ref93"><sup>93</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref126" rid="ch5.ref126"><sup>126</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref129" rid="ch5.ref129"><sup>129</sup></a> Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summaries below in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch5tab3" rid-ob="figobch5tab3">Table 3</a> to <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch5tab11" rid-ob="figobch5tab11">Table 11</a>.</p><p>See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch5.appc">appendix C</a>, study evidence tables in <a href="#ch5.appd">appendix D</a>, forest plots in <a href="#ch5.appe">appendix E</a> and GRADE tables in <a href="#ch5.apph">appendix H</a>.</p><p>Two Cochrane systematic reviews were identified, however both were excluded. Both were excluded due to deviation from the review protocol to include drugs that are excluded in this review.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.2"><h4>1.4.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>See the excluded studies list in <a href="#ch5.appi">appendix I</a>.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.3"><h4>1.4.3. Heterogeneity</h4><p>For the comparison of NSAID versus opioid/opiate, there was substantial heterogeneity between the studies when they were meta-analysed for the outcomes of pain intensity, partial pain relief, complete pain relief, need for rescue medication, reduction in pain by 50% and minor adverse events including vomiting, nausea and dizziness. For the comparison of NSAID versus paracetamol there was substantial heterogeneity between the studies when they were meta-analysed for the outcome pain intensity. For the comparison of NSAID versus antispasmodic, there was substantial heterogeneity between the studies when they were meta-analysed for the outcome of need for rescue medication. For the comparison of NSAID versus placebo, there was substantial heterogeneity between the studies when they were meta-analysed for the outcomes of pain intensity and complete pain relief. For the comparison of opioid/opiate versus paracetamol, there was substantial heterogeneity between the studies when they were meta-analysed for the outcome of pain intensity. Where pre-specified subgroup analyses (see <a href="#ch5.appa">Appendix A</a>:) were either unable to be performed, or did not explain the heterogeneity, a random effects meta-analysis was applied to these outcomes, and the evidence was downgraded for inconsistency in GRADE.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.4"><h4>1.4.4. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab2" rid-ob="figobch5tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch5.appd">appendix D</a> for full evidence tables</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.5"><h4>1.4.5. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div id="ch5.s1.4.5.1"><h5>1.4.5.1. NSAID versus opioid/opiate</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab3" rid-ob="figobch5tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Clinical evidence summary: NSAID versus opioid/opiate." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID versus opioid/opiate. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.5.2"><h5>1.4.5.2. NSAID versus paracetamol</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab4" rid-ob="figobch5tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Clinical evidence summary: NSAID versus paracetamol." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID versus paracetamol. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.5.3"><h5>1.4.5.3. NSAID versus antispasmodic</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab5" rid-ob="figobch5tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. Clinical evidence summary: NSAID versus antispasmodic." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID versus antispasmodic. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.5.4"><h5>1.4.5.4. NSAID versus placebo</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab6" rid-ob="figobch5tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. Clinical evidence summary: NSAID versus placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID versus placebo. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.5.5"><h5>1.4.5.5. Opioid/opiate versus paracetamol</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab7" rid-ob="figobch5tab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 7. Clinical evidence summary: Opioid/opiate versus paracetamol." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab7">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Opioid/opiate versus paracetamol. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.5.6"><h5>1.4.5.6. Opioid/opiate versus antispasmodic</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 8" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab8" rid-ob="figobch5tab8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab8/?report=previmg" alt="Table 8. Clinical evidence summary: Opioid/opiate versus antispasmodic." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab8">Table 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Opioid/opiate versus antispasmodic. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.5.7"><h5>1.4.5.7. Opioid/opiate versus placebo</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab9"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 9" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab9" rid-ob="figobch5tab9"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab9/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab9/?report=previmg" alt="Table 9. Clinical evidence table: Opioid/opiate versus placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab9">Table 9</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence table: Opioid/opiate versus placebo. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.5.8"><h5>1.4.5.8. Paracetamol versus placebo</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab10"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 10" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab10" rid-ob="figobch5tab10"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab10/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab10/?report=previmg" alt="Table 10. Clinical evidence summary: Paracetamol versus placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab10">Table 10</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Paracetamol versus placebo. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.5.9"><h5>1.4.5.9. Antispasmodic versus placebo</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab11"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 11" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab11" rid-ob="figobch5tab11"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab11/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab11/?report=previmg" alt="Table 11. Clinical evidence summary: Antispasmodic versus placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab11"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab11">Table 11</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Antispasmodic versus placebo. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.5.10"><h5>1.4.5.10. Combinations</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab12"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 12" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab12" rid-ob="figobch5tab12"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab12/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab12/?report=previmg" alt="Table 12. Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + antispasmodic versus NSAID." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab12"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab12">Table 12</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + antispasmodic versus NSAID. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab13"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 13" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab13" rid-ob="figobch5tab13"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab13/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab13/?report=previmg" alt="Table 13. Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + antispasmodic versus antispasmodic." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab13"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab13">Table 13</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + antispasmodic versus antispasmodic. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab14"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 14" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab14" rid-ob="figobch5tab14"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab14/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab14/?report=previmg" alt="Table 14. Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic versus NSAID + opioid." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab14"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab14">Table 14</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic versus NSAID + opioid. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab15"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 15" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab15" rid-ob="figobch5tab15"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab15/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab15/?report=previmg" alt="Table 15. Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + opioid versus NSAID." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab15"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab15">Table 15</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + opioid versus NSAID. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab16"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 16" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab16" rid-ob="figobch5tab16"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab16/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab16/?report=previmg" alt="Table 16. Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + opioid versus opioid." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab16"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab16">Table 16</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + opioid versus opioid. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab17"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 17" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab17" rid-ob="figobch5tab17"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab17/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab17/?report=previmg" alt="Table 17. Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + paracetamol versus NSAID." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab17"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab17">Table 17</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + paracetamol versus NSAID. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab18"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 18" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab18" rid-ob="figobch5tab18"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab18/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab18/?report=previmg" alt="Table 18. Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + paracetamol versus paracetamol." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab18"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab18">Table 18</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + paracetamol versus paracetamol. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch5.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.5"><h3>1.5. Economic evidence</h3><div id="ch5.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. Included studies</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were identified.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>No health economic studies that were relevant to this question were excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch5.appg">appendix G</a>.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.5.3"><h4>1.5.3. Unit costs</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab19"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 19" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab19" rid-ob="figobch5tab19"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab19/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab19/?report=previmg" alt="Table 19. UK costs of pain drugs (not including method of administration)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab19"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab19">Table 19</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">UK costs of pain drugs (not including method of administration). </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab20"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 20" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab20" rid-ob="figobch5tab20"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab20/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab20/?report=previmg" alt="Table 20. Other resource use." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab20"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab20">Table 20</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Other resource use. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Resource costs</h3><p>The recommendations made by the committee based on this review (see section <b>Error! eference source not found.</b>) may have a substantial impact on resources.</p><p>Additional costs could be incurred for the following reasons: the use of IV paracetamol requiring hospital attendance.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7"><h3>1.7. Evidence statements</h3><div id="ch5.s1.7.1"><h4>1.7.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.1"><h5>NSAID versus opioid/opiate</h5><p>Twenty-two studies compared NSAIDs to opioid/opiates. Eight studies reported the outcome pain intensity (VAS & NRS; 0-10) and evidence suggested no clinical difference between the two interventions (n=1675). One study reported the outcome pain intensity on a different scale (VAS; 1-10) and this evidence suggested no clinical difference between the two interventions (n=97). Pain was also reported in terms of the number of participants with no pain relief, partial pain relief and complete pain relief, and there was no clinical difference between the interventions (4-7 studies; n=336-715). The need for rescue medication was reported by 17 studies and showed a clinical benefit of NSAIDs compared to opioids/opiates (n=2769). One study reported pain in terms of a reduction in pain NRS score >3 and found no clinical difference between the interventions, but a clinical benefit of NSAID when pain was reported in terms of persistent pain after 1 hour (n=1096). Three studies reported pain in terms of a reduction in pain by 50%, and evidence showed a clinical benefit of NSAID (n=1708). One study reported major adverse events (defined as significant side effects) and found no clinical difference between the interventions (n=97). Minor adverse events were reported by a total of 18 studies. Two studies reported nausea and vomiting, 10 studies reported nausea, 10 studies reported vomiting, 6 studies reported the outcome sleepiness, 12 reported dizziness and 4 studies reported unspecified adverse events (n=206-1490). All showed a clinically important benefit of NSAIDs. There was no clinical difference between interventions in terms of urinary retention (1 study; n=234) or injection site or local pain (2 studies; n=359). The quality of the evidence ranged from High to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias, imprecision and in some cases, inconsistency.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.2"><h5>NSAID versus paracetamol</h5><p>Five studies compared NSAID to paracetamol. No clinical difference between interventions was found for the outcomes pain intensity, pain reported as a reduction in NRS pain score by >3, and a reduction in pain by 50% (1-3 studies; n=1095-1341). When pain was reported as need for rescue medication (4 studies; n=1541), persistent pain after 1 hour (1 study; n=1095) and complete pain relief (2 studies; n=250), the evidence demonstrated a clinical benefit of NSAID. One study reported partial pain relief (n=200) and the evidence suggested a clinical benefit of paracetamol. Five minor adverse event outcomes were reported. There was no clinical difference between NSAIDs and paracetamol in terms of unspecified minor adverse events (2 studies, n=1145), vomiting (3 studies; n=476), dizziness (2 studies; n=396) or epigastric pain (1 study; n=196). One study found a clinical benefit of paracetamol in terms of the outcome abdominal pain (n=80). The quality of the evidence ranged from High to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence were risk of bias, imprecision and in some cases, inconsistency.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.3"><h5>NSAID versus antispasmodic</h5><p>Three studies compared NSAIDs to antispasmodics. No clinical difference was found between the interventions in terms of pain intensity (1 study; n=59). One study demonstrated a clinical benefit of pain reported as complete pain relief (n=200), and 2 studies demonstrated a clinical benefit of NSAID in terms of pain reported as need for rescue medication (n=106). Two minor adverse events were reported: 2 studies demonstrated a clinical benefit of NSAID in terms of drowsiness/sleepiness (n=106), and 1 study demonstrated a clinical benefit of NSAID in terms of dizziness (n=59). The quality of the evidence ranged from Moderate to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence were risk of bias, imprecision and in some cases, inconsistency and indirectness.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.4"><h5>NSAID versus placebo</h5><p>Four studies compared NSAIDs to placebo. A clinical benefit of NSAID was found for the outcomes of pain intensity, pain relief, need for rescue medication, the number of people with no pain relief, and the number of people with complete pain relief (1-3 studies; n=19-170). There was no clinical difference between interventions in terms of the number of people with partial pain relief (1 study; n=19). The quality of the evidence ranged from Moderate to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence were risk of bias, imprecision and in some cases, inconsistency.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.5"><h5>Opioid/opiate versus paracetamol</h5><p>Six studies compared opioids/opiates to paracetamol. There was no clinical difference between the interventions in terms of the following pain outcomes: pain intensity (5 studies; n=1497); the need for rescue medication (5 studies; n=1575); a reduction in pain NRS score >3 (1 study; n=1097); the major adverse event of respiratory depression (2 studies; n=168). A clinical benefit of paracetamol was found in terms of pain reported as a reduction in pain by 50%, persistent pain after 1 hour and complete pain relief (1 study; n=200-1097). There was a clinical benefit of opioid in terms of pain reported as partial pain relief (1 study; n=200). In terms of adverse events, there was no clinical difference between interventions for minor adverse events of nausea and vomiting, urinary retention, and unspecified minor adverse events (1-2 studies; n=95-1097), or for the major adverse events respiratory depression (2 studies; n=168). For the minor adverse events of nausea, vomiting and dizziness, a clinical benefit of paracetamol was found (1-3 studies; n=108-432). A clinical benefit of paracetamol was also found in terms of length of stay, when reported as the number of people discharged within 1 hour (1 study; n=108). The quality of the evidence ranged from High to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence were risk of bias and imprecision. There was inconsistency for the pain intensity outcome and indirectness for unspecified minor adverse events.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.6"><h5>Opioid/opiate versus antispasmodic</h5><p>Two studies compared opioids/opiates to antispasmodics. No clinical difference was found between the interventions in terms of pain intensity, the need for rescue medication, the number of people with no pain relief, and the time to pain relief (1-2 studies; n=68-108). A clinical benefit of opioids/opiates was found in terms of the number of people with complete pain relief, and the number of people with pain relief within 5 minutes (1 study; n=40). In terms of minor adverse events, there was no clinical difference between the interventions in terms of nausea, and in terms of vomiting (1 study, n=68). There was a clinical benefit of antispasmodic in terms of nausea and vomiting as a single outcome, and dizziness (1-2 studies; n=40-108). The quality of the evidence ranged from Low to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.7"><h5>Opioid/opiate versus placebo</h5><p>One study compared opioids/opiates to placebo. There was no clinical difference between the interventions in terms of pain intensity, major adverse events (respiratory depression), or minor adverse events (urinary retention) (n=100). There was a clinical benefit for opioid/opiate in terms of need for rescue medication (n=100), and a clinical benefit for placebo in terms of the minor adverse event, nausea and vomiting. The quality of the evidence ranged from Low to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.8"><h5>Paracetamol versus placebo</h5><p>One study compared paracetamol to placebo. The evidence demonstrated a clinical benefit of paracetamol in terms of the outcomes pain intensity and need for rescue medication (n=97). There was no clinical difference between interventions in terms of the major adverse events outcome of respiratory depression, or for the minor adverse event outcome of urinary retention (n=97). There was a clinical benefit of placebo in terms of nausea and vomiting (n=97). The quality of the evidence ranged from Low to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.9"><h5>Antispasmodic versus placebo</h5><p>One study compared antispasmodics to placebo. There was a clinical benefit of antispasmodic for the outcome of pain, reported as the number of people with complete pain relief (n=200), and there was a clinical benefit of placebo in terms of unspecified adverse events (n=200). The quality of the evidence was Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading the evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.10"><h5>Combinations – NSAID + antispasmodic versus NSAID</h5><p>One study compared a combination of NSAID and antispasmodic to NSAID only. There was a clinical benefit of the NSAID alone in terms of the need for rescue medication (n=57). There was no clinical difference between interventions in terms of pain intensity (VAS), dizziness and sleepiness (n=57). The quality of the evidence was Moderate to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading the evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.11"><h5>Combinations – NSAID + antispasmodic versus antispasmodic</h5><p>One study compared a combination of NSAID and antispasmodic to NSAID only. There was a clinical benefit of the NSAID + antispasmodic combination in terms of the need for rescue medication and dizziness (n=56). There was no clinical difference between interventions in terms of pain intensity (VAS) and sleepiness (n=56). The quality of the evidence was Moderate to Low. The main reasons for downgrading the evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.12"><h5>Combinations – NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic versus NSAID + opioid</h5><p>One study compared a combination of NSAID, opioid and antispasmodic to NSAID and opioid. There was a clinical benefit of the NSAID, opioid and antispasmodic combination in terms of the need for rescue medication (n=89). There was no difference between the two combinations in terms of pain intensity, vomiting, nausea, dizziness, sleepiness or the major adverse event respiratory depression (n=89). The quality of the evidence was Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading the evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.13"><h5>Combinations – NSAID + opioid versus NSAID</h5><p>One study compared a combination of NSAID and opioid to NSAID alone. There was a clinically important benefit found for NSAID + opioid in terms of the need for rescue medication (n=200). No clinical difference was found between interventions in terms of vomiting, nausea and dizziness (1 study; n=200). The quality of the evidence was Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading the evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.14"><h5>Combinations – NSAID + opioid versus opioid</h5><p>One study compared a combination of NSAID and opioid to opioid alone. There was no clinically important difference found between interventions for the following outcomes: need for rescue medication, nausea, vomiting and dizziness (1 study; n=200). The quality of the evidence was Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading the evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.15"><h5>Combinations – NSAID + paracetamol versus NSAID</h5><p>One study compared a combination of NSAID and paracetamol to NSAID alone. There was a clinically important benefit found for NSAID + paracetamol in terms of pain intensity and complete pain relief (n=50). No clinical difference was found between interventions in terms of need for rescue medication and minor adverse events (unspecified) (n=50). The quality of the evidence was Moderate to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading the evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.1.16"><h5>Combinations – NSAID + paracetamol versus paracetamol</h5><p>One study compared a combination of NSAID and paracetamol to paracetamol alone. There was a clinically important benefit found for NSAID + paracetamol in terms of pain intensity, complete pain relief and need for rescue medication (n=50). No clinical difference was found between interventions in terms of minor adverse events (unspecified) (n=50). The quality of the evidence was Moderate to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading the evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.2"><h4>1.7.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><ul id="ch5.l6"><li id="ch5.lt15" class="half_rhythm"><div>No relevant economic evaluations were identified.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.8"><h3>1.8. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="ch5.s1.8.1"><h4>1.8.1. Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="ch5.s1.8.1.1"><h5>1.8.1.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee agreed that quality of life, pain, major adverse events and minor adverse events were the outcomes that were critical for decision making. Length of stay in hospital and use of healthcare services were also considered as important outcomes.</p><p>Evidence was reported for pain, major adverse events, minor adverse events, and length of stay. There was no evidence for the critical outcome of quality of life, or for the important outcome of use of healthcare services.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.8.1.2"><h5>1.8.1.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>For the majority of evidence in this review, the quality ranged from a GRADE rating of moderate to very low. This was due to a lack of blinding, presence of selection bias in terms of a lack of adequate randomisation and allocation concealment, and risk of measurement bias, resulting in a high or very high risk of bias rating. Evidence was further downgraded due to the presence of imprecision for many outcomes, and heterogeneity for some outcomes.</p><p>Six outcomes were given a high quality rating. This included pain in terms of reduction in pain by 50% and reduction in pain numerical rating scale (NRS) by >3, and came from a single large study of 1097 participants, in the opioid versus paracetamol comparison. In the NSAID versus paracetamol comparison, 2 outcomes (need for rescue medication and reduction in NRS pain score by >3) from the same study had a high quality rating, and in the NSAID versus opioid comparison the same study had high quality evidence for the persistent pain, and reduction in pain NRS score >3 outcomes.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.8.1.3"><h5>1.8.1.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>Evidence for adults and children and young people was searched for, however none was identified for children and young people. The committee agreed that it would be appropriate for the recommendations to apply to both adults and children and young people based on consensus and current practice.</p><div id="ch5.s1.8.1.3.1"><h5>NSAID</h5><p>The committee considered the evidence for NSAIDs and noted that the majority of the evidence was from studies that used an intravenous or intramuscular route of administration, whereas only one study used an oral preparation, and 4 used rectal preparations. It was noted that this differs from current practice, where oral or rectal are currently more common, and therefore the results may not reflect practice in the UK.</p><p>When compared to placebo, the committee noted that all pain outcomes apart from partial pain relief showed a clinically important benefit of NSAID.</p><p>When compared to paracetamol, the committee noted that there was no difference between the interventions in terms of pain intensity, but there were benefits of NSAIDs in terms of need for rescue medication and the number of people with persistent pain. The committee noted that the majority of the studies used an intravenous route for paracetamol. Only one study used an oral route and this was a very small study of low quality. The committee discussed that the evidence for pain intensity did not reflect experience from clinical practice, and considered that this may be due to the use of an intravenous route of administration for paracetamol. The committee noted that intravenous paracetamol is very different to other routes of administration in terms of speed of action and potency, and that intravenous paracetamol is not part of usual practice. Because of this, the committee agreed that this evidence cannot be extrapolated other routes of administration.</p><p>The committee considered the evidence for NSAIDs compared to opioids and noted that in terms of pain, the majority of evidence suggested either a clinical benefit of NSAIDs or no difference between the 2 interventions. The committee agreed that overall the evidence for adverse events demonstrated a clinical benefit of NSAIDs. The committee concluded that the evidence demonstrates that NSAIDs are more effective in terms of reducing the need for additional rescue medication, reducing both pain intensity and length of pain episodes, and have fewer adverse events. The committee also discussed the difficulties of administering opioids in clinical practice, and therefore the potential benefits of using NSAIDs, such as potentially shorter hospital stays and quicker pain relief for patients. The committee also considered the implications of prolonged opioid use and potential misuse, and agreed based on clinical experience and expertise that NSAIDs are therefore a safer option.</p><p>The comparison of NSAID and antispasmodics showed a benefit of NSAIDs for most pain and adverse events outcomes reported. There was no difference between the two interventions in terms of pain intensity, although the committee noted that this was a single study of low quality, and did show a trend towards a benefit of NSAIDs. The committee therefore agreed that overall, the evidence supported the use of NSAIDs over antispasmodics. Overall, the committee noted that the evidence demonstrated that NSAIDs were more clinically effective that placebo, opioids, paracetamol and antispasmodics, and therefore NSAIDs should be recommended as a first line pain relief. The committee noted from clinical experience that NSAIDs carry risks such as acute kidney injury (AKI), and therefore all patients receiving NSAIDs should be monitored for this risk, as well as all other associated side effects and contraindications. The committee discussed specifying a particular route of administration for NSAIDs, but agreed that the evidence was too varied in terms of the administration route used in the studies. They agreed unlike paracetamol, the difference between the routes in terms of potency and speed of action is not as significant for NSAIDs and that experience from clinical practice suggests that they are all equally effective, They noted that head to head comparisons of route of administration was not part of the protocol and so this was not specifically looked for in the evidence. Overall, the committee agreed to specify in the recommendation that any route of administration could be used. This also allows the recommendation to be applicable to a community setting, where oral or rectal NSAID can be used, as recurrent stone formers in particular tend to manage their pain at home. The committee considered that many of the studies were over 15 years old, and may be reflective of standard practice at that time, when intravenous NSAIDs were often used. However, the committee agreed that standard practice for NSAIDs administration has changed and now an oral or rectal route of administration is used. This is not based on evidence, but due to other factors such as changes in availability and ease of use. They therefore agreed that a research recommendation in this area would inform future practice.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.8.1.3.2"><h5>Paracetamol</h5><p>When compared to placebo, the committee noted that there was a benefit of paracetamol for both pain outcomes, and no difference or benefit of placebo in terms of adverse events. The committee noted that all evidence from this comparison came from a single study of 97 participants.</p><p>The committee also considered the evidence for NSAID versus paracetamol and opioid versus paracetamol. Overall, the committee agreed that the evidence suggested a benefit of paracetamol over placebo and opioids, but not when compared to NSAIDs. The committee therefore agreed that paracetamol should be recommended as a second line treatment where NSAIDs can’t be used or have not been effective.</p><p>The committee noted that all evidence for paracetamol was from studies that used an intravenous route of administration, apart from one small study that used an oral route. They agreed that this data could not be used to extrapolate to other routes of administration. Therefore, the committee agreed to specify that if paracetamol is used, it should be given intravenously.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.8.1.3.3"><h5>Opioid</h5><p>The committee noted that when compared to placebo, there was a clinical benefit of opioids in terms of need for rescue medication, but no clinical difference in terms of pain intensity, and some adverse events. The committee agreed that this suggests that there is no benefit of opioids over placebo, but noted that all evidence from this comparison came from a single study of 100 people and was all of low or very low quality.</p><p>When compared to intravenous paracetamol, the committee noted that the evidence suggested a clinical benefit of paracetamol in terms of reduction in pain by 50%, persistent pain and some adverse events, and no clinical difference in pain intensity, need for rescue medication and major adverse events outcomes. The committee agreed that this suggests there is no benefit of opioids over paracetamol, and that intravenous paracetamol should be offered before considering the use of opioids.</p><p>When compared to antispasmodics, the committee noted that there was no clinical difference between interventions for four of the six pain outcomes. The outcomes of complete pain relief and pain relief within 5 minutes outcomes showed a benefit of opioids in one study. The committee considered this evidence and agreed that there no clinical difference for many outcomes, and that overall the evidence also demonstrated there was no benefit of antispasmodics over opioids.</p><p>The GC also discussed the harms associated with increased risk of opioid misuse, and noted opioids are often used as the last management option when the maximum dose of other analgesics have been prescribed.</p><p>Overall, the committee agreed that the evidence showed a benefit of opioid over placebo, but no benefit when compared to paracetamol or NSAIDs, and little benefit when compared to antispasmodics. The committee therefore agreed that opioids be considered, but only when other treatment has not given sufficient pain relief or is contraindicated. At this point a suspected diagnosis of renal colic might be reconsidered if NSAID and paracetamol pain relief is not effective.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.8.1.3.4"><h5>Antispasmodic</h5><p>The committee considered the evidence for antispasmodics compared to placebo and noted that there was a clinical benefit of antispasmodics in terms of pain relief, and a clinical benefit of placebo in terms of unspecified minor adverse events. The committee noted that although this appears to show a benefit of antispasmodics in terms of pain, their use are not part of current practice, and further, all evidence came from a single study of 200 participants, and was of low and very low quality.</p><p>The committee also considered evidence from the comparisons of NSAID versus antispasmodics and opioid versus antispasmodics and agreed that overall, there was no benefit of antispasmodics over opioids or NSAIDs. The committee also considered the difficulties in giving antispasmodics in clinical practice, such as hypotension and tachycardia, and that all evidence in the review used an intravenous method of administration, whereas in clinical practice antispasmodics are more likely to be given orally. The committee noted that as the intravenous route is expected to be the most effective route of administration, it is likely that other routes of administration, such as oral, would be even less effective. Based on this, the committee agreed that antispasmodics should not be recommended.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.8.1.3.5"><h5>Combinations</h5><p>Four studies were included that compared combinations of pain relief drugs. One study compared NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic to NSAID + opioid. The evidence demonstrated a clinical benefit of the 3 intervention combination in terms of the need for rescue medication, but no clinical difference between the groups in terms of pain intensity, or any adverse events. The committee considered this evidence and agreed that because the evidence came from a single, small study, was of very low and low quality for all but one outcome, and showed no clinical difference for all but one outcome, there was not enough convincing evidence to recommend this combination. It was further noted that the study used an intravenous route of administration for the antispasmodic, which is not part of usual practice, and is associated with serious adverse cardiovascular events.</p><p>One study compared a combination of NSAID + antispasmodic with NSAID alone, and with antispasmodic alone. When compared with NSAID alone the committee noted that there were fewer people needing rescue medication in the NSAID alone group, and no difference for any other outcomes. Compared to antispasmodic alone there were also fewer people needing rescue medication and fewer people experiencing dizziness. The committee agreed that this was not convincing evidence to recommend this combination, compared to either drug alone.</p><p>One study compared a combination of NSAID + opioid with NSAID alone, and with opioid alone. When compared with NSAID alone, the committee noted that there were fewer people needing rescue medication, and no difference between groups in terms of adverse events. There was no difference between any of the outcomes when the combination was compared to opioid alone. The committee considered that this evidence was based on a small number of participants and was very low quality. They agreed that there was no convincing evidence that there was any additional benefit of combined treatment with NSAIDs and opioid, compared to either drug alone.</p><p>One study compared a combination of NSAID + paracetamol to both NSAID alone and paracetamol alone. When compared with NSAID alone, the committee noted that there was a clinical benefit of the combination in terms of pain intensity, but no difference in terms of need for rescue medication or adverse events. When compared to paracetamol alone, there was a benefit of the combination for both pain related outcomes, and no difference for adverse events. The committee highlighted that the route of administration of paracetamol in this study was oral, and that there did seem to be some benefit of combined NSAID and oral paracetamol. The committee considered that an advantage of oral paracetamol is that it can be used to self-manage pain at home by recurrent stone formers, without the need to visit A&E. However, they noted that the route of administration for the NSAID in this study was intramuscular, which would probably require a hospital visit. They also noted that self-managing with paracetamol would have implications for the ability to give further analgesia with paracetamol, and that clinicians would need to assess previous paracetamol consumption and wait for enough time to elapse before intravenous paracetamol could be administered. Overall, the committee considered that this was the only study using an oral preparation, and that it was very small and very low quality. They therefore agreed that there wasn’t enough evidence to recommend this combination.</p><p>The committee also noted that in all combination studies, the drugs are given at the same time, whereas in a real world scenario, combinations would be given in a staggered manner.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.8.2"><h4>1.8.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>No economic evidence was identified for this question.</p><p>Pain medication tends to be low cost. Unit costs presented to the committee as costs per single dose administration showed that this ranges from 20 pence to around £1. All trials from the clinical review used a single dose of pain medication as generally that is what would be required for an acute pain episode. Patients may then either take oral pain medication for further pain episodes or present to an emergency department (or in some cases GP) where they may be given pain relief in another form (intramuscular (IM)/intravenous (IV)).</p><p>Other resource use associated with administering pain relief depends on the type of drug and the method by which it is administered. IV administration will usually require an admission (or at least the patient being on a trolley in the hospital) and IM administration could be given by a GP. Therefore compared to oral administration, for which a patient could take a prescription away with them, IV or IM administration would require either a hospital or GP attendance to administer the drug every time the pain is unmanageable. Compared to providing other drugs intravenously, opioids require a longer hospital stay because patients need to be observed for longer periods before they can be discharged; for example, with IV paracetamol patients can be discharged more quickly. Anti-emesis is also usually given with opioids to combat the common side effect of nausea. Opioid prescribing can still be a controversial area due to the controlled nature of the drug, and the trade off from providing alleviation for significant pain but people often having to tolerate significant adverse events as a result.</p><p>In terms of what we can infer about cost effectiveness from the clinical review: when comparing the drugs to placebo, there was a clinical benefit on the pain outcomes demonstrating that the drugs work. The GC recognised that there is usually a large placebo effect with pain relief, particularly when delivered by the intravenous route. For acute pain episodes the period of time that quality of life would apply is very small because the pain episodes are short, therefore any QALY improvement will be very small, creating large ICERs. However, in spite of this it would not be ethical to deny people pain relief.</p><p>
|
|
<u>For drugs compared to each other:</u>
|
|
</p><p>NSAIDs versus opioids showed a clinical benefit for NSAIDs as they were associated with fewer minor adverse events and had less need for rescue medication, therefore the use of NSAIDs is expected to be less costly than opioids. Alongside this, NSAIDs are less likely to require other resource use such as staff time, making NSAIDs a dominant intervention compared to opioids.</p><p>NSAIDs versus paracetamol (predominantly IV paracetamol) gave contradictory results, as this comparison showed that patients who used NSAIDs needed less rescue medication, whereas paracetamol was associated with fewer adverse events of abdominal pain.</p><p>Opioids compared to (IV) paracetamol showed either benefit of paracetamol for pain or no difference, and also a shorter length of stay for paracetamol, (as more monitoring is required with opioids). There was also a benefit for paracetamol in terms of fewer adverse events. If paracetamol is also cheaper because of less resource use such as length of stay or staff time, then paracetamol is a dominant intervention compared to opioids.</p><p>The committee consensus, based on the clinical evidence, was that the analgesic role of opioids in this area is perhaps more prominent than it deserves to be. In current practice NSAIDs are the first drug of choice, and then usually IV morphine if this has not been effective. Patients might then also be given prescription NSAIDs to take away with them. The clinical evidence however suggested that both NSAIDs and paracetamol were more effective than opioids. The committee agreed on recommendations for NSAID as the first line analgesic, paracetamol (IV) as second line, and opioids should only be considered when other treatment has been ineffective or contraindicated. At this point a suspected diagnosis of renal colic might be reconsidered if pain relief is not working.</p><p>Some evidence was identified for combination treatment, which would have a higher cost associated with it, particularly if different interventions are delivered using different routes of administration. However the committee did not feel confident making recommendations based on this evidence.</p><p>The committee discussed the different patient groups that might be affected by these recommendations. Recurrent stone formers who suspect that they have renal colic, if they are familiar with the symptoms, may present to their GP rather than the emergency department. A recommendation specifying a particular preparation to be used may result in this group of people being referred to hospital, whereas an oral or suppository preparation would be as effective, with advice that the patient could go to hospital if these did not relieve their pain. The GC therefore wanted to make a recommendation for NSAIDs, without specifying the form of administration, in order to provide clinicians with the flexibility to make a decision on the preparation that was appropriate for the clinical scenario. If someone has presented to their GP rather than to an emergency department, their pain may not be extreme. If pain relief is needed out of hours, then a preparation could be given in the patient’s home without them needing to go to the hospital (e.g. IM).</p><p>There was discussion about the recommendation for IV paracetamol, because if this replaces current practice of using opioids, then this implies that a hospital attendance or admission is needed in order to have this administered (each time this is needed). This may be a change in practice if an oral form of an opioid could have been given instead. This may apply to recurrent stone formers who are more likely to be well managed in the community/primary care.</p><p>However, if someone was finding their pain unmanageable, they may go to hospital anyway because non-oral forms of pain relief are faster acting - and so some hospital attendances are likely to be considered necessary.</p><p>With new stone formers, a diagnosis of suspected renal colic will need to be confirmed, in which case a hospital attendance or possibly admission will be necessary. Diagnosis might be made at their first attendance to the hospital or they will come back within a certain timeframe, and further pain relief could be administered.</p><p>The committee acknowledged there is an element of flexibility in the recommendations to account for the different patient groups, making the resource impact variable depending on factors such as where people present (GP or hospital).</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.8.3"><h4>1.8.3. Other factors the committee took into account</h4><p>The committee discussed the route of administration across all comparisons. It was noted that some comparisons included an intravenous route compared to an intramuscular route, and the committee discussed whether this comparison was appropriate, due to differences in the speed of action associated with these different routes. However, it was noted that the only studies reporting time to pain relief used an intravenous route in both arms. Further, there was only one study comparing an active drug to placebo that used an intravenous route in the placebo arm but not the drug arm.</p><p>When considering the evidence for paracetamol, the committee noted that intravenous paracetamol differed from other routes of paracetamol administration in terms of potency and speed of action. All the evidence for paracetamol apart from one small study, came from studies using an intravenous method. Therefore the committee agreed that based on the evidence, only an intravenous route of administration could be recommended.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab21"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab21/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 21" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab21" rid-ob="figobch5tab21"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab21/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab21/?report=previmg" alt="Table 21. Route of administration." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab21"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab21/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab21">Table 21</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Route of administration. </p></div></div><p>The committee considered the evidence for NSAIDs, and agreed that it was heterogeneous in terms of the type of NSAID used in the comparisons, and the route of administration used, making comparisons difficult to interpret. It was noted that when considering the NSAID evidence, the majority of studies used either an intravenous or intramuscular route of administration, whereas in current practice an oral or rectal route of administration is often used. Only one small study of 94 participants looked at an oral route of NSAID administration compared to intramuscular opioid, and the committee noted that this study demonstrated a clinical benefit of opioid for the outcomes of unspecified minor adverse events, but no difference in terms of the number of pain free participants. The committee noted that this study had a high risk of bias, very serious imprecision, and was over 15 years old and therefore unlikely to reflect current practice. Therefore, the committee agreed that there was not sufficient evidence to specify a particular route of administration within the recommendation, and that the appropriate route of administration to use would depend on the clinical situation.</p><p>When considering the evidence for opioids, the committee noted that pethidine is less commonly used for renal colic in current UK practice; however of the 24 studies comparing opioids, 10 of them used pethidine. The committee therefore considered that the evidence may not be representative of UK practice.</p><p>The committee noted that many people self-manage pain at home before going to hospital or to their GP. They therefore agreed that it is important for clinicians to ask people with suspected renal colic about any previous analgesia use at home, as there is a risk of overdose particularly for paracetamol.</p><p>The committee discussed current practice for the paediatric population. This includes NSAIDs, paracetamol and/or opioids. Therefore they concluded that the recommendations should apply to both adults and children. The committee noted however, that as with adults, children receiving NSAIDs should be closely monitored for AKI.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.rl.r1"><h2 id="_ch5_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref1">Abbasi
|
|
S, Bidi
|
|
N, Mahshidfar
|
|
B, Hafezimoghadam
|
|
P, Rezai
|
|
M, Mofidi
|
|
M
|
|
et al. Can low-dose of ketamine reduce the need for morphine in renal colic? A double-blind randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2018; 36(3):376–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28821365" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28821365</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref2">Afshar
|
|
K, Jafari
|
|
S, Marks
|
|
AJ, Eftekhari
|
|
A, MacNeily
|
|
AE. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and non-opioids for acute renal colic. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|
|
2015, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD006027. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006027.pub2. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26120804" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26120804</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006027.pub2" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref3">Aganovic
|
|
D, Prcic
|
|
A, Kulovac
|
|
B, Hadziosmanovic
|
|
O. Clinical decision making in renal pain management. Acta Informatica Medica. 2012; 20(1):18–20 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3545323/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3545323</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23322949" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23322949</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref4">al-Sahlawi
|
|
KS, Tawfik
|
|
OM. Comparative study of the efficacy of lysine acetylsalicylate, indomethacin and pethidine in acute renal colic. European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1996; 3(3):183–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9023498" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9023498</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref5">Al-Waili
|
|
NS, Saloom
|
|
KY. Intramuscular piroxicam versus intramuscular diclofenac sodium in the treatment of acute renal colic: double-blind study. European Journal of Medical Research. 1999; 4(1):23–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9892571" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9892571</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref6">Al
|
|
B, Sunar
|
|
MM, Zengin
|
|
S, Sabak
|
|
M, Bogan
|
|
M, Can
|
|
B
|
|
et al. Comparison of intravenous dexketoprofen trometamol, fentanyl, and paracetamol in the treatment of patients admitted to the emergency department for renal colic: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2017; 36(4):571–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29029797" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29029797</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref7">Anonymous. Renal colic in adults: NSAIDs and morphine are effective for pain relief. Prescrire International. 2009; 18(103):217–21 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19882796" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19882796</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref8">Asgari
|
|
SA, Asli
|
|
MM, Madani
|
|
AH, Maghsoudi
|
|
PA, Ghanaei
|
|
MM, Shakiba
|
|
M
|
|
et al. Treatment of loin pain suspected to be renal colic with papaverine hydrochloride: a prospective double-blind randomised study. BJU International. 2012; 110(3):449–52 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22348304" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22348304</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref9">Ay
|
|
MO, Sebe
|
|
A, Kozaci
|
|
N, Satar
|
|
S, Acikalin
|
|
A, Gulen
|
|
M
|
|
et al. Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of dexketoprofen trometamol and meperidine HCl in the relief of renal colic. American Journal of Therapeutics. 2014; 21(4):296–303 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23665883" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23665883</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref10">Aydogdu
|
|
O, Burgu
|
|
B, Gucuk
|
|
A, Suer
|
|
E, Soygur
|
|
T. Effectiveness of doxazosin in treatment of distal ureteral stones in children. Journal of Urology. 2009; 182(6):2880–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19846149" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19846149</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref11">Azizkhani
|
|
R, Pourafzali
|
|
SM, Baloochestani
|
|
E, Masoumi
|
|
B. Comparing the analgesic effect of intravenous acetaminophen and morphine on patients with renal colic pain referring to the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2013; 18(9):772–6 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3872585/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3872585</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24381620" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24381620</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref12">Bahn Zobbe
|
|
V, Rygaard
|
|
H, Rasmussen
|
|
D, Strandberg
|
|
C, Krause
|
|
S, Hartvig Hartsen
|
|
S
|
|
et al. Glucagon in acute ureteral colic: a randomized trial. European Urology. 1986; 12(1):28–31 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3948897" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3948897</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref13">Barry
|
|
HC. Low-dose morphine less effective than diclofenac or acetaminophen for renal colic. American Family Physician. 2016; 94(8):665</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref14">Basar
|
|
I, Bircan
|
|
K, Tasar
|
|
C, Ergen
|
|
A, Cakmak
|
|
F, Remzi
|
|
D. Diclofenac sodium and spasmolytic drugs in the treatment of ureteral colic: a comparative study. International Urology and Nephrology. 1991; 23(3):227–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1889968" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1889968</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref15">Bektas
|
|
F, Eken
|
|
C, Karadeniz
|
|
O, Goksu
|
|
E, Cubuk
|
|
M, Cete
|
|
Y. Intravenous paracetamol or morphine for the treatment of renal colic: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2009; 54(4):568–74 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19647342" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19647342</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref16">Benyajati
|
|
C. Comparative study of Baralgan and hyoscine-N-methyl bromide in the treatment of intestinal and renal colicy pain. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 1986; 69(10):569–73 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3819615" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3819615</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref17">Bergus
|
|
GR. Pain relief for renal colic. Journal of Family Practice. 1996; 43(5):438–40 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8917139" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8917139</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref18">Boubaker
|
|
H, Boukef
|
|
R, Claessens
|
|
YE, Bouida
|
|
W, Grissa
|
|
MH, Beltaief
|
|
K
|
|
et al. Phloroglucinol as an adjuvant analgesic to treat renal colic. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2010; 28(6):720–3 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20637390" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20637390</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref19">Bultitude
|
|
M, Rees
|
|
J. Management of renal colic. BMJ. 2012; 345(e5499):1–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22932919" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22932919</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref20">Burrows
|
|
PK, Hollander
|
|
JE, Wolfson
|
|
AB, Kurz
|
|
MC, Richards
|
|
L, DiFiore
|
|
S
|
|
et al. Design and challenges of a randomized clinical trial of medical expulsive therapy (tamsulosin) for urolithiasis in the emergency department. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2017; 52:91–4 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5167651/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5167651</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27890522" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27890522</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref21">Caravati
|
|
EM, Runge
|
|
JW, Bossart
|
|
PJ, Martinez
|
|
JC, Hartsell
|
|
SC, Williamson
|
|
SG. Nifedipine for the relief of renal colic: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1989; 18(4):352–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2650588" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2650588</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref22">Cenker
|
|
E, Serinken
|
|
M, Uyanik
|
|
E. Intravenous paracetamol vs ibuprofen in renal colic: a randomised, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Urolithiasis. 2017; Epublication [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28681267" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28681267</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref23">Chaudhary
|
|
A, Gupta
|
|
RL. Double blind, randomised, parallel, prospective, comparative, clinical evaluation of a combination of antispasmodic analgesic Diclofenac + Pitofenone + Fenpiverinium (Manyana vs Analgin + Pitofenone + Fenpiverinium (Baralgan) in biliary, ureteric and intestinal colic. Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 1999; 97(6):244–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10645700" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10645700</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref24">Cohen
|
|
E, Hafner
|
|
R, Rotenberg
|
|
Z, Fadilla
|
|
M, Garty
|
|
M. Comparison of ketorolac and diclofenac in the treatment of renal colic. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998; 54(6):455–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9776434" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9776434</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref25">Comparative study of the efficacy of dipyrone, diclofenac sodium and pethidine in acute renal colic. Collaborative Group of the Spanish Society of Clinical Pharmacology. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 40(6):543–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1884733" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1884733</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref26">Cordell
|
|
WH, Larson
|
|
TA, Lingeman
|
|
JE, Nelson
|
|
DR, Woods
|
|
JR, Burns
|
|
LB
|
|
et al. Indomethacin suppositories versus intravenously titrated morphine for the treatment of ureteral colic. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1994; 23(2):262–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8304606" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8304606</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref27">Cordell
|
|
WH, Wright
|
|
SW, Wolfson
|
|
AB, Timerding
|
|
BL, Maneatis
|
|
TJ, Lewis
|
|
RH
|
|
et al. Comparison of intravenous ketorolac, meperidine, and both (balanced analgesia) for renal colic. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1996; 28(2):151–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8759578" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8759578</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref28">Curry
|
|
C, Kelly
|
|
AM. Intravenous tenoxicam for the treatment of renal colic. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1995; 108(1001):229–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7603654" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7603654</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref29">Curtis
|
|
L, Burns
|
|
A. Unit costs of health and social care 2017. Canterbury. Personal Social Services Research Unit University of Kent, 2017. Available from: <a href="https://www.pssru.ac.uk/project-pages/unit-costs/unit-costs-2017/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.pssru.ac<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.uk/project-pages/unit-costs<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/unit-costs-2017/</a></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref30">Daljord
|
|
OA, Barstad
|
|
S, Norenberg
|
|
P. [Ambulatory treatment of an acute attack in urinary calculi. A randomized study of the effects of Petidin, Fortralin, Temgesic and Confortid]. Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening. 1983; 103(12):1006–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6192515" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6192515</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref31">Dash
|
|
A, Maiti
|
|
R, Akantappa Bandakkanavar
|
|
TK, Arora
|
|
P. Intramuscular drotaverine and diclofenac in acute renal colic: a comparative study of analgesic efficacy and safety. Pain Medicine. 2012; 13(3):466–71 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22295884" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22295884</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref32">Dawood Al-Waili
|
|
NS, Saloom
|
|
KY. Intravenous tenoxicam to treat acute renal colic: comparison with Buscopan Compositum. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 1998; 48(12):370–2 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10531771" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10531771</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref33">Ebell
|
|
MH. NSAIDs vs. opiates for pain in acute renal colic. American Family Physician. 2004; 70(9):1682 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15554485" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15554485</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref34">el-Sherif
|
|
AE, Foda
|
|
R, Norlen
|
|
LJ, Yahia
|
|
H. Treatment of renal colic by prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors and avafortan (analgesic antispasmodic). British Journal of Urology. 1990; 66(6):602–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2265331" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2265331</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref35">Elliott
|
|
JP, Evans
|
|
JW, Gordon
|
|
JO, Platt
|
|
LO. Butorphanol and meperidine compared in patients with acute ureteral colic. Journal of Urology. 1979; 122(4):455–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/384024" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 384024</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref36">Engeler
|
|
DS, Ackermann
|
|
DK, Osterwalder
|
|
JJ, Keel
|
|
A, Schmid
|
|
HP. A double-blind, placebo controlled comparison of the morphine sparing effect of oral rofecoxib and diclofenac for acute renal colic. Journal of Urology. 2005; 174(3):933–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16093996" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16093996</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref37">Erden
|
|
IA, Artukoglu
|
|
F, Gozacan
|
|
A, Ozgen
|
|
S. Comparison of propofol/fentanyl and ketamine anesthesia in children during extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Saudi Medical Journal. 2007; 28(3):364–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17334460" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17334460</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref38">Ergene
|
|
U, Pekdemir
|
|
M, Canda
|
|
E, Kirkali
|
|
Z, Fowler
|
|
J, Coskun
|
|
F. Ondansetron versus diclofenac sodium in the treatment of acute ureteral colic: a double blind controlled trial. International Urology and Nephrology. 2001; 33(2):315–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12092646" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12092646</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref39">Faridaalaee
|
|
G, Mohammadi
|
|
N, Merghati
|
|
SZ, Khajeh
|
|
FK, Naghipour
|
|
B, Pouraghaei
|
|
M
|
|
et al. Intravenous morphine vs intravenous ketofol for treating renal colic; a randomized controlled trial. Emergency. 2016; 4(4):202–6 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5007912/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5007912</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27800541" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27800541</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref40">Firouzian
|
|
A, Alipour
|
|
A, Rashidian Dezfouli
|
|
H, Zamani Kiasari
|
|
A, Gholipour Baradari
|
|
A, Emami Zeydi
|
|
A
|
|
et al. Does lidocaine as an adjuvant to morphine improve pain relief in patients presenting to the ED with acute renal colic? A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2016; 34(3):443–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26704774" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26704774</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref41">Fraga
|
|
A, De Almeida
|
|
M, Moreira-Da-Silva
|
|
V, Sousa-Marques
|
|
M, Severo
|
|
L, Matos-Ferreira
|
|
A
|
|
et al. Intramuscular etofenamate versus diclofenac in the relief of renal colic: a randomised, single-blind, comparative study. Clinical Drug Investigation. 2003; 23(11):701–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17536883" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17536883</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref42">Galassi
|
|
P, Vicentini
|
|
C, Scapellato
|
|
F, Laurenti
|
|
C. [Use of indomethacin and metamizole administered intravenously in renal colic: Comparative study]. Minerva Urologica. 1983; 35(4):295–300 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6674754" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6674754</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref43">Garcća-Alonso
|
|
F, Collaborative Group of the Spanish Society of Clinical Pharmacology. Comparative study of the efficacy of dipyrone, diclofenac sodium and pethidine in acute renal colic. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 40(6):543–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1884733" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1884733</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref44">Glina
|
|
S, Damiao
|
|
R, Afif-Abdo
|
|
J, Maria
|
|
CFS, Novoa
|
|
R, Cairoli
|
|
CED
|
|
et al. Efficacy and safety of parecoxib in the treatment of acute renal colic: a randomized clinical trial. International Brazilian Journal of Urology. 2011; 37(6):697–705 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22234000" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22234000</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref45">Gonzalez Ramallo
|
|
VJ, Muino Miguez
|
|
A, Rodriguez de Castro
|
|
E, Lazaro Bermejo
|
|
C. [Intramuscular buprenorphine in the symptomatic treatment of renal colic]. Revista Clinica Espanola. 1990; 186(8):414 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2236778" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2236778</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>46.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref46">Grissa
|
|
MH, Claessens
|
|
YE, Bouida
|
|
W, Boubaker
|
|
H, Boudhib
|
|
L, Kerkeni
|
|
W
|
|
et al. Paracetamol vs piroxicam to relieve pain in renal colic: results of a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2011; 29(2):203–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20934829" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20934829</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>47.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref47">Hatipoglu
|
|
Z, Gulec
|
|
E, Turktan
|
|
M, Izol
|
|
V, Aridogan
|
|
A, Gunes
|
|
Y
|
|
et al. Comparative study of ultrasound-guided paravertebral block versus intravenous tramadol for postoperative pain control in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. BMC Anesthesiology. 2018; 18(24) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5816552/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5816552</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29454333" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29454333</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>48.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref48">Hazhir
|
|
S, Badr
|
|
YA, Darabi
|
|
JN. Comparison of intranasal desmopressin and intramuscular tramadol versus pethidine in patients with renal colic. Urology Journal. 2010; 7(3):148–51 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20845288" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20845288</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>49.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref49">Hetherington
|
|
JW, Philp
|
|
NH. Diclofenac sodium versus pethidine in acute renal colic. BMJ. 1986; 292(6515):237–8 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1339208/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1339208</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3081085" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3081085</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>50.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref50">Holdgate
|
|
A, Pollock
|
|
T. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) versus opioids for acute renal colic. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|
|
2004, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004137. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004137.pub3. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14974058" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14974058</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004137.pub3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>51.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref51">Holdgate
|
|
A, Pollock
|
|
T. Systematic review of the relative efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids in the treatment of acute renal colic. BMJ. 2004; 328(1401):1–8 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC421776/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC421776</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15178585" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15178585</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>52.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref52">Holmlund
|
|
D, Sjodin
|
|
JG. Treatment of ureteral colic with intravenous indomethacin. Journal of Urology. 1978; 120(6):676–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/366182" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 366182</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>53.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref53">Hosseini
|
|
MM, Yousefi
|
|
A, Ghahramani
|
|
L, Rastegari
|
|
M, Ebrahimi
|
|
AR. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of rectal diclofenac sodium and intramuscular pethidine injection in the treatment of acute renal colic: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Trials. 2015; 5:3</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>54.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref54">Hosseininejad
|
|
SM, Ahidashti
|
|
HA, Bozorgi
|
|
F, Khatir
|
|
IG, Montazar
|
|
SH, Jahanian
|
|
F
|
|
et al. Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with ketorolac and morphine in patient with acute renal colic; a triple-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Bulletin of Emergency and Trauma. 2017; 5(3):165–70 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5547203/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5547203</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28795060" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28795060</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>55.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref55">Iguchi
|
|
M, Katoh
|
|
Y, Koike
|
|
H, Hayashi
|
|
T, Nakamura
|
|
M. Randomized trial of trigger point injection for renal colic. International Journal of Urology. 2002; 9(9):475–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12410926" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12410926</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>56.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref56">Indudhara
|
|
R, Vaidyanathan
|
|
S, Sankaranarayanan
|
|
A. Oral diclofenac sodium in the treatment of acute renal colic. A prospective randomized study. Clinical Trials Journal. 1990; 27(5):295–300</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>57.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref57">Ioannidis
|
|
S, Kampantais
|
|
S, Ioannidis
|
|
A, Gkagkalidis
|
|
K, Vakalopoulos
|
|
I, Toutziaris
|
|
C
|
|
et al. Dermal scarification versus intramuscular diclofenac sodium injection for the treatment of renal colic: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Urolithiasis. 2014; 42(6):527–32 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25074713" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25074713</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>58.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref58">Jones
|
|
JB, Dula
|
|
DJ. The efficacy of sublingual hyoscyamine sulfate and intravenous ketorolac tromethamine in the relief of ureteral colic. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998; 16(6):557–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9786536" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9786536</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>59.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref59">Jones
|
|
JB, Giles
|
|
BK, Brizendine
|
|
EJ, Cordell
|
|
WH. Sublingual hyoscyamine sulfate in combination with ketorolac tromethamine for ureteral colic: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001; 37(2):141–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11174230" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11174230</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>60.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref60">Jonsson
|
|
PE, Olsson
|
|
AM, Petersson
|
|
BA, Johansson
|
|
K. Intravenous indomethacin and oxycone-papaverine in the treatment of acute renal colic. A double-blind study. British Journal of Urology. 1987; 59(5):396–400 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3297230" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3297230</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>61.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref61">KandaSwamy
|
|
GV, Dhanasekaran
|
|
AK, Elangovan
|
|
A, John
|
|
B, Viswaroop
|
|
B, Vedanayagam
|
|
KS. Randomized double blinded placebo controlled trial comparing diclofenac and piroxicam in management of acute renal colic and its clinical implications. Urology Journal. 2015; 12(2):2069–73 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25923150" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25923150</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>62.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref62">Kaynar
|
|
M, Koyuncu
|
|
F, Buldu, Tekinarslan
|
|
E, Tepeler
|
|
A, Karata
|
|
T
|
|
et al. Comparison of the efficacy of diclofenac, acupuncture, and acetaminophen in the treatment of renal colic. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2015; 33(6):749–53 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25827597" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25827597</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>63.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref63">Kekec
|
|
Z, Yilmaz
|
|
U, Sozuer
|
|
E. The effectiveness of tenoxicam vs isosorbide dinitrate plus tenoxicam in the treatment of acute renal colic. BJU International. 2000; 85(7):783–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10792152" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10792152</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>64.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref64">Khalifa
|
|
MS, Sharkawi
|
|
MA. Treatment of pain owing to acute ureteral obstruction with prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitor: a prospective randomized study. Journal of Urology. 1986; 136(2):393–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3090274" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3090274</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>65.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref65">Kheirollahi
|
|
AR, Tehrani
|
|
M, Bashashati
|
|
M. A comparison of the effect of intranasal desmopressin and intramuscular hyoscine N-butyl bromide combination with intramuscular hyoscine N-butyl bromide alone in acute renal colic. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2010; 15(4):214–8 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3082813/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3082813</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21526084" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21526084</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>66.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref66">Kromann-Andersen
|
|
B, Sommer
|
|
P, Finnerup
|
|
B, Lendorf
|
|
A, Lyngdorf
|
|
P, Mouritsen
|
|
AL
|
|
et al. Acute pain due to kidney/ureter stones treated with intramuscular Voltaren or Ketogan. Ugeskrift for Laeger. 1987; 149(49):3324–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2895521" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2895521</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>67.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref67">Kumar
|
|
S, Behera
|
|
NC, Sarkar
|
|
D, Prasad
|
|
S, Mandal
|
|
AK, Singh
|
|
SK. A comparative assessment of the clinical efficacy of intranasal desmopressin spray and diclofenac in the treatment of renal colic. Urological Research. 2011; 39(5):397–400 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21234555" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21234555</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>68.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref68">Laerum
|
|
E, Ommundsen
|
|
OE, Gronseth
|
|
JE, Christiansen
|
|
A, Fagertun
|
|
HE. Intramuscular diclofenac versus intravenous indomethacin in the treatment of acute renal colic. European Urology. 1996; 30(3):358–62 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8931970" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8931970</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>69.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref69">Laerum
|
|
E, Ommundsen
|
|
OE, Grønseth
|
|
JE, Christiansen
|
|
A, Fagertun
|
|
HE. Oral diclofenac in the prophylactic treatment of recurrent renal colic. A double-blind comparison with placebo. European Urology. 1995; 28(2):108–11 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8529732" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8529732</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>70.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref70">Larkin
|
|
GL, Peacock
|
|
WF, Pearl
|
|
SM, Blair
|
|
GA, D’Amico
|
|
F. Efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine versus meperidine in the ED treatment of acute renal colic. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999; 17(1):6–10 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9928687" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9928687</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>71.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref71">Lehtonen
|
|
T, Kellokumpu
|
|
I, Permi
|
|
J, Sarsila
|
|
O. Intravenous indomethacin in the treatment of ureteric colic. A clinical multicentre study with pethidine and metamizol as the control preparations. Annals of Clinical Research. 1983; 15(5–6):197–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6364951" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6364951</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>72.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref72">Lloret
|
|
J, Munoz
|
|
J, Monmany
|
|
J, Puig
|
|
X, Bonastre
|
|
M, Brau
|
|
J
|
|
et al. Treatment of renal colic with dipyrone. A double-blind comparison trial with hyoscine alone or combined with dipyrone. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental. 1987; 42(6):1119–28</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>73.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref73">Lund
|
|
PG, Jensen
|
|
SK, Therkildsen
|
|
MH, Olsen
|
|
JH. Treatment of acute pain due to ureteral calculi with intravenous indomethacin or pethidine. Ugeskrift for Laeger. 1986; 148(26):1601–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3529546" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3529546</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>74.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref74">Lundstam
|
|
S, Wahlander
|
|
L, Kral
|
|
JG. Treatment of ureteral colic by prostaglandin synthetase inhibition with diclofenac sodium. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental. 1980; 28(3 I):355–8</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>75.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref75">Lundstam
|
|
SOA, Leissner
|
|
KH, Wahlander
|
|
LA, Kral
|
|
JG. Prostaglandin-synthetase inhibition with diclofenac sodium in treatment of renal colic: comparison with use of a narcotic analgesic. Lancet. 1982; 1(8281):1096–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6122892" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6122892</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>76.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref76">Lupi
|
|
A, Fierro
|
|
A, Daniele
|
|
E. The treatment of ureteral colic with intramuscular injection of pirprofen: a double-blind comparison trial with indomethacin. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental. 1986; 40(5):908–11</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>77.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref77">Magrini
|
|
M, Pavesi
|
|
G, Liverta
|
|
C, Bruni
|
|
G. Intravenous ketoprofen in renal colic: a placebo-controlled pilot study. Clinical Therapeutics. 1984; 6(4):483–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6432325" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6432325</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>78.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref78">Maldonado-Avila
|
|
M, Garduno-Arteaga
|
|
LM, Vela-Mollinedo
|
|
RA, Jaspersen-Gastelum
|
|
J, Virgen-Gutierrez
|
|
F, Del Rosario-Santiago
|
|
M
|
|
et al. Comparison of three analgesic drug regimens with twelfth subcostal nerve block for pain control during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. International Urology and Nephrology. 2018; 50(1):49–53 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29151179" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29151179</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>79.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref79">Mankongsrisuk
|
|
T, Nualyong
|
|
C, Tantiwong
|
|
A, Taweemonkongsap
|
|
T, Amornvesukit
|
|
T, Chotikawanich
|
|
E. Efficacy of nephrostomy tract infiltration with bupivacaine before and after tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a randomized control study. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2017; 100(3 Supplement 2):S138–43</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>80.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref80">Marthak
|
|
KV, Gokarn
|
|
AM, Rao
|
|
AV, Sane
|
|
SP, Mahanta
|
|
RK, Sheth
|
|
RD
|
|
et al. A multi-centre comparative study of diclofenac sodium and a dipyrone/spasmolytic combination, and a single-centre comparative study of diclofenac sodium and pethidine in renal colic patients in India. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1991; 12(6):366–73 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2044396" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2044396</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>81.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref81">Martin Carrasco
|
|
C, Rodriguez Vazquez
|
|
M, Palacios Garcia
|
|
R. [A double-blind study of the analgesic efficacy in kidney colic of the combination of dipyrone and spasmolytic with ketorolac trometamol]. Archivos Españoles de Urología. 1993; 46(9):763–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8304789" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8304789</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>82.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref82">Masoumi
|
|
K, Forouzan
|
|
A, Darian
|
|
AA, Feli
|
|
M, Barzegari
|
|
H, Khavanin
|
|
A. Comparison of clinical efficacy of intravenous acetaminophen with intravenous morphine in acute renal colic: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Emergency Medicine International. 2014; 2014:571326 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4147290/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4147290</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25197573" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25197573</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>83.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref83">Miano
|
|
L, Galassi
|
|
P, Goldoni
|
|
S. Tyropramide versus butylscopolamine bromide administered intravenously in renal colic. A multicentre study. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 1986; 8(4):449–55</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>84.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref84">Miralles
|
|
R, Cami
|
|
J, Gutierrez
|
|
J, Torne
|
|
J, Garces
|
|
JM, Badenas
|
|
JM. Diclofenac versus dipyrone in acute renal colic: a double-blind controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987; 33(5):527–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3322848" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3322848</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>85.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref85">Montiel-Jarquín
|
|
Á J, Rocha-Rocha
|
|
VM, Solís-Mendoza
|
|
HA, Romero-Figueroa
|
|
MS, Etchegaray-Morales
|
|
I, Alvarado-Ortega
|
|
I. Management of ureteric colic with ketorolac and nifedipin vs. ketorolac and tamsulosin in the emergency room. Revista Medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. 2017; 55 (Suppl 1):S20–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28212471" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28212471</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>86.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref86">Mora Durban
|
|
MJ, Extramiana Cameno
|
|
J, Arrizabalaga Moreno
|
|
M, Paniagua Andres
|
|
P, Camp Herrero
|
|
J, Milla Santos
|
|
J
|
|
et al. [Flubiprofen vs dipyrone combined with hyoscine: the analgesic efficacy in renal colic]. Archivos Españoles de Urología. 1995; 48(9):867–73 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8554391" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8554391</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>87.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref87">Mortelmans
|
|
LJM, Desruelles
|
|
D, Baert
|
|
JA, Hente
|
|
KR, Tailly
|
|
GG. Use of tramadol drip in controlling renal colic pain. Journal of Endourology. 2006; 20(12):1010–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17206893" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17206893</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>88.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref88">Morteza-Bagi
|
|
HR, Amjadi
|
|
M, Mirzaii-Sousefidi
|
|
R. The comparison of apotel plus low dose of morphine and full dose of morphine in pain relief in patients with acute renal colic. Addiction & Health. 2015; 7(1–2):66–73 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4530196/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4530196</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26322213" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26322213</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>89.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref89">Moustafa
|
|
F, Liotier
|
|
J, Mathevon
|
|
T, Pic
|
|
D, Perrier
|
|
C, Schmidt
|
|
J. Usefulness of nefopam in treating pain of severe uncomplicated renal colics in adults admitted to emergency units: a randomised double-blind controlled trial. The ‘INCoNU’ study. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2013; 30(2):143–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22427403" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22427403</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>90.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref90">Mozafari
|
|
J, Masoumi
|
|
K, Forouzan
|
|
A, Motamed
|
|
H, Saki
|
|
MA, Dezham
|
|
M. Sublingual buprenorphine efficacy in renal colic pain relief: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain and Therapy. 2017; 6(2):227–34 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5693813/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5693813</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29052805" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29052805</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>91.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref91">Muriel-Villoria
|
|
C, Zungri-Telo
|
|
E, Diaz-Curiel
|
|
M, Fernandez-Guerrero
|
|
M, Moreno
|
|
J, Puerta
|
|
J
|
|
et al. Comparison of the onset and duration of the analgesic effect of dipyrone, 1 or 2 g, by the intramuscular or intravenous route, in acute renal colic. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995; 48(2):103–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7589022" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7589022</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>92.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref92">Muriel
|
|
C, Ortiz
|
|
P, Mella
|
|
G, Arellano
|
|
M, Pereiro
|
|
M, Franco
|
|
J
|
|
et al. Efficacy of two different intramuscular doses of dipyrone in acute renal colic. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 1993; 15(7):465–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8255126" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8255126</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>93.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref93">Narci
|
|
H, Ugur
|
|
M, Uzun
|
|
H, Yandi
|
|
M. Combining 1000 mg oral acetaminophen with 75 mg intramuscular diclofenac of analgesic efficacy for acute renal colic treatment. Scientific Research and Essays. 2012; 7(22):2017–21</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>94.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref94">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Developing NICE guidelines: the manual. London. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2014. Available from: <a href="http://www.nice.org.uk/article/PMG20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/article/PMG20/chapter<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview</a> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26677490" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26677490</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>95.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref95">NHS Improvement. Reference costs 2016/17: highlights, analysis and introduction to the data. London. 2017. Available from: <a href="https://improvement.nhs.uk/resources/reference-costs/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://improvement<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nhs<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.uk/resources/reference-costs/</a></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>96.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref96">Nicolas Torralba
|
|
JA, Rigabert Montiel
|
|
M, Banon Perez
|
|
V, Valdelvira Nadal
|
|
P, Perez Albacete
|
|
M. [Intramuscular ketorolac compared to subcutaneous tramadol in the initial emergency treatment of renal colic]. Archivos Españoles de Urología. 1999; 52(5):435–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10427881" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10427881</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>97.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref97">O’Connor
|
|
A, Schug
|
|
SA, Cardwell
|
|
H. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of morphine and pethidine as analgesia for suspected renal colic in the emergency setting. Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine. 2000; 17(4):261–4 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1725431/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1725431</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10921813" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10921813</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>98.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref98">Oliveira
|
|
JeSL, Scherber
|
|
K, Cabrera
|
|
D, Motov
|
|
S, Erwin
|
|
PJ, West
|
|
CP
|
|
et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous lidocaine for pain management in the emergency department: a systematic review. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2018; Epublication [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29395284" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29395284</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>99.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref99">Oosterlinck
|
|
W, De Sy
|
|
W. A double blind comparison between meptazinol (Wy 22811) and ‘Buscopan’ Compositum in renal colic. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1976; 3(10):716–8</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>100.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref100">Oosterlinck
|
|
W, Philp
|
|
NH, Charig
|
|
C, Gillies
|
|
G, Hetherington
|
|
JW, Lloyd
|
|
J. A double-blind single dose comparison of intramuscular ketorolac tromethamine and pethidine in the treatment of renal colic. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990; 30(4):336–41 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2341581" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2341581</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>101.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref101">Pathan
|
|
SA, Mitra
|
|
B, Cameron
|
|
PA. Titrated doses are optimal for opioids in pain trials - Authors’ reply. Lancet. 2016; 388(10048):961–2 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27598676" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27598676</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>102.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref102">Pathan
|
|
SA, Mitra
|
|
B, Cameron
|
|
PA. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and paracetamol in the treatment of acute renal colic. European Urology. 2017; 73:583–95 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29174580" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29174580</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>103.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref103">Pathan
|
|
SA, Mitra
|
|
B, Straney
|
|
LD, Afzal
|
|
MS, Anjum
|
|
S, Shukla
|
|
D
|
|
et al. Delivering safe and effective analgesia for management of renal colic in the emergency department: a double-blind, multigroup, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016; 387(10032):1999–2007 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26993881" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26993881</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>104.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref104">Pavlik
|
|
I, Suchy
|
|
J, Pacik
|
|
D, Bokr
|
|
R, Sust
|
|
M, Villoria
|
|
J
|
|
et al. Comparison of cizolirtine citrate and metamizol sodium in the treatment of adult acute renal colic: a randomized, double-blind, clinical pilot study. Clinical Therapeutics. 2004; 26(7):1061–72 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15336471" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15336471</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>105.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref105">Payandemehr
|
|
P, Jalili
|
|
M, Mostafazadeh Davani
|
|
B, Dehpour
|
|
AR. Sublingual buprenorphine for acute renal colic pain management: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2014; 7(1):1–5 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3892119/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3892119</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24386894" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24386894</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>106.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref106">Pellegrino
|
|
H, Di Girolamo
|
|
G, Marti
|
|
ML, De los Santos
|
|
AR. Comparison of lysine clonixinate 200 mg versus diclofenac 75 mg in the treatment of renal colic pain. Prospective double-blind clinical trial in parallel groups. Prensa Medica Argentina. 1999; 86(10):1015–21</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>107.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref107">Persson
|
|
NH, Bergqvist
|
|
D, Melander
|
|
A, Zederfelt
|
|
B. Comparison of a narcotic (oxicone) and a non-narcotic anti-inflammatory analgesic (indoprofen) in the treatment of renal colic. Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica. 1985; 151(2):105–108 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3890435" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3890435</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>108.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref108">Phillips
|
|
E, Hinck
|
|
B, Pedro
|
|
R, Makhlouf
|
|
A, Kriedberg
|
|
C, Hendlin
|
|
K
|
|
et al. Celecoxib in the management of acute renal colic: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Urology. 2009; 74(5):994–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19589565" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19589565</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>109.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref109">Porena
|
|
M, Guiggi
|
|
P, Balestra
|
|
A, Micheli
|
|
C. Pain killers and antibacterial therapy for kidney colic and stones. Urologia Internationalis. 2004; 72:(Suppl 1):34–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15133331" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15133331</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>110.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref110">Porwal
|
|
A, Mahajan
|
|
AD, Oswal
|
|
DS, Erram
|
|
SS, Sheth
|
|
DN, Balamurugan
|
|
S
|
|
et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fixed-dose combination of dexketoprofen and dicyclomine injection in acute renal colic. Pain Research and Treatment. 2012; 2012:295926 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3347880/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3347880</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22577544" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22577544</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>111.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref111">Quilez
|
|
C, Perez-Mateo
|
|
M, Hernandez
|
|
P, Rubio
|
|
I. [Usefulness of a non-steroid anti-inflammatory, sodium diclofenac, in the treatment of renal colic: Comparative study with a spasmolytic and an opiate analgesic]. Medicina Clínica. 1984; 82(17):754–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6738191" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6738191</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>112.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref112">Roberts
|
|
G, Leslie
|
|
R, Robb
|
|
S, Siemens
|
|
DR, Beiko
|
|
D. Intraureteral lidocaine for ureteral stent symptoms post-ureteroscopy: a randomized, phase 2, placebo-controlled trial. Canadian Urological Association Journal. 2017; 11(10):326–30 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5963444/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5963444</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29382444" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29382444</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>113.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref113">Romics
|
|
I, Molnár
|
|
DL, Timberg
|
|
G, Mrklic
|
|
B, Jelakovic
|
|
B, Köszegi
|
|
G
|
|
et al. The effect of drotaverine hydrochloride in acute colicky pain caused by renal and ureteric stones. BJU International. 2003; 92(1):92–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12823389" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12823389</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>114.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref114">Safdar
|
|
B, Degutis
|
|
LC, Landry
|
|
K, Vedere
|
|
SR, Moscovitz
|
|
HC, D’Onofrio
|
|
G. Intravenous morphine plus ketorolac is superior to either drug alone for treatment of acute renal colic. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2006; 48(2):173–81, 181.e1 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16953530" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16953530</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>115.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref115">Sakr
|
|
A, Salem
|
|
E, Kamel
|
|
M, Desoky
|
|
E, Ragab
|
|
A, Omran
|
|
M
|
|
et al. Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs standard PCNL for management of renal stones in the flank-free modified supine position: single-center experience. Urolithiasis. 2017; 45(6):585–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28229197" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28229197</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>116.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref116">Salameh
|
|
S, Hiller
|
|
N, Antopolsky
|
|
M, Ghanem
|
|
F, Abramovitz
|
|
Y, Stalnikowics
|
|
R. Diclofenac versus tramadol in the treatment of renal colic: a prospective, randomized trial. Open Emergency Medicine Journal. 2011; 4:9–13</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>117.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref117">Sanahuja
|
|
J, Corbera
|
|
G, Garau
|
|
J, Pla
|
|
R, Carre
|
|
MC. Intramuscular diclofenac sodium versus intravenous Baralgin in the treatment of renal colic. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1990; 24(4):361–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2183488" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2183488</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>118.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref118">Sanchez-Carpena
|
|
J, Dominguez-Hervella
|
|
F, Garcia
|
|
I, Gene
|
|
E, Bugarin
|
|
R, Martin
|
|
A
|
|
et al. Comparison of intravenous dexketoprofen and dipyrone in acute renal colic. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2007; 63(8):751–60 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17571256" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17571256</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>119.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref119">Sanchez-Carpena
|
|
J, Sesma-Sanchez
|
|
J, Sanchez-Juan
|
|
C, Tomas-Vecina
|
|
S, Garcia-Alonso
|
|
D, Rico-Salvado
|
|
J
|
|
et al. Comparison of dexketoprofen trometamol and dipyrone in the treatment of renal colic. Clinical Drug Investigation. 2003; 23(3):139–52 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23340921" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23340921</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>120.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref120">Sandhu
|
|
DPS, Iacovou
|
|
JW, Fletcher
|
|
MS, Kaisary
|
|
AV, Philip
|
|
NH, Arkell
|
|
DG. A comparison of intramuscular ketorolac and pethidine in the alleviation of renal colic. British Journal of Urology. 1994; 74(6):690–3 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7827834" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7827834</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>121.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref121">Sen
|
|
H, Erturhan
|
|
S, Sadioglu
|
|
E, Bayrak
|
|
O, Seckiner
|
|
I. A comparison of efficacy of doxazosin 4 and 8 mg in medical expulsive therapy of distal ureteral stones: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Urolithiasis. 2017; 45(5):461–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27717996" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27717996</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>122.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref122">Serinken
|
|
M, Eken
|
|
C, Turkcuer
|
|
I, Elicabuk
|
|
H, Uyanik
|
|
E, Schultz
|
|
CH. Intravenous paracetamol versus morphine for renal colic in the emergency department: a randomised double-blind controlled trial. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2012; 29(11):902–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22186009" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22186009</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>123.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref123">Shirazi
|
|
M, Salehipour
|
|
M, Afrasiabi
|
|
MA, Aminsharifi
|
|
A. Analgesic effects and safety of desmopressin, tramadol and indomethacin in patients with acute renal colic: a randomized clinical trial. Bulletin of Emergency and Trauma. 2015; 3(2):41–5 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4771265/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4771265</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27162901" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27162901</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>124.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref124">Sjodin
|
|
JG. Clinical experience of indomethacin in pain from ureteral stone. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1983; 75(Suppl):35–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6367024" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6367024</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>125.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref125">Slade
|
|
N. Clinical blind trial of three drugs in the control of renal colic. British Journal of Urology. 1967; 39(1):22–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5336761" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 5336761</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>126.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref126">Snir
|
|
N, Moskovitz
|
|
B, Nativ
|
|
O, Margel
|
|
D, Sandovski
|
|
U, Sulkes
|
|
J
|
|
et al. Papaverine hydrochloride for the treatment of renal colic: an old drug revisited. A prospective, randomized study. Journal of Urology. 2008; 179(4):1411–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18289563" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18289563</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>127.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref127">Soleimanpour
|
|
H, Hassanzadeh
|
|
K, Vaezi
|
|
H, Golzari
|
|
SE, Esfanjani
|
|
RM, Soleimanpour
|
|
M. Effectiveness of intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous morphine for patients with renal colic in the emergency department. BMC Urology. 2012; 12:13 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3508963/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3508963</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22559856" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22559856</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>128.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref128">Sommer
|
|
P, Kromann-Andersen
|
|
B, Lendorf
|
|
A, Lyngdorf
|
|
P, Moller
|
|
P. Analgesic effect and tolerance of Voltaren and Ketogan in acute renal or ureteric colic. British Journal of Urology. 1989; 63(1):4–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2645969" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2645969</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>129.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref129">Song
|
|
SW, Kim
|
|
K, Rhee
|
|
JE, Lee
|
|
JH, Seo
|
|
GJ, Park
|
|
HM. Butylscopolammonium bromide does not provide additional analgesia when combined with morphine and ketorolac for acute renal colic. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2012; 24(2):144–50 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22487663" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22487663</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>130.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref130">Stankov
|
|
G, Schmieder
|
|
G, Zerle
|
|
G, Schinzel
|
|
S, Brune
|
|
K. Double-blind study with dipyrone versus tramadol and butylscopolamine in acute renal colic pain. World Journal of Urology. 1994; 12(3):155–61 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7951343" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7951343</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>131.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref131">Stein
|
|
A, Ben Dov
|
|
D, Finkel
|
|
B, Mecz
|
|
Y, Kitzes
|
|
R, Lurie
|
|
A. Single-dose intramuscular ketorolac versus diclofenac for pain management in renal colic. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1996; 14(4):385–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8768161" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8768161</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>132.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref132">Supervia
|
|
A, Peuro-Botet
|
|
J, Nogues
|
|
X, Echarte
|
|
JL, Mingukz
|
|
S, Iglesias
|
|
ML
|
|
et al. Piroxicam fast-dissolving dosage form vs diclofenac sodium in the treatment of acute renal colic: a double-blind controlled trial. British Journal of Urology. 1998; 81(1):27–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9467472" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9467472</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>133.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref133">Thompson
|
|
JF, Pike
|
|
JM, Chumas
|
|
PD, Rundle
|
|
JS. Rectal diclofenac compared with pethidine injection in acute renal colic. BMJ. 1989; 299(6708):1140–1 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1838035/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1838035</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2513026" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2513026</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>134.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref134">Torchi
|
|
B, Villani
|
|
U, Bruni
|
|
G, Lavezzari
|
|
M, Mandelli
|
|
V. Intravenous indoprofen in the management of renal colic. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research. 1983; 3(3):167–73 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6384073" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6384073</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>135.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref135">Udén
|
|
P, Rentzhog
|
|
L, Berger
|
|
T. A comparative study on the analgesic effects of indomethacin and hydromorphinechloride-atropine in acute, ureteral-stone pain. Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica. 1983; 149(5):497–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6637313" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6637313</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>136.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref136">Vignoni
|
|
A, Fierro
|
|
A, Moreschini
|
|
G, Cau
|
|
M, Agostino
|
|
A, Daniele
|
|
E
|
|
et al. Diclofenac sodium in ureteral colic: a double-blind comparison trial with placebo. Journal of International Medical Research. 1983; 11(5):303–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6357890" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6357890</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>137.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref137">Walden
|
|
M, Lahtinen
|
|
J, Elvander
|
|
E. Analgesic effect and tolerance of ketoprofen and diclofenac in acute ureteral colic. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1993; 27(3):323–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8290910" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8290910</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>138.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref138">Warren
|
|
MM, Boyce
|
|
WH, Evans
|
|
JW, Peters
|
|
PC. A double-blind comparison of dezocine and morphine in patients with acute renal and ureteral colic. Journal of Urology. 1985; 134(3):457–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2863392" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2863392</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>139.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref139">Wolfson
|
|
AB, Yealy
|
|
DM. Oral indomethacin for acute renal colic. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1991; 9(1):16–19 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1985642" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1985642</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>140.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref140">Wood
|
|
VM, Christenson
|
|
JM, Innes
|
|
GD, Lesperance
|
|
M, McKnight
|
|
D. The NARC (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory in renal colic) trial. Single-dose intravenous ketorolac versus titrated intravenous meperidine in acute renal colic: a randomized clinical trial. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medical Care. 2000; 2(2):83–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17637129" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17637129</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>141.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref141">Xue
|
|
P, Tu
|
|
C, Wang
|
|
K, Wang
|
|
X, Fang
|
|
Y. Intracutaneous sterile water injection versus oral paracetamol for renal colic during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. International Urology and Nephrology. 2013; 45(2):321–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23443875" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23443875</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>142.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref142">Yakoot
|
|
M, Salem
|
|
A, Yousef
|
|
S, Helmy
|
|
S. Clinical efficacy of Spasmofen suppository in the emergency treatment of renal colic: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy comparative trial. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2014; 8:405–10 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4018316/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4018316</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24851039" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24851039</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>143.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref143">Yencilek
|
|
F, Aktas
|
|
C, Goktas
|
|
C, Yilmaz
|
|
C, Yilmaz
|
|
U, Sarica
|
|
K. Role of papaverine hydrochloride administration in patients with intractable renal colic: randomized prospective trial. Urology. 2008; 72(5):987–90 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18789511" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18789511</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>144.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref144">Zamanian
|
|
F, Jalili
|
|
M, Moradi-Lakeh
|
|
M, Kia
|
|
M, Aghili
|
|
R, Aghili
|
|
SM. Morphine suppository versus indomethacin suppository in the management of renal colic: randomized clinical trial. Pain Research and Treatment. 2016; 2016:4981585 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4814695/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4814695</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27073696" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27073696</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>145.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref145">Ziapor
|
|
B, Motamed
|
|
H, Verki
|
|
MM, Norani
|
|
H. Comparison of effect of morphine-chlorpheniramine combined versus morphine alone in alleviating acute renal colic pain: a randomized clinical trail. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 2017; 12 (3):e15585</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixes.appgroup5"><h2 id="_appendixes_appgroup5_">Appendices</h2><div id="ch5.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="ch5.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 22. Review protocol: Pain management</a></p><p id="ch5.appa.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appatab2" class="figpopup">Table 23. Health economic review protocol</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual 2014, updated 2017 <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869</a></p><p><i>For more detailed information, please see the</i> Methodology Review. [Add cross reference]</p><div id="ch5.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>Searches were constructed using a PICO framework where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and in some cases Comparison (C) terms. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions as these concepts may not be well described in title, abstract or indexes and therefore difficult to retrieve. Search filters were applied to the search where appropriate.</p><p>Separate searches were run to identify studies about pain in adults and in children.</p><div id="ch5.appb.s1.1"><h5>B.1.1. Adults</h5><p id="ch5.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab1" class="figpopup">Table 24. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab2" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab3" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab4" class="figpopup">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appb.s1.2"><h5>B.1.2. Children</h5><p id="ch5.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab5" class="figpopup">Table 25. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab6" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab7" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab8" class="figpopup">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p></div></div><div id="ch5.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to renal and ureteric stones population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional searches were run on Medline and Embase for health economics studies.</p><p id="ch5.appb.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab9" class="figpopup">Table 26. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab10" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab11"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab11" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab12"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab12" class="figpopup">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</a></p></div></div><div id="ch5.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><p id="ch5.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appcfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of Pain management</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="ch5.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (1.4M)</span></p></div><div id="ch5.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="ch5.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. NSAID versus opioid/opiate</h4><p id="ch5.appe.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig1" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Pain (VAS & NRS; 0-10; final and change scores)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig2" class="figpopup">Figure 3. Pain (VAS 1-10)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig3" class="figpopup">Figure 4. Pain (no pain relief)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig4" class="figpopup">Figure 5. Pain (partial pain relief)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig5"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig5" class="figpopup">Figure 6. Pain (complete pain relief)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig6"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig6" class="figpopup">Figure 7. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig7"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig7" class="figpopup">Figure 8. Pain (reduction in pain NRS score of >3)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig8"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig8" class="figpopup">Figure 9. Pain (reduction in pain by 50%)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig9"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig9" class="figpopup">Figure 10. Pain (persistent pain at 60 minutes)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig10"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig10" class="figpopup">Figure 11. Major adverse events (significant side effects - unspecified)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig11"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig11" class="figpopup">Figure 12. Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig12"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig12" class="figpopup">Figure 13. Minor adverse events (nausea)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig13"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig13" class="figpopup">Figure 14. Minor adverse events (vomiting)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig14"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig14" class="figpopup">Figure 15. Minor adverse events (dizziness)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig15"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig15" class="figpopup">Figure 16. Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig16"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig16" class="figpopup">Figure 17. Minor adverse events (urinary retention)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig17"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig17/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig17" class="figpopup">Figure 18. Minor adverse events (pain - injection site/local)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig18"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig18/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig18" class="figpopup">Figure 19. Minor adverse events (unspecified)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s2"><h4>E.2. NSAID versus paracetamol</h4><p id="ch5.appe.fig19"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig19" class="figpopup">Figure 20. Pain (NRS or VAS; 0-10)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig20"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig20" class="figpopup">Figure 21. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig21"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig21/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig21" class="figpopup">Figure 22. Pain (reduction in NRS pain score by >3)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig22"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig22/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig22" class="figpopup">Figure 23. Pain (reduction in pain by 50%)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig23"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig23/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig23" class="figpopup">Figure 24. Partial pain relief</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig24"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig24/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig24" class="figpopup">Figure 25. Complete pain relief</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig25"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig25/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig25" class="figpopup">Figure 26. Pain (persistent pain at 60 minutes)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig26"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig26/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig26" class="figpopup">Figure 27. Minor adverse events (unspecified)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig27"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig27/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig27" class="figpopup">Figure 28. Minor adverse events (vomiting)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig28"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig28/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig28" class="figpopup">Figure 29. Minor adverse events (pain - abdominal)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig29"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig29/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig29" class="figpopup">Figure 30. Minor adverse advents (dizziness)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig30"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig30/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig30" class="figpopup">Figure 31. Minor adverse events (epigastric pain)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s3"><h4>E.3. NSAID versus antispasmodic</h4><p id="ch5.appe.fig31"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig31/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig31" class="figpopup">Figure 32. Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig32"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig32/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig32" class="figpopup">Figure 33. Pain (complete pain relief)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig33"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig33/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig33" class="figpopup">Figure 34. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig34"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig34/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig34" class="figpopup">Figure 35. Minor adverse events (dizziness)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig35"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig35/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig35" class="figpopup">Figure 36. Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s4"><h4>E.4. NSAID versus placebo</h4><p id="ch5.appe.fig36"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig36/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig36" class="figpopup">Figure 37. Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10; change & final scores)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig37"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig37/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig37" class="figpopup">Figure 38. Pain (pain relief; VAS; 0-10)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig38"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig38/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig38" class="figpopup">Figure 39. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig39"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig39/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig39" class="figpopup">Figure 40. Pain (no pain relief)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig40"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig40/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig40" class="figpopup">Figure 41. Pain (partial pain relief)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig41"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig41" class="figpopup">Figure 42. Pain (complete pain relief)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s5"><h4>E.5. Opioid/opiate versus paracetamol</h4><p id="ch5.appe.fig42"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig42/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig42" class="figpopup">Figure 43. Pain (pain intensity; VAS & NRS; 0-10; final and change scores)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig43"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig43/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig43" class="figpopup">Figure 44. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig44"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig44/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig44" class="figpopup">Figure 45. Pain (reduction in pain by 50%)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig45"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig45/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig45" class="figpopup">Figure 46. Pain (reduction in pain NRS score by >3)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig46"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig46/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig46" class="figpopup">Figure 47. Pain (persistent pain at 60 minutes)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig47"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig47" class="figpopup">Figure 48. Partial pain relief</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig48"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig48/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig48" class="figpopup">Figure 49. Complete pain relief</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig49"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig49/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig49" class="figpopup">Figure 50. Use of healthcare services (length of stay - discharged within 1 hour)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig50"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig50/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig50" class="figpopup">Figure 51. Major adverse events (respiratory depression)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig51"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig51/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig51" class="figpopup">Figure 52. Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig52"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig52/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig52" class="figpopup">Figure 53. Minor adverse events (nausea)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig53"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig53/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig53" class="figpopup">Figure 54. Minor adverse events (vomiting)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig54"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig54/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig54" class="figpopup">Figure 55. Minor adverse events (dizziness)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig55"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig55/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig55" class="figpopup">Figure 56. Minor adverse events (urinary retention)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig56"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig56/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig56" class="figpopup">Figure 57. Minor adverse events (unspecified)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s6"><h4>E.6. Opioid/opiate versus antispasmodic</h4><p id="ch5.appe.fig57"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig57/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig57" class="figpopup">Figure 58. Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10; change score)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig58"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig58/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig58" class="figpopup">Figure 59. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig59"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig59/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig59" class="figpopup">Figure 60. Pain (complete pain relief)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig60"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig60/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig60" class="figpopup">Figure 61. Pain (no pain relief)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig61"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig61/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig61" class="figpopup">Figure 62. Pain (time to pain relief within 5 minutes)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig62"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig62/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig62" class="figpopup">Figure 63. Pain (time to pain relief)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig63"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig63/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig63" class="figpopup">Figure 64. Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig64"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig64/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig64" class="figpopup">Figure 65. Minor adverse events (nausea)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig65"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig65/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig65" class="figpopup">Figure 66. Minor adverse events (vomiting)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig66"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig66/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig66" class="figpopup">Figure 67. Minor adverse events (dizziness)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s7"><h4>E.7. Opioid/opiate versus placebo</h4><p id="ch5.appe.fig67"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig67/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig67" class="figpopup">Figure 68. Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10; change score)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig68"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig68/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig68" class="figpopup">Figure 69. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig69"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig69/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig69" class="figpopup">Figure 70. Major adverse events (respiratory depression)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig70"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig70/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig70" class="figpopup">Figure 71. Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig71"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig71/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig71" class="figpopup">Figure 72. Minor adverse events (urinary retention)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s8"><h4>E.8. Paracetamol versus placebo</h4><p id="ch5.appe.fig72"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig72/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig72" class="figpopup">Figure 73. Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10; change score)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig73"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig73/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig73" class="figpopup">Figure 74. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig74"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig74/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig74" class="figpopup">Figure 75. Major adverse events (respiratory depression)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig75"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig75/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig75" class="figpopup">Figure 76. Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig76"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig76/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig76" class="figpopup">Figure 77. Minor adverse events (urinary retention)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s9"><h4>E.9. Antispasmodic versus placebo</h4><p id="ch5.appe.fig77"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig77/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig77" class="figpopup">Figure 78. Pain (complete pain relief)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig78"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig78/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig78" class="figpopup">Figure 79. Minor adverse events (unspecified)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s10"><h4>E.10. Combinations</h4><div id="ch5.appe.s10.1"><h5>E.10.1. NSAID + antispasmodic versus NSAID</h5><p id="ch5.appe.fig79"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig79/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig79" class="figpopup">Figure 80. Pain (VAS 0-10)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig80"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig80/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig80" class="figpopup">Figure 81. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig81"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig81" class="figpopup">Figure 82. Minor adverse events (dizziness)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig82"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig82/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig82" class="figpopup">Figure 83. Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s10.2"><h5>E.10.2. NSAID + antispasmodic versus antispasmodic</h5><p id="ch5.appe.fig83"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig83/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig83" class="figpopup">Figure 84. Pain (VAS 0-10)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig84"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig84/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig84" class="figpopup">Figure 85. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig85"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig85/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig85" class="figpopup">Figure 86. Minor adverse events (dizziness)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig86"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig86/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig86" class="figpopup">Figure 87. Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s10.3"><h5>E.10.3. NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic versus NSAID + opioid</h5><p id="ch5.appe.fig87"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig87/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig87" class="figpopup">Figure 88. Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig88"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig88/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig88" class="figpopup">Figure 89. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig89"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig89/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig89" class="figpopup">Figure 90. Major adverse events (respiratory depression)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig90"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig90/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig90" class="figpopup">Figure 91. Minor adverse events (vomiting)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig91"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig91/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig91" class="figpopup">Figure 92. Minor adverse events (nausea)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig92"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig92/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig92" class="figpopup">Figure 93. Minor adverse events (dizziness)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig93"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig93/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig93" class="figpopup">Figure 94. Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s10.4"><h5>E.10.4. NSAID + opioid versus NSAID</h5><p id="ch5.appe.fig94"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig94/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig94" class="figpopup">Figure 95. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig95"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig95/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig95" class="figpopup">Figure 96. Minor adverse events (nausea)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig96"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig96/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig96" class="figpopup">Figure 97. Minor adverse events (vomiting)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig97"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig97/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig97" class="figpopup">Figure 98. Minor adverse events (dizziness - vertigo)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s10.5"><h5>E.10.5. NSAID + opioid versus opioid</h5><p id="ch5.appe.fig98"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig98/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig98" class="figpopup">Figure 99. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig99"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig99/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig99" class="figpopup">Figure 100. Minor adverse events (nausea)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig100"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig100/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig100" class="figpopup">Figure 101. Minor adverse events (vomiting)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig101"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig101/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig101" class="figpopup">Figure 102. Minor adverse events (dizziness - vertigo)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s10.6"><h5>E.10.6. NSAID + paracetamol versus NSAID</h5><p id="ch5.appe.fig102"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig102/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig102" class="figpopup">Figure 103. Pain (VAS 0-10)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig103"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig103/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig103" class="figpopup">Figure 104. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig104"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig104/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig104" class="figpopup">Figure 105. Complete pain relief</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig105"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig105/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig105" class="figpopup">Figure 106. Minor adverse events (unspecified)</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appe.s10.7"><h5>E.10.7. NSAID + paracetamol versus paracetamol</h5><p id="ch5.appe.fig106"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig106/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig106" class="figpopup">Figure 107. Pain (VAS 0-10)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig107"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig107/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig107" class="figpopup">Figure 108. Pain (need for rescue medication)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig108"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig108/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig108" class="figpopup">Figure 109. Complete pain relief</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig109"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appe.fig109/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig109" class="figpopup">Figure 110. Minor adverse events (unspecified)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="ch5.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab1" class="figpopup">Table 27. Clinical evidence profile: NSAID versus opioid/opiate</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab2" class="figpopup">Table 28. Clinical evidence profile: NSAID versus paracetamol</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab3" class="figpopup">Table 29. Clinical evidence profile: NSAID versus antispasmodic</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab4" class="figpopup">Table 30. Clinical evidence profile: NSAID versus placebo</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab5" class="figpopup">Table 31. Clinical evidence profile: opioid/opiate versus paracetamol</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab6" class="figpopup">Table 32. Clinical evidence profile: Opioid/opiate versus antispasmodic</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab7" class="figpopup">Table 33. Clinical evidence profile: opioid/opiate versus placebo</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab8" class="figpopup">Table 34. Clinical evidence profile: paracetamol versus placebo</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab9" class="figpopup">Table 35. Clinical evidence profile: antispasmodic versus placebo</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab10" class="figpopup">Table 36. Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + antispasmodic versus NSAID</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab11"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab11" class="figpopup">Table 37. Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + antispasmodic versus antispasmodic</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab12"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab12" class="figpopup">Table 38. Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + opioid/opiate + antispasmodic versus NSAID + opioid/opiate</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab13"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab13" class="figpopup">Table 39. Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + opioid/opiate versus NSAID</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab14"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab14" class="figpopup">Table 40. Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + opioid/opiate versus opioid/opiate</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab15"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab15" class="figpopup">Table 41. Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + paracetamol versus NSAID</a></p><p id="ch5.appf.tab16"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab16" class="figpopup">Table 42. Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + paracetamol versus paracetamol</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="ch5.appg.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577651/figure/ch5.appg.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appgfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 111. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</a></p></div><div id="ch5.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Health economic evidence tables</h3><p>None</p></div><div id="ch5.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Excluded studies</h3><div id="ch5.appi.s1"><h4>I.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="ch5.appi.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appitab1" class="figpopup">Table 10. Studies excluded from the clinical review</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appi.s2"><h4>I.2. Excluded health economic studies</h4><p>None</p></div></div><div id="ch5.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Research recommendations</h3><div id="ch5.appj.s1"><h4>J.1. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug route of administration</h4><p>
|
|
<b>Research question: What is the most clinically and cost effective route of administration for NSAID in the management of acute pain thought to be due to renal or ureteric stones?</b>
|
|
</p><p>
|
|
<b>Why this is important:</b>
|
|
</p><p>People with renal and ureteric stones may suffer repeated episodes of severe acute pain. A review of the literature has demonstrated that Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) are effective at treating this pain however existing evidence is mixed and uses agents, formulations and methods of administration not used in the UK.</p><p>If a NSAID was demonstrated to be effective which could be given in primary care or by the patient themselves this would improve pain management and reduce unplanned hospital admissions and A and E attendances.</p><p id="ch5.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appjtab1" class="figpopup">Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Intervention evidence review (E)</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Centre</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK577651</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35133753" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">35133753</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab1"><div id="ch5.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People (adults, children and young people) with symptomatic renal or ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interventions</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l1"><li id="ch5.lt1" class="half_rhythm"><div>NSAIDs</div></li><li id="ch5.lt2" class="half_rhythm"><div>Opioids/Opiates</div></li><li id="ch5.lt3" class="half_rhythm"><div>Paracetamol</div></li><li id="ch5.lt4" class="half_rhythm"><div>Antispasmodic/smooth muscle relaxant</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparisons</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compared to:
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l2"><li id="ch5.lt5" class="half_rhythm"><div>Each other (class comparison only; no within class comparison)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt6" class="half_rhythm"><div>No treatment</div></li><li id="ch5.lt7" class="half_rhythm"><div>Placebo</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Critical outcomes:
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l3"><li id="ch5.lt8" class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li id="ch5.lt9" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, verbal ratings, descriptive scales, time to pain relief, need to rescue medication)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt10" class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse events
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l4" class="circle"><li id="ch5.lt11" class="half_rhythm"><div>Major: GI haemorrhage, acute kidney injury, respiratory depression, mortality, and cardiac event.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt12" class="half_rhythm"><div>Minor: GI disturbance without bleeding (vomiting and nausea, constipation, diarrhoea, pain, dizziness, sleepiness, urinary retention)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Important outcomes:
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l5"><li id="ch5.lt13" class="half_rhythm"><div>Length of stay</div></li><li id="ch5.lt14" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of healthcare services</div></li></ul></p></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RCTs and systematic reviews of RCTs</p>
|
|
<p>If no RCT evidence is available, search for non-randomised studies for children</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab2"><div id="ch5.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Intervention and comparison</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aganovic 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref3" rid="ch5.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=100): NSAID (diclofenac 75mg, intramuscularly)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=100): antispasmodic (butylscopolamin amp, intravenously)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=100): placebo (distilled water, intravenously)</p>
|
|
<p>In case the pain was not relieved, within 30 minutes an additional dose of the drug was administered or Tramal amp. 50 mg, and if the patient did not respond to either drug, a more invasive urological treatment was applied</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=300</p>
|
|
<p>People with renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Bosnia and Herzegovina</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Complete pain relief (30 minutes): number of participants cured or not cured (not defined)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (30 minutes): not specified</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Unclear if diagnosis of renal colic is confirmed.</p>
|
|
<p>Unclear if participants had any previous treatment</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Al 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref6" rid="ch5.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=100): NSAID (dexketoprofen trometamol 50mg, intravenously)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=100): paracetamol (10mg intravenously)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=100): opioid (fentanyl 2μg/kg intravenously)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=300</p>
|
|
<p>People with confirmed renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age: mean 42.2 years (no SD)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 216:84</p>
|
|
<p>Turkey</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Partial pain relief pain (at discharge)</p>
|
|
<p>Complete pain relief pain (at discharge)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): vomiting, dizziness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain intensity outcomes reported after rescue medication given</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">al-Sahlawi 1996<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref4" rid="ch5.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=50): NSAID (indomethacin, 100mg, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=50): Opioid (pethidine 100mg, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>A single dose of pethidine 100mg was given 30 minutes after treatment if pain had not been relieved at all</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=100</p>
|
|
<p>People with acute renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age >20 years</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 71:29</p>
|
|
<p>Kuwait</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain relief (30 minutes): number of people with partial or complete relief</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): dizziness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ay 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref9" rid="ch5.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=26): NSAIDS (dexketoprofen trometamol, ampules of 50mg per 2ml, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=26): opioid (meperidine hydrochloride ampules of 100mg per 2ml, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>A 50mg additional dose of meperidine was administered to patients with ongoing pain at 30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=52</p>
|
|
<p>People with renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Aged 18-70 years</p>
|
|
<p>Gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Turkey</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (30 minutes): numerical rating scale (NRS), 0-10, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (30 minutes): nausea/ vomiting</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if participants had any previous treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Azizkhani 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref11" rid="ch5.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=62): Paracetamol (acetaminophen, 1g, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=62): Opioid (morphine 10mg, intravenous)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=124</p>
|
|
<p>People with renal colic pain</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): paracetamol group 38.40 (11.60); opioid group 39.73 (11.62)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 68:32</p>
|
|
<p>Iran</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (30 minutes): VAS, 0-10, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): dizziness, vomiting, arterial hypotension</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bektas 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref15" rid="ch5.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=55): Paracetamol (1g in 100ml normal saline solution, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=55): Opioid (morphine, 0.1mg/kg in 100ml normal saline solution, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison 2 (n=55): Placebo (100ml normal saline solution, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>Those who had inadequate pain relief at 30 minutes received rescue fentanyl 0.75µg/kg intravenously</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=165</p>
|
|
<p>People with acute flank pain and a diagnosis of suspected acute renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, years (mean, SD): paracetamol group 35 (10); morphine group 39 (11); placebo group 36 (10)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 90:56</p>
|
|
<p>Turkey</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (30 minutes): VAS, 0-100, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Major adverse events (time-point not reported): respiratory depression</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): nausea and vomiting, urinary retention</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cenker 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref22" rid="ch5.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=100): NSAID (ibuprofen 800mg in 100ml normal saline, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=100): paracetamol (1g in 100ml normal saline, intravenous)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=200</p>
|
|
<p>People with flank pain and confirmed renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, years (mean, SD): 36 (9)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 129:71</p>
|
|
<p>Turkey</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (30 minutes): VAS, 0-100, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): vomiting, epigastric pain, dizziness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Collaborative group of the Spanish Society of Clinical Pharmacology 1991<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref43" rid="ch5.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=116): NSAID (diclofenac sodium, 75mg, intramuscular)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=118): Opioid (pethidine, 100mg, intramuscular)</p>
|
|
<p>Rescue medication consisted of a single dose of pethidine 100mg, given 30 minutes after the treatment</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=234</p>
|
|
<p>People with acute renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): NSAID group 40.7 years (13.9); opioid group 41.4 years (12.7)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 124:110</p>
|
|
<p>13 hospitals in Spain</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes): defined as pain not decreasing by 25%</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (60 minutes): dizziness, local pain, nausea, urinary retention, vomiting</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40% had received pharmacological treatment before resorting to emergency service</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cordell 1996<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref27" rid="ch5.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=51): NSAID (intravenous ketorolac, 60mg). Placebo (normal saline solution) was given to maintain blinding</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=51): opioid (intravenous meperidine 50mg). Placebo (normal saline solution) was given to maintain blinding</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=102</p>
|
|
<p>People with renal colic and pain of moderate or severe intensity</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): NSAID group 38.8 (10.2); opioid group 42.0 (11.24)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 58:13</p>
|
|
<p>United States</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (30 minutes): VAS, 0-100, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (2 hours): dizziness, sleepiness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were allowed one 200mg rectal dose of trimethobenaza mide hydrochloride for nausea or vomiting</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Curry 1995<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref28" rid="ch5.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=17): NSAID (tenoxicam, 40mg, intravenously)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=24): Opioid (pethidine, 75mg, intravenously)</p>
|
|
<p>If analgesia was inadequate after 30 minutes, a dose of pethidine 50mg was given</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=41</p>
|
|
<p>People with pain consistent with renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (range): 40 years (18-74)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 31:10</p>
|
|
<p>New Zealand</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Patients had intravenous metoclopramide 10mg before treatment</p>
|
|
<p>Unclear if diagnosis of renal colic is confirmed.</p>
|
|
<p>Unclear if participants had any previous treatment</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dawood Al-Waili 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref32" rid="ch5.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=25): NSAID (tenoxicam, 20mg, intravenously)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=22): antispasmodic(busco pan compositum, 20mg, intravenously)</p>
|
|
<p>If there was no satisfactory response after the first hour, then 100mg was given</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=47</p>
|
|
<p>People with acute renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (range): 36 years (20-45)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 40:7</p>
|
|
<p>United Arab Emirates</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (60 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): dry mouth, drowsiness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hetherington 1986<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref49" rid="ch5.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=30): NSAID (diclofenac sodium 75mg, intramuscularly)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=28): opioid (pethidine, 100mg, intramuscularly)</p>
|
|
<p>A second injection of the same drug was offered after 30 minutes if the first had not been successful or if pain returned</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=58</p>
|
|
<p>People with severe pain though to have acute renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (range): 46 (19-85)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 41:17</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): not specified</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if diagnosis of renal colic is confirmed.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hosseini 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref53" rid="ch5.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=266):</p>
|
|
<p>NSAID (diclofenac 100mg, rectal)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=275): Opioids/opiates (pethidine 50mg, intramuscular injection)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=541</p>
|
|
<p>People with renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 351:190</p>
|
|
<p>Iran</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in pain by ≥50% (30 minutes)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Unclear if diagnosis of renal colic confirmed</p>
|
|
<p>Unclear if previous treatment given</p>
|
|
<p>Patients did not have VAS recorded up to 30 minutes if they responded to medication earlier and were discharged</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hosseininejad 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref54" rid="ch5.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=100): Combined NSAID and opioid/opiate (ketorolac 30mg, and morphine 0.1mg/kg, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=100): NSAID (ketorolac 30mg, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=100): Opioid/opiate (morphine 0.1mg/kg, intravenous)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=300</p>
|
|
<p>People with acute renal colic and pain score of 5 or more measured by the 10cm visual analogue scale</p>
|
|
<p>Age (range): 18-55 years</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio morphine and ketorolac group 67:33; morphine group 72:28; ketorolac group 69:31</p>
|
|
<p>Iran</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (unclear time-point; 40 minutes): VAS, 0-10, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (40 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): nausea, vomiting, dizziness (vertigo)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indudhara 1990<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref56" rid="ch5.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=33): NSAID (diclofenac sodium, 150mg orally)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=31): Opioid (pethidine, 50mg intramuscularly)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=94</p>
|
|
<p>People with acute renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age (range): 19-57 years</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 68:26</p>
|
|
<p>India</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain relief (1 hour): number of people with no pain relief</p>
|
|
<p>Adverse events (time-point not reported): not specified</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kaynar 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref62" rid="ch5.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=40): NSAID (diclofenac sodium, 75mg, single intramuscular injection)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=42): Paracetamol (acetaminophen, 1g/100ml of serum saline, intravenous)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=82</p>
|
|
<p>People with urolithiasis-driven renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (range): NSAID group 37.98 (18-72); opioid group 46.3 (19-81)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 48:34</p>
|
|
<p>Turkey</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): dizziness/ vomiting, abdominal burning</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Larkin 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref70" rid="ch5.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=33): NSAID (ketorolac, 60mg, intramuscularly)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=37): Opioid (meperidine, patients weighing 50-90kg received 100mg, those weighing more than 90kg received 150mg, intramuscularly)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=70</p>
|
|
<p>People with acute renal colic and confirmed ureterolithiasis</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): NSAID group 45.5 (16); opioid group 40.7 (13.3)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 53:17</p>
|
|
<p>United States</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (20 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (90 minutes): nausea</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if participants had any previous treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lehtonen 1983<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref71" rid="ch5.ref71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=93): NSAID (indomethacin, 50mg in a 5ml intravenous injection)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=31): opioid (pethidine, 50mg, in a 5ml intravenous injection)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=124</p>
|
|
<p>People with ureteral colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (range): NSAID group 44.6 (16-79); opioid group 39.5 (23-75)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 95:29</p>
|
|
<p>Four hospitals in Finland</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain relief (30 minutes): number of people with no, partial or complete pain relief</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): vomiting, nausea, dizziness, tiredness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lundstam 1980<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref74" rid="ch5.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=9): NSAID (diclofenac sodium, 50mg, intramuscular injection</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=10): placebo (saline, intramuscular injection)</p>
|
|
<p>Patients who experienced significant pain 25 minutes after the injection were treated with 50mg diclofenac sodium intramuscularly</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=19</p>
|
|
<p>People with ureteral colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, range: NSAID group 25-62; placebo group 24-69</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 16:3</p>
|
|
<p>Sweden</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (25 minutes): VAS, 0-100, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Pain relief (25 minutes): number of people with no relief, partial relief or complete relief</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (25 minutes)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if participants had any previous treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magrini 1984<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref77" rid="ch5.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=10): NSAID (ketoprofen, 200mg, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=10): placebo (intravenous injection, no further details)</p>
|
|
<p>Patients were given further analgesia after 30 minutes if response was unsatisfactory</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=20</p>
|
|
<p>People with episodes of renal colic admitted to the emergency ward while in hospital for other reasons</p>
|
|
<p>Age, median (range): NSAID group 48.5 (30-69); placebo group 42.5 (32-75)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 11:9</p>
|
|
<p>Italy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain relief (3 hours): VAS, 0-10, high is good outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (3 hours)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Marthak 1991<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref80" rid="ch5.ref80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=25): NSAID (diclofenac sodium, 3ml [75mg], by intramuscular injection)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=25): opioid (pethidine, 3ml [75mg] by intramuscular injection)</p>
|
|
<p>If no pain relief was achieved within 60 minutes, a second injection of pethidine was administered. Those receiving diclofenac received another drug of the investigator’s choice</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=50</p>
|
|
<p>People with renal or ureteric colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (range): NSAID group 36.4 (22-65); opioid group 34 (24-62)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 37:13</p>
|
|
<p>India</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain relief (30 minutes): number of patients with total, partial or no relief</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): nausea/ vomiting, dizziness, sleepiness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Masoumi 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref82" rid="ch5.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=55): paracetamol (acetaminophen, 1g in 100ml normal saline, intravenously, over 5-10 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=55): opioid (morphine, 0.1mg/kg in 100ml normal saline, intravenously, over 5-10 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>After 30 minutes, if severity of pain was equal to or more than 5 VAS units, 1µgr/kg intravenous fentanyl was administered to the patient as rescue therapy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=110</p>
|
|
<p>People with acute renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): paracetamol group 36.07 (9.7); opioid group 34.96 (8.94)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 82:28</p>
|
|
<p>Iran</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (30 minutes): VAS, 0-10, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): nausea, vomiting</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mozafari 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref90" rid="ch5.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=32): Opioids/opiates (buprenorphine 2mg, sublingual tab, and 1 cc sterile water as placebo, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=31): NSAID (ketorolac tromethamine 30mg, intravenously and a sublingual tab as placebo)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=63</p>
|
|
<p>People with acute renal colic because of renal stones and pain score >3 as determined by the visual analogue scale</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): 37.38 (1.83)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 52:11</p>
|
|
<p>Iran</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (40 minutes): VAS, 0-10, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (40 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (Unclear time-point – 24 hours): nausea, vomiting, dizziness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events reported after rescue medication given</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Narci 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref93" rid="ch5.ref93"><sup>93</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=25): Combined paracetamol and NSAID (acetaminophen 1000mg orally and 75 mg diclofenac sodium, intramuscular)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=25): Paracetamol (acetaminophen, 1 gram, orally and placebo (i.m. normal saline))</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=25): NSAID (diclofenac sodium, 75mg, intramusclular, and placebo (startch tablet, orally))</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=75</p>
|
|
<p>People with clinical symptoms and signs of renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): acetominophen and diclofenac: 34 (12); acetaminophen: 35.8 (13); diclofenac: 39.6 (18)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 42:33</p>
|
|
<p>Turkey</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (30 minutes): VAS, 0-10, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Pain relief (Unclear time-point): number of patients with complete pain relief</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (60 minutes): unspecified</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events and possibly pain intensity reported after rescue medication given</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oosterlinck 1976<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref99" rid="ch5.ref99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=20): antispasmodic (buscopan compositum: 20mg hyoscine-N-butylbromide and 2.5g sodium phenyl-dimethyl-pyrazolon-methylaminomethan e sulphonate, intravenously over 5 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=20): opioid (meptazinol, 60mg, intravenously over 5 minutes)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=40</p>
|
|
<p>People with severe pain provoked by an ureteral or renal stone</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD not reported): antispasmodic group 44.2; opioid group 44.8</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 30:10</p>
|
|
<p>Belgium</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain relief (time-point not reported): number of people with complete pain relief</p>
|
|
<p>Pain (5 minutes): pain relief within 5 minutes</p>
|
|
<p>Pain (time-point not reported): number of people with no pain relief</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): dizziness, nausea and vomiting</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if participants had any previous treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oosterlinck 1990<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref100" rid="ch5.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=84): NSAID (single dose of intramuscular ketorolac, 45 participants received 10mg (1ml of 1% solution) and 37 participants received 90mg (3ml of 3% solution))</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=41): opioid (single dose of intramuscular pethidine, 100mg (2ml of 5% solution))</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=125</p>
|
|
<p>People with pain due to renal colic, and the pain was at least moderate on a 4-point verbal rating scale</p>
|
|
<p>Age, median (range): NSAID group 40.5 (21-71); opioid group 39 (18-70) years</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 90:31</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (1 hour): VAS, 0-100, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Pain relief (1 hour): defined as number of people with no pain on a 4-point verbal rating scale</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (10 hours)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (12 hours): vomiting, nausea, drowsiness, injection site pain</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if participants had any previous treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pathan 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref103" rid="ch5.ref103"><sup>103</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=548): NSAID (diclofenac 75mg in 3ml solution, intramuscularly)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=548): opioid (morphine, 0.1mg/kg, intravenously over 2-5 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=549): paracetamol (1g, intravenously over 3-5 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Rescue analgesia was administered after 30 minutes as morphine 3 mg intravenously every 5 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=1645</p>
|
|
<p>People with renal colic of intensity on a Numerical pain Rating Scale (NRS 0 to 10) of 4 or more</p>
|
|
<p>Age, median (IQR): NSAID group 35.1 (29.2-42.6); opioid group 34.7 (28.8-41.7); paracetamol group 34.4 (28.641.5)</p>
|
|
<p>Stone size: ≤5mm 62%; >5mm 34%</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 1362:283</p>
|
|
<p>Qatar</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (30 minutes): NRS, 0-10, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent pain (60 minutes): NRS >2</p>
|
|
<p>Reduction in pain by ≥50% (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Reduction in NRS of ≥3 (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (14 days): unspecified</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone wasn’t detected or imaging wasn’t done in 20% participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Safdar 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref114" rid="ch5.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=43): NSAID (ketorolac, 15mg at time 0 and 15mg at time 20 – total of 30mg in 20 minutes, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=43): Opioid (morphine, 5mg at time 0 and 5mg at time 20 – total of 10mg in 20 minutes, intravenous)</p>
|
|
<p>People with persistent pain at 40 minutes were given 5mg intravenous morphine</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=86</p>
|
|
<p>People with acute renal colic and pain of 5 or more on a 10 point VAS, or at least moderate pain on a 4 category scale</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD):</p>
|
|
<p>NSAID group 39.3 (9.9); opioid group</p>
|
|
<p>37.3 (10)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 58:28</p>
|
|
<p>United States</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (40 minutes): VAS, 0-10, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (40 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): nausea, vomiting, dizziness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Salameh 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref116" rid="ch5.ref116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=48): NSAID (diclofenac 75mg, intramuscular)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=49): Opioids/opiates (tramadol 100mg, intramuscular)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=100</p>
|
|
<p>People with renal colic, and moderate to severe pain (visual analogue scale score ≥4 based on 1-10 scale)</p>
|
|
<p>Age (range): 18-65 years</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 3:1</p>
|
|
<p>Israel</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (30 minutes): VAS, 1-10, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Major adverse events (time-point not reported): significant side effects</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sandhu 1994<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref120" rid="ch5.ref120"><sup>120</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=76):</p>
|
|
<p>NSAID (ketorolac, 30mg, intramuscularly)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=78): opioid (pethidine, 100mg, intramuscularly)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=154</p>
|
|
<p>People with moderate to severe pain in the lumbar region due to renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): NSAID group 45.2 (14.6); opioid group 42.1 (14.6)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 117:37</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (24 hours)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (24 hours): nausea and vomiting, dizziness, sleepiness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal colic was confirmed in 72% of participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serinken 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref122" rid="ch5.ref122"><sup>122</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=40): paracetamol (1g in 100ml normal saline)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=40): opioid (morphine, 0.1mg/kg in 100ml normal saline)</p>
|
|
<p>Both drugs were given as a bolus infusion within 2-4 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=80</p>
|
|
<p>People with a clinical diagnosis of acute renal colic with moderate to severe pain</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): 30.2 (8.6)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 51:29</p>
|
|
<p>Turkey</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (30 minutes): VAS, 0-100, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (time-point not reported)</p>
|
|
<p>Major adverse events (time-point not reported): respiratory depression</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events(time-point not reported): nausea and vomiting, dizziness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shirazi 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref123" rid="ch5.ref123"><sup>123</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=40): opioid (tramadol, 50mg, intramuscularly)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=40): NSAID (indomethacin, 100mg, rectally)</p>
|
|
<p>Patients who had no satisfactory pain relief within 30 minutes, a second treatment were administrated</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=80</p>
|
|
<p>People with renal colic caused by urolithiasis</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): opioid group 39.1 (8.9); NSAID group 36.7 (9.2)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 45:35</p>
|
|
<p>Iran</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (30 minutes): VAS, 0-10, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Pain relief (30 minutes): number of patients with complete pain relief</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (30 minutes)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Snir 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref126" rid="ch5.ref126"><sup>126</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=29): antispasmodic(papav erine hydrochloride, 120mg, intravenously in 100cc 0.9% saline infusion for a minimum of 3 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=30): NSAID (sodium diclofenac, 75mg, intramuscularly)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=27): antispasmodic(papav erine hydrochloride, 120mg, intravenously in 100cc 0.9% saline infusion for a minimum of 3 minutes) + NSAID (sodium diclofenac, 75mg, intramuscularly)</p>
|
|
<p>People requiring further analgesia after 40 minutes were given 1mg/kg of intramuscular meperidine</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=86</p>
|
|
<p>People referred to the emergency department with renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Renal stone on imaging: antispasmodic group 48.2%; NSAID group 53.3%; combination group 44.4%</p>
|
|
<p>Stone size, mean: antispasmodic group 4.12mm; NSAID group 4.9mm; combination group 6.1mm</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD not reported): antispasmodic group 46.2; NSAID group 44.1; combination group 43.9</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 68:18</p>
|
|
<p>Israel</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (40 minutes): VAS, 0-10, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (40 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time point not reported): dizziness, sleepiness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Song 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref129" rid="ch5.ref129"><sup>129</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=46): NSAID (ketorolac, 30 mg, intravenous) + opioid (morphine, 5mg intravenously, over 5 mins) + antispasmodic (Butylscopolammoni um bromide, 20mg, intravenously, diluted with 50 mL of normal saline)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=43): NSAID (ketorolac, 30 mg, intravenous) + opioid (morphine, 5mg intravenously, over 5 mins) + placebo (normal saline solution, 50ml)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=89</p>
|
|
<p>People presenting to the ED with flank pain consistent with an abrupt onset of severe paroxysmal unilateral location</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): antispasmodic group 38.8 (9.8); placebo group 41.9 (9.6)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 72:17</p>
|
|
<p>Korea</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain intensity (40 minutes): VAS</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (40 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Major adverse events (40 minutes): respiratory depression</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (40 minutes): nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sleepiness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.1% had confirmed stone on CT and 40.4% had confirmed stone on IVP</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stankov 1994<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref130" rid="ch5.ref130"><sup>130</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=35): opioid (tramadol, 100mg, intravenously)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=33): antispasmodic (butylscopolamine, 20mg, intravenously)</p>
|
|
<p>People with no adequate pain relief after 20 minutes, were given a second injection of the study medication</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=68</p>
|
|
<p>People with acute renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): 46.4 (16.2) years</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 71:33</p>
|
|
<p>8 centres in Germany</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (20 minutes): VAS, 0-100, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (20 minutes)</p>
|
|
<p>Pain (20 minutes): time to pain relief</p>
|
|
<p>Pain (time-point not reported): number of people with no pain relief, defined as non-responders</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): nausea, vomiting, dizziness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thompson 1989<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref133" rid="ch5.ref133"><sup>133</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=29): NSAID (diclofenac, 100mg, rectally)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=29): opioid (pethidine, 100mg, injection). Participants also received 12.5mg prochloperazine</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=58</p>
|
|
<p>People with presumed renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (1 hour): number of patients pain free</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (time-point not reported)</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): nausea, vomiting, dizziness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if diagnosis of renal colic is confirmed.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vignoni 1983<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref136" rid="ch5.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=63): NSAID (sodium diclofenac, 75mg/3ml, intramuscular)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=68): placebo (3ml saline in identical ampoules, intramuscular)</p>
|
|
<p>Participants who still experienced significant pain 25 minutes after the first injection were treated with 75mg diclofenac sodium intramuscularly</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=131</p>
|
|
<p>People with ureteral colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): NSAID group 39.2 (14.74); placebo group 37.6 (11.69)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio NSAID group 3.53:1; placebo group 3.42:1</p>
|
|
<p>Italy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (25 minutes): VAS, 0-100, high score is poor outcome</p>
|
|
<p>Pain relief (25 minutes): number of participants with complete pain relief</p>
|
|
<p>Need for rescue medication (25 minutes)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if participants had any previous treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zamanian 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref144" rid="ch5.ref144"><sup>144</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention (n=79): NSAID (indomethiacin 100mg, suppository)</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison (n=79): Opioids/opiates (morphine 10mg, suppository)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=158</p>
|
|
<p>People with confirmed renal colic</p>
|
|
<p>Age, mean (SD): NSAID group 37.3 (11.5); opioid group 37.2 (10.6)</p>
|
|
<p>Male to female ratio 102:56</p>
|
|
<p>Iran</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (40 minutes): numerical rating scale, 0-10, high score is poor outcome, change score</p>
|
|
<p>Minor adverse events (time-point not reported): nausea, vomiting, dizziness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Patients were excluded if they had analgesics up to four hours prior to admission</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab3"><div id="ch5.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID versus opioid/opiate</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Opioid</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with NSAID (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (VAS & NRS) [final and change scores]</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1675</p>
|
|
<p>(8 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>30-60 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (vas & nrs) [final and change scores] in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.84</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (vas & nrs) [final and change scores] in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.35 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(1.14 lower to 0.43 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (VAS 1-10)</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 1 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>97</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (vas 1-10) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>5.6</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (vas 1-10) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.4 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.5 to 0.3 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2769</p>
|
|
<p>(17 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>30-40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.77</p>
|
|
<p>(0.64 to 0.93)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">357 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 25 fewer to 129 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No pain relief</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>336</p>
|
|
<p>(4 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>30-60 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.52</p>
|
|
<p>(0.57 to 4.07)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>17 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 14 fewer to 98 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partial pain relief</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>474</p>
|
|
<p>(4 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes or at discharge</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>5</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.93</p>
|
|
<p>(0.73 to 1.17)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">555 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>39 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 150 fewer to 94 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>715</p>
|
|
<p>(7 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>30-60 minutes or at discharge</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>6</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.05</p>
|
|
<p>(0.78 to 1.42)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">516 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>26 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 114 fewer to 217 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Persistent pain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1096</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>60 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.64</p>
|
|
<p>(0.53 to 0.76)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">377 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>136 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 90 fewer to 177 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in pain NRS score >3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1096</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.05</p>
|
|
<p>(0.99 to 1.11)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">781 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>39 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 8 fewer to 86 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in pain by 50%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1708</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>7</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.19</p>
|
|
<p>(0.91 to 1.54)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">610 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>116 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 55 fewer to 329 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major adverse events (significant side effects)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>97</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 39 fewer to 39 more)<sup>13</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (unspecified)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1259</p>
|
|
<p>(4 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>14 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>9</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.39</p>
|
|
<p>(0.22 to 0.7)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">101 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>62 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 30 fewer to 79 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (urinary retention)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>234</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>60 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.14</p>
|
|
<p>(0 to 6.94)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 9 fewer to 50 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>206</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes - 24 hours</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.55</p>
|
|
<p>(0.32 to 0.93)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">218 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>98 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 15 fewer to 148 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1290</p>
|
|
<p>(10 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>Unclear time-point</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>10</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.38</p>
|
|
<p>(0.18 to 0.81)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">108 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>67 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 21 fewer to 89 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1160</p>
|
|
<p>(10 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>Unclear time-point</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>11</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.47</p>
|
|
<p>(0.25 to 0.88)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">191 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>101 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 23 fewer to 143 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1490 (12 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>Unclear time-point</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>12</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.29</p>
|
|
<p>(0.11 to 0.74)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">160 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>114 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 42 fewer to 142 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>758</p>
|
|
<p>(6 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>1-24 hours or not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.39</p>
|
|
<p>(0.27 to 0.56)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">121 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>74 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 53 fewer to 88 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (pain – injection site/local)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>359</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>12 hours</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 3.33</p>
|
|
<p>(1.19 to 9.29)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>40 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 3 more to 141 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 94%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_4"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 54%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_5"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 60%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_6"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 77%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_7"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 93%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_8"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or comparison group</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_9"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_10"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 68%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_11"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 65%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_12"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 81%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_13"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab4"><div id="ch5.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID versus paracetamol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with paracetamol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with NSAID (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (NRS or VAS; 0-10)</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1341</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (nrs or vas; 0-10) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.7</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (nrs or vas; 0-10) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.88 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.01 lower to 0.25 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in pain by 50%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1095</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.02</p>
|
|
<p>(0.94 to 1.11)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">664 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>13 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 40 fewer to 73 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in NRS pain score by >3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1095</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1</p>
|
|
<p>(0.95 to 1.06)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">818 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 41 fewer to 49 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Persistent pain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1095</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>60 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.81</p>
|
|
<p>(0.66 to 0.99)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">296 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>56 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 3 fewer to 101 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partial pain relief</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>at discharge</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.89</p>
|
|
<p>(0.7 to 1.12)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">610 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>67 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 183 fewer to 73 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>250</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>discharge/ unclear time-point</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.15</p>
|
|
<p>(0.85 to 1.55)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">355 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>53 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 53 fewer to 195 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1541</p>
|
|
<p>(4 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.55</p>
|
|
<p>(0.44 to 0.68)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">221 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>99 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 71 fewer to 124 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (unspecified)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1145</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>1 hour - 14 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>5</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision, indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1</p>
|
|
<p>(0.35 to 2.84)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 4 fewer to 11 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>476</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>90 minutes or not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.47</p>
|
|
<p>(0.13 to 1.66)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>13 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 22 fewer to 16 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (abdominal pain)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>80</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 7.58</p>
|
|
<p>(0.47 to 123.37)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>50 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 31 fewer to 131 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>396</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>time point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.52</p>
|
|
<p>(0.05 to 4.98)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>5 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 9 fewer to 38 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (epigastric pain)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>196</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 7.54</p>
|
|
<p>(0.15 to 380.22)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 18 fewer to 38 more)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 94%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab4_4"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab4_5"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab5"><div id="ch5.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID versus antispasmodic</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with antispasmodic</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with NSAID (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (pain intensity; VAS, 0-10)</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>59</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (vas, 0-10) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.65</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (vas, 0-10) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.19 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.51 lower to 0.13 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (complete pain relief)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 3.33</p>
|
|
<p>(2.32 to 4.79)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">240 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>559 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 317 more to 910 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (need for rescue medication)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>106</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>40-60 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.42</p>
|
|
<p>(0.06 to 3.05)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">338 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>196 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 318 fewer to 693 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>106</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>time point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.02</p>
|
|
<p>(0.01 to 0.07)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">517 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>496 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 447 fewer to 506 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>59</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.12</p>
|
|
<p>(0.01 to 1.22)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">103 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>89 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 102 fewer to 20 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 81%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab5_4"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab6"><div id="ch5.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with NSAID (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10) [change & final scores]</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
<p>Better indicated by lower scores</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>150</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>25 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain intensity (0-10) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>4.13</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain intensity(0-10) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.42 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(6.28 to 0.56 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (pain relief; VAS; 0-10)</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
<p>Better indicated by higher scores</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>180 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain relief (0-10) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.8</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain relief (0-10) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>7.8 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(7.38 to 8.22 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (need for rescue medication)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>170</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>25 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.39</p>
|
|
<p>(0.26 to 0.57)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">900 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>549 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 387 fewer to 666 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (no pain relief)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>19</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>25 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.06</p>
|
|
<p>(0.01 to 0.36)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">700 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>577 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 243 fewer to 677 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (partial pain relief)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>19</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>25 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.11</p>
|
|
<p>(0.3 to 4.17)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">300 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>33 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 210 fewer to 951 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (complete pain relief)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>150</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>25-30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency,</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 5.74</p>
|
|
<p>(0.61 to 53.9)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>284 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 23 fewer to 1000 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 85%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab6_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab6_4"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 95%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab7"><div id="ch5.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Opioid/opiate versus paracetamol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Paracetamol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Opioid (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (VAS & NRS, 0-10) [final and change scores]</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1497</p>
|
|
<p>(5 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (vas & nrs, 0-10) [final and change scores] in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−0.174</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (vas & nrs, 0-10) [final and change scores] in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.36 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(0.67 lower to 1.38 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in pain by 50%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1097</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.92</p>
|
|
<p>(0.84 to 1)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">664 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>53 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 106 fewer to 0 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1575</p>
|
|
<p>(5 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.11</p>
|
|
<p>(0.95 to 1.3)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">309 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>34 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 15 fewer to 93 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in pain NRS score >3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1097</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.96</p>
|
|
<p>(0.9 to 1.01)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">818 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>33 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 82 fewer to 8 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Persistent pain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1097</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>60 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.28</p>
|
|
<p>(1.08 to 1.51)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">296 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>83 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 24 more to 151 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partial pain relief</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>discharge</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.13</p>
|
|
<p>(0.92 to 1.39)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">296 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>83 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 49 fewer to 238 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>discharge</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.79</p>
|
|
<p>(0.54 to 1.16)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">390 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>82 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 179 fewer to 62 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>168</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.07</p>
|
|
<p>(0.46 to 2.46)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">102 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 55 fewer to 149 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>108</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 8.5</p>
|
|
<p>(2.03 to 35.64)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>148 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 49 more to 247 more)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>432</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 4.99</p>
|
|
<p>(1.32 to 18.83)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>111 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 22 more to 200 more)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (unspecified)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1097</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>14 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 2.71</p>
|
|
<p>(1.15 to 6.39)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>22 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 2 more to 69 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>397</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 7.61</p>
|
|
<p>(3.51 to 16.47)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>132 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 83 more to 181 more)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (urinary retention)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>95</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 6.95</p>
|
|
<p>(0.14 to 350.96)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 35 fewer to 76 more)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major adverse events (respiratory depression)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>168</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 40 fewer to 40 more)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Length of stay (discharged within 1 hour)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>108</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>1 hour</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.8</p>
|
|
<p>(0.66 to 0.96)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">907 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>181 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 36 fewer to 309 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 87%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab7_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab7_4"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab7_5"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab7_6"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or comparison group</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab8"><div id="ch5.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Opioid/opiate versus antispasmodic</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with antispasmodic</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Opioid/opiate (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (pain intensity; VAS 0-10)</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>68</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>20 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (0-10) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−3.78</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (0-10) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.22 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5 lower to 1.94 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (need for rescue medication)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>68</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>20 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.11</p>
|
|
<p>(0.58 to 2.13)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">333 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>37 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 140 fewer to 376 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (complete pain relief)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>40</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.67</p>
|
|
<p>(0.96 to 2.88)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">450 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>301 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 18 fewer to 846 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (no pain relief)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>108</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.95</p>
|
|
<p>(0.40 to 2.23)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">131 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 79 fewer to 161 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (time to pain relief within 5 minutes)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>40</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.80</p>
|
|
<p>(1.13 to</p>
|
|
<p>2.86)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">500 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>400 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 65 more to 930 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (time to pain relief)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>68</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (time to pain relief) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>16.22 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (time to pain relief) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.08 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(5.91 lower to 8.07 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>40</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.2</p>
|
|
<p>(0.44 to 3.3)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">250 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>50 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 140 fewer to 575 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>68</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 6.98</p>
|
|
<p>(0.14 to 352.30)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>29 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 48 fewer to 105 more)<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>68</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.13 (0 to 6.43)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>26 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 30 fewer to 136 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>108</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>12 hours or time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 2.97</p>
|
|
<p>(1.25 to 7.06)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">115 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>227 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 29 more to 697 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab8_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab8_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab9"><div id="ch5.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence table: Opioid/opiate versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Opioid/opiate (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (pain intensity; VAS 0-10) [change score]</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>100</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (0-10) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−2.7</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (0-10) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.3 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.60 lower to 0.00 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (need for rescue medication)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>100</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.73</p>
|
|
<p>(0.52 to 1.04)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">667 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>180 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 320 fewer to 27 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major adverse events (respiratory depression)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>100</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 39 fewer to 39 more)<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>100</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 4.68</p>
|
|
<p>(1.06 to 20.6)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>144 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 2 more to 764 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (urinary retention)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>100</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 7.7</p>
|
|
<p>(0.15 to 388.2)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 34 fewer to 75 more)<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab9_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab9_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab9_4"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or control arm</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab10"><div id="ch5.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Paracetamol versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participan ts (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Paracetamol (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (pain intensity; VAS, 0-10) [change score]</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>97</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (0-10) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−2.7</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (0-10) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.6 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.7 to 0.5 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (need for rescue medication)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>97</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.68</p>
|
|
<p>(0.47 to 0.99)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">667 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>213 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 7 fewer to 354 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major adverse events (respiratory depression)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>97</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 40 fewer to 40 more)<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>97</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias,</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 3.88</p>
|
|
<p>(0.85 to 17.74)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>112 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 6 fewer to 653 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (urinary retention)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>97</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 40 fewer to 40 more)<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab10_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab10_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab10_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab10_4"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or control arm</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab11"><div id="ch5.tab11" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Antispasmodic versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Antispasmodic (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (complete pain relief)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 4</p>
|
|
<p>(1.71 to 9.36)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>60 per 1000</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>180 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 43 more to 502 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adverse events (unspecified)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 84</p>
|
|
<p>(11.93 to 591.6)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10 per 1000</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab11_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>830 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 109 more to 1000 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab11_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab11_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab12"><div id="ch5.tab12" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + antispasmodic versus NSAID</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab12_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Combination: NSAID + antispasmodic (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain intensity (VAS)</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>57</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain intensity (vas) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.46</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain intensity (vas) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.5 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(0.95 lower to 1.95 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>57</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 3.89</p>
|
|
<p>(0.88 to 17.13)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>194 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 8 fewer to 1000 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>57</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 66 fewer to 66 more)<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>57</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab12_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 66 fewer to 66 more)<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab12_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab12_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab12_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab12_4"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or comparison group</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab13"><div id="ch5.tab13" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + antispasmodic versus antispasmodic</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab13_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with antispasmodic</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Combination: NSAID + antispasmodic (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain intensity (VAS)</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>56</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain intensity (vas) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.65</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain intensity (vas) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.69 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.22 lower to 0.84 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>56</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.58</p>
|
|
<p>(0.27 to 1.23)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">448 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>188 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 327 fewer to 103 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>56</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.13</p>
|
|
<p>(0.01 to 1.35)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">103 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>90 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 102 fewer to 36 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>56</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.14</p>
|
|
<p>(0 to 7.33)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>30 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 35 fewer to 222 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab13_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab13_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab14"><div id="ch5.tab14" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic versus NSAID + opioid</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab14_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with NSAID + opioid</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain intensity (VAS)</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>89</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain intensity (vas) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.5</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain intensity (vas) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.2 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.15 to 0.25 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>89</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.47</p>
|
|
<p>(0.21 to 1.05)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">326 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>173 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 258 fewer to 16 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major adverse events (respiratory depression)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>89</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 43 fewer to 43 more)<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>89</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.13</p>
|
|
<p>(0 to 6.38)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 23 fewer to 108 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>89</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 0.13</p>
|
|
<p>(0 to 6.38)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 23 fewer to 108 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>89</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.87</p>
|
|
<p>(0.18 to 19.88)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 19 fewer to 434 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>89</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Peto OR 6.92</p>
|
|
<p>(0.14 to 349.65)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>22 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 38 fewer to 81 more)<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab14_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab14_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab14_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab14_4"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or control arm</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab15"><div id="ch5.tab15" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + opioid versus NSAID</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab15_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Combination: NSAID + opioid (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.67</p>
|
|
<p>(0.38 to 1.18)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>240 per 1000</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>79 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 149 fewer to 43 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.5</p>
|
|
<p>(0.09 to 2.67)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 36 fewer to 67 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1</p>
|
|
<p>(0.14 to 6.96)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20 per 1000</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 17 fewer to 119 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 3</p>
|
|
<p>(0.32 to 28.35)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab15_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 7 fewer to 273 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab15_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab15_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab16"><div id="ch5.tab16" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + opioid versus opioid</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab16_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with opioid</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Combination: NSAID + opioid (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>40 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.8</p>
|
|
<p>(0.44 to 1.45)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200 per 1000</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>40 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 112 fewer to 90 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.5</p>
|
|
<p>(0.09 to 2.67)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 36 fewer to 67 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.5</p>
|
|
<p>(0.09 to 2.67)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 36 fewer to 67 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>200</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>time-point not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.5</p>
|
|
<p>(0.13 to 1.94)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab16_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>30 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 52 fewer to 56 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab16_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab16_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab17"><div id="ch5.tab17" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + paracetamol versus NSAID</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab17_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Combination NSAID + paracetamol (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (VAS 0-10)</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>50</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (vas 0-10) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.02</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (vas 0-10) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.66 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.82 to 0.5 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>50</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1</p>
|
|
<p>(0.15 to 6.55)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 68 fewer to 444 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>50</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>60 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 2.5</p>
|
|
<p>(1.37 to 4.57)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">320 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>480 more 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 118 more to 1000 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (unspecified)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>50</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>60 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab17_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 75 fewer to 75 more)<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab17_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab17_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab17_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab17_4"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or comparison group</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab18"><div id="ch5.tab18" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: NSAID + paracetamol versus paracetamol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab18_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with paracetamol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Combination NSAID + paracetamol (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pain (VAS 0-10)</p>
|
|
<p>Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>50</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (vas 0-10) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>4.28</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain (vas 0-10) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.92 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(3.94 to 1.9 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>50</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.33</p>
|
|
<p>(0.07 to 1.5)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">240 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>161 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 223 fewer to 120 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>50</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>Unclear time point</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 2.5</p>
|
|
<p>(1.37 to 4.57)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">320 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>480 more 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 118 more to 1000 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (unspecified)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>50</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>60 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 75 fewer to 75 more)<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab18_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab18_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab18_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab18_4"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or comparison group</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab19"><div id="ch5.tab19" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 19</span><span class="title">UK costs of pain drugs (not including method of administration)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab19_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Drug</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Formulation</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Unit cost</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Dose per pain episode</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Cost per episode<sup>a</sup></th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Source of dosage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAIDS</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diclofenac sodium</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MR tablets</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>75mg tablets, pack of 56</p>
|
|
<p>= £11.31</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75 mg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£0.20</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Suppository</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>100mg suppository, pack of 10</p>
|
|
<p>= £2.04</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50mg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£0.36</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intramuscular</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>25mg/ml, 10 ampoules</p>
|
|
<p>= £9.91</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75mg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2.97</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indomethacin</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">suppositories</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>100mg, pack of 10</p>
|
|
<p>= £17.61</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100mg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1.76</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ketorolac</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30mg/1ml solution for injection ampules</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>5 ampoule</p>
|
|
<p>= £6.56</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30mg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£0.57</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical review</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_7_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OPIOIDS</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pethidine</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_7_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50mg/1ml solution for injection ampules</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_7_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10 ampoule</p>
|
|
<p>= £4.66</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_7_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100 mg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_7_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£0.93</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_7_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical review</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Antispasmodics</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Hyoscine Butylbromide</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20mg/1ml solution for injection ampoules</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10 ampoule</p>
|
|
<p>= £2.92</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20mg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">£0.29</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Paracetamol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1g/100ml solution for infusion (vial)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10 vials</p>
|
|
<p>= £3.96</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1g</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">£0.40</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab19_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab19_1_1_9_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical review</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Source: BNF NHS Drug Tariff, DATE; October 2017</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab19_1"><p class="no_margin">Daily cost estimate refers to single drug administration. Daily cost would be double or triple for additional drug administrations required in case pain persists</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab19_2"><p class="no_margin">The costs of meperidine, papaverine are not provided by BNF site</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab20"><div id="ch5.tab20" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 20</span><span class="title">Other resource use</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab20_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Resource</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Detail</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit cost</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GP appointment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Per patient contact lasting 9.22 minutes</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£38</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PSSRU 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref29" rid="ch5.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Emergency department attendance</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Type 01 non admitted</p>
|
|
<p>VB09Z Emergency Medicine, Category 1 Investigation with Category 1-2 Treatment</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£119</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NHS reference costs 2016/17<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref95" rid="ch5.ref95"><sup>95</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab21"><div id="ch5.tab21" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 21</span><span class="title">Route of administration</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.tab21/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab21_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OPIOID</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Subcutaneous</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sublingual</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oral</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rectal</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rectal</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rectal</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rectal</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">‘injection’</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_11_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PARACETAMOL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_11_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_11_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_11_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_11_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oral</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_11_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_11_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_11_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_15_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANTISPASMODIC</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_15_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_15_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_15_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_15_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_15_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_18_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PLACEBO</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_18_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_18_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_18_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_18_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_18_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_18_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_18_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OPIOID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_22_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PARACETAMOL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_22_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_22_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_22_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_24_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OPIOD</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_24_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANTISPASMODIC</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_24_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_24_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_24_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_24_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OPIOID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_26_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PLACEBO</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_26_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_26_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_26_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PARACETAMOL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_28_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PLACEBO</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_28_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_28_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_28_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_30_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANTISPASMODIC</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_30_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PLACEBO</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_30_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_30_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_30_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_30_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_32_1" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">COMBINATIONS</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_32_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID + ANTISPASMODIC</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_32_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_32_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_32_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>IM + IV</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_32_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>IM</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_32_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>1</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID + ANTISPASMODIC</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_35_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANTISPASMODIC</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_35_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>IM + IV</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_35_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>IV</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_35_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>1</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID + OPIOID + ANTISPASMODIC</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_37_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID + OPIOID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_37_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_37_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_37_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID + OPIOID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_39_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OPIOID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_39_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_39_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_39_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID + OPIOID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_41_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_41_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_41_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_41_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID + PARACETAMOL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_43_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_43_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM + oral</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_43_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_43_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID + PARACETAMOL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_45_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PARACETAMOL</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_45_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IM + oral</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_45_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oral</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab21_1_1_45_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appatab1"><div id="ch5.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 22</span><span class="title">Review protocol: Pain management</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Field</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Content</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">What is the clinical and cost-effectiveness of drugs in managing acute pain in people with symptomatic renal or ureteric stones?</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention review</p>
|
|
<p>A review of health economic evidence related to the same review question was conducted in parallel with this review. For details see the health economic review protocol for this NICE guideline.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objective of the review</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To find the most effective drug for managing acute pain in people with symptomatic renal and ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – population / disease / condition / issue / domain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People (adults, children and young people) with symptomatic renal or ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – intervention(s) / exposure(s) / prognostic factor(s)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l7"><li id="ch5.lt16" class="half_rhythm"><div>NSAIDs</div></li><li id="ch5.lt17" class="half_rhythm"><div>Opioids/Opiates</div></li><li id="ch5.lt18" class="half_rhythm"><div>Paracetamol</div></li><li id="ch5.lt19" class="half_rhythm"><div>Buscopan</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – comparator(s) / control or reference (gold) standard</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compared to:
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l8"><li id="ch5.lt20" class="half_rhythm"><div>Each other (class comparison only; no within class comparison)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt21" class="half_rhythm"><div>No treatment</div></li><li id="ch5.lt22" class="half_rhythm"><div>Placebo</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes and prioritisation</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Critical outcomes:
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l9"><li id="ch5.lt23" class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li id="ch5.lt24" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain intensity (visual analogue scale, verbal ratings, time to pain relief, need to rescue medication)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt25" class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse events
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l10" class="circle"><li id="ch5.lt26" class="half_rhythm"><div>Major: GI haemorrhage, acute kidney injury, respiratory depression, mortality, cardiac event</div></li><li id="ch5.lt27" class="half_rhythm"><div>Minor: GI disturbance without bleeding, vomiting and nausea, constipation, diarrhoea, pain, dizziness, sleepiness, urinary retention</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Important outcomes:
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l11"><li id="ch5.lt28" class="half_rhythm"><div>Length of stay</div></li><li id="ch5.lt29" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of healthcare services</div></li></ul></p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – study design</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews of RCTs.</p>
|
|
<p>If no RCT evidence is available, search for non-randomised studies for children</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other inclusion exclusion criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Bladder stones</p>
|
|
<p>Open surgery for renal (kidney and ureteric) stones</p>
|
|
<p>Laparoscopic nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy</p>
|
|
<p>Non-English language studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed sensitivity / subgroup analysis, or meta-regression</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Strata:
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l12"><li id="ch5.lt30" class="half_rhythm"><div>Adults (≥16 years)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt31" class="half_rhythm"><div>Children and young people (<16 years)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt32" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pregnant women</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Selection process – duplicate screening / selection / analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Studies are sifted by title and abstract. Potentially significant publications obtained in full text are then assessed against the inclusion criteria specified in this protocol.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data management (software)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l13"><li id="ch5.lt33" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pairwise meta-analyses performed using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan5).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt34" class="half_rhythm"><div>GRADEpro used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome</div></li><li id="ch5.lt35" class="half_rhythm"><div>Endnote for bibliography, citations, sifting and reference management</div></li><li id="ch5.lt36" class="half_rhythm"><div>Data extractions performed using EviBase, a platform designed and maintained by the National Guideline Centre (NGC)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Information sources – databases and dates</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Clinical search databases to be used: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library</p>
|
|
<p>Date: all years</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics search databases to be used: Medline, Embase, NHSEED, HTA</p>
|
|
<p>Date: Medline, Embase from 2014</p>
|
|
<p>NHSEED, HTA – all years</p>
|
|
<p>Language: Restrict to English only</p>
|
|
<p>Supplementary search techniques: backward citation searching</p>
|
|
<p>Key papers: Not known</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify if an update</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not applicable</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Author contacts</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10033</a>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Highlight if amendment to previous protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 4.5 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/4-Developing-review-questions-and-planning-the-evidence-review#planning-the-evidence-review" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy – for one database</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see <a href="#ch5.appb">appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data collection process – forms / duplicate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A standardised evidence table format will be used, and published as <a href="#ch5.appd">appendix D</a> of the evidence report.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data items – define all variables to be collected</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see evidence tables in <a href="#ch5.appd">Appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#ch5.apph">H</a> (health economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for assessing bias at outcome / study level</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Standard study checklists were used to critically appraise individual studies. For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></p>
|
|
<p>The risk of bias across all available evidence was evaluated for each outcome using an adaptation of the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) toolbox’ developed by the international GRADE working group <a href="http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gradeworkinggroup.org/</a></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criteria for quantitative synthesis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.4 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Methods for quantitative analysis – combining studies and exploring</p>
|
|
<p>(in)consistency</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the separate Methods report for this guideline.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-bias assessment – publication bias, selective reporting bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>[Consider exploring publication bias for review questions where it may be more common, such as pharmacological questions, certain disease areas, etc. Describe any steps taken to mitigate against publication bias, such as examining trial registries.]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Confidence in cumulative evidence</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see sections 6.4 and 9.1 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rationale / context – what is known</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the introduction to the evidence review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Describe contributions of authors and guarantor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>A multidisciplinary committee developed the evidence review. The committee was convened by the National Guideline Centre (NGC) and chaired by Andrew Dickinson in line with section 3 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>Staff from NGC undertook systematic literature searches, appraised the evidence, conducted meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis where appropriate, and drafted the evidence review in collaboration with the committee. For details please see <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sources of funding / support</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Name of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roles of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NICE funds NGC to develop guidelines for those working in the NHS, public health and social care in England.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROSPERO registration number</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not registered</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appatab2"><div id="ch5.appa.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 23</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appa.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Objectives</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Search criteria</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l14"><li id="ch5.lt37" class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the individual review protocol above.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt38" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant economic study design (cost-utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt39" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed. The bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt40" class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt41" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Search strategy</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and an economic study filter – see <a href="#ch5.appg">Appendix G</a>
|
|
<i>[in the Full guideline]</i>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Review strategy</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2002, abstract-only studies and studies from non-OECD countries or the USA will also be excluded.</p><p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in <a href="#ch5.appg">Appendix G</a> of the 2014 NICE guidelines manual.<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref94" rid="ch5.ref94"><sup>94</sup></a></p><p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l15"><li id="ch5.lt42" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’ then it will be included in the guideline. An economic evidence table will be completed and it will be included in the economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt43" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’ then it will usually be excluded from the guideline. If it is excluded then an economic evidence table will not be completed and it will not be included in the economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt44" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p><b>Where there is discretion</b></p><p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question, in discussion with the Committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the Committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to selectively exclude the remaining studies. All studies excluded on the basis of applicability or methodological limitations will be listed with explanation as excluded economic studies in Appendix M.</p><p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p><p><i>Setting:</i>
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l16"><li id="ch5.lt45" class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt46" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt47" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt48" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the USA will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p><i>Economic study type:</i>
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l17"><li id="ch5.lt49" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost-utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt50" class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-consequences analysis).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt51" class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt52" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p><i>Year of analysis:</i>
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l18"><li id="ch5.lt53" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt54" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2002 or later but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly from before 2002 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt55" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2002 will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p><i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the economic analysis:</i>
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l19"><li id="ch5.lt56" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the economic analysis matches with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li></ul></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab1"><div id="ch5.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 24</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 21 March 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
|
|
<p>Systematic review studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 21 March 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
|
|
<p>Systematic review studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Cochrane Reviews to 2018 Issue 3 of 12</p>
|
|
<p>CENTRAL to 2018 Issue 2 of 12</p>
|
|
<p>DARE, and NHSEED to 2015 Issue 2 of 4</p>
|
|
<p>HTA to 2016 Issue 4 of 4</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab2"><div id="ch5.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7-14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 not 16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/17-23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 25 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Analgesics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">analgesic*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp anti-inflammatory agents, non steroidal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((non-steroid* or nonsteroid*) adj (antiinflammatory or anti-inflammatory)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Ibuprofen/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ibuprofen or brufen or calprofen or cuprofen or ibucalm or ibuderm or ibugel or ibuleve or ibuspray or nurofen).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diclofenac/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(diclofenac or Voltarol or Voltaren or Fenactol or Dicloflex or Diclomax or Motifene or Econac).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Naproxen/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(naproxen or Arthroxen or Naprosyn or Naprosin or Stirlescent or Vimovo or Napratec).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Analgesics, Opioid/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Opiate Alkaloids/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Narcotics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(opioid* or opiate* or narcotic*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Morphine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(morphine or Sevredol or MST Continus or Morphgesic or MXL or Zomorph or Oramorph or Cyclimorph).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meperidine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pethidine or meperidine).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tramadol/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tramadol or Zydol or Zamadol or Invodol or Mabron or Maneo or Marol or Oldaram or Tilodol or Tradorec or Tramulief or Zamadol or Zeridame or Maxitram or Tramquel).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Codeine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(codeine or methylmorphine or Galcodine or Co-codamol or Codipar or Kapake or Solpadol or Zapain or Codipar or Paracodol or Tylex).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acetaminophen/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(paracetamol or acetaminophen or Mandanol or Panadol or Paravict or Calpol or Perfalgan or Alvedon or Tramacet).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Butylscopolammonium Bromide/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Buscopan or butylscopolammonium or N-butylscopolammonium or hyoscine or scopolamine or butylscopolamine).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27-53</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 and 54</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Trials as topic.sh.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/56-62</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Meta-Analysis as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/64-73</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63 or 74</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55 and 75</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab3"><div id="ch5.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7-11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 not 13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/14-21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 23 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp analgesic agent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">analgesic*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((non-steroid* or nonsteroid*) adj (antiinflammatory or anti-inflammatory)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ibuprofen/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ibuprofen or brufen or calprofen or cuprofen or ibucalm or ibuderm or ibugel or ibuleve or ibuspray or nurofen).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diclofenac/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(diclofenac or Voltarol or Voltaren or Fenactol or Dicloflex or Diclomax or Motifene or Econac).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">naproxen/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(naproxen or Arthroxen or Naprosyn or Naprosin or Stirlescent or Vimovo or Napratec).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp narcotic analgesic agent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp opiate/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp narcotic agent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(opioid* or opiate* or narcotic*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">morphine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp morphine derivate/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(morphine or Sevredol or MST Continus or Morphgesic or MXL or Zomorph or Oramorph or Cyclimorph).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">pethidine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pethidine or meperidine).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tramadol/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tramadol or Zydol or Zamadol or Invodol or Mabron or Maneo or Marol or Oldaram or Tilodol or Tradorec or Tramulief or Zamadol or Zeridame or Maxitram or Tramquel).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">codeine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(codeine or methylmorphine or Galcodine or Co-codamol or Codipar or Kapake or Solpadol or Zapain or Codipar or Paracodol or Tylex).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">paracetamol/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">paracetamol plus tramadol/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(paracetamol or acetaminophen or Mandanol or Panadol or Paravict or Calpol or Perfalgan or Alvedon or Tramacet).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">scopolamine butyl bromide/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Buscopan or butylscopolammonium or N-butylscopolammonium or hyoscine or scopolamine or butylscopolamine).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25-53</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 54</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">crossover procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">single blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">double blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/56-64</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">systematic review/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">meta-analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/66-75</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65 or 76</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55 and 77</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab4"><div id="ch5.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Urolithiasis] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) near/3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) near/3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #1-#5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Analgesics] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((non-steroid* or nonsteroid*) near (antiinflammatory or anti-inflammatory)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Ibuprofen] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ibuprofen or brufen or calprofen or cuprofen or ibucalm or ibuderm or ibugel or ibuleve or ibuspray or nurofen):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Diclofenac] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(diclofenac or Voltarol or Voltaren or Fenactol or Dicloflex or Diclomax or Motifene or Econac):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Naproxen] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(naproxen or Arthroxen or Naprosyn or Naprosin or Stirlescent or Vimovo or Napratec):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Analgesics, Opioid] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Opiate Alkaloids] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Narcotics] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(opioid* or opiate* or narcotic*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Morphine] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(morphine or Sevredol or MST Continus or Morphgesic or MXL or Zomorph or Oramorph or Cyclimorph):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Meperidine] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pethidine or meperidine) .ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Tramadol] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tramadol or Zydol or Zamadol or Invodol or Mabron or Maneo or Marol or Oldaram or Tilodol or Tradorec or Tramulief or Zamadol or Zeridame or Maxitram or Tramquel):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Codeine] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>(codeine or methylmorphine or Galcodine or Co-codamol or Codipar or Kapake or</p>
|
|
<p>Solpadol or Zapain or Codipar or Paracodol or Tylex):ti,ab</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Acetaminophen] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>(paracetamol or acetaminophen or Mandanol or Panadol or Paravict or Calpol or</p>
|
|
<p>Perfalgan or Alvedon or Tramacet):ti,ab</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Butylscopolammonium Bromide] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Buscopan or butylscopolammonium or N-butylscopolammonium or hyoscine or scopolamine or butylscopolamine):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #7-#32)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6 and #33</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab5"><div id="ch5.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 25</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 21 March 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Children</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 21 March 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Children</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Cochrane Reviews to 2018 Issue 3 of 12</p>
|
|
<p>CENTRAL to 2018 Issue 2 of 12</p>
|
|
<p>DARE, and NHSEED to 2015 Issue 2 of 4</p>
|
|
<p>HTA to 2016 Issue 4 of 4</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab6"><div id="ch5.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7-14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 not 16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/17-23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 25 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Analgesics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">analgesic*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp anti inflammatory agents, non steroidal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((non-steroid* or nonsteroid*) adj (antiinflammatory or anti-inflammatory)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Ibuprofen/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ibuprofen or brufen or calprofen or cuprofen or ibucalm or ibuderm or ibugel or ibuleve or ibuspray or nurofen).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diclofenac/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(diclofenac or Voltarol or Voltaren or Fenactol or Dicloflex or Diclomax or Motifene or Econac).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Naproxen/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(naproxen or Arthroxen or Naprosyn or Naprosin or Stirlescent or Vimovo or Napratec).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Analgesics, Opioid/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Opiate Alkaloids/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Narcotics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(opioid* or opiate* or narcotic*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Morphine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(morphine or Sevredol or MST Continus or Morphgesic or MXL or Zomorph or Oramorph or Cyclimorph).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meperidine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pethidine or meperidine).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tramadol/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tramadol or Zydol or Zamadol or Invodol or Mabron or Maneo or Marol or Oldaram or Tilodol or Tradorec or Tramulief or Zamadol or Zeridame or Maxitram or Tramquel).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Codeine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(codeine or methylmorphine or Galcodine or Co-codamol or Codipar or Kapake or Solpadol or Zapain or Codipar or Paracodol or Tylex).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acetaminophen/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(paracetamol or acetaminophen or Mandanol or Panadol or Paravict or Calpol or Perfalgan or Alvedon or Tramacet).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Butylscopolammonium Bromide/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Buscopan or butylscopolammonium or N-butylscopolammonium or hyoscine or scopolamine or butylscopolamine).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27-53</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 and 54</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp child/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Pediatrics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">child*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Infant/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">infan*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(baby or babies).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">“Adolescent”/ or adolescen*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pediatric*1 or paediatric*1).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(neonat* or newborn*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/56-64</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55 and 65</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab7"><div id="ch5.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7-11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 not 13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/14-21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 23 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp analgesic agent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">analgesic*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((non-steroid* or nonsteroid*) adj (antiinflammatory or anti-inflammatory)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ibuprofen/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ibuprofen or brufen or calprofen or cuprofen or ibucalm or ibuderm or ibugel or ibuleve or ibuspray or nurofen).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diclofenac/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(diclofenac or Voltarol or Voltaren or Fenactol or Dicloflex or Diclomax or Motifene or Econac).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">naproxen/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(naproxen or Arthroxen or Naprosyn or Naprosin or Stirlescent or Vimovo or Napratec).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp narcotic analgesic agent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp opiate/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp narcotic agent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(opioid* or opiate* or narcotic*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">morphine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp morphine derivate/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(morphine or Sevredol or MST Continus or Morphgesic or MXL or Zomorph or Oramorph or Cyclimorph).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">pethidine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pethidine or meperidine).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tramadol/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tramadol or Zydol or Zamadol or Invodol or Mabron or Maneo or Marol or Oldaram or Tilodol or Tradorec or Tramulief or Zamadol or Zeridame or Maxitram or Tramquel).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">codeine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(codeine or methylmorphine or Galcodine or Co-codamol or Codipar or Kapake or Solpadol or Zapain or Codipar or Paracodol or Tylex).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">paracetamol/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">paracetamol plus tramadol/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(paracetamol or acetaminophen or Mandanol or Panadol or Paravict or Calpol or Perfalgan or Alvedon or Tramacet).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">scopolamine butyl bromide/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Buscopan or butylscopolammonium or N-butylscopolammonium or hyoscine or scopolamine or butylscopolamine).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25-53</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 54</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp child/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp pediatrics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">child*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">infan*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(baby or babies).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp adolescent/ or adolescen*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pediatric*1 or paediatric*1).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(neonat* or newborn*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/56-63</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55 and 64</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab8"><div id="ch5.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Urolithiasis] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) near/3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) near/3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #1-#5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Analgesics] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((non-steroid* or nonsteroid*) near (antiinflammatory or anti-inflammatory)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NSAID*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Ibuprofen] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ibuprofen or brufen or calprofen or cuprofen or ibucalm or ibuderm or ibugel or ibuleve or ibuspray or nurofen):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Diclofenac] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(diclofenac or Voltarol or Voltaren or Fenactol or Dicloflex or Diclomax or Motifene or Econac):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Naproxen] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(naproxen or Arthroxen or Naprosyn or Naprosin or Stirlescent or Vimovo or Napratec):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Analgesics, Opioid] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Opiate Alkaloids] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Narcotics] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(opioid* or opiate* or narcotic*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Morphine] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(morphine or Sevredol or MST Continus or Morphgesic or MXL or Zomorph or Oramorph or Cyclimorph):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Meperidine] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pethidine or meperidine) .ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Tramadol] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tramadol or Zydol or Zamadol or Invodol or Mabron or Maneo or Marol or Oldaram or Tilodol or Tradorec or Tramulief or Zamadol or Zeridame or Maxitram or Tramquel):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Codeine] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>(codeine or methylmorphine or Galcodine or Co-codamol or Codipar or Kapake or</p>
|
|
<p>Solpadol or Zapain or Codipar or Paracodol or Tylex):ti,ab</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Acetaminophen] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>(paracetamol or acetaminophen or Mandanol or Panadol or Paravict or Calpol or</p>
|
|
<p>Perfalgan or Alvedon or Tramacet):ti,ab</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Butylscopolammonium Bromide] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Buscopan or butylscopolammonium or N-butylscopolammonium or hyoscine or scopolamine or butylscopolamine):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #7-#32)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6 and #33</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[mh child]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[mh Pediatrics]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">child*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[mh Infant]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">infan*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(baby or babies):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[mh ^Adolescent] or adolescen*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pediatric* or paediatric*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(neonat* or newborn*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #35-#43)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#34 and #44</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab9"><div id="ch5.appb.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 26</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 9 March 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 9 March 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HTA - Inception – 9 March 2018</p>
|
|
<p>NHSEED - Inception to March 2015</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab10"><div id="ch5.appb.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7-14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 not 16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/17-23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 25 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27-42</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 and 43</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab11"><div id="ch5.appb.tab11" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7-11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 not 13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/14-21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 23 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">health economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp economic evaluation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp health care cost/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp fee/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">funding/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25-37</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 38</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab12"><div id="ch5.appb.tab12" class="table"><h3><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appb.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab12_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR urolithiasis EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or urolithiasis)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((((renal or kidney or urinary or ureteric or ureteral or ureter or urethra*) adj2 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or colic))))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((stone disease*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((((calculi or calculus) adj2 (stone* or lithiasis))))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appcfig1"><div id="ch5.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20Pain%20management.&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of Pain management." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of Pain management</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig1"><div id="ch5.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Pain%20(VAS%20%26%20NRS%3B%200-10%3B%20final%20and%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef1.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Pain (VAS & NRS; 0-10; final and change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Pain (VAS & NRS; 0-10; final and change scores)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): Ay 2014: IV, IV; Cordell 1996: IV, IV; Mozafari 2017: IV, sublingual tab; Oosterlinck 1990: IM, IM; Pathan 2016: IM, IM; Safdar 2006: IV, IV; Shirazi 2015: rectal, IM; Zamanian 2016: rectal, rectal</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig2"><div id="ch5.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Pain%20(VAS%201-10).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef2.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Pain (VAS 1-10)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Pain (VAS 1-10)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): IM, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig3"><div id="ch5.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Pain%20(no%20pain%20relief).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef3.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Pain (no pain relief)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Pain (no pain relief)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): al-Sahlawi 1996: IV, IV; Indudhara 1990: oral, IM; Lehtonen 1993: IV, IV; Marthak 1991: IM, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig4"><div id="ch5.appe.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Pain%20(partial%20pain%20relief).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef4.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Pain (partial pain relief)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Pain (partial pain relief)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): Al 2017: IV, IV: al-Sahlawi 1996: IV, IV; Lehtonen 1993: IV, IV; Marthak 1991: IM, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig5"><div id="ch5.appe.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%206.%20Pain%20(complete%20pain%20relief).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef5.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Pain (complete pain relief)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">Pain (complete pain relief)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): Al 2017: IV, IV: al-Sahlawi 1996: IV, IV; Lehtonen 1993: IV, IV; Marthak 1991: IM, IM: Oosterlinck 1990: IM, IM; Shirazi 2015: rectal, IM; Thompson 1989: rectal, ‘injection’</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig6"><div id="ch5.appe.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%207.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef6.jpg" alt="Figure 7. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 7</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): Al 2017: IV, IV: al-Sahlawi 1996: IV, IV; Collaborative group 1991: IM, IM; Cordell 1996: IV, IV: Curry 1995: IV, IV: Hetherington 1986: IM, IM; Hosseininejad 2017: IV, IV: Larkin 1999: IM, IM: Lehtonen 1993: IV, IV; Mozafari 2017: IV, sublingual tab: Oosterlinck 1990: IM, IM; Pathan 2016: IM, IV: Safdar 2006: IV, IV: Shirazi 2015: rectal, IM; Thompson 1989: rectal, ‘injection’</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig7"><div id="ch5.appe.fig7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%208.%20Pain%20(reduction%20in%20pain%20NRS%20score%20of%20%3E3).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef7.jpg" alt="Figure 8. Pain (reduction in pain NRS score of >3)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 8</span><span class="title">Pain (reduction in pain NRS score of >3)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig8"><div id="ch5.appe.fig8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%209.%20Pain%20(reduction%20in%20pain%20by%2050%25).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef8.jpg" alt="Figure 9. Pain (reduction in pain by 50%)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 9</span><span class="title">Pain (reduction in pain by 50%)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): Cordell 1996: IV, IV: Hosseininejad 2017: IV, IV: Pathan 2016: IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig9"><div id="ch5.appe.fig9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2010.%20Pain%20(persistent%20pain%20at%2060%20minutes).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef9.jpg" alt="Figure 10. Pain (persistent pain at 60 minutes)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 10</span><span class="title">Pain (persistent pain at 60 minutes)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig10"><div id="ch5.appe.fig10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2011.%20Major%20adverse%20events%20(significant%20side%20effects%20-%20unspecified).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef10.jpg" alt="Figure 11. Major adverse events (significant side effects - unspecified)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 11</span><span class="title">Major adverse events (significant side effects - unspecified)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): IM, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig11"><div id="ch5.appe.fig11" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2012.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(nausea%20and%20vomiting).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef11.jpg" alt="Figure 12. Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 12</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): Ay 2014: IV, IV; Sandhu 1994: IM, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig12"><div id="ch5.appe.fig12" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2013.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(nausea).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef12.jpg" alt="Figure 13. Minor adverse events (nausea)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 13</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (nausea)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): Collaborative group 1991: IM, IM; Hosseininejad 2017: IV, IV: Larkin 1999: IM, IM; Lehtonen 1993: IV, IV; Marthak 1991: IM, IM; Mozafari 2017: IV, sublingual tab; Oosterlinck 1990: IM, IM; Safdar 2006: IV, IV; Thompson 1989: rectal, ‘injection’: Zamanian 2016: rectal, rectal</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig13"><div id="ch5.appe.fig13" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2014.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(vomiting).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef13.jpg" alt="Figure 14. Minor adverse events (vomiting)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 14</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): Al 2017: IV, IV; Collaborative group 1991: IM, IM; Hosseininejad 2017: IV, IV; Lehtonen 1993: IV, IV; Marthak 1991: IM, IM; Mozafari 2017: IV, sublingual tab; Oosterlinck 1990: IM, IM; Safdar 2006: IV, IV; Thompson 1989: rectal, ‘injection’: Zamanian 2016: rectal, rectal</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig14"><div id="ch5.appe.fig14" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2015.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(dizziness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef14.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef14.jpg" alt="Figure 15. Minor adverse events (dizziness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 15</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): Al 2017: IV, IV; al-Sahlawi 1996: IV, IV; Collaborative group 1991: IM, IM; Cordell 1996: IV, IV; Hosseininejad 2017: IV, IV; Lehtonen 1993: IV, IV; Marthak 1991: IM, IM; Mozafari 2017: IV, sublingual tab; Safdar 2006: IV, IV; Sandhu 1994: IM, IM; Thompson 1989: rectal, ‘injection’: Zamanian 2016: rectal, rectal</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig15"><div id="ch5.appe.fig15" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2016.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(sleepiness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef15.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef15.jpg" alt="Figure 16. Minor adverse events (sleepiness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 16</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): Collaborative group 1991: IM, IM; Cordell 1996: IV, IV; Lehtonen 1993: IV, IV; Marthak 1991: IM, IM; Oosterlinck 1990: IM, IM; Sandhu 1994: IM, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig16"><div id="ch5.appe.fig16" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2017.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(urinary%20retention).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef16.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef16.jpg" alt="Figure 17. Minor adverse events (urinary retention)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 17</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (urinary retention)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): IM, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig17"><div id="ch5.appe.fig17" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2018.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(pain%20-%20injection%20site%2Flocal).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef17.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef17.jpg" alt="Figure 18. Minor adverse events (pain - injection site/local)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 18</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (pain - injection site/local)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): Collaborative group 1991: IM, IM; Oosterlinck 1990: IM, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig18"><div id="ch5.appe.fig18" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2019.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(unspecified).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef18.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef18.jpg" alt="Figure 19. Minor adverse events (unspecified)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 19</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (unspecified)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, opioid): Curry 1995: IV, IV: Hetherington 1986: IM, IM; Indudhara 1990: oral, IM; Pathan 2016: IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig19"><div id="ch5.appe.fig19" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2020.%20Pain%20(NRS%20or%20VAS%3B%200-10).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef19.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef19.jpg" alt="Figure 20. Pain (NRS or VAS; 0-10)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 20</span><span class="title">Pain (NRS or VAS; 0-10)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, paracetamol): Cenker 2017: IV, IV; Narci 2012: IM, oral; Pathan 2016: IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig20"><div id="ch5.appe.fig20" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2021.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef20.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef20.jpg" alt="Figure 21. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 21</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, paracetamol):Al 2017: IV, IV; Cenker 2017: IV, IV Narci 2012: IM, oral; Pathan 2016: IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig21"><div id="ch5.appe.fig21" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2022.%20Pain%20(reduction%20in%20NRS%20pain%20score%20by%20%3E3).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef21.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef21.jpg" alt="Figure 22. Pain (reduction in NRS pain score by >3)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 22</span><span class="title">Pain (reduction in NRS pain score by >3)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, paracetamol): IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig22"><div id="ch5.appe.fig22" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2023.%20Pain%20(reduction%20in%20pain%20by%2050%25).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef22.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef22.jpg" alt="Figure 23. Pain (reduction in pain by 50%)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 23</span><span class="title">Pain (reduction in pain by 50%)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, paracetamol): IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig23"><div id="ch5.appe.fig23" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2024.%20Partial%20pain%20relief.&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef23.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef23.jpg" alt="Figure 24. Partial pain relief." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 24</span><span class="title">Partial pain relief</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, paracetamol): Al 2017: IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig24"><div id="ch5.appe.fig24" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2025.%20Complete%20pain%20relief.&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef24.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef24.jpg" alt="Figure 25. Complete pain relief." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 25</span><span class="title">Complete pain relief</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, paracetamol): Al, 2017: IV, IV;; Narci 2012: IM, oral)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig25"><div id="ch5.appe.fig25" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2026.%20Pain%20(persistent%20pain%20at%2060%20minutes).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef25.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef25.jpg" alt="Figure 26. Pain (persistent pain at 60 minutes)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 26</span><span class="title">Pain (persistent pain at 60 minutes)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, paracetamol): IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig26"><div id="ch5.appe.fig26" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2027.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(unspecified).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef26.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef26.jpg" alt="Figure 27. Minor adverse events (unspecified)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 27</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (unspecified)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, paracetamol): Narci 2012: IM, oral; Pathan 2016: IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig27"><div id="ch5.appe.fig27" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2028.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(vomiting).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef27.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef27.jpg" alt="Figure 28. Minor adverse events (vomiting)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 28</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, paracetamol): Al 2017: IV, IV; Cenker 2017: IV, IV; Kaynar 2015: IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig28"><div id="ch5.appe.fig28" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2029.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(pain%20-%20abdominal).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef28.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef28.jpg" alt="Figure 29. Minor adverse events (pain - abdominal)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 29</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (pain - abdominal)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, paracetamol): IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig29"><div id="ch5.appe.fig29" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2030.%20Minor%20adverse%20advents%20(dizziness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef29.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef29.jpg" alt="Figure 30. Minor adverse advents (dizziness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 30</span><span class="title">Minor adverse advents (dizziness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, paracetamol): Al 2017: IV, IV; Cenker 2017: IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig30"><div id="ch5.appe.fig30" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2031.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(epigastric%20pain).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef30.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef30.jpg" alt="Figure 31. Minor adverse events (epigastric pain)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 31</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (epigastric pain)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, paracetamol): Cenker 2017: IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig31"><div id="ch5.appe.fig31" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2032.%20Pain%20(pain%20intensity%3B%20VAS%3B%200-10).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef31.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef31.jpg" alt="Figure 32. Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 32</span><span class="title">Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, antispasmodics): IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig32"><div id="ch5.appe.fig32" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2033.%20Pain%20(complete%20pain%20relief).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef32.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef32.jpg" alt="Figure 33. Pain (complete pain relief)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 33</span><span class="title">Pain (complete pain relief)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, antispasmodics): IM, IV</p><p>Reported as number of ‘cured’ and ‘non cured’ participants, not defined by study</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig33"><div id="ch5.appe.fig33" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2034.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef33.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef33.jpg" alt="Figure 34. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 34</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, antispasmodics): Dawood Al-Waili 1998: IV, IV; Snir 2008: IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig34"><div id="ch5.appe.fig34" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2035.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(dizziness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef34.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef34.jpg" alt="Figure 35. Minor adverse events (dizziness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 35</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, antispasmodics): IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig35"><div id="ch5.appe.fig35" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2036.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(sleepiness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef35.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef35.jpg" alt="Figure 36. Minor adverse events (sleepiness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 36</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, antispasmodics): Dawood Al-Waili 1998: IV, IV; Snir 2008: IM, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig36"><div id="ch5.appe.fig36" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2037.%20Pain%20(pain%20intensity%3B%20VAS%3B%200-10%3B%20change%20%26%20final%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef36.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef36.jpg" alt="Figure 37. Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10; change & final scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 37</span><span class="title">Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10; change & final scores)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, placebo): Lundstam 1980: IM, IM; Vignoni 1983: IM, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig37"><div id="ch5.appe.fig37" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2038.%20Pain%20(pain%20relief%3B%20VAS%3B%200-10).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef37.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef37.jpg" alt="Figure 38. Pain (pain relief; VAS; 0-10)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 38</span><span class="title">Pain (pain relief; VAS; 0-10)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, placebo): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig38"><div id="ch5.appe.fig38" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2039.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef38.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef38.jpg" alt="Figure 39. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 39</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, placebo): Lundstam 1980: IM, IM; Magrini 1984: IV, IV; Vignoni 1983: IM, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig39"><div id="ch5.appe.fig39" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2040.%20Pain%20(no%20pain%20relief).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef39.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef39.jpg" alt="Figure 40. Pain (no pain relief)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 40</span><span class="title">Pain (no pain relief)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, placebo): IM, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig40"><div id="ch5.appe.fig40" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2041.%20Pain%20(partial%20pain%20relief).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef40.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef40.jpg" alt="Figure 41. Pain (partial pain relief)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 41</span><span class="title">Pain (partial pain relief)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID, placebo): IM, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig41"><div id="ch5.appe.fig41" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2042.%20Pain%20(complete%20pain%20relief).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef41.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef41.jpg" alt="Figure 42. Pain (complete pain relief)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 42</span><span class="title">Pain (complete pain relief)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p><i>Route of administration (NSAID,</i> placebo<i>): Aganovic 2012: IM, IV; Lundstam 1980: IM, IM; Vignoni 1983: IM, IM Aganovic 2012 reports number of ‘cured’ and ‘non cured’ participants, not defined by study</i></p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig42"><div id="ch5.appe.fig42" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2043.%20Pain%20(pain%20intensity%3B%20VAS%20%26%20NRS%3B%200-10%3B%20final%20and%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef42.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef42.jpg" alt="Figure 43. Pain (pain intensity; VAS & NRS; 0-10; final and change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 43</span><span class="title">Pain (pain intensity; VAS & NRS; 0-10; final and change scores)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): Azizkhani 2013: IV, IV; Berkas 2009: IV, IV: Masoumi 2014: IV, IV; Pathan 2016: IV, IV; Serinken 2012: IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig43"><div id="ch5.appe.fig43" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2044.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef43.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef43.jpg" alt="Figure 44. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 44</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): Al 2017: IV, IV; Berkas 2009: IV, IV: Masoumi 2014: IV, IV; Pathan 2016: IV, IV; Serinken 2012: IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig44"><div id="ch5.appe.fig44" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2045.%20Pain%20(reduction%20in%20pain%20by%2050%25).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef44.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef44.jpg" alt="Figure 45. Pain (reduction in pain by 50%)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 45</span><span class="title">Pain (reduction in pain by 50%)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig45"><div id="ch5.appe.fig45" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2046.%20Pain%20(reduction%20in%20pain%20NRS%20score%20by%20%3E3).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef45.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef45.jpg" alt="Figure 46. Pain (reduction in pain NRS score by >3)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 46</span><span class="title">Pain (reduction in pain NRS score by >3)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig46"><div id="ch5.appe.fig46" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2047.%20Pain%20(persistent%20pain%20at%2060%20minutes).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef46.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef46.jpg" alt="Figure 47. Pain (persistent pain at 60 minutes)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 47</span><span class="title">Pain (persistent pain at 60 minutes)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig47"><div id="ch5.appe.fig47" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2048.%20Partial%20pain%20relief.&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef47.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef47.jpg" alt="Figure 48. Partial pain relief." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 48</span><span class="title">Partial pain relief</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig48"><div id="ch5.appe.fig48" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2049.%20Complete%20pain%20relief.&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef48.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef48.jpg" alt="Figure 49. Complete pain relief." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 49</span><span class="title">Complete pain relief</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig49"><div id="ch5.appe.fig49" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2050.%20Use%20of%20healthcare%20services%20(length%20of%20stay%20-%20discharged%20within%201%20hour).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef49.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef49.jpg" alt="Figure 50. Use of healthcare services (length of stay - discharged within 1 hour)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 50</span><span class="title">Use of healthcare services (length of stay - discharged within 1 hour)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig50"><div id="ch5.appe.fig50" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2051.%20Major%20adverse%20events%20(respiratory%20depression).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef50.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef50.jpg" alt="Figure 51. Major adverse events (respiratory depression)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 51</span><span class="title">Major adverse events (respiratory depression)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): Berkas 2009: IV, IV: Serinken 2012: IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig51"><div id="ch5.appe.fig51" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2052.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(nausea%20and%20vomiting).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef51.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef51.jpg" alt="Figure 52. Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 52</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): Berkas 2009: IV, IV: Serinken 2012: IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig52"><div id="ch5.appe.fig52" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2053.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(nausea).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef52.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef52.jpg" alt="Figure 53. Minor adverse events (nausea)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 53</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (nausea)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig53"><div id="ch5.appe.fig53" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2054.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(vomiting).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef53.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef53.jpg" alt="Figure 54. Minor adverse events (vomiting)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 54</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): Al 2017: IV, IV; Azizkhani 2013: IV, IV; Masoumi 2014: IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig54"><div id="ch5.appe.fig54" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2055.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(dizziness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef54.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef54.jpg" alt="Figure 55. Minor adverse events (dizziness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 55</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): Al 2017: IV, IV; Azizkhani 2013: IV, IV; Serinken 2012: IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig55"><div id="ch5.appe.fig55" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2056.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(urinary%20retention).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef55.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef55.jpg" alt="Figure 56. Minor adverse events (urinary retention)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 56</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (urinary retention)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig56"><div id="ch5.appe.fig56" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2057.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(unspecified).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef56.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef56.jpg" alt="Figure 57. Minor adverse events (unspecified)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 57</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (unspecified)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, paracetamol): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig57"><div id="ch5.appe.fig57" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2058.%20Pain%20(pain%20intensity%3B%20VAS%3B%200-10%3B%20change%20score).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef57.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef57.jpg" alt="Figure 58. Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10; change score)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 58</span><span class="title">Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10; change score)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, antispasmodics): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig58"><div id="ch5.appe.fig58" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2059.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef58.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef58.jpg" alt="Figure 59. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 59</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, antispasmodic): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig59"><div id="ch5.appe.fig59" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2060.%20Pain%20(complete%20pain%20relief).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef59.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef59.jpg" alt="Figure 60. Pain (complete pain relief)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 60</span><span class="title">Pain (complete pain relief)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, antispasmodic): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig60"><div id="ch5.appe.fig60" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2061.%20Pain%20(no%20pain%20relief).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef60.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef60.jpg" alt="Figure 61. Pain (no pain relief)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 61</span><span class="title">Pain (no pain relief)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, antispasmodic): Oosterlinck 1976: IV, IV; Stankov 1994: IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig61"><div id="ch5.appe.fig61" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2062.%20Pain%20(time%20to%20pain%20relief%20within%205%20minutes).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef61.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef61.jpg" alt="Figure 62. Pain (time to pain relief within 5 minutes)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 62</span><span class="title">Pain (time to pain relief within 5 minutes)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, antispasmodic): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig62"><div id="ch5.appe.fig62" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2063.%20Pain%20(time%20to%20pain%20relief).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef62.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef62.jpg" alt="Figure 63. Pain (time to pain relief)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 63</span><span class="title">Pain (time to pain relief)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, antispasmodic): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig63"><div id="ch5.appe.fig63" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2064.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(nausea%20and%20vomiting).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef63.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef63.jpg" alt="Figure 64. Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 64</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, antispasmodic): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig64"><div id="ch5.appe.fig64" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2065.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(nausea).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef64.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef64.jpg" alt="Figure 65. Minor adverse events (nausea)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 65</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (nausea)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, antispasmodic): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig65"><div id="ch5.appe.fig65" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2066.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(vomiting).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef65.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef65.jpg" alt="Figure 66. Minor adverse events (vomiting)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 66</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, antispasmodic): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig66"><div id="ch5.appe.fig66" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2067.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(dizziness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef66.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef66.jpg" alt="Figure 67. Minor adverse events (dizziness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 67</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, antispasmodic): Oosterlinck 1976: IV, IV; Stankov 1994: IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig67"><div id="ch5.appe.fig67" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2068.%20Pain%20(pain%20intensity%3B%20VAS%3B%200-10%3B%20change%20score).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef67.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef67.jpg" alt="Figure 68. Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10; change score)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 68</span><span class="title">Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10; change score)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, placebo): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig68"><div id="ch5.appe.fig68" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2069.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef68.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef68.jpg" alt="Figure 69. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 69</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, placebo): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig69"><div id="ch5.appe.fig69" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2070.%20Major%20adverse%20events%20(respiratory%20depression).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef69.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef69.jpg" alt="Figure 70. Major adverse events (respiratory depression)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 70</span><span class="title">Major adverse events (respiratory depression)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, placebo): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig70"><div id="ch5.appe.fig70" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2071.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(nausea%20and%20vomiting).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef70.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef70.jpg" alt="Figure 71. Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 71</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, placebo): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig71"><div id="ch5.appe.fig71" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2072.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(urinary%20retention).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef71.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef71.jpg" alt="Figure 72. Minor adverse events (urinary retention)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 72</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (urinary retention)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, placebo): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig72"><div id="ch5.appe.fig72" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2073.%20Pain%20(pain%20intensity%3B%20VAS%3B%200-10%3B%20change%20score).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef72.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef72.jpg" alt="Figure 73. Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10; change score)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 73</span><span class="title">Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10; change score)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (paracetamol, placebo): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig73"><div id="ch5.appe.fig73" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2074.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef73.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef73.jpg" alt="Figure 74. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 74</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (paracetamol, placebo): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig74"><div id="ch5.appe.fig74" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2075.%20Major%20adverse%20events%20(respiratory%20depression).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef74.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef74.jpg" alt="Figure 75. Major adverse events (respiratory depression)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 75</span><span class="title">Major adverse events (respiratory depression)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (paracetamol, placebo): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig75"><div id="ch5.appe.fig75" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2076.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(nausea%20and%20vomiting).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef75.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef75.jpg" alt="Figure 76. Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 76</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (paracetamol, placebo): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig76"><div id="ch5.appe.fig76" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2077.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(urinary%20retention).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef76.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef76.jpg" alt="Figure 77. Minor adverse events (urinary retention)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 77</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (urinary retention)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (opioid, placebo): IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig77"><div id="ch5.appe.fig77" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2078.%20Pain%20(complete%20pain%20relief).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef77.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef77.jpg" alt="Figure 78. Pain (complete pain relief)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 78</span><span class="title">Pain (complete pain relief)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p><i>Route of administration (</i>antispasmodic, <i>placebo): IV, IV</i></p><p>Reported as number of ‘cured’ and ‘non cured’ participants, not defined by study</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig78"><div id="ch5.appe.fig78" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2079.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(unspecified).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef78.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef78.jpg" alt="Figure 79. Minor adverse events (unspecified)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 79</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (unspecified)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p><i>Route of administration (</i>antispasmodic, <i>placebo): IV, IV</i></p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig79"><div id="ch5.appe.fig79" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2080.%20Pain%20(VAS%200-10).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef79.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef79.jpg" alt="Figure 80. Pain (VAS 0-10)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 80</span><span class="title">Pain (VAS 0-10)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (combination, NSAID): IM + IV, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig80"><div id="ch5.appe.fig80" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2081.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef80.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef80.jpg" alt="Figure 81. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 81</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (combination, NSAID): IM + IV, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig81"><div id="ch5.appe.fig81" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2082.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(dizziness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef81.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef81.jpg" alt="Figure 82. Minor adverse events (dizziness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 82</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (combination, NSAID): IM + IV, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig82"><div id="ch5.appe.fig82" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2083.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(sleepiness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef82.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef82.jpg" alt="Figure 83. Minor adverse events (sleepiness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 83</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (combination, NSAID): IM + IV, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig83"><div id="ch5.appe.fig83" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2084.%20Pain%20(VAS%200-10).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef83.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef83.jpg" alt="Figure 84. Pain (VAS 0-10)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 84</span><span class="title">Pain (VAS 0-10)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (combination, antispasmodic): IM + IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig84"><div id="ch5.appe.fig84" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2085.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef84.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef84.jpg" alt="Figure 85. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 85</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (combination, antispasmodic): IM + IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig85"><div id="ch5.appe.fig85" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2086.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(dizziness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef85.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef85.jpg" alt="Figure 86. Minor adverse events (dizziness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 86</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (combination, antispasmodic): IM + IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig86"><div id="ch5.appe.fig86" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2087.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(sleepiness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef86.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef86.jpg" alt="Figure 87. Minor adverse events (sleepiness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 87</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (combination, antispasmodic): IM + IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig87"><div id="ch5.appe.fig87" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2088.%20Pain%20(pain%20intensity%3B%20VAS%3B%200-10).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef87.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef87.jpg" alt="Figure 88. Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 88</span><span class="title">Pain (pain intensity; VAS; 0-10)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic, NSAID + opioid): IV + IV + IV, IV + IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig88"><div id="ch5.appe.fig88" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2089.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef88.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef88.jpg" alt="Figure 89. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 89</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic, NSAID + opioid): IV + IV + IV, IV + IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig89"><div id="ch5.appe.fig89" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2090.%20Major%20adverse%20events%20(respiratory%20depression).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef89.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef89.jpg" alt="Figure 90. Major adverse events (respiratory depression)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 90</span><span class="title">Major adverse events (respiratory depression)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic, NSAID + opioid): IV + IV + IV, IV + IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig90"><div id="ch5.appe.fig90" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2091.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(vomiting).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef90.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef90.jpg" alt="Figure 91. Minor adverse events (vomiting)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 91</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic, NSAID + opioid): IV + IV + IV, IV + IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig91"><div id="ch5.appe.fig91" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2092.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(nausea).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef91.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef91.jpg" alt="Figure 92. Minor adverse events (nausea)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 92</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (nausea)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic, NSAID + opioid): IV + IV + IV, IV + IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig92"><div id="ch5.appe.fig92" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2093.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(dizziness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef92.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef92.jpg" alt="Figure 93. Minor adverse events (dizziness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 93</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic, NSAID + opioid): IV + IV + IV, IV + IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig93"><div id="ch5.appe.fig93" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2094.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(sleepiness).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef93.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef93.jpg" alt="Figure 94. Minor adverse events (sleepiness)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 94</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic, NSAID + opioid): IV + IV + IV, IV + IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig94"><div id="ch5.appe.fig94" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2095.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef94.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef94.jpg" alt="Figure 95. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 95</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid, NSAID): IV + IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig95"><div id="ch5.appe.fig95" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2096.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(nausea).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef95.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef95.jpg" alt="Figure 96. Minor adverse events (nausea)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 96</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (nausea)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid, NSAID): IV + IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig96"><div id="ch5.appe.fig96" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2097.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(vomiting).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef96.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef96.jpg" alt="Figure 97. Minor adverse events (vomiting)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 97</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid, NSAID): IV + IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig97"><div id="ch5.appe.fig97" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2098.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(dizziness%20-%20vertigo).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef97.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef97.jpg" alt="Figure 98. Minor adverse events (dizziness - vertigo)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 98</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (dizziness - vertigo)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid, NSAID): IV + IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig98"><div id="ch5.appe.fig98" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2099.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef98.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef98.jpg" alt="Figure 99. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 99</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid, NSAID): IV + IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig99"><div id="ch5.appe.fig99" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%20100.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(nausea).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef99.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef99.jpg" alt="Figure 100. Minor adverse events (nausea)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 100</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (nausea)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid, NSAID): IV + IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig100"><div id="ch5.appe.fig100" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%20101.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(vomiting).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef100.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef100.jpg" alt="Figure 101. Minor adverse events (vomiting)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 101</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (vomiting)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid, NSAID): IV + IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig101"><div id="ch5.appe.fig101" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%20102.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(dizziness%20-%20vertigo).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef101.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef101.jpg" alt="Figure 102. Minor adverse events (dizziness - vertigo)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 102</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (dizziness - vertigo)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + opioid, NSAID): IV + IV, IV</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig102"><div id="ch5.appe.fig102" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%20103.%20Pain%20(VAS%200-10).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef102.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef102.jpg" alt="Figure 103. Pain (VAS 0-10)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 103</span><span class="title">Pain (VAS 0-10)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + paracetamol, NSAID): IM + oral, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig103"><div id="ch5.appe.fig103" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%20104.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef103.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef103.jpg" alt="Figure 104. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 104</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + paracetamol, NSAID): IM + oral, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig104"><div id="ch5.appe.fig104" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%20105.%20Complete%20pain%20relief.&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef104.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef104.jpg" alt="Figure 105. Complete pain relief." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 105</span><span class="title">Complete pain relief</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + paracetamol, NSAID): IM + oral, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig105"><div id="ch5.appe.fig105" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%20106.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(unspecified).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef105.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef105.jpg" alt="Figure 106. Minor adverse events (unspecified)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 106</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (unspecified)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + paracetamol, NSAID): IM + oral, IM</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig106"><div id="ch5.appe.fig106" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%20107.%20Pain%20(VAS%200-10).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef106.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef106.jpg" alt="Figure 107. Pain (VAS 0-10)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 107</span><span class="title">Pain (VAS 0-10)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + paracetamol, paracetamol): IM + oral, oral</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig107"><div id="ch5.appe.fig107" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%20108.%20Pain%20(need%20for%20rescue%20medication).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef107.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef107.jpg" alt="Figure 108. Pain (need for rescue medication)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 108</span><span class="title">Pain (need for rescue medication)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + paracetamol, paracetamol): IM + oral, oral</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig108"><div id="ch5.appe.fig108" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%20109.%20Complete%20pain%20relief.&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef108.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef108.jpg" alt="Figure 109. Complete pain relief." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 109</span><span class="title">Complete pain relief</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + paracetamol, paracetamol): IM + oral, oral</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig109"><div id="ch5.appe.fig109" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%20110.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(unspecified).&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appef109.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appef109.jpg" alt="Figure 110. Minor adverse events (unspecified)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 110</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (unspecified)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Route of administration (NSAID + paracetamol, paracetamol): IM + oral, oral</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab1"><div id="ch5.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 27</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: NSAID versus opioid/opiate</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Opioid</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (VAS & NRS) [final and change scores] (follow-up 30-60 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">857</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">818</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.35 lower (1.14 lower to 0.43 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (VAS 1-10) (follow-up 30 minutes; range of scores: 1-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.4 lower (2.5 to 0.3 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 30-40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>317/1425</p>
|
|
<p>(22.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.77 (0.64 to 0.93)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">82 fewer per 1000 (from 25 fewer to 129 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No pain relief (follow-up 30-60 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>11/201</p>
|
|
<p>(5.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.52 (0.57 to 4.07)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17 more per 1000 (from 14 fewer to 98 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partial pain relief (follow-up 30 minutes/ at discharge)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>124/268</p>
|
|
<p>(46.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.93 (0.73 to 1.17)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">39 fewer per 1000 (from 150 fewer to 94 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief (follow-up 30-60 minutes/ at discharge)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>204/407</p>
|
|
<p>(50.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">51.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.05 (0.78 to 1.42)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26 more per 1000 (from 114 fewer to 217 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" colspan="15" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Persistent pain (follow-up 60 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>131/547</p>
|
|
<p>(23.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.64 (0.53 to 0.76)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">136 fewer per 1000 (from 90 fewer to 177 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" colspan="15" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in pain NRS score >3 (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>448/547</p>
|
|
<p>(81.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">78.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.05 (0.99 to 1.11)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">39 more per 1000 (from 8 fewer to 86 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in pain by 50% (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>7</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">631/849 (74.3%)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">61%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.19 (0.91 to 1.54)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">116 more per 1000 (from 55 fewer to 329 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major adverse events (significant side effects) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/48</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 39 fewer to 39 more)<sup>12</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (unspecified) (follow-up 14 days)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>14/627</p>
|
|
<p>(2.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.39 (0.22 to 0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62 fewer per 1000 (from 30 fewer to 79 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (urinary retention (follow-up 60 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/116</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.85%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 0.14 (0 to 6.94)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8 fewer per 1000 (from 9 fewer to 50 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting) (follow-up 30 minutes - 24 hours)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>16/102</p>
|
|
<p>(15.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.55 (0.32 to 0.93)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">98 fewer per 1000 (from 15 fewer to 148 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting) (follow-up unclear time point</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>9</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>61/696</p>
|
|
<p>(8.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.38 (0.18 to 0.81)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">67 fewer per 1000 (from 21 fewer to 89 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea) (follow-up unclear time point</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>10</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>72/629</p>
|
|
<p>(11.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.47 (0.25 to 0.88)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">101 fewer per 1000 (from 23 fewer to 143 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>11</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>70/774</p>
|
|
<p>(9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.29 (0.11 to 0.74)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">114 fewer per 1000 (from 42 fewer to 142 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (sleepiness) (follow-up 1-24 hours or not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>35/430</p>
|
|
<p>(8.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.39 (0.27 to 0.56)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">74 fewer per 1000 (from 53 fewer to 88 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (pain) (follow-up 12 hours)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>16/200</p>
|
|
<p>(8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.33 (1.19 to 9.29)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40 more per 1000 (from 3 more to 141 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 94%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_4"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 54%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_5"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 60%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_6"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 77%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_7"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 93%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_8"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_9"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 68%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_10"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 65%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_11"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 81%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_12"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab2"><div id="ch5.appf.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 28</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: NSAID versus paracetamol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">NSAID versus paracetamol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (NRS or VAS; 0-10) (follow-up 30 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">669</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">672</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.88 lower (2.01 lower to 0.25 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in pain by 50% (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>371/547</p>
|
|
<p>(67.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">66.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13 more per 1000 (from 40 fewer to 73 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in NRS pain score by >3 (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>448/547</p>
|
|
<p>(81.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">81.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1 (0.95 to 1.06)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 41 fewer to 49 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Persistent pain (follow-up 60 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>131/547</p>
|
|
<p>(23.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.81 (0.66 to 0.99)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56 fewer per 1000 (from 3 fewer to 101 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partial pain relief (follow-up at discharge)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>54/100</p>
|
|
<p>(54%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">61%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.89 (0.7 to 1.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">67 fewer per 1000 (from 183 fewer to 73 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief (follow-up at discharge/unclear (60 minutes))</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>54/125</p>
|
|
<p>(43.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.15 (0.85 to 1.55)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">53 more per 1000 (from 53 fewer to 195 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>98/769</p>
|
|
<p>(12.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.55 (0.44 to 0.68)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99 fewer per 1000 (from 71 fewer to 124 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (unspecified) (follow-up 60 minutes/14 days)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7/572</p>
|
|
<p>(1.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1 (0.35 to 2.84)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 4 fewer to 11 more)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting) (follow-up 90 minutes/not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/237</p>
|
|
<p>(1.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.47 (0.13 to 1.66)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13 fewer per 1000 (from 22 fewer to 16 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (abdominal pain) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/40</p>
|
|
<p>(5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 7.58 (0.47 to 123.37)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50 more per 1000 (from 31 fewer to 131 more)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/197</p>
|
|
<p>(0.51%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 0.52 (0.05 to 4.98)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5 fewer per 1000 (from 9 fewer to 38 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (epigastric pain) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/97</p>
|
|
<p>(1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 7.54 (0.15 to 380.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10 more per 1000 (from 18 fewer to 38 more)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab2_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 94%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab2_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab2_4"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab2_5"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab3"><div id="ch5.appf.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 29</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: NSAID versus antispasmodic</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">muscle relaxant/antispasmodic</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (VAS, 0-10) (follow-up 40 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.19 lower (2.51 lower to 0.13 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 40-60 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/55</p>
|
|
<p>(14.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.42 (0.06 to 3.05)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">196 fewer per 1000 (from 318 fewer to 693 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (sleepiness)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/55</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 0.02 (0.01 to 0.07)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">496 fewer per 1000 (from 447 fewer to 506 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/30</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 0.12 (0.01 to 1.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">89 fewer per 1000 (from 102 fewer to 20 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>80/100</p>
|
|
<p>(80%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.33 (2.32 to 4.79)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">559 more per 1000 (from 317 more to 910 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab3_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 81%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab3_4"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab4"><div id="ch5.appf.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 30</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: NSAID versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (VAS; 0-10) [change & final scores] (follow-up 25 minutes - 10 days; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">72</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">78</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>MD 3.42 lower (6.28 to</p>
|
|
<p>0.56 lower)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain relief (VAS; 0-10) (follow-up 180 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 7.8 higher (7.38 to 8.22 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 25 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>21/82</p>
|
|
<p>(25.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">67%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.39 (0.26 to 0.57)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">549 fewer per 1000 (from 387 fewer to 666 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No pain relief (follow-up 25 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/9</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">70%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 0.06 (0.01 to 0.36)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">577 fewer per 1000 (from 243 fewer to 677 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partial pain relief (follow-up 25 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/9</p>
|
|
<p>(33.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.11 (0.3 to 4.17)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33 more per 1000 (from 210 fewer to 951 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief (follow-up 25-30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>43/72</p>
|
|
<p>(59.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 5.74 (0.61 to 53.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">284more per 1000 (from 23 fewer to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 85%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab4_4"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 95%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab5"><div id="ch5.appf.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 31</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: opioid/opiate versus paracetamol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Opioid</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Paracetamol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (VAS & NRS, 0-10) [final and change scores] (follow-up 30 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">749</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">748</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.36 higher (0.67 lower to 1.38 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in pain by 50% (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>335/549</p>
|
|
<p>(61%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">66.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.92 (0.84 to 1)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">53 fewer per 1000 (from 106 fewer to 0 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>232/788</p>
|
|
<p>(29.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.11 (0.95 to 1.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34 more per 1000 (from 15 fewer to 93 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reduction in pain NRS score >3 (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>429/549</p>
|
|
<p>(78.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">81.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.96 (0.9 to 1.01)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33 fewer per 1000 (from 82 fewer to 8 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Persistent pain (follow-up 60 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>207/549</p>
|
|
<p>(37.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.28 (1.08 to 1.51)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">83 more per 1000 (from 24 more to 151 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partial pain relief (follow-up at discharge)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>69/100</p>
|
|
<p>(69%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">61%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.13 (0.92 to 1.39)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">79 more per 1000 (from 49 fewer to 238 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief (follow-up at discharge)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>31/100</p>
|
|
<p>(31%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">39%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.79 (0.54 to 1.16)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">82 fewer per 1000 (from 179 fewer to 62 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10/84</p>
|
|
<p>(11.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.07 (0.46 to 2.46)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7 more per 1000 (from 55 fewer to 149 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/54</p>
|
|
<p>(14.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 8.5 (2.03 to 35.64)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">148 more per 1000 (from 49 more to 245 more)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/216</p>
|
|
<p>(3.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 4.99 (1.32 to 18.83)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">111 more per 1000 (from 22 more to 200 more)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (unspecified) (follow-up 14 days)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>19/549</p>
|
|
<p>(3.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.71 (1.15 to 6.39)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22 more per 1000 (from 2 more to 69 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>27/197</p>
|
|
<p>(13.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 7.61 (3.51 to 16.47)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">132 more per 1000 (from 83 more to 181 more)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (urinary retention) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/49</p>
|
|
<p>(2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 6.95 (0.14 to 350.96)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20 more per 1000 (from 35 fewer to 76 more)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major adverse events (respiratory depression) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/84</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/84</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 40 fewer to 40 more)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Length of stay (discharged within 1 hour) (follow-up 1 hour)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>39/54</p>
|
|
<p>(72.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>49/54</p>
|
|
<p>(90.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.8 (0.66 to 0.96)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">181 fewer per 1000 (from 36 fewer to 309 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab5_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because heterogeneity, I2= 87%, p= > 0.1, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab5_4"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab5_5"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab6"><div id="ch5.appf.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 32</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Opioid/opiate versus antispasmodic</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Opioid/opiate</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">antispasmodic</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (VAS, 0-10) (follow-up 20 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.22 higher (1.5 lower to 1.94 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (complete pain relief) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>15/20</p>
|
|
<p>(75%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.67 (0.96 to 2.88)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">301 more per 1000 (from 18 fewer to 846 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (no pain relief) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/55</p>
|
|
<p>(14.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.95 (0.40 to 2.23)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7 fewer per 1000 (from 79 fewer to 161 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (need for rescue medication) (follow-up 20 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>13/35</p>
|
|
<p>(37.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.11 (0.58 to 2.13)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37 more per 1000 (from 140 fewer to 376 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (time to pain relief within 5 minutes) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>18/20</p>
|
|
<p>(90%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.80 (1.13 to 2.86)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">400 more per 1000 (from 65 more to 930 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (time to pain relief) (follow-up not reported; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.08 higher (5.91 lower to 8.07 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/20</p>
|
|
<p>(30%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.2 (0.44 to 3.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50 more per 1000 (from 140 fewer to 575 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/35</p>
|
|
<p>(2.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 6.98 (0.14 to 352.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29 more per 1000 (from 48 fewer to 105 more)<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/35</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 0.13 (0 to 6.43)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26 fewer per 1000 (from 30 fewer to 136 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness) (follow-up 12 hours or not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>15/55</p>
|
|
<p>(27.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.97 (1.25 to 7.06)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">227 more per 1000 (from 29 more to 697 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab6_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab7"><div id="ch5.appf.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 33</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: opioid/opiate versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Opioid/opiate</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (30 minutes; VAS 0-10) [change score] (follow-up 30 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.3 lower (2.60 lower to 0.00 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>24/49</p>
|
|
<p>(49%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">66.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.73 (0.52 to 1.04)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">180 fewer per 1000 (from 320 fewer to 27 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major adverse events (respiratory depression) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/49</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 39 fewer to 39 more)<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>9/49</p>
|
|
<p>(18.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 4.68 (1.06 to 20.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">144 more per 1000 (from 2 more to 764 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (urinary retention) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/49</p>
|
|
<p>(2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 7.7 (0.15 to 388.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20 more per 1000 (from 34 fewer to 75 more)<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab7_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab8"><div id="ch5.appf.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 34</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: paracetamol versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Paracetamol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (VAS, 0-10) [change score] (follow-up 30 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.6 lower (2.7 to 0.5 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue analgesia (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>21/46</p>
|
|
<p>(45.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">66.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.68 (0.47 to 0.99)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">213 fewer per 1000 (from 7 fewer to 354 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major adverse events (respiratory depression) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/46</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 40 fewer to 40 more)<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea and vomiting) (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7/46</p>
|
|
<p>(15.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.88 (0.85 to 17.74)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112 more per 1000 (from 6 fewer to 653 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (urinary retention) (follow-up time-point not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/46</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 40 fewer to 40 more)<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab8_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab8_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab9"><div id="ch5.appf.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 35</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: antispasmodic versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Antispasmodic</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>24/100</p>
|
|
<p>(24%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/100</p>
|
|
<p>(6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 4 (1.71 to 9.36)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">180 more per 1000 (from 43 more to 502 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adverse events (unspecified) (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>84/100</p>
|
|
<p>(84%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/100</p>
|
|
<p>(1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 84 (11.93 to 591.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">830 more per 1000 (from 109 more to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the outcome definition reported did not meet definition of outcome in protocol</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab9_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab10"><div id="ch5.appf.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 36</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + antispasmodic versus NSAID</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Combination: NSAID + antispasmodic versus NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain intensity (VAS) (follow-up 40 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.5 higher (0.95 lower to 1.95 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7/27</p>
|
|
<p>(25.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.89 (0.88 to 17.13)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">194 more per 1000 (from 8 fewer to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness) (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/27</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 66 fewer to 66 more)<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (sleepiness) (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/27</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 66 fewer to 66 more)<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab10_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab10_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab10_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab11"><div id="ch5.appf.tab11" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 37</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + antispasmodic versus antispasmodic</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Combination: NSAID + antispasmodic versus antispasmodic</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain intensity (VAS) (follow-up 40 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.69 lower (2.22 lower to 0.84 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7/27</p>
|
|
<p>(25.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">44.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.58 (0.27 to</p>
|
|
<p>1.23)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">188 fewer per 1000 (from 327 fewer to 103 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness) (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/27</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 0.13 (0.01 to 1.35)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">90 fewer per 1000 (from 102 fewer to 36 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (sleepiness) (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/27</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 0.14 (0 to 7.33)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30 fewer per 1000 (from 35 fewer to 222 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab11_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab11_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab12"><div id="ch5.appf.tab12" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 38</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + opioid/opiate + antispasmodic versus NSAID + opioid/opiate</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab12_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Combination: NSAID + opioid + antispasmodic versus NSAID + opioid</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain intensity (VAS) (follow-up 40 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.2 lower (2.15 to 0.25 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7/46</p>
|
|
<p>(15.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.47 (0.21 to 1.05)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">173 fewer per 1000 (from 258 fewer to 16 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting) (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/46</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 0.13 (0 to 6.38)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20 fewer per 1000 (from 23 fewer to 108 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea) (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/46</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 0.13 (0 to 6.38)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20 fewer per 1000 (from 23 fewer to 108 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness) (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/46</p>
|
|
<p>(4.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.87 (0.18 to 19.88)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20 more per 1000 (from 19 fewer to 434 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major adverse events (respirator depression) (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/46</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 43 fewer to 43 more)<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (sleepiness) (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/46</p>
|
|
<p>(2.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 6.92 (0.14 to 349.65)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22more per 1000 (from 38 fewer to 81 more)<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab12_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab12_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab12_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab12_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab13"><div id="ch5.appf.tab13" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 39</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + opioid/opiate versus NSAID</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab13_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Combination: NSAID + opioid versus NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>16/100</p>
|
|
<p>(16%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.67 (0.38 to 1.18)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">79 fewer per 1000 (from 149 fewer to 43 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/100</p>
|
|
<p>(2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.5 (0.09 to 2.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20 fewer per 1000 (from 36 fewer to 67 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/100</p>
|
|
<p>(2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1 (0.14 to 6.96)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 17 fewer to 119 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/100</p>
|
|
<p>(3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3 (0.32 to 28.35)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20 more per 1000 (from 7 fewer to 273 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab13_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab13_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab14"><div id="ch5.appf.tab14" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 40</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + opioid/opiate versus opioid/opiate</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab14_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Combination: NSAID + opioid versus opioid</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 40 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>16/100</p>
|
|
<p>(16%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.8 (0.44 to 1.45)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40 fewer per 1000 (from 112 fewer to 90 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (nausea) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/100</p>
|
|
<p>(2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.5 (0.09 to 2.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20 fewer per 1000 (from 36 fewer to 67 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (vomiting) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/100</p>
|
|
<p>(2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.5 (0.09 to 2.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20 fewer per 1000 (from 36 fewer to 67 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (dizziness) (follow-up not reported)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/100</p>
|
|
<p>(3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.5 (0.13 to 1.94)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30 fewer per 1000 (from 52 fewer to 56 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab14_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab14_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab15"><div id="ch5.appf.tab15" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 41</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + paracetamol versus NSAID</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab15_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Combination NSAID + paracetamol versus NSAID</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (VAS 0-10) (follow-up 30 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.66 lower (2.82 to 0.5 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/25</p>
|
|
<p>(8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1 (0.15 to 6.55)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 68 fewer to 444 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief (follow-up Unclear (60 minutes))</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20/25</p>
|
|
<p>(80%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.5 (1.37 to 4.57)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">480 more per 1000 (from 118 more to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (unspecified) (follow-up 60 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/25</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 75 fewer to 75 more)<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab15_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab15_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab15_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab16"><div id="ch5.appf.tab16" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 42</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: NSAID + paracetamol versus paracetamol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appf.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab16_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Combination NSAID + paracetamol versus paracetamol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain (VAS 0-10) (follow-up 30 minutes; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.92 lower (3.94 to 1.9 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for rescue medication (follow-up 30 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/25</p>
|
|
<p>(8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.33 (0.07 to 1.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">161 fewer per 1000 (from 223 fewer to 120 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complete pain relief (follow-up Unclear time time point</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20/25</p>
|
|
<p>(80%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.5 (1.37 to 4.57)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">480 more per 1000 (from 118 more to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (unspecified) (follow-up 60 minutes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/25</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 75 fewer to 75 more)<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab16_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab16_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab16_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appgfig1"><div id="ch5.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%20111.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=577651_ch5appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577651/bin/ch5appgf1.jpg" alt="Figure 111. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 111</span><span class="title">Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appitab1"><div id="ch5.appi.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appi.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusion reason</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abbasi 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref1" rid="ch5.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Afshar 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref2" rid="ch5.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review checked for references</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Al-Waili 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref5" rid="ch5.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anonymous 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref7" rid="ch5.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asgari 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref8" rid="ch5.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aydogdu 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref10" rid="ch5.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bahn zobbe 1986<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref12" rid="ch5.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barry 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref13" rid="ch5.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Basar 1991<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref14" rid="ch5.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Benyajati 1986<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref16" rid="ch5.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bergus 1996<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref17" rid="ch5.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Boubaker 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref18" rid="ch5.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bultitude 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref19" rid="ch5.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Burrows 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref20" rid="ch5.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Caravati 1989<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref21" rid="ch5.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chaudhary 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref23" rid="ch5.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cohen 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref24" rid="ch5.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cordell 1994<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref26" rid="ch5.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Daljord 1983<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref30" rid="ch5.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dash 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref31" rid="ch5.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dolatabadi 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref90" rid="ch5.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ebell 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref33" rid="ch5.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elliott 1979<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref35" rid="ch5.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">El-sherif 1990<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref34" rid="ch5.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Engeler 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref36" rid="ch5.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Erden 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref37" rid="ch5.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ergene 2001 <a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref38" rid="ch5.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Faridaalaee 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref39" rid="ch5.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Firouzian 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref40" rid="ch5.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fraga 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref41" rid="ch5.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Galassi 1983<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref42" rid="ch5.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Glina 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref44" rid="ch5.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gonzalez Ramallo<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref45" rid="ch5.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Grissa 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref46" rid="ch5.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hatipoglu 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref47" rid="ch5.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hazhir 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref48" rid="ch5.ref48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Holdgate 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref51" rid="ch5.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review checked for references</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Holdgate 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref50" rid="ch5.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review checked for references</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Holmlund 1978<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref52" rid="ch5.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Iguchi 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref55" rid="ch5.ref55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ioannidis 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref57" rid="ch5.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jones 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref58" rid="ch5.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jones 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref59" rid="ch5.ref59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jonsson 1987<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref60" rid="ch5.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kandaswamy 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref61" rid="ch5.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kekec 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref63" rid="ch5.ref63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Khalifa 1986<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref64" rid="ch5.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear population including bilharzial ureteral stricture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kheirollahi 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref65" rid="ch5.ref65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kromann-Andersen 1987<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref66" rid="ch5.ref66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kumar 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref67" rid="ch5.ref67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Laerum 1995<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref69" rid="ch5.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Laerum 1996<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref68" rid="ch5.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lloret 1987<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref72" rid="ch5.ref72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lund 1986<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref73" rid="ch5.ref73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lundstam 1982<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref75" rid="ch5.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lupi 1986<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref76" rid="ch5.ref76"><sup>76</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Maldonado-Avila 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref78" rid="ch5.ref78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mankongsrisuk 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref79" rid="ch5.ref79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Martin Carrasco 1993<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref81" rid="ch5.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Miano 1986<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref83" rid="ch5.ref83"><sup>83</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Miralles 1987<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref84" rid="ch5.ref84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Montiel-Jarquín Á<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref85" rid="ch5.ref85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mora Durban 1995<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref86" rid="ch5.ref86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortelmans 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref87" rid="ch5.ref87"><sup>87</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Morteza-Bagi 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref88" rid="ch5.ref88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moustafa 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref89" rid="ch5.ref89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Muriel 1993<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref92" rid="ch5.ref92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Muriel-Villoria 1995<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref91" rid="ch5.ref91"><sup>91</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nicolas Torralba 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref96" rid="ch5.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">O’Connor 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref97" rid="ch5.ref97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oliveira 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref98" rid="ch5.ref98"><sup>98</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review checked for references</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pathan 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref101" rid="ch5.ref101"><sup>101</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pathan 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref102" rid="ch5.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review checked for references</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pavlik 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref104" rid="ch5.ref104"><sup>104</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Payandemehr 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref105" rid="ch5.ref105"><sup>105</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pellegrino 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref106" rid="ch5.ref106"><sup>106</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Persson 1985<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref107" rid="ch5.ref107"><sup>107</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Phillips 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref108" rid="ch5.ref108"><sup>108</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Porena 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref109" rid="ch5.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review checked for references</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Porwal 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref110" rid="ch5.ref110"><sup>110</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quilez 1984<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref111" rid="ch5.ref111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roberts 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref112" rid="ch5.ref112"><sup>112</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Romics 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref113" rid="ch5.ref113"><sup>113</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sakr 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref115" rid="ch5.ref115"><sup>115</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sanahuja 1990<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref117" rid="ch5.ref117"><sup>117</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sanchez-Carpena 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref119" rid="ch5.ref119"><sup>119</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sanchez-Carpena 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref118" rid="ch5.ref118"><sup>118</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sen 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref121" rid="ch5.ref121"><sup>121</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sjodin 1983<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref124" rid="ch5.ref124"><sup>124</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Slade 1967<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref125" rid="ch5.ref125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Soleimanpour 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref127" rid="ch5.ref127"><sup>127</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sommer 1989<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref128" rid="ch5.ref128"><sup>128</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No extractable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stein 1996<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref131" rid="ch5.ref131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Supervia 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref132" rid="ch5.ref132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Torchi 1983<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref134" rid="ch5.ref134"><sup>134</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uden 1983<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref135" rid="ch5.ref135"><sup>135</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Walden 1993<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref137" rid="ch5.ref137"><sup>137</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Warren 1985<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref138" rid="ch5.ref138"><sup>138</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wolfson 1991<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref139" rid="ch5.ref139"><sup>139</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wood 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref140" rid="ch5.ref140"><sup>140</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Xue 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref141" rid="ch5.ref141"><sup>141</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yakoot 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref142" rid="ch5.ref142"><sup>142</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yencilek <a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref143" rid="ch5.ref143"><sup>143</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ziapor 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref145" rid="ch5.ref145"><sup>145</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appjtab1"><div id="ch5.appj.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577651/table/ch5.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PICO question</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p><b>Population</b>: Adults presenting to hospital with acute pain suspected to be related to renal or ureteric stones</p><p><b>Intervention</b>:
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l20"><li id="ch5.lt57" class="half_rhythm"><div>NSAID agent given orally, rectally, intramuscularly or intravenously in recommended doses for acute pain</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p><b>Comparisons</b>:
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l21"><li id="ch5.lt58" class="half_rhythm"><div>compared with each other</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p><b>Outcomes</b>:
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l22"><li id="ch5.lt59" class="half_rhythm"><div>Effectiveness of pain control</div></li><li id="ch5.lt60" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of additional agents</div></li><li id="ch5.lt61" class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of time to pain control</div></li><li id="ch5.lt62" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of hospital and primary care services, time in A and E and hospital admissions</div></li><li id="ch5.lt63" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost effectiveness</div></li></ul></p></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to patients or the population</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>This would enable patients to receive the most effective treatment given in the most efficient way.</p>
|
|
<p>In the long term this may enable better treatment to be given in the community and reduce the need for hospital and primary care attendance</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This study would develop a strong evidence base for the most effective treatment of the condition and improve the strength of the recommendations given in a new guideline.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to the NHS</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>This may reduce the need for the use of hospital and primary care services.</p>
|
|
<p>If the treatment is shown to be effective it may also reduce the long term risk of opiate analgesia in those with repeated episodes of pain.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">National priorities</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is a strong link between diabetes, obesity and kidney stones and limiting the impact of these conditions i9s one of the top research priorities of the NHS. It is also a priority to test interventions and maximize effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The current evidence base includes a majority of studies which are not based in the UK, they use agents which are not used in the NHS and include only small numbers of patients</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>A randomised controlled trial comparing the effects of a single agent given at recommended doses for acute pain and given either orally, rectally, intravenously, or intramuscularly.</p>
|
|
<p>This may not be practical and a more real world study would be patients randomised to active treatment only. This would accept the fact some of the benefits of the invasive treatments is related to the mode of administration.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Feasibility</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This research could be effectively run in centres with large A and E Units with urological units with an interest in the management of ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other comments</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.appj.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul id="ch5.l23"><li id="ch5.lt64" class="half_rhythm"><div>High: the research is essential to inform future updates of key recommendations in the guideline. This research would determine future pathways for the management of people with renal and ureteric stones</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js"> </script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal107 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
|
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3968615.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
|
</html>
|