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id="_NBK577648_"><span itemprop="name">Imaging for diagnosis</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management</div><p><b>Diagnostic evidence review (B)</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 118</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2019 Jan</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3190-3</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="ch2.s1"><h2 id="_ch2_s1_">1. Imaging for diagnosis of renal and ureteric stones</h2><div id="ch2.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question: In people with suspected (or under investigation for) renal and ureteric stones, how accurate is ultrasound, plain abdominal radiograph or MRI to identify whether a renal or ureteric stone is present, as indicated by the reference standard, non-contrast CT?</h3></div><div id="ch2.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Introduction</h3><p>Imaging which provides an accurate and timely diagnosis of a stone in a patient presenting with acute renal colic is essential to manage the patient in the most appropriate way. An accurate diagnosis is essential as the site and size of the stone and anatomical features of the patient are important in defining the most appropriate treatment options. There are a variety of imaging modalities used to assess patients with suspected renal colic including ultra sound, CT scanning with radiation and MRI scanning. CT is more expensive than ultrasound but the extra cost may be outweighed by avoiding additional investigations if the first test misses the diagnosis. There is uncertainty about which imaging modality should be the first line investigation in the acute setting of suspected renal colic. Similarly there are concerns regarding radiation doses in certain groups, children and pregnant women and the question will address the most suitable imaging test in these groups.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#ch2.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab1" rid-ob="figobch2tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="ch2.s1.4.1"><h4>1.4.1. Included studies</h4><p>A search was conducted for prospective and retrospective cohort studies assessing the diagnostic test accuracy of ultrasound, MRI or plain abdominal radiograph to identify whether the condition is present (as indicated by the reference standard) in people under investigation for renal and ureteric stones.</p><p>Thirteen studies were included in the review;<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref16" rid="ch2.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref18" rid="ch2.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref20" rid="ch2.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref42" rid="ch2.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref52" rid="ch2.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a><sup>–</sup><a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref54" rid="ch2.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref57" rid="ch2.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref63" rid="ch2.ref63"><sup>63</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref95" rid="ch2.ref95"><sup>95</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref105" rid="ch2.ref105"><sup>105</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref119" rid="ch2.ref119"><sup>119</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref124" rid="ch2.ref124"><sup>124</sup></a> these are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch2tab2" rid-ob="figobch2tab2">Table 2</a> below. Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summary below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch2tab3" rid-ob="figobch2tab3">Table 3</a>).</p><p>See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch2.appc">appendix C</a>, sensitivity and specificity forest plots and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves in <a href="#ch2.appe">appendix E</a>, and study evidence tables in <a href="#ch2.appd">appendix D</a>.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.4.2"><h4>1.4.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>See the excluded studies list in <a href="#ch2.apph">appendix H</a>.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.4.3"><h4>1.4.3. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab2" rid-ob="figobch2tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch2.appd">appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.4.4"><h4>1.4.4. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab3" rid-ob="figobch2tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy for Ultrasound, plain abdominal radiograph and MRI in adults." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy for Ultrasound, plain abdominal radiograph and MRI in adults. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab4" rid-ob="figobch2tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy for Ultrasound, plain abdominal radiograph and MRI in children." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy for Ultrasound, plain abdominal radiograph and MRI in children. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.5"><h3>1.5. Economic evidence</h3><div id="ch2.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. Included studies</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were identified.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>No health economic studies that were relevant to this question were excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch2.appf">appendix F</a>.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.5.3"><h4>1.5.3. Unit costs</h4><p>Relevant unit costs are provided below to aid consideration of cost effectiveness.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch2tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch2tab5" rid-ob="figobch2tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. UK costs of diagnostic imaging techniques." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch2.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">UK costs of diagnostic imaging techniques. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Resource costs</h3><p>The recommendations made by the committee based on this review (see section <b>Error! eference source not found</b>.) are not expected to have a substantial impact on resources.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.7"><h3>1.7. Evidence statements</h3><div id="ch2.s1.7.1"><h4>1.7.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><p>Thirteen studies that evaluated 3 diagnostic tests were included in the review. Of these, the committee noted that all tests demonstrated poor sensitivity for identifying renal and ureteric stones. The evidence was of Moderate to Very Low quality. Evidence was identified for the following diagnostic tests: ultrasound, plain abdominal radiograph, MRI.</p><ul id="ch2.l4"><li id="ch2.lt9" class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Ultrasound</b>: Low quality evidence from 1 study with 52 children with suspected stones showed that ultrasound has a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 100%. Very Low quality evidence from 7 studies with 4189 adults with suspected stones showed that ultrasound has a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 90%.</div></li><li id="ch2.lt10" class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Plain abdominal radiograph</b>: Very Low quality from 3 studies with 1895 adults with suspected stones demonstrated that plain abdominal radiograph had a sensitivity of 58% and a specificity of 90.</div></li><li id="ch2.lt11" class="half_rhythm"><div><b>MRI</b>: Three studies investigated the diagnostic accuracy of MRI, however they were unable to be pooled due to insufficient data. Moderate quality evidence from one study of 159 adults showed that the MRI has a sensitivity and specificity respectively of 72% and 100%. Low quality evidence from 1 study with 159 adults with suspected stones showed that the MRI has a sensitivity and specificity respectively of 66% and 96%. Low quality evidence from 1 study with 22 adults with suspected stones showed that the MRI has a sensitivity and specificity respectively of 84% and 100%.</div></li></ul></div><div id="ch2.s1.7.2"><h4>1.7.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><ul id="ch2.l5"><li id="ch2.lt12" class="half_rhythm"><div>No relevant economic evaluations were identified.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="ch2.s1.8"><h3>1.8. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="ch2.s1.8.1"><h4>1.8.1. Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="ch2.s1.8.1.1"><h5>1.8.1.1. The diagnostic measures that matter most</h5><p>Diagnostic accuracy for renal and ureteric stones was the outcome prioritised for this review. Sensitivity was considered the most important measure by the committee for this review question because it was considered that false positives are rare and not hugely problematic. The consequences of missing a patient with a renal or ureteric stone could include being sent for further imaging or investigations and a delay in treatment, potentially resulting in damage to the kidney.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.8.1.2"><h5>1.8.1.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The evidence for ultrasound in adults was very low quality, due to very serious imprecision and very serious inconsistency, and in children the evidence was low quality due to imprecision. There was also a risk of bias for both populations, due to uncertainty regarding whether the results of the index or reference standard tests were interpreted without knowledge of the other test, and uncertainty regarding participants excluded from the analysis. The evidence for plain abdominal radiograph was low quality, due to very serious imprecision and a high risk of bias. The evidence for MRI ranged from low to moderate quality, due to risk of bias and imprecision. The committee noted a number of other factors that varied between the studies, such as the amount of time between the index and reference standard test, and the expertise of the clinician interpreting the test results.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.8.1.3"><h5>1.8.1.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>Evidence for adults and children and young people, and for those with symptomatic and asymptomatic suspected stones was searched for, however no evidence was identified where the majority of the population was people with a suspected asymptomatic stone. The committee agreed that the recommendations should only apply to those who were symptomatic of a renal or ureteric stone.</p><p>The committee noted that no mode of imaging met the pre-specified threshold for sensitivity, which was set at 95%, and therefore concluded that none of the imaging modalities were as effective as the reference standard; non-contrast CT. The committee considered the consequences of a low sensitivity, and noted that this could include being sent for other imaging or investigations, and potentially a delay to treatment. The committee noted that there are risks associated with CT such as the exposure to radiation, however considered that this did not outweigh the risks associated with not diagnosing a stone.</p><p>On the other hand it was discussed how there may be some groups where the radiation risk is a concern; such as women who may be pregnant, in which case ultrasound is current practice in place of CT. The committee discussed the timing of CT imaging for diagnosis, and noted that access to CT is not currently the same across the country. It was also noted that there are harms associated with not carrying out imaging urgently, such as delay to diagnosis, and delay to treatment which may increase the risk of deterioration in renal function. Therefore, the committee agreed that based on clinical expertise and opinion of the committee, CT imaging should be done within 24 hours. The committee highlighted that CT should only be offered for those with suspected renal colic, rather than any abdominal pain without additional indicators or reasons for suspicion of renal colic. Other imaging modalities may be more appropriate where renal colic is not the suspected cause of abdominal pain.</p><p>The committee considered that for the paediatric population, there was no evidence for MRI or plain abdominal radiograph, and the evidence for ultrasound suggested that it did not meet the pre-specified threshold for sensitivity. The committee noted that in current UK practice, ultrasound is often used as the first line method of diagnosis. They considered the benefits of ultrasound include no dose of ionising radiation; however it is not as sensitive as CT and is open to wide operator variation. The committee discussed the risks associated with using CT in young children concerning the radiation, such as the increased lifetime malignancy risk, and considered that this was a very serious and potentially severe harm. The committee also discussed that renal and ureteral colic is often lower on the differential diagnosis list in children compared to adults, and presentation is much more commonly atypical. Therefore, they agreed that it was important not to increase the amount of unnecessary CT’s being carried out, given that they are associated with harms. Based on this the committee agreed that US should be offered as first line imaging, and that low-dose non-contrast CT should be considered only when there is diagnostic uncertainty following US.</p></div><div id="ch2.s1.8.1.4"><h5>1.8.1.4. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>No economic evidence was identified for this question.</p><p>The committee were presented with the costs of the different imaging techniques. MRI is the most costly, followed by CT, ultrasound, and plain abdominal radiograph.</p><p>A test with a low sensitivity will miss people and create a lot of false negatives. Poor specificity will result in more people being diagnosed as having stones when they do not (false positives). The implications of low sensitivity would be that people’s condition could get worse as they have not been diagnosed as having renal stones, which could result in more emergency care or higher risks, and require further investigation. The implication of low specificity would be unnecessary management that the patient doesn’t need, and delays identification of the true underlying condition.</p><p>The reference standard is a CT. This is one of the more expensive tests. MRI is the most expensive test, and as it is less effective than CT (because CT is the reference standard and therefore assumed to be 100% accurate); this makes MRI a dominated alternative.</p><p>Plain abdominal radiograph or ultrasound are also assumed to be by default less accurate than CT. This has to be traded off against their lower cost.</p><p>In adults, the sensitivity of ultrasound was 0.6 and specificity was 0.9. Assuming a prevalence of renal stones of 60% in a population being imaged because of pain, then if 1000 people are imaged using ultrasound, this will mean out of 600 that have a stone, only 360 are correctly identified as having a stone, and 240 will be false negatives (i.e. missed people with renal stones). There will also be 40 false positives.</p><p>Plain abdominal radiograph had similar sensitivity of 0.58 and specificity of 0.9. Using the same assumptions as above, this would lead to only 348 people identified as correctly having a stone, 252 false negatives and 40 false positives.</p><p>The cost of the different types of imaging over a cohort of 1000 people would be around £86,000 for CT, £52,000 for ultrasound, and £30,000 for plain abdominal radiograph. Spreading the cost difference between CT and ultrasound, and CT and plain abdominal radiograph, over the individuals correctly identified as having stones, would lead to a cost per correct stone diagnosis of £143 for both CT and ultrasound, and £86 per correct diagnosis for plain abdominal radiograph. Those who were missed with the less accurate techniques of ultrasound and plain abdominal radiograph will consume further resources, as they will be diagnosed at a later point, which means more imaging/tests, and any GP attendances/hospital admissions because they have been misdiagnosed and still have a stone, or potential adverse events because of the delay in diagnosis. Therefore, it could cost more in the long run to use a lower cost technique initially, because of the lower accuracy. These calculations didn’t consider the false positives who would also face delay in achieving their real diagnosis and consume unnecessary resources.</p><p>There is also the impact on quality of life to consider from being misdiagnosed.</p><p>Additionally, more accurate techniques such as CT can have other benefits unrelated to the condition in question. For example, it was committee opinion that there are around 10% incidental findings such as abdominal aneurysm, which is a life threatening condition if missed.</p><p>The committee felt that the evidence had not shown that any other technique was as good as CT, based on their pre-specified threshold for sensitivity of 95%. CT is generally already current practice for diagnosing renal stones in adults, and therefore wasn’t considered likely to have a large resource impact. The committee felt that the costs of misdiagnosing people were likely to outweigh the additional cost of undertaking CT over other techniques, and there were also other benefits like incidental findings or other diagnoses with similar presentations to acute renal colic (for example a leaking abdominal aortic aneurysm). Therefore a recommendation was made to offer CT in adults with suspected renal colic. The urgency with which the CT should take place was debated, as although immediately would be ideal, this may not always be feasible in all locations particularly out of hours, and some hospitals would ask someone to come back the following day. So although CT is generally the gold standard for diagnosis of renal stones and this is established practice, how quickly this takes place can be variable. The committee felt that by specifying ‘urgent’ and outlining that this means within 24 hours, would allow some flexibility in hospitals where this cannot happen within a few hours.</p><p>It was discussed whether the recommendation would lead to an increase in referrals from primary care/the community if CT needs to be offered within 24 hours to diagnose renal colic. The committee felt strongly that CT should be the gold standard method for diagnosing renal colic, in which case it may be that those previously presenting in the community with renal colic still had imaging, but on an outpatient/community basis. In which case it may be the same number of patients being imaged, but the imaging is being brought forward to within a shorter time frame. However, there may be an increase in referrals if some people were not being imaged, but managed in the community. The additional impact is uncertain.</p><p>It is important to make clear that the recommendation is specifying a population with suspected renal colic, which means this suspicion (based on history and clinical examination) has to be in place clinically, and this would be a subset of people presenting to hospital with abdominal/flank pain in general.</p><p>For children, there was only evidence for ultrasound, which showed a sensitivity of 0.76 compared to CT. There is more caution around imaging with a higher radiation burden in children because of their age and the cumulative effect of imaging over their lifetime. Because of these concerns, a recommendation was made for ultrasound as first line imaging and low dose non-contrast CT, if there is still uncertainty around the diagnosis and there is a high degree of suspicion for renal colic. This is in keeping with current practice where ultrasound is more likely to be first line imaging. The paediatric population suspected with renal colic is likely to be small as renal stones in this population itself is very small.</p></div></div></div></div><div id="ch2.rl.r1"><h2 id="_ch2_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref1">Abdel-Gawad
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NA. Comparison of ultrasound, intravenous urography and plain CT KUB in the diagnosis of ureteric stone. Rawal Medical Journal. 2016; 41(1):36–8</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref13">Cabrera
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|
FJ, Kaplan
|
|
AG, Youssef
|
|
RF, Tsivian
|
|
M, Shin
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RH, Scales
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CD
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et al. Digital tomosynthesis: a viable alternative to noncontrast computed tomography for the follow-up of nephrolithiasis? Journal of Endourology. 2016; 30(4):366–70 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27078715" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27078715</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref14">Catalano
|
|
O, Nunziata
|
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A, Altei
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F, Siani
|
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A. Suspected ureteral colic: primary helical CT versus selective helical CT after unenhanced radiography and sonography. AJR American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002; 178(2):379–87 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11804898" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11804898</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref15">Cauberg
|
|
ECC, Nio
|
|
CY, De La Rosette
|
|
JMCH, Laguna
|
|
MP, De Reijke
|
|
TM. Computed tomography-urography for upper urinary tract imaging: is it required for all patients who present with hematuria?
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Journal of Endourology. 2011; 25(11):1733–40 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21851272" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21851272</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref16">Chan
|
|
VO, Buckley
|
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O, Persaud
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T, Torreggiani
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WC. Urolithiasis: how accurate are plain radiographs?
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Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal. 2008; 59(3):131–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18697719" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18697719</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref17">Chen
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MY, Zagoria
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RJ. Can noncontrast helical computed tomography replace intravenous urography for evaluation of patients with acute urinary tract colic?
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Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999; 17(2):299–303 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10195491" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10195491</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref18">Cifci
|
|
E, Coban
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G, Cicek
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T, Gonulalan
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U. The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance urography using a balanced turbo field echo sequence. European Radiology. 2016; 26(12):4624–31 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26984432" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26984432</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref19">Cochon
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L, Smith
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J, Baez
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AA. Bayesian comparative assessment of diagnostic accuracy of low-dose CT scan and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of urolithiasis after the application of the STONE score. Emergency Radiology. 2017; 24(2):177–82 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27885441" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27885441</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref20">de Souza
|
|
LR, Goldman
|
|
SM, Faintuch
|
|
S, Faria
|
|
JF, Bekhor
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D, Tiferes
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DA
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et al. Comparison between ultrasound and noncontrast helical computed tomography for identification of acute ureterolithiasis in a teaching hospital setting. Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 2007; 125(2):102–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17625708" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17625708</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref21">Dillman
|
|
JR, Kappil
|
|
M, Weadock
|
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WJ, Rubin
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JM, Platt
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JF, DiPietro
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MA
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et al. Sonographic twinkling artifact for renal calculus detection: correlation with CT. Radiology. 2011; 259(3):911–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21460031" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21460031</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref22">Dorio
|
|
PJ, Pozniak
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MA, Lee
|
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FT, Jr., Kuhlman
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JE. Non-contrast-enhanced helical computed tomography for the evaluation of patients with acute flank pain. WMJ. 1999; 98(6):30–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10605353" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10605353</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref23">Drake
|
|
T, Jain
|
|
N, Bryant
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T, Wilson
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I, Somani
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BK. Should low-dose computed tomography kidneys, ureter and bladder be the new investigation of choice in suspected renal colic?: a systematic review. Indian Journal of Urology. 2014; 30(2):137–43 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3989811/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3989811</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24744508" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24744508</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref24">Dundee
|
|
P, Bouchier-Hayes
|
|
D, Haxhimolla
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H, Dowling
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R, Costello
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A. Renal tract calculi: comparison of stone size on plain radiography and noncontrast spiral CT scan. Journal of Endourology. 2006; 20(12):1005–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17206892" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17206892</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref25">Edmonds
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ML, Yan
|
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JW, Sedran
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RJ, McLeod
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SL, Theakston
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KD. The utility of renal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of renal colic in emergency department patients. CJEM Canadian Journal of Emergency Medical Care. 2010; 12(3):201–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20522284" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20522284</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref26">Ege
|
|
G, Akman
|
|
H, Kuzucu
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K, Yildiz
|
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S. Can computed tomography scout radiography replace plain film in the evaluation of patients with acute urinary tract colic?
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Acta Radiologica. 2004; 45(4):469–73 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15323403" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15323403</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref27">Eikefjord
|
|
E, Askildsen
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JE, Rorvik
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J. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of intravenous urography (IVU) and unenhanced multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) for initial investigation of suspected acute ureterolithiasis. Acta Radiologica. 2008; 49(2):222–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18300151" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18300151</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref28">Ekici
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S, Sinanoglu
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O. Comparison of conventional radiography combined with ultrasonography versus nonenhanced helical computed tomography in evaluation of patients with renal colic. Urological Research. 2012; 40(5):543–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22415439" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22415439</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref29">Eray
|
|
O, Cubuk
|
|
MS, Oktay
|
|
C, Yilmaz
|
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S, Cete
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Y, Ersoy
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FF. The efficacy of urinalysis, plain films, and spiral CT in ED patients with suspected renal colic. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003; 21(2):152–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12671819" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12671819</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref30">Eshed
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I, Witzling
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M. The role of unenhanced helical CT in the evaluation of suspected renal colic and atypical abdominal pain in children. Pediatric Radiology. 2002; 32(3):205–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12164357" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12164357</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref31">Feroze
|
|
S, Singh
|
|
B, Gojwari
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T, Manjeet
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S, Athar
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B, Hamid
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H. Role of non-contrast spiral computerized tomography in acute ureteric colic. Indian Journal of Urology. 2007; 23(2):119–21 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2721517/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2721517</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19675785" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19675785</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref32">Foell
|
|
K, Ordon
|
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M, Ghiculete
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D, Lee
|
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JY, Honey
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RJ, Pace
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KT. Does baseline radiography of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder help facilitate stone management in patients presenting to the emergency department with renal colic?
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Journal of Endourology. 2013; 27(12):1425–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24219633" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24219633</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref33">Fowler
|
|
JC, Cutress
|
|
ML, Abubacker
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|
Z, Saleemi
|
|
MA, Alam
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A, Shekhdar
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J
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et al. Clinical evaluation of ultra-low dose contrast-enhanced CT in patients presenting with acute ureteric colic. British Journal of Medical and Surgical Urology. 2011; 4(2):56–63</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref34">Fowler
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KA, Locken
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JA, Duchesne
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JH, Williamson
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MR. US for detecting renal calculi with nonenhanced CT as a reference standard. Radiology. 2002; 222(1):109–13 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11756713" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11756713</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref35">Gaspari
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RJ, Horst
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K. Emergency ultrasound and urinalysis in the evaluation of flank pain. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2005; 12(12):1180–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16282510" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16282510</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref36">German
|
|
I, Lantsberg
|
|
S, Crystal
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|
P, Assali
|
|
M, Rachinsky
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I, Kaneti
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et al. Non contrast computerized tomography and dynamic renal scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with renal colic: are both necessary?
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European Urology. 2002; 42(2):188–91 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12160592" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12160592</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref37">Gliga
|
|
ML, Chirila
|
|
CN, Podeanu
|
|
DM, Imola
|
|
T, Voicu
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|
SL, Gliga
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MG
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et al. Twinkle, twinkle little stone: an artifact improves the ultrasound performance!
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Medical Ultrasonography. 2017; 19(3):272–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28845492" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28845492</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref38">Graumann
|
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O, Osther
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SS, Spasojevic
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D, Osther
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PJ. Can the CT planning image determine whether a kidney stone is radiopaque on a plain KUB?
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Urological Research. 2012; 40(4):333–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21850409" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21850409</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref39">Gurel
|
|
S, Akata
|
|
D, Gurel
|
|
K, Ozmen
|
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MN, Akhan
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O. Correlation between the renal resistive index (RI) and nonenhanced computed tomography in acute renal colic: how reliable is the RI in distinguishing obstruction?
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Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2006; 25(9):1113–20; quiz 1121–3 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16929011" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16929011</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref40">Hamm
|
|
M, Lampart
|
|
L, Knopfle
|
|
E, Hackel
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T, Hauser
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H, Wawroschek
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F
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et al. Evaluation of acute flank pain - diagnostic value of unenhanced helical computed tomography. Klinikarzt. 2001; 30(3):72–6</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref41">Hamm
|
|
M, Wawroschek
|
|
F, Weckermann
|
|
D, Knopfle
|
|
E, Hackel
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T, Hauser
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H
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et al. Unenhanced helical computed tomography in the evaluation of acute flank pain. European Urology. 2001; 39(4):460–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11306887" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11306887</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref42">Haroun
|
|
AA, Hadidy
|
|
AM, Mithqal
|
|
AM, Mahafza
|
|
WS, Al-Riyalat
|
|
NT, Sheikh-Ali
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RF. The role of B-mode ultrasonography in the detection of urolithiasis in patients with acute renal colic. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation. 2010; 21(3):488–93 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20427874" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20427874</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref43">Herbst
|
|
MK, Rosenberg
|
|
G, Daniels
|
|
B, Gross
|
|
CP, Singh
|
|
D, Molinaro
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|
AM
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|
et al. Effect of provider experience on clinician-performed ultrasonography for hydronephrosis in patients with suspected renal colic. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2014; 64(3):269–76 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5131571/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5131571</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24630203" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24630203</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref44">Homer
|
|
JA, Davies-Payne
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DL, Peddinti
|
|
BS. Randomized prospective comparison of non-contrast enhanced helical computed tomography and intravenous urography in the diagnosis of acute ureteric colic. Australasian Radiology. 2001; 45(3):285–90 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11531750" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11531750</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref45">Hu
|
|
H, Hu
|
|
XY, Fang
|
|
XM, Chen
|
|
HW, Yao
|
|
XJ. Unenhanced helical CT following excretory urography in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract disease: a little more cost, a lot more value. Urological Research. 2010; 38(2):127–33 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19943041" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19943041</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>46.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref46">Ibrahim
|
|
EH, Cernigliaro
|
|
JG, Bridges
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|
MD, Pooley
|
|
RA, Haley
|
|
WE. The capabilities and limitations of clinical magnetic resonance imaging for detecting kidney stones: a retrospective study. International Journal of Biomedical Imaging. 2016; 2016:4935656 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5131253/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5131253</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27980535" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27980535</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>47.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref47">Jackman
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SV, Potter
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SR, Regan
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F, Jarrett
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TW. Plain abdominal x-ray versus computerized tomography screening: sensitivity for stone localization after nonenhanced spiral computerized tomography. Journal of Urology. 2000; 164(2):308–10 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10893571" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10893571</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>48.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref48">Jeng
|
|
CM, Kung
|
|
CH, Wang
|
|
YC, Wu
|
|
CY, Lee
|
|
WY, Fan
|
|
JK
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|
et al. Urolithiasis in patients with acute flank pain: comparison of plain abdominal radiography to unenhanced spiral CT. Chinese Journal of Radiology. 2001; 26(6):243–9</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>49.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref49">Johnston
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R, Lin
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A, Du
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J, Mark
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S. Comparison of kidney-ureter-bladder abdominal radiography and computed tomography scout films for identifying renal calculi. BJU International. 2009; 104(5):670–3 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19694714" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19694714</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>50.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref50">Joshi
|
|
KS, Karki
|
|
S, Regmi
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|
S, Joshi
|
|
HN, Adhikari
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|
SP. Sonography in acute ureteric colic: an experience in Dhulikhel Hospital. Kathmandu University Medical Journal. 2014; 12(45):9–15 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25219987" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25219987</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>51.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref51">Jung
|
|
SI, Kim
|
|
YJ, Park
|
|
HS, Jeon
|
|
HJ, Park
|
|
HK, Paick
|
|
SH
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|
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T, Kubota
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M, Funada
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S, Okada
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T, Higashi
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Y, Yamada
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|
|
T, Kubota
|
|
M, Sakamoto
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H, Nishiyama
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R, Okada
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T, Higashi
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|
|
T, Kubota
|
|
M, Sakamoto
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H, Nishiyama
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R, Okada
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T, Higashi
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|
|
SJ, Bhatnagar
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P, Wah
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TM, Bush
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N, Anwar
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Z, Zafar
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AM, Ahmed
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F, Ather
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MH. A comparison of non-contrast CT and intravenous urography in the diagnosis of urolithiasis and obstruction. African Journal of Urology. 2012; 18(3):108–11</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>57.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref57">Kielar
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AZ, Shabana
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W, Vakili
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M, Rubin
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J. Prospective evaluation of Doppler sonography to detect the twinkling artifact versus unenhanced computed tomography for identifying urinary tract calculi. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2012; 31(10):1619–25 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23011625" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23011625</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>58.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref58">Kluner
|
|
C, Hein
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PA, Gralla
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O, Hein
|
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E, Hamm
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B, Romano
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|
|
M, Aras
|
|
B, Sanal
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B, Yucel
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M, Guneyli
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|
|
S, Stepnov
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E, Lebedev
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V, Linov
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L, Leibovici
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O, Ben-Horin
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DH, Chang
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IH, Kim
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JW, Chi
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BH, Park
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SB. Usefulness of nonenhanced computed tomography for diagnosing urolithiasis without pyuria in the emergency department. BioMed Research International. 2015; 2015:810971 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4569768/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4569768</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26421303" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26421303</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>62.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref62">Leo
|
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MM, Langlois
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BK, Pare
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JR, Mitchell
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P, Linden
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J, Nelson
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JA, Neitlich
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J, Verga
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HM, Seow
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CP, Burrows
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CJ, Toffoli
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MT, DeWitt
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W, Esler
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J, Akbar
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SA, Schaff
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T, Jafri
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ZH, Jackson
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M, Kapustin
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A, Okotie
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K, Horiguchi
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WR, Cohan
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RH, Ellis
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JH, Dillman
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PC, Haider
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T, Sukumar
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VP, Collingwood
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J, Crawley
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J, Xing
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RM, Arnold-Reed
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K, De Geeter
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F, Bacher
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K, Van De Moortele
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|
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OF, Rineer
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SK, Reichard
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SR, Buckley
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M, Aigner
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F, Pallwein
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L, Pinggera
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M, Pinggera
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GM, Maier
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E, Neuwirt
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H, Neururer
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R, Pallwein
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MS, Lindsell
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C, Holt
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G, Iuhasz
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O, Russell
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J, MacGregor
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R, Duncan
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H, Mullins
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JL, Neves
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RF, Eloi
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SR, Cintra
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SM, Ajzen
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SA, Heilberg
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IP. Evaluation of nephrolithiasis in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2009; 4(4):838–44 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2666433/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2666433</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19339428" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19339428</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>90.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref90">O’Kane
|
|
D, Papa
|
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N, Manning
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T, Quinn
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J, Hawes
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A, Smith
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N
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EW, Sommer
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FG, Napel
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S. Accuracy of detection and measurement of renal calculi: in vitro comparison of three-dimensional spiral CT, radiography, and nephrotomography. Radiology. 1997; 204(1):19–25 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9205217" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9205217</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>92.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref92">Oner
|
|
S, Oto
|
|
A, Tekgul
|
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S, Koroglu
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M, Hascicek
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M, Sahin
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A
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et al. Comparison of spiral CT and US in the evaluation of pediatric urolithiasis. Journal Belge de Radiologie. 2004; 87(5):219–23 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15587558" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15587558</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>93.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref93">Palmer
|
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JS, Donaher
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ER, O’Riordan
|
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MA, Dell
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KM. Diagnosis of pediatric urolithiasis: role of ultrasound and computerized tomography. Journal of Urology. 2005; 174(4 Pt 1):1413–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16145452" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16145452</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>94.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref94">Park
|
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SJ, Yi
|
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BH, Lee
|
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HK, Kim
|
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YH, Kim
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GJ, Kim
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HC. Evaluation of patients with suspected ureteral calculi using sonography as an initial diagnostic tool: how can we improve diagnostic accuracy?
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Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2008; 27(10):1441–50 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18809954" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18809954</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>95.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref95">Passerotti
|
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C, Chow
|
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JS, Silva
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A, Schoettler
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CL, Rosoklija
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I, Perez-Rossello
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J
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et al. Ultrasound versus computerized tomography for evaluating urolithiasis. Journal of Urology. 2009; 182:(4 Suppl):1829–34 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19692054" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19692054</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>96.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref96">Patlas
|
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M, Farkas
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A, Fisher
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D, Zaghal
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I, Hadas-Halpern
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I. Ultrasound vs CT for the detection of ureteric stones in patients with renal colic. British Journal of Radiology. 2001; 74(886):901–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11675305" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11675305</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>97.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref97">Pepe
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P, Motta
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L, Pennisi
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M, Aragona
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F. Functional evaluation of the urinary tract by color-Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) in 100 patients with renal colic. European Journal of Radiology. 2005; 53(1):131–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15607864" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15607864</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>98.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref98">Pfister
|
|
SA, Deckart
|
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A, Laschke
|
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S, Dellas
|
|
S, Otto
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U, Buitrago
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C
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et al. Unenhanced helical computed tomography vs intravenous urography in patients with acute flank pain: accuracy and economic impact in a randomized prospective trial. European Radiology. 2003; 13(11):2513–20 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12898174" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12898174</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>99.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref99">Pichler
|
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R, Skradski
|
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V, Aigner
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F, Leonhartsberger
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N, Steiner
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H. In young adults with a low body mass index ultrasonography is sufficient as a diagnostic tool for ureteric stones. BJU International. 2012; 109(5):770–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21740502" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21740502</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>100.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref100">Poletti
|
|
PA, Platon
|
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A, Rutschmann
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OT, Verdun
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FR, Schmidlin
|
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FR, Iselin
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CE
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et al. Abdominal plain film in patients admitted with clinical suspicion of renal colic: should it be replaced by low-dose computed tomography?
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Urology. 2006; 67(1):64–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16413334" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16413334</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>101.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref101">Quirke
|
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M, Divilly
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F, O’Kelly
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P, Winder
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S, Gilligan
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P. Imaging patients with renal colic: a comparative analysis of the impact of non-contrast helical computed tomography versus intravenous pyelography on the speed of patient processing in the Emergency Department. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2011; 28(3):197–200 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20581407" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20581407</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>102.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref102">Rajaie Esfahani
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M, Momeni
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A. Comparison of ultrasonography and intravenous urography in the screening and diagnosis of hematuria causes. Urology Journal. 2006; 3(1):54–60; discussion 60 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17590854" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17590854</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>103.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref103">Ray
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AA, Ghiculete
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D, Pace
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KT, Honey
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RJ. Limitations to ultrasound in the detection and measurement of urinary tract calculi. Urology. 2010; 76(2):295–300 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20206970" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20206970</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>104.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref104">Rengifo Abbad
|
|
D, Rodriguez Caravaca
|
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G, Barreales Tolosa
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L, Villar del Campo
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MC, Martel Villagran
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J, Trapero Garcia
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MA. Diagnostic validity of helical CT compared to ultrasonography in renal-ureteral colic. Archivos Españoles de Urología. 2010; 63(2):139–44 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20378936" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20378936</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>105.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref105">Resorlu
|
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M, Abdulmajed
|
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MI, Resorlu
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EB, Ates
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C, Uysal
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F, Adam
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G
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JR, Christman
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CA. Intravenous urography in the emergency department: when do we need it?
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European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999; 6(2):129–33 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10461557" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10461557</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>107.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref107">Riddell
|
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J, Case
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A, Wopat
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R, Beckham
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S, Lucas
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M, McClung
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CD
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et al. Sensitivity of emergency bedside ultrasound to detect hydronephrosis in patients with computed tomography-proven stones. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2014; 15(1):96–100 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3935794/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3935794</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24578772" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24578772</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>108.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref108">Ripolles
|
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T, Agramunt
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M, Errando
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J, Martinez
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MJ, Coronel
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B, Morales
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M. Suspected ureteral colic: plain film and sonography vs unenhanced helical CT. A prospective study in 66 patients. European Radiology. 2004; 14(1):129–36 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12819916" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12819916</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>109.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref109">Ripolles
|
|
T, Martinez-Perez
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MJ, Vizuete
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J, Miralles
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S, Delgado
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F, Pastor-Navarro
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T. Sonographic diagnosis of symptomatic ureteral calculi: usefulness of the twinkling artifact. Abdominal Imaging. 2013; 38(4):863–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23011549" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23011549</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>110.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref110">Rosen
|
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CL, Brown
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DF, Sagarin
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MJ, Chang
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Y, McCabe
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CJ, Wolfe
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RE. Ultrasonography by emergency physicians in patients with suspected ureteral colic. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998; 16(6):865–70 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9848702" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9848702</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>111.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref111">Rosser
|
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CJ, Zagoria
|
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R, Dixon
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R, Scurry
|
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WC, Bare
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RL, McCullough
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DL
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JL, Kuhn
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M, Bonnin
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RL, Davey
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MJ, Langlois
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SL. Accuracy of emergency department bedside ultrasonography. Emergency Medicine. 2001; 13(3):305–13 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11554861" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11554861</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>113.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref113">Ryu
|
|
JA, Kim
|
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B, Jeon
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YH, Lee
|
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J, Lee
|
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JW, Jeon
|
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SS
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et al. Unenhanced spiral CT in acute ureteral colic: a replacement for excretory urography?
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Korean Journal of Radiology. 2001; 2(1):14–20 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2718090/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2718090</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11752964" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11752964</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>114.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref114">Sade
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R, Ogul
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H, Eren
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S, Levent
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A, Kantarci
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M. Comparison of ultrasonography and low-dose computed tomography for the diagnosis of pediatric urolithiasis in the emergency department. The Eurasian Journal of Medicine. 2017; 49(2):128–31 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5469839/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5469839</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28638256" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28638256</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>115.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref115">Sarofim
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M, Teo
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A, Wilson
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R. Management of alternative pathology detected using CT KUB in suspected ureteric colic. International Journal of Surgery. 2016; 32:179–82 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27373521" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27373521</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>116.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref116">Sattar
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A, Ahmed
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I, Anjum
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S, Chishti
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AT. Comparative study of non-contrast-enhanced spiral CT scan to ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute renal colic. Medical Forum Monthly. 2011; 22(12):24–6</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>117.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref117">Schwartz
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G, Lipschitz
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S, Becker
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JA. Detection of renal calculi: the value of tomography. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1984; 143(1):143–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6610309" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6610309</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>118.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref118">Selberherr
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|
A, Hormann
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M, Prager
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|
G, Riss
|
|
P, Scheuba
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C, Niederle
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B. “Silent” kidney stones in “asymptomatic” primary hyperparathyroidism-a comparison of multidetector computed tomography and ultrasound. Langenbeck’s Archives of Surgery. 2017; 402(2):289–93 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5346427/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5346427</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27734157" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27734157</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>119.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref119">Semins
|
|
MJ, Feng
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Z, Trock
|
|
B, Bohlman
|
|
M, Hosek
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W, Matlaga
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BR. Evaluation of acute renal colic: a comparison of non-contrast CT versus 3-T non-contrast HASTE MR urography. Urolithiasis. 2013; 41(1):43–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23532422" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23532422</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>120.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref120">Sen
|
|
V, Imamoglu
|
|
C, Kucukturkmen
|
|
I, Degirmenci
|
|
T, Bozkurt
|
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IH, Yonguc
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T
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|
|
DH, Hertzberg
|
|
BS, Freed
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|
KS, Carroll
|
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BA, Keogan
|
|
MT, Paulson
|
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EK
|
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et al. Nonenhanced helical CT and US in the emergency evaluation of patients with renal colic: prospective comparison. Radiology. 2000; 217(3):792–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11110945" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11110945</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>122.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref122">Shokeir
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AA, Abdulmaaboud
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M. Prospective comparison of nonenhanced helical computerized tomography and Doppler ultrasonography for the diagnosis of renal colic. Journal of Urology. 2001; 165(4):1082–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11257642" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11257642</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>123.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref123">Smith-Bindman
|
|
R, Aubin
|
|
C, Bailitz
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|
J, Bengiamin
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RN, Camargo
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CA, Jr., Corbo
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J
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|
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KM, Eisner
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B, Larson
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T, Hernandez
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N, Han
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J, Pais
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VM. Ultrasonography significantly overestimates stone size when compared to low-dose, noncontrast computed tomography. Urology. 2016; 95:67–71 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27289025" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27289025</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>125.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref125">Sudah
|
|
M, Vanninen
|
|
RL, Partanen
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|
K, Kainulainen
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S, Malinen
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A, Heino
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A
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et al. Patients with acute flank pain: comparison of MR urography with unenhanced helical CT. Radiology. 2002; 223(1):98–105 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11930053" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11930053</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>126.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref126">Thomson
|
|
JM, Glocer
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|
J, Abbott
|
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C, Maling
|
|
TM, Mark
|
|
S. Computed tomography versus intravenous urography in diagnosis of acute flank pain from urolithiasis: a randomized study comparing imaging costs and radiation dose. Australasian Radiology. 2001; 45(3):291–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11531751" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11531751</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>127.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref127">Ulusan
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S, Koc
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Z, Tokmak
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N. Accuracy of sonography for detecting renal stone: comparison with CT. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. 2007; 35(5):256–61 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17373690" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17373690</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>128.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref128">Unal
|
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D, Yeni
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E, Karaoglanoglu
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M, Verit
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A, Karatas
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OF. Can conventional examinations contribute to the diagnostic power of unenhanced helical computed tomography in urolithiasis? Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 70(1):31–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12566812" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12566812</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>129.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref129">Uraiqat
|
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A, Al Khateeb
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M, Al Shishani
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J. Non-enhanced spiral CT versus excretory urography in acute renal colic. Qatar Medical Journal. 2007; 16(2):21–4</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>130.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref130">Valencia
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V, Moghadassi
|
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M, Kriesel
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DR, Cummings
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S, Smith-Bindman
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R. Study of tomography of nephrolithiasis evaluation (STONE): methodology, approach and rationale. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2014; 38(1):92–101 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24721483" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24721483</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>131.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref131">Vallone
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G, Napolitano
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G, Fonio
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P, Antinolfi
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G, Romeo
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A, Macarini
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L
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et al. US detection of renal and ureteral calculi in patients with suspected renal colic. Critical Ultrasound Journal. 2013; 5:(Suppl 1):S3 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3711724/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3711724</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23902730" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23902730</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>132.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref132">Van Appledorn
|
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S, Ball
|
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AJ, Patel
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VR, Kim
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S, Leveillee
|
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RJ. Limitations of noncontrast CT for measuring ureteral stones. Journal of Endourology. 2003; 17(10):851–4; discussion 854 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14744347" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14744347</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>133.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref133">Van Beers
|
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BE, Dechambre
|
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S, Hulcelle
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P, Materne
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R, Jamart
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J. Value of multislice helical CT scans and maximum-intensity-projection images to improve detection of ureteral stones at abdominal radiography. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2001; 177(5):1117–21 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11641185" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11641185</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>134.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref134">Vieweg
|
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J, Teh
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C, Freed
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K, Leder
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RA, Smith
|
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RH, Nelson
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RH
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et al. Unenhanced helical computerized tomography for the evaluation of patients with acute flank pain. Journal of Urology. 1998; 160(3 Pt 1):679–84 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9720520" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9720520</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>135.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref135">Viprakasit
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DP, Sawyer
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MD, Herrell
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SD, Miller
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NL. Limitations of ultrasonography in the evaluation of urolithiasis: a correlation with computed tomography. Journal of Endourology. 2012; 26(3):209–13 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22010975" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22010975</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>136.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref136">Vrtiska
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TJ, Hattery
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RR, King
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BF, Charboneau
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JW, Smith
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LH, Williamson
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B, Jr.
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et al. Role of ultrasound in medical management of patients with renal stone disease. Urologic Radiology. 1992; 14(3):131–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1290198" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1290198</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>137.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref137">Wang
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JH, Lin
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WC, Wei
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CJ, Chang
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CY. Diagnostic value of unenhanced computerized tomography urography in the evaluation of acute renal colic. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 2003; 19(10):503–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14620676" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14620676</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>138.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref138">Wang
|
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JH, Shen
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SH, Huang
|
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SS, Chang
|
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CY. Prospective comparison of unenhanced spiral computed tomography and intravenous urography in the evaluation of acute renal colic. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. 2008; 71(1):30–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18218557" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18218557</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>139.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref139">Wang
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LJ, Ng
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CJ, Chen
|
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JC, Chiu
|
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TF, Wong
|
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YC. Diagnosis of acute flank pain caused by ureteral stones: value of combined direct and indirect signs on IVU and unenhanced helical CT. European Radiology. 2004; 14(9):1634–40 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15060838" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15060838</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>140.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref140">Wang
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RC, Rodriguez
|
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RM, Fahimi
|
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J, Hall
|
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MK, Shiboski
|
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S, Chi
|
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T
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et al. Derivation of decision rules to predict clinically important outcomes in acute flank pain patients. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2017; 35(4):554–63 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5701802/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5701802</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28082160" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28082160</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>141.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref141">Watkins
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S, Bowra
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J, Sharma
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P, Holdgate
|
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A, Giles
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A, Campbell
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L. Validation of emergency physician ultrasound in diagnosing hydronephrosis in ureteric colic. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2007; 19(3):188–95 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17564683" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17564683</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>142.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref142">Westergreen-Thorne
|
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M, Lee
|
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SY, Babawale
|
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K, Lovegrove
|
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C, Brewer
|
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J, Shrotri
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N. Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in the community and in the hospital setting for urinary calculi: a retrospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Urology. 2017; 10(2):133–36</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>143.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref143">Winkel
|
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RR, Kalhauge
|
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A, Fredfeldt
|
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KE. The usefulness of ultrasound colour-Doppler twinkling artefact for detecting urolithiasis compared with low dose nonenhanced computerized tomography. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 2012; 38(7):1180–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502894" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22502894</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>144.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref144">Wong
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SK, Ng
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LG, Tan
|
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BS, Cheng
|
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CW, Chee
|
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CT, Chan
|
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LP
|
|
et al. Acute renal colic: value of unenhanced spiral computed tomography compared with intravenous urography. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 2001; 30(6):568–72 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11817281" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11817281</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>145.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref145">Yap
|
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WW, Belfield
|
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JC, Bhatnagar
|
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P, Kennish
|
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S, Wah
|
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TM. Evaluation of the sensitivity of scout radiographs on unenhanced helical CT in identifying ureteric calculi: a large UK tertiary referral centre experience. British Journal of Radiology. 2012; 85(1014):800–6 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3474095/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3474095</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22665926" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22665926</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>146.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref146">Yavuz
|
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A, Ceken
|
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K, Alimoglu
|
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E, Kabaalioglu
|
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A. The reliability of color doppler “twinkling” artifact for diagnosing millimetrical nephrolithiasis: comparison with BMode US and CT scanning results. Journal of Medical Ultrasonics. 2015; 42(2):215–22 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26576575" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26576575</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>147.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref147">Yilmaz
|
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S, Sindel
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T, Arslan
|
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G, Ozkaynak
|
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C, Karaali
|
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K, Kabaalioglu
|
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A
|
|
et al. Renal colic: comparison of spiral CT, US and IVU in the detection of ureteral calculi. European Radiology. 1998; 8(2):212–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9477267" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9477267</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>148.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch2.ref148">Zilberman
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DE, Tsivian
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M, Lipkin
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ME, Ferrandino
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MN, Frush
|
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DP, Paulson
|
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EK
|
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et al. Low dose computerized tomography for detection of urolithiasis-its effectiveness in the setting of the urology clinic. Journal of Urology. 2011; 185(3):910–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21239024" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21239024</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixes.appgroup2"><h2 id="_appendixes_appgroup2_">Appendices</h2><div id="ch2.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="ch2.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 6. Review protocol: What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of performing imaging for diagnosing renal and ureteric stones?</a></p><p id="ch2.appa.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appatab2" class="figpopup">Table 7. Health economic review protocol</a></p></div><div id="ch2.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual 2014, updated 2017</p><p>
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<a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869</a>
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</p><p><i>For more detailed information, please see the</i> Methodology Review. [Add cross reference]</p><div id="ch2.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>Searches were constructed using a PICO framework where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and in some cases Comparison (C) terms. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions as these concepts may not be well described in title, abstract or indexes and therefore difficult to retrieve. Search filters were applied to the search where appropriate.</p><p id="ch2.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab1" class="figpopup">Table 8. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch2.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab2" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch2.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab3" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch2.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab4" class="figpopup">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p></div><div id="ch2.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to renal and ureteric stones population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional searches were run on Medline and Embase for health economics studies.</p><p id="ch2.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab5" class="figpopup">Table 9. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch2.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab6" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch2.appb.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab7" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch2.appb.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appbtab8" class="figpopup">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</a></p></div></div><div id="ch2.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><p id="ch2.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577648/figure/ch2.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appcfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of performing imaging for diagnosing renal and ureteric stones?</a></p></div><div id="ch2.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="ch2.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK577648/bin/ch2-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (565K)</span></p></div><div id="ch2.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Coupled sensitivity and specificity forest plots and sROC curves</h3><div id="ch2.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. Coupled sensitivity and specificity forest plots</h4><p id="ch2.appe.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577648/figure/ch2.appe.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appefig1" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Sensitivity and specificity of index test ultrasound for condition renal or ureteric stones in adults</a></p><p id="ch2.appe.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK577648/figure/ch2.appe.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appefig2" class="figpopup">Figure 3. Sensitivity and specificity of index test plain abdominal radiograph for condition renal or ureteric stones in adults</a></p><p id="ch2.appe.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK577648/figure/ch2.appe.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appefig3" class="figpopup">Figure 4. Sensitivity and specificity of index test MRI for condition renal or ureteric stones in adults</a></p><p id="ch2.appe.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK577648/figure/ch2.appe.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appefig4" class="figpopup">Figure 5. Sensitivity and specificity of index test ultrasound for condition renal or ureteric stones in children</a></p></div><div id="ch2.appe.s2"><h4>E.2. ROC curves</h4><p id="ch2.appe.fig5"><a href="/books/NBK577648/figure/ch2.appe.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appefig5" class="figpopup">Figure 6. Pooled with prediction region: ultrasound</a></p><p id="ch2.appe.fig6"><a href="/books/NBK577648/figure/ch2.appe.fig6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appefig6" class="figpopup">Figure 7. Pooled with prediction region: plain abdominal radiograph</a></p></div></div><div id="ch2.appf"><h3>Appendix F. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="ch2.appf.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577648/figure/ch2.appf.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2appffig1" class="figpopup">Figure 8. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</a></p></div><div id="ch2.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence tables</h3><p>None</p></div><div id="ch2.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Excluded studies</h3><div id="ch2.apph.s1"><h4>H.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="ch2.apph.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.apph.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch2apphtab1" class="figpopup">Table 10. Studies excluded from the clinical review</a></p></div><div id="ch2.apph.s2"><h4>H.2. Excluded health economic studies</h4><p>None</p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Diagnostic evidence review (B)</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Centre</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK577648</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35133758" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">35133758</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab1"><div id="ch2.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People (adults, children and young people) with suspected (or under investigation for) renal and ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Target condition</th><td headers="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal and ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index tests</th><td headers="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch2.l1"><li id="ch2.lt1" class="half_rhythm"><div>Plain abdominal radiograph (conventional, KUB)</div></li><li id="ch2.lt2" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ultrasound</div></li><li id="ch2.lt3" class="half_rhythm"><div>Magnetic resonance imaging</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard</th><td headers="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch2.l2"><li id="ch2.lt4" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non contrast computed tomography</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Statistical measures</th><td headers="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch2.l3"><li id="ch2.lt5" class="half_rhythm"><div>Specificity</div></li><li id="ch2.lt6" class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity</div></li><li id="ch2.lt7" class="half_rhythm"><div>Positive Predictive Value</div></li><li id="ch2.lt8" class="half_rhythm"><div>Negative Predictive Value</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_ch2.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Cross-sectional studies, cohort studies</p>
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<p>Case–control and case series studies should be included only if there is no other evidence</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab2"><div id="ch2.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Target condition</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Index test</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Reference standard</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chan 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref16" rid="ch2.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=100</p>
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<p>People being investigated for suspected urolithiasis</p>
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<p>Ireland</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urolithiasis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Plain abdominal radiograph (KUB)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unenhanced CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosing number of patients with stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cifci 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref18" rid="ch2.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=159</p>
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<p>People who were admitted to the urology department with suspected acute urinary calculi (flank pain, hematuria or patients with a history of urinary calculi)</p>
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<p>Turkey</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ureteral calculi</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI (MRU with a B-TFE sequence)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unenhanced CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Diagnosing number of patients with stones</p>
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<p>Calculi located in the kidneys and the bladder were not documented. Only calculi located in ureters were documented.</p>
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<p>Reports results from two independent observers</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">de Souza 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref20" rid="ch2.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=52</p>
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<p>People referred for evaluation of acute renal colic</p>
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<p>Brazil</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ureterolithiasis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">US</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-contrast helical CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosing number of patients with stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Haroun 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref42" rid="ch2.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=156</p>
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<p>People who underwent UHCT scan and US for suspicion of urolithiasis</p>
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<p>Jordan</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal stones Ureteral stones</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">US (B-mode)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unenhanced CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Diagnosing number of patients with stones</p>
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<p>Study reports sensitivity and specificity for all stones (including urinary bladder) or for renal and ureteric stones separately. Currently extracted all stones as no raw data is reported for separate types of stone.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kanno 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref52" rid="ch2.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=822</p>
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<p>People with acute flank pain, hematuria, or a history of urinary stones who had KUB, US and NCCT on the same day</p>
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<p>Japan</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal stones</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>US (greyscale)</p>
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<p>Plain abdominal radiograph (KUB)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-contrast CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosing number of kidneys with stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kanno 2014a<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref54" rid="ch2.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=428</p>
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<p>People with acute flank pain, hematuria, or a history of urinary stones who had US and NCCT on the same day</p>
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<p>Japan</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal stones</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">US</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-contrast CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Diagnosing number of kidneys with stones</p>
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<p>Study reports results for ‘individual stone’ and for ‘specific stone’. Currently extracted ‘individual stone’ data.</p>
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<p>The study includes 856 kidneys, but in the results there are only 853.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kanno 2014b<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref53" rid="ch2.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=428</p>
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<p>People with symptoms such as acute flank pain or hematuria</p>
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<p>Japan</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ureteral stones</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">US</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-contrast CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosing number of ureters with stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kielar 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref57" rid="ch2.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=51</p>
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<p>People with flank pain</p>
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<p>Canada</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urolithiasis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">US (greyscale)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unenhanced CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosing number of stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Levine 1997<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref63" rid="ch2.ref63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=152</p>
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|
<p>People with acute flank pain who had a CT within 4 hours of plain radiography</p>
|
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<p>USA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ureteral stones</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Plain abdominal radiography</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unenhanced helical CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosing number of patients with stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Passerotti 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref95" rid="ch2.ref95"><sup>95</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=50</p>
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|
<p>Children who had signs, symptoms or a history suggestive of urolithiasis who had US and CT within 0.5–8 hours of each other</p>
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<p>USA</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nephrolithiasis/urinary stones</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">US</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-contrast CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Diagnosing number of patients with stones</p>
|
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<p>24% of participants were asymptomatic at presentation but were evaluated because of a history of urolithiasis</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Resorlu 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref105" rid="ch2.ref105"><sup>105</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=500</p>
|
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<p>People with acute flank pain who had CT and US within 10 days</p>
|
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<p>Turkey</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary stones (kidney and ureter)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">US (grey scale)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-contrast CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosing number of patients with stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Semins 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref119" rid="ch2.ref119"><sup>119</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=22</p>
|
|
<p>People with suspected acute ureteral calculus</p>
|
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<p>USA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Obstructing stones</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI (MRU (noncontrast HASTE [Half-Fourier single shot turbo spin-echo]))</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-contrast CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosing number of patients with stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sternberg 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref124" rid="ch2.ref124"><sup>124</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=155</p>
|
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<p>People with suspected renal colic who had US and CT within 1 day</p>
|
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<p>Lebanon</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary calculi</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal US</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-contrast CT</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosing number of patients with stones</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab3"><div id="ch2.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy for Ultrasound, plain abdominal radiograph and MRI in adults</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Index Test (Threshold)</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">n</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity % (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity % (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<u>Ultrasound</u>
|
|
</th><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasound</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4189</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>a</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>b</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>d</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, very serious inconsistency and very serious imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pooled<sup>e</sup>: 0.60 (0.38, 0.79)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pooled<sup>e</sup>: 0.90 (0.79, 0.97)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_3_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<u>Plain abdominal radiograph</u>
|
|
</th><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_3_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Plain abdominal radiograph</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1895</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>a</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>d</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, very serious imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pooled<sup>e</sup>: 0.58 (0.29, 0.58)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pooled<sup>e</sup>: 0.90 (0.41, 1.00)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<u>MRI</u>
|
|
</th><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">159</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>a</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>d</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, serious imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.66 (0.55, 0.76)<sup>f</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.96 (0.89, 0.99)<sup>f</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">159</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.72 (0.61, 0.81)<sup>f</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 (0.95, 1.00)<sup>f</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>a</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>d</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, serious imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.84 (0.60, 0.97)<sup>f</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch2.tab3_1_1_5_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 (0.29, 1.00)<sup>f</sup></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">The assessment of the evidence quality was conducted with emphasis on sensitivity as this was identified by the committee as the primary measure in guiding decision-making. The committee set the sensitivity threshold at 95% as the acceptable level to recommend a test.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by inspection of the sensitivity and specificity plots</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab3_3"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab3_4"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region of sensitivity in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the range of the confidence interval around the point estimate was 20–40%, and downgraded by 2 increments when there was a range of >40%</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab3_5"><p class="no_margin">Pooled sensitivity/specificity from diagnostic meta-analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(f)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab3_6"><p class="no_margin">Could not be pooled due to insufficient data. Individual sensitivity values and their coupled specificity is presented.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab4"><div id="ch2.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy for Ultrasound, plain abdominal radiograph and MRI in children</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Index Test (Threshold)</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">n</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity % (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity % (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<u>Ultrasound</u>
|
|
</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasound</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>a</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>d</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, serious imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 (0.79, 1.00)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch2.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.76 (0.59, 0.89)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">The assessment of the evidence quality was conducted with emphasis on sensitivity as this was identified by the committee as the primary measure in guiding decision-making. The committee set the sensitivity threshold at 95% as the acceptable level to recommend a test.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by inspection of the sensitivity and specificity plots</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="ch2.tab4_4"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region of sensitivity in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the range of the confidence interval around the point estimate was 20–40%, and downgraded by 2 increments when there was a range of >40%</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2tab5"><div id="ch2.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">UK costs of diagnostic imaging techniques</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Diagnostic imaging</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Detail</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Unit cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Plain abdominal radiograph</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Direct access plain film</p>
|
|
<p>Currency code: DAPF</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£29.78</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasound</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Ultrasound Scan with duration of less than 20 minutes, without Contrast</p>
|
|
<p>Currency code: RD40Z</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£51.59</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Computerised Tomography (CT)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Adults:</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Computerised Tomography Scan of One Area, without Contrast, 19 years and over</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£85.56</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Children:</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Computerised Tomography Scan of One Area, without Contrast, between 6 and 18 years</p>
|
|
<p>Currency code: RD20B</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£91.67</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Computerised Tomography Scan of One Area, without Contrast, 5 years and under</p>
|
|
<p>Currency code: RD20C</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£94.72</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Adults:</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of One Area, without Contrast, 19 years and over</p>
|
|
<p>Currency code: RD01A</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£138.24</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Children:</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of One Area, without Contrast, between 6 and 18 years</p>
|
|
<p>Currency code: RD01B</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£135.88</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of One Area, without Contrast, 5 years and under</p>
|
|
<p>Currency code: RD01C</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£160.59</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Source: NHS reference costs 2016/17<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref87" rid="ch2.ref87"><sup>87</sup></a>.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appatab1"><div id="ch2.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Review protocol: What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of performing imaging for diagnosing renal and ureteric stones?</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Field</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Content</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of performing imaging for diagnosing renal and ureteric stones?</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Diagnostic review</p>
|
|
<p>A review of health economic evidence related to the same review question was conducted in parallel with this review. For details see the health economic review protocol for this NICE guideline.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objective of the review</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To evaluate the diagnostic test accuracy of imaging techniques in diagnosing renal and ureteric stones.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – population / disease / condition / issue / domain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People (adults, children and young people) with suspected (or under investigation for) renal and ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – intervention(s) / exposure(s) / prognostic factor(s)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul id="ch2.l6" class="circle"><li id="ch2.lt13" class="half_rhythm"><div>Plain abdominal radiograph (conventional, KUB)</div></li><li id="ch2.lt14" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ultrasound</div></li><li id="ch2.lt15" class="half_rhythm"><div>Magnetic resonance imaging</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – comparator(s) / control or reference (gold) standard</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch2.l7"><li id="ch2.lt16" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non contrast computed tomography</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes and prioritisation</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
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<ul id="ch2.l8"><li id="ch2.lt17" class="half_rhythm"><div>Specificity</div></li><li id="ch2.lt18" class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity</div></li><li id="ch2.lt19" class="half_rhythm"><div>Positive Predictive Value</div></li><li id="ch2.lt20" class="half_rhythm"><div>Negative Predictive Value</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – study design</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Cross-sectional studies, cohort studies,</p>
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<p>Case–control and case series studies should be included only if there is no other evidence (as they are biased).</p>
|
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other inclusion exclusion criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Bladder stones</p>
|
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<p>Open surgery for renal (kidney and ureteric) stones</p>
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<p>Laparoscopic nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy</p>
|
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<p>Non-English language studies</p>
|
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed sensitivity / subgroup analysis, or meta-regression</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Strata:
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<ul id="ch2.l9"><li id="ch2.lt21" class="half_rhythm"><div>Adults (≥16 years)</div></li><li id="ch2.lt22" class="half_rhythm"><div>Children and young people (<16 years)</div></li><li id="ch2.lt23" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pregnant women</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Selection process – duplicate screening / selection / analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Studies are sifted by title and abstract. Potentially significant publications obtained in full text are then assessed against the inclusion criteria specified in this protocol.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data management (software)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch2.l10"><li id="ch2.lt24" class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity and specificity are calculated using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan5).</div></li><li id="ch2.lt25" class="half_rhythm"><div>Diagnostic meta-analyses are conducted using WinBUGS14 and graphically presented using RevMan5.</div></li><li id="ch2.lt26" class="half_rhythm"><div>Endnote for bibliography, citations, sifting and reference management</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Information sources – databases and dates</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch2.l11" class="simple-list"><li id="ch2.lt27" class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical search databases to be used: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library</div></li><li id="ch2.lt28" class="half_rhythm"><div>Date: all years</div></li></ul>
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<ul id="ch2.l12" class="simple-list"><li id="ch2.lt29" class="half_rhythm"><div>Health economics search databases to be used: Medline, Embase, NHSEED, HTA</div></li><li id="ch2.lt30" class="half_rhythm"><div>Date: Medline, Embase from 2014</div></li><li id="ch2.lt31" class="half_rhythm"><div>NHSEED, HTA – all years</div></li></ul>
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<ul id="ch2.l13" class="simple-list"><li id="ch2.lt32" class="half_rhythm"><div>Language: Restrict to English only</div></li><li id="ch2.lt33" class="half_rhythm"><div>Supplementary search techniques: backward citation searching</div></li></ul>
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<ul id="ch2.l14" class="simple-list"><li id="ch2.lt34" class="half_rhythm"><div>Key papers: Not known</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify if an update</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not applicable</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Author contacts</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10033</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Highlight if amendment to previous protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 4.5 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/4-Developing-review-questions-and-planning-the-evidence-review#planning-the-evidence-review" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy – for one database</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see <a href="#ch2.appb">appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data collection process – forms / duplicate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A standardised evidence table format will be used, and published as <a href="#ch2.appd">appendix D</a> of the evidence report.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data items – define all variables to be collected</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see evidence tables in <a href="#ch2.appd">Appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#ch2.apph">H</a> (health economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for assessing bias at outcome / study level</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Standard study checklists are used to critically appraise individual studies. For details please see section 6.2 of Developing NICE guidelines: the manual.</p>
|
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<p>The risk of bias is evaluated for each outcome on a study using the QUADAS-2 checklist.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criteria for quantitative synthesis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.4 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for quantitative analysis – combining studies and exploring (in)consistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the separate Methods report for this guideline.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-bias assessment – publication bias, selective reporting bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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<p>[Consider exploring publication bias for review questions where it may be more common, such as pharmacological questions, certain disease areas, etc. Describe any steps taken to mitigate against publication bias, such as examining trial registries.]</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Confidence in cumulative evidence</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see sections 6.4 and 9.1 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rationale / context – what is known</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the introduction to the evidence review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Describe contributions of authors and guarantor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>A multidisciplinary committee developed the evidence review. The committee was convened by the National Guideline Centre (NGC) and chaired by Andrew Dickinson in line with section 3 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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<p>Staff from NGC undertook systematic literature searches, appraised the evidence, conducted meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis where appropriate, and drafted the evidence review in collaboration with the committee. For details please see <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sources of funding / support</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Name of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roles of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NICE funds NGC to develop guidelines for those working in the NHS, public health and social care in England.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROSPERO registration number</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not registered</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appatab2"><div id="ch2.appa.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appa.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Objectives</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search criteria</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch2.l15"><li id="ch2.lt35" class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the individual review protocol above.</div></li><li id="ch2.lt36" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant economic study design (cost-utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li id="ch2.lt37" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed. The bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li id="ch2.lt38" class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li id="ch2.lt39" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and an economic study filter – see <a href="#ch2.appg">Appendix G</a>
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<i>[in the Full guideline]</i>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Review strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;"><p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2002, abstract-only studies and studies from non-OECD countries or the USA will also be excluded.</p><p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in <a href="#ch2.appg">Appendix G</a> of the 2014 NICE guidelines manual.<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref86" rid="ch2.ref86"><sup>86</sup></a></p><p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
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<ul id="ch2.l16"><li id="ch2.lt40" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’ then it will be included in the guideline. An economic evidence table will be completed and it will be included in the economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="ch2.lt41" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’ then it will usually be excluded from the guideline. If it is excluded then an economic evidence table will not be completed and it will not be included in the economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="ch2.lt42" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul>
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<b>Where there is discretion</b></p><p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question, in discussion with the Committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the Committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to selectively exclude the remaining studies. All studies excluded on the basis of applicability or methodological limitations will be listed with explanation as excluded economic studies in Appendix M.</p><p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p><p><i>Setting:</i>
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<ul id="ch2.l17"><li id="ch2.lt43" class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch2.lt44" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li id="ch2.lt45" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li id="ch2.lt46" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the USA will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Economic study type:</i>
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<ul id="ch2.l18"><li id="ch2.lt47" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost-utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch2.lt48" class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-consequences analysis).</div></li><li id="ch2.lt49" class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li id="ch2.lt50" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Year of analysis:</i>
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<ul id="ch2.l19"><li id="ch2.lt51" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li id="ch2.lt52" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2002 or later but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly from before 2002 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li id="ch2.lt53" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2002 will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the economic analysis:</i>
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<ul id="ch2.l20"><li id="ch2.lt54" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the economic analysis matches with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab1"><div id="ch2.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 29 November 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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<p>Diagnostic tests studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 29 November 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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<p>Diagnostic tests studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Cochrane Reviews to 2017 Issue 11 of 12</p>
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<p>CENTRAL to 2017 Issue 10 of 12</p>
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<p>DARE, and NHSEED to 2015 Issue 2 of 4</p>
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<p>HTA to 2016 Issue 4 of 4</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab2"><div id="ch2.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7–14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 not 16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/17–23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 25 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Tomography/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tomograph*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(NCCT or CT or UHCT).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((CAT or body) adj2 scan*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27–30</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Radiography/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Radiography, Abdominal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urography/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(radiograph* or x ray* or xray* KUB or urograph*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/32–35</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasonography/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ultrasonograph* or ultrasound or ultrasonic or sonograph* or echograph* or echotomograph*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ultra adj2 (sound or sonic)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sound* adj2 (wave* or frequenc*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(US adj3 imag*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/37–41</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic Resonance Imaging/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((magnetic or nuclear) adj2 resonance adj3 imag*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(MRI or NMR or NMRI or fMRI or MR).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/43–45</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31 or 36 or 42 or 46</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 and 47</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “sensitivity and specificity”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sensitivity or specificity).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pre test or pretest or post test) adj probability).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(predictive value* or PPV or NPV).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">likelihood ratio*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">likelihood function/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((area under adj4 curve) or AUC).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(receive* operat* characteristic* or receive* operat* curve* or ROC curve*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(diagnos* adj3 (performance* or accurac* or utilit* or value* or efficien* or effectiveness)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">gold standard.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/49–58</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Trials as topic.sh.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/60–66</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Meta-Analysis as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/68–77</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epidemiologic studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Cohort studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">85.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Controlled Before-After Studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Historically Controlled Study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interrupted Time Series Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/79–88</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">91.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">92.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/90–91</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">93.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89 or 92</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">96.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/94–95</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">97.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89 or 96</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">98.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89 or 92 or 96</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">99.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59 or 67 or 78 or 98</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48 and 99</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab3"><div id="ch2.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7–11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 not 13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/14–21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 23 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp *tomography/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tomograph*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(NCCT or CT or UHCT).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((CAT or body) adj2 scan*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25–28</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*radiography/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*abdominal radiography/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*urography/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(radiograph* or x ray* or xray* KUB or urograph*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/30–33</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*echography/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ultrasonograph* or ultrasound or ultrasonic or sonograph* or echograph* or echotomograph*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ultra adj2 (sound or sonic)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sound* adj2 (wave* or frequenc*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(US adj3 imag*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/35–39</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*nuclear magnetic resonance imaging/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((magnetic or nuclear) adj2 resonance adj3 imag*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(MRI or NMR or NMRI or fMRI or MR).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/41–43</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29 or 34 or 40 or 44</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 45</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “sensitivity and specificity”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sensitivity or specificity).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pre test or pretest or post test) adj probability).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(predictive value* or PPV or NPV).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">likelihood ratio*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((area under adj4 curve) or AUC).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(receive* operat* characteristic* or receive* operat* curve* or ROC curve*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(diagnos* adj3 (performance* or accurac* or utilit* or value* or efficien* or effectiveness)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diagnostic accuracy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diagnostic test accuracy study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">gold standard.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/47–57</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">crossover procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">single blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">double blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/59–67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">systematic review/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">meta-analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/69–78</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">family study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">longitudinal study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">retrospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">85.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">prospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">follow-up/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87 and 88</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">91.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">92.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">93.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/80–86, 89–93</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">96.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">97.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/95–96</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">98.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94 or 97</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">99.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cross-sectional study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">101.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/99–100</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">102.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94 or 101</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">103.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94 or 97 or 101</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">104.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58 or 68 or 79 or 103</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">105.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46 and 104</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab4"><div id="ch2.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Urolithiasis] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) near/3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) near/3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #1–#5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Tomography] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tomograph*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(NCCT or CT or UHCT):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((CAT or body) near/2 scan*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #7–#10)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Radiography] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Radiography, Abdominal] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Urography] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(radiograph* or x ray* or xray or KUB or urograph*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #12–#15)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Ultrasonography] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ultrasonograph* or ultrasound or ultrasonic or sonograph* or echograph* or echotomograph*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ultra near/2 (sound or sonic)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sound* near/2 (wave* or frequenc*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(US near/3 imag*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #17–#21)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Magnetic Resonance Imaging] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((magnetic or nuclear) near/2 resonance near/3 imag*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(MRI or NMR or NMRI or fMRI or MR):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #23–#25)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11 or #16 or #22 or #26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6 and #27</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab5"><div id="ch2.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 9 March 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 9 March 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HTA - Inception – 9 March 2018</p>
|
|
<p>NHSEED - Inception to March 2015</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab6"><div id="ch2.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7–14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 not 16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/17–23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 25 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27–42</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 and 43</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab7"><div id="ch2.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7–11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 not 13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/14–21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 23 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">health economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp economic evaluation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp health care cost/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp fee/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">funding/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25–37</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 38</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2appbtab8"><div id="ch2.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR urolithiasis EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or urolithiasis)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((((renal or kidney or urinary or ureteric or ureteral or ureter or urethra*) adj2 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or colic))))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((stone disease*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((((calculi or calculus) adj2 (stone* or lithiasis))))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch2appcfig1"><div id="ch2.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20What%20is%20the%20clinical%20and%20cost%20effectiveness%20of%20performing%20imaging%20for%20diagnosing%20renal%20and%20ureteric%20stones%3F&p=BOOKS&id=577648_ch2appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577648/bin/ch2appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of performing imaging for diagnosing renal and ureteric stones?" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of performing imaging for diagnosing renal and ureteric stones?</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch2appefig1"><div id="ch2.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Sensitivity%20and%20specificity%20of%20index%20test%20ultrasound%20for%20condition%20renal%20or%20ureteric%20stones%20in%20adults.&p=BOOKS&id=577648_ch2appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577648/bin/ch2appef1.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Sensitivity and specificity of index test ultrasound for condition renal or ureteric stones in adults." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Sensitivity and specificity of index test ultrasound for condition renal or ureteric stones in adults</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch2appefig2"><div id="ch2.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Sensitivity%20and%20specificity%20of%20index%20test%20plain%20abdominal%20radiograph%20for%20condition%20renal%20or%20ureteric%20stones%20in%20adults.&p=BOOKS&id=577648_ch2appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577648/bin/ch2appef2.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Sensitivity and specificity of index test plain abdominal radiograph for condition renal or ureteric stones in adults." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Sensitivity and specificity of index test plain abdominal radiograph for condition renal or ureteric stones in adults</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch2appefig3"><div id="ch2.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Sensitivity%20and%20specificity%20of%20index%20test%20MRI%20for%20condition%20renal%20or%20ureteric%20stones%20in%20adults.&p=BOOKS&id=577648_ch2appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577648/bin/ch2appef3.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Sensitivity and specificity of index test MRI for condition renal or ureteric stones in adults." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Sensitivity and specificity of index test MRI for condition renal or ureteric stones in adults</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch2appefig4"><div id="ch2.appe.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Sensitivity%20and%20specificity%20of%20index%20test%20ultrasound%20for%20condition%20renal%20or%20ureteric%20stones%20in%20children.&p=BOOKS&id=577648_ch2appef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577648/bin/ch2appef4.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Sensitivity and specificity of index test ultrasound for condition renal or ureteric stones in children." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Sensitivity and specificity of index test ultrasound for condition renal or ureteric stones in children</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch2appefig5"><div id="ch2.appe.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%206.%20Pooled%20with%20prediction%20region%3A%20ultrasound.&p=BOOKS&id=577648_ch2appef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577648/bin/ch2appef5.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Pooled with prediction region: ultrasound." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">Pooled with prediction region: ultrasound</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch2appefig6"><div id="ch2.appe.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%207.%20Pooled%20with%20prediction%20region%3A%20plain%20abdominal%20radiograph.&p=BOOKS&id=577648_ch2appef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577648/bin/ch2appef6.jpg" alt="Figure 7. Pooled with prediction region: plain abdominal radiograph." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 7</span><span class="title">Pooled with prediction region: plain abdominal radiograph</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch2appffig1"><div id="ch2.appf.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%208.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=577648_ch2appff1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577648/bin/ch2appff1.jpg" alt="Figure 8. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 8</span><span class="title">Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch2apphtab1"><div id="ch2.apph.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577648/table/ch2.apph.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch2.apph.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Reference</th><th id="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Abdel-Gawad 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref1" rid="ch2.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Abdel-Gawad 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref2" rid="ch2.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ahmad 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref3" rid="ch2.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ahn 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref4" rid="ch2.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Albani 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref5" rid="ch2.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Andresen 1997<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref6" rid="ch2.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Arif 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref7" rid="ch2.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Assi 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref8" rid="ch2.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ather 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref9" rid="ch2.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ben Nakhi 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref10" rid="ch2.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Blandino 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref11" rid="ch2.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Bozdar 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref12" rid="ch2.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cabrera 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref13" rid="ch2.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Catalano 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref14" rid="ch2.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cauberg 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref15" rid="ch2.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Chen 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref17" rid="ch2.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cochon 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref19" rid="ch2.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dillman 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref21" rid="ch2.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dorio 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref22" rid="ch2.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Not available</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Drake 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref23" rid="ch2.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Systematic review checked for references</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dundee 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref24" rid="ch2.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Edmonds 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref25" rid="ch2.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ege 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref26" rid="ch2.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Eikefjord 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref27" rid="ch2.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ekici 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref28" rid="ch2.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Eray 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref29" rid="ch2.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Eshed 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref30" rid="ch2.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Feroze 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref31" rid="ch2.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Foell 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref32" rid="ch2.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Fowler 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref33" rid="ch2.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Fowler 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref34" rid="ch2.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gaspari 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref35" rid="ch2.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect target condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">German 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref36" rid="ch2.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gliga 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref37" rid="ch2.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Graumann 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref38" rid="ch2.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gurel 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref39" rid="ch2.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Hamm 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref40" rid="ch2.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Hamm 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref41" rid="ch2.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Herbst 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref43" rid="ch2.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect target condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Homer 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref44" rid="ch2.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Hu 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref45" rid="ch2.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ibrahim 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref46" rid="ch2.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Unclear population?</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Jackman 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref47" rid="ch2.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Jeng 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref48" rid="ch2.ref48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Johnston 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref49" rid="ch2.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Joshi 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref50" rid="ch2.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Jung 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref51" rid="ch2.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kennish 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref55" rid="ch2.ref55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Khan 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref56" rid="ch2.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kluner 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref58" rid="ch2.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Korkmaz 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref59" rid="ch2.ref59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kravchick 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref60" rid="ch2.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Lee 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref61" rid="ch2.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Leo 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref62" rid="ch2.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect target condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Lew 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref64" rid="ch2.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Lin 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref65" rid="ch2.ref65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Lisanti 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref66" rid="ch2.ref66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect target condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Liu 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref67" rid="ch2.ref67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Not available</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Longo 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref68" rid="ch2.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Lorberboym 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref69" rid="ch2.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">MacEjko 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref70" rid="ch2.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Malaki 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref71" rid="ch2.ref71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Marumo 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref72" rid="ch2.ref72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Masch 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref73" rid="ch2.ref73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Matani 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref74" rid="ch2.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">May 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref75" rid="ch2.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Meagher 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref76" rid="ch2.ref76"><sup>76</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Melnikow 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref77" rid="ch2.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mendelson 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref78" rid="ch2.ref78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mermuys 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref79" rid="ch2.ref79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Middleton 1988<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref80" rid="ch2.ref80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Miller 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref81" rid="ch2.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mitterberger 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref82" rid="ch2.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mitterberger 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref83" rid="ch2.ref83"><sup>83</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Moak 2012</td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Moesbergen 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref84" rid="ch2.ref84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mos 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref85" rid="ch2.ref85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Niall 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref88" rid="ch2.ref88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Nishiura 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref89" rid="ch2.ref89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">O’Kane 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref90" rid="ch2.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Olcott 1997<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref91" rid="ch2.ref91"><sup>91</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Oner 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref92" rid="ch2.ref92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Palmer 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref93" rid="ch2.ref93"><sup>93</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Park 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref94" rid="ch2.ref94"><sup>94</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Patlas 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref96" rid="ch2.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Pepe 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref97" rid="ch2.ref97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Pfister 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref98" rid="ch2.ref98"><sup>98</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Pichler 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref99" rid="ch2.ref99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Poletti 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref100" rid="ch2.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Quirke 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref101" rid="ch2.ref101"><sup>101</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Rajaie 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref102" rid="ch2.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ray 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref103" rid="ch2.ref103"><sup>103</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Rengifo 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref104" rid="ch2.ref104"><sup>104</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Richards 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref106" rid="ch2.ref106"><sup>106</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Riddell 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref107" rid="ch2.ref107"><sup>107</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ripolles 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref108" rid="ch2.ref108"><sup>108</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ripolles 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref109" rid="ch2.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Rosen 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref110" rid="ch2.ref110"><sup>110</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Rosser 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref111" rid="ch2.ref111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Rowland 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref112" rid="ch2.ref112"><sup>112</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect target condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ryu 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref113" rid="ch2.ref113"><sup>113</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Sade 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref114" rid="ch2.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Sarofim 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref115" rid="ch2.ref115"><sup>115</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Sattar 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref116" rid="ch2.ref116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Not available</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Schwartz 1984<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref117" rid="ch2.ref117"><sup>117</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index text and reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Selberherr 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref118" rid="ch2.ref118"><sup>118</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Sen 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref120" rid="ch2.ref120"><sup>120</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Sheafor 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref121" rid="ch2.ref121"><sup>121</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Shokeir 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref122" rid="ch2.ref122"><sup>122</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Smith-Bindman 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref123" rid="ch2.ref123"><sup>123</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Sudah 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref125" rid="ch2.ref125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Thomson 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref126" rid="ch2.ref126"><sup>126</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ulusan 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref127" rid="ch2.ref127"><sup>127</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No usable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Unal 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref128" rid="ch2.ref128"><sup>128</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Uraiqat 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref129" rid="ch2.ref129"><sup>129</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Valencia 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref130" rid="ch2.ref130"><sup>130</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vallone 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref131" rid="ch2.ref131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Van Appledorn 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref132" rid="ch2.ref132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Van Beers 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref133" rid="ch2.ref133"><sup>133</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vieweg 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref134" rid="ch2.ref134"><sup>134</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Viprakasit 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref135" rid="ch2.ref135"><sup>135</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Time between tests, no usable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vrtiska 1992<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref136" rid="ch2.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Wang 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref137" rid="ch2.ref137"><sup>137</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Wang 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref138" rid="ch2.ref138"><sup>138</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Wang 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref139" rid="ch2.ref139"><sup>139</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Wang 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref140" rid="ch2.ref140"><sup>140</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Watkins 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref141" rid="ch2.ref141"><sup>141</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect target condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Westergreen 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref142" rid="ch2.ref142"><sup>142</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Winkel 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref143" rid="ch2.ref143"><sup>143</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Wong 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref144" rid="ch2.ref144"><sup>144</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Yap 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref145" rid="ch2.ref145"><sup>145</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Yavuz 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref146" rid="ch2.ref146"><sup>146</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect index test</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Yilmaz 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref147" rid="ch2.ref147"><sup>147</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect reference standard</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Zilberman 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch2.ref148" rid="ch2.ref148"><sup>148</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch2.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Incorrect study design</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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