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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Book"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix no_top_margin"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng118er11-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Prevention of recurrence" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h1 id="_NBK577647_"><span itemprop="name">Prevention of recurrence</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management</div><p><b>Intervention evidence review (K)</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 118</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2019 Jan</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3190-3</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div></div></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="ch11.s1"><h2 id="_ch11_s1_">1. Prevention of recurrence</h2><div id="ch11.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question: What is the most clinically-effective and cost-effective non-surgical management for preventing the recurrence of future renal and ureteric stones?</h3></div><div id="ch11.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Introduction</h3><p>It is estimated that about one third of people affected by renal and ureteric stones will experience a recurrence at five years without treatment of the underlying cause. This rate of recurrence rises to 75% after 20 years with no treatment (reference Phillips, 2015 Cochrane review). As such, it is crucial to determine the most clinically and cost effective long-term management options for people who have, or who have had renal and ureteric stones.</p><p>Currently, there is variation in practice on the use of pharmacological management in the UK for the prevention of stone recurrence. Some patients are given general dietary advice while others are manged with medication to lower urinary calcium, increase urinary citrate levels, or alter urinary pH. Developing recommendations from evidence worldwide could help to inform clinical practice and future research studies in the UK.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#ch11.appa">appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="ch11.s1.4.1"><h4>1.4.1. Included studies</h4><p>Seventeen studies (19 papers) were included in the review;<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref66"><sup>66</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref83"><sup>83</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref84"><sup>84</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref104"><sup>104</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref106"><sup>106</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref119"><sup>119</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref125"><sup>125</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref130"><sup>130</sup></a> these are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch11tab2" rid-ob="figobch11tab2">Table 2</a> below. Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summary below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch11tab3" rid-ob="figobch11tab3">Table 3</a>).</p><p>One Cochrane review was identified however it was excluded as it included drugs that were not included in this review protocol.</p><p>As per the protocol, for strata where there was no RCT evidence for children, the search was widened to include cohort studies. Two cohort studies were identified for inclusion.<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref83"><sup>83</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref104"><sup>104</sup></a> Both of these compared potassium citrate to no intervention. See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch11.appc">appendix C</a>, study evidence tables in <a href="#ch11.appd">appendix D</a>, forest plots in <a href="#ch11.appe">appendix E</a> and GRADE tables in <a href="#ch11.apph">appendix H</a>.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.4.2"><h4>1.4.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>See the excluded studies list in <a href="#ch11.appi">appendix I</a>.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.4.3"><h4>1.4.3. Heterogeneity</h4><p>For the comparison of thiazides versus placebo in adults, there was heterogeneity between the studies when they were meta-analysed for the outcome of recurrence rate. Pre-specified subgroup analyses (see <a href="#ch11.appa">Appendix A</a>:) were unable to be performed, so a random effects meta-analysis was applied to this outcome, and the evidence was downgraded for inconsistency in GRADE.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.4.4"><h4>1.4.4. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><p>See <a href="#ch11.appd">appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.4.5"><h4>1.4.5. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div id="ch11.s1.4.5.1"><h5>1.4.5.1. Adults</h5></div><div id="ch11.s1.4.5.2"><h5>1.4.5.2. Children</h5><p>See <a href="#ch11.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.s1.5"><h3>1.5. Economic evidence</h3><div id="ch11.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. Included studies</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were identified.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>No health economic studies that were relevant to this question were excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch11.appg">appendix G</a>.</p></div></div><div id="ch11.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Unit costs</h3><p>Illustrations of unit costs for the interventions identified in the clinical review are demonstrated below.</p><div id="ch11.s1.6.1"><h4>1.6.1. Economic considerations: trade-off between net clinical effects and costs</h4><p>Some illustrative examples of cost offset calculations are demonstrated below.</p><p>
|
||
<u>Example 1:</u>
|
||
</p><p>These medications will most likely have to be taken for the lifetime of the patient, hence large costs can accrue.</p><p>There is therefore a trade-off with regards to;
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l5"><li id="ch11.lt27" class="half_rhythm"><div>potential intervention avoided from stones that do not recur (because of the treatment),</div></li><li id="ch11.lt28" class="half_rhythm"><div>and whether that would outweigh the costs of the preventative treatment.</div></li></ul></p><p>Say for someone aged 45, likely to live for another 40 years, then that is 40 years of the treatment. Depending on the cost of the treatment, this is likely to be roughly around the cost of 1 or 2 surgeries (if we say a conservative £100 per year multiplied by 40 years = £4,000). So the intervention would have to be effective enough for each individual to avoid possibly several stone recurrences.</p><p>
|
||
<u>Example 2:</u>
|
||
</p><p>If we have data on the recurrence of stones in terms of how long before another stone forms, or the average number of stones a person will have in their lifetime, and we knew how effective the interventions were, we could work out the trade-off. For example;</p><p>Sakhaee 2009<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a> states that the median time for a recurrence after the first event is approximately every 5 years. Over a 40 year period this would be 8 episodes. Robertson 2006<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a> states that the average stone patient will have between 3 or 4 episodes over their lifetime. Let’s take the midpoint of say 6 episodes over the lifetime of an average patient.</p><p>Let us also use a rate ratio of 0.7 (the average of all the studies that report rate ratios).</p><p>This means there would be 1.8 stone episodes avoided with pharmacological prevention of recurrence interventions. If these episodes would cost an average of £2,000 each to treat, and assuming that only 50% would require treatment, then that would be £1,800 of treatment costs avoided over the patient’s lifetime. To make the preventative treatments cost neutral, then over a 40 year period these interventions would have to cost less than £45 per year.</p><p>
|
||
<u>Example 3:</u>
|
||
</p><p>Let’s assume we can use the rates/probabilities from the review and put them all in the same timeframe of 1 year. Then we could compare effectiveness across the interventions.</p><p>We could also assume, that each year the probability of developing a stone would be the same, and that someone who develops a stone within a year is treated, and then they will go back into the pool of people who are at risk of developing a stone. So below is just a 1 year example assuming this would be the same repeatedly over time.</p><p><a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch11tab19" rid-ob="figobch11tab19">Table 19</a> below is using the outcomes that are reported as rates from the clinical review, and these have all been converted to 1 year probabilities using the following formula;
|
||
<div class="pmc_disp_formula whole_rhythm clearfix" id="ch11.eq1"><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow ten_col">
|
||
|
||
<math id="eqn1" display="block"><mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mtext mathvariant="bold">P = 1-EXP(-instantaneous rate*t)</mtext></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mtext>where P = probability, t = time</mtext></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></math>
|
||
</div><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow last bk_equ_label "><div><span class="nowrap">(Equation 1)</span></div></div></div></p><p>Rates may be more appropriate than probabilities because; a person can develop more than one stone over time, and also it is the stones that will be treated rather than the people, that will influence resource use (unless multiple stones in one individual can be treated at the same time).</p><p><a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch11tab20" rid-ob="figobch11tab20">Table 20</a> is using probabilities from the review (rather than rates) and these have all been converted to 12 month probabilities, using the following method;</p><p>A probability over time is converted to an instantaneous rate using the formula;
|
||
<div class="pmc_disp_formula whole_rhythm clearfix" id="ch11.eq2"><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow ten_col">
|
||
|
||
<math id="eqn2" display="block"><mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mtext mathvariant="bold">R = -[LN(1-P)]/t</mtext></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mtext>where R = rate, P = probability, t = time</mtext></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></math>
|
||
</div><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow last bk_equ_label "><div><span class="nowrap">(Equation 2)</span></div></div></div></p><p>Then as above, an instantaneous rate can be used to convert to a 1 year probability.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.6.2"><h4>1.6.2. Resource costs</h4><p>The committee has made recommendations based on this review that potassium citrate, and thiazides, should be ‘considered’.</p><p>Unlike for stronger recommendations stating that interventions should be adopted, it is not possible to make a judgement about the potential resource impact to the NHS of recommendations regarding interventions that could be used, as uptake is too difficult to predict.</p><p>However, the committee noted that where this recommendation is implemented there is not expected to be a substantial impact on resources.</p></div></div><div id="ch11.s1.7"><h3>1.7. Evidence statements</h3><div id="ch11.s1.7.1"><h4>1.7.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1"><h5>1.7.1.1. Adults</h5><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.1"><h5>Potassium citrate versus no intervention</h5><p>One study compared potassium citrate with no intervention. This study reported recurrence as new stone formation in patients who were stone-free at baseline; the evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of potassium citrate (n=56). The same study also reported recurrence as number of stone-free patients of those who were stone-free at baseline (n=34) and those who had residual stones at baseline (n=56); this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of potassium citrate. Further stone episode outcomes were reported for increased and unchanged stone size in patients with residual stones <5mm at baseline; this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of potassium citrate (n=34). The quality of the evidence was Moderate to Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.2"><h5>Potassium citrate versus placebo</h5><p>Two studies compared potassium citrate with placebo. One study reported the outcome recurrence rate (stone formation per patient per year); this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of potassium citrate (n=38). One study reported outcomes for recurrence, defined as new stone formation and stone-free; this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of potassium citrate (1 study; n=38). Further stone episode and intervention outcomes included increased stone size and procedures to remove stones, for which the evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of potassium citrate (1 study; n=38). One study reported the outcome minor adverse events (unspecified; causing withdrawal from study) and the evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of placebo (n=38). One study reported outcomes for kidney function. This evidence suggested no clinical difference between potassium citrate and placebo (n=18). The quality of the evidence ranged from Moderate to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.3"><h5>Magnesium supplement versus placebo</h5><p>One study compared magnesium supplementation with placebo. The evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of magnesium in terms of recurrence, defined as calculi observed and recurrence rate (n=82). The quality of the evidence was Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.4"><h5>Allopurinol versus placebo</h5><p>Two studies compared allopurinol with placebo. One study reported the outcome recurrence rate as the rate of calculous events per patient per year, and the evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of allopurinol (n=60). There was a suggested clinically important benefit of allopurinol when recurrence was defined as new stones (1 study; n= 60), and no clinical difference between the interventions when recurrence was not defined (1 study; n =52). In terms of stone episodes, defined as number of people with increased stone size, there was a suggested clinically important benefit in favour of allopurinol (1 study; n=60). The quality of the evidence ranged from Moderate to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.5"><h5>Thiazides versus no intervention</h5><p>Four studies compared thiazides versus no intervention. One study reported the outcome recurrence rate as the number of stones per patient per year and this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of thiazides (n=175). There was a suggested clinically important benefit of thiazides in terms of recurrence when the outcome was defined across different time-points as the number of participants stone free (1 study; n=175), the number of participants without a new stone formation (1 study; n=41), the number of participants free from recurrence (1 study; n=41), and the number of hypercalciuric patients with recurrences (1 study; n=32). There was a clinically important benefit of no intervention in terms of recurrence defined as the number of normocalciuric patients with recurrence (1 study; n=41). In terms of adverse events, one study reported two minor adverse events, including study discontinuation due to clinical hypotension (dizziness and hypotension), and study discontinuation due to silent severe hypokalaemia; this evidence suggested no clinical difference between thiazides and no intervention in adults (1 study; n=50). Another study reported minor adverse events as treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reaction, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp and erectile dysfunction; this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of no intervention when compared with thiazides (1 study; n=41). One study reported the outcome creatinine clearance, as a measure of kidney function; this evidence suggested no clinical difference between thiazides and no intervention (1 study; n=40). The quality of the evidence was Moderate to Very Low to. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.6"><h5>Thiazides versus placebo</h5><p>Six studies compared thiazides with placebo. There was a clinically important benefit of thiazides in terms of recurrence rate (2 studies; n=135). There was no clinical difference between thiazides and placebo in terms of recurrence when the definition was not specified (1 study; n=50). When recurrence was defined as verified and probable stone or spontaneous passage of newly formed stone, there was a clinically important benefit of thiazides (3studies; n=169). One study reported stone interventions (SWL) and the evidence suggested a clinically important benefit of thiazides (n=100). One study reported stone episodes as residual fragments or growth; this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of thiazides (n=100). Three studies reported minor adverse events. The evidence suggested no clinical difference between thiazides and placebo for minor adverse events including an attack of gouty arthritis, impotence characterised as transient and mild, and hypopotassaemia (1 study; n=48); one study reported general discomfort, nausea, dyspepsia, fatigue and vertigo as a minor adverse event and this evidence suggested a clinical benefit in favour of placebo when compared with thiazides (n=48). One study reported weariness, nausea and symptoms of low blood pressure as a minor adverse event; this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit of placebo when compared with thiazides (n=48). One study reported intracellular acidosis and hypocitraturia induced by hypopotassemia secondary to administration of thiazides as a minor adverse event; this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of placebo when compared with thiazides (n=100). The quality of the evidence ranged from Moderate to Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.7"><h5>Thiazide versus magnesium</h5><p>One study compared thiazides with magnesium. There was a clinically important benefit in terms of recurrence rate, and in terms of recurrence defined as calculi observed (1 study; n=93). The quality of the evidence was Very Low. The main reason for downgrading the evidence was risk of bias.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.8"><h5>Thiazides versus allopurinol</h5><p>One study compared thiazides with allopurinol. This study reported the outcome recurrence (unspecified) and the evidence suggested no clinical difference between the interventions (n=46). The quality of the evidence was Low. The main reason for downgrading the evidence was risk of bias.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.9"><h5>Allopurinol plus thiazides versus no intervention</h5><p>One study compared allopurinol plus thiazides with no intervention. The study reported the outcome recurrence as the number of stone-free patients; this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of allopurinol plus thiazides when compared with no intervention (1 study; n=45). This study also reported the outcome creatinine clearance, as a measure of kidney function; the evidence suggested no clinical difference between allopurinol plus thiazides and no intervention (1 study; n=45). The quality of the evidence was Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.10"><h5>Allopurinol plus thiazides versus placebo</h5><p>One study compared allopurinol plus thiazides with placebo. This study reported the outcome recurrence (unspecified), and the evidence suggested no clinical difference between allopurinol plus thiazides and placebo (1 study; n=50). The quality of the evidence was Low. The main reason for downgrading evidence was risk of bias.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.11"><h5>Allopurinol plus thiazides versus allopurinol</h5><p>Two studies compared allopurinol plus thiazides with allopurinol. The evidence suggested no clinical difference between allopurinol plus thiazides and allopurinol in terms of recurrence rate (1 study; n=87). In terms of recurrence, there was a suggested clinically important benefit of allopurinol alone when compared with allopurinol plus thiazides when recurrence was defined as the number of people with new stones (1 study; n=87), and no clinical difference when recurrence was not defined (1 study; n=46). The quality of the evidence was Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.12"><h5>Thiazides plus allopurinol versus thiazides</h5><p>Two studies compared thiazides plus allopurinol with thiazides. The evidence suggested no clinical difference between the interventions in terms of recurrence (unspecified) (1 study; n=44) or recurrence when defined as the number of stone-free patients (1 study; n=43). One study reported two minor adverse events, including study discontinuation due to clinical hypotension, and study discontinuation due to silent severe hypokalaemia; this evidence suggested no clinical difference between thiazides plus allopurinol and thiazides (1 study; n=50). One study reported creatinine clearance, as a measure of kidney function; this evidence suggested no clinical difference between thiazides plus allopurinol and thiazides (1 study; n=43). The quality of the evidence was Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.13"><h5>Magnesium supplement + thiazides versus thiazides</h5><p>One study compared magnesium supplement plus thiazide with thiazide alone. This study reported the outcome recurrence, defined as the number of people free from recurrence. The evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of combined magnesium and thiazide. The same study also reported minor adverse events as treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reaction, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp and erectile dysfunction; this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of thiazide alone (n=33). The quality of the evidence was Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.1.14"><h5>Magnesium supplement + thiazides versus no intervention</h5><p>One study compared magnesium supplement plus thiazide with no intervention. This study reported the outcome recurrence, defined as the number of people free from recurrence. The evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of combined magnesium and thiazide. The same study also reported minor adverse events as treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reaction, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp and erectile dysfunction; this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of no intervention (n=40). The quality of the evidence was Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.2"><h5>1.7.1.2. Children</h5><div id="ch11.s1.7.1.2.1"><h5>Potassium citrate versus no intervention</h5><p>Two non-randomised studies in children compared potassium citrate with no intervention. One of the studies reported the outcome recurrence rate (stone formation rate in children after PNL, per patient per year); this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of potassium citrate (n=42). One study reported recurrence as the new detection of a stone or spontaneous passage of a non-pre-existing stone in patients following PNL; this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of potassium citrate (n=42). One study reported recurrence as new stone formation in patients stone-free following SWL; this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of potassium citrate (n=52). One study reported stone recurrence or regrowth, and stone stability in children with residual fragments following SWL; this evidence suggested a clinically important benefit in favour of potassium citrate (n=44). The quality of the evidence was Very Low. The main reasons for downgrading evidence included risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.s1.7.2"><h4>1.7.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><ul id="ch11.l6"><li id="ch11.lt29" class="half_rhythm"><div>No relevant economic evaluations were identified.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="ch11.s1.8"><h3>1.8. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="ch11.s1.8.1"><h4>1.8.1. Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="ch11.s1.8.1.1"><h5>1.8.1.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee agreed that recurrence rate, stone episodes/stone interventions, use of healthcare services, quality of life, major adverse events (if admission to hospital) and minor adverse events (no admission to hospital) were the outcomes critical for decision making. Kidney function and pain intensity (visual analogue scale) were also considered as important outcomes.</p><p>Evidence was reported for recurrence rate, stone episodes, stone interventions and minor adverse events. There was no evidence for the quality of life, use of healthcare services, major adverse events or pain intensity. For the purposes of this review, stone episodes and stone interventions were considered as two separate outcomes, and ‘recurrence’ was considered as a further outcome of critical importance.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.8.1.2"><h5>1.8.1.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>In adults, the quality of the evidence in this review ranged from a GRADE rating of very low to moderate. In children, the quality of the evidence was very low, based on two non-randomised studies. The main reasons for downgrading the quality of the evidence were risk of bias and imprecision. The presence of selection bias in terms of a lack of adequate randomisation and allocation concealment commonly resulted in a high or very high risk of bias rating.</p><p>No evidence was found for the following comparisons listed in the protocol: sodium citrate; oral bicarbonate; chelating agents: D-penicillamine, Tiopronin (or Thiola or mercaptopropionylglycine) (for cystinuria); captopril (for cystinuria); Ca supplements, pyridoxine; methionine; prophylactic antibiotics.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.8.1.3"><h5>1.8.1.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>Evidence for people with both symptomatic and asymptomatic stones was searched for; however no evidence was identified for the asymptomatic population. The committee therefore agreed that the recommendations should only apply to those with symptomatic stones.</p><div id="ch11.s1.8.1.3.1"><h5>Potassium citrate in adults</h5><p>The committee considered the evidence for potassium citrate in adults compared to no intervention or placebo and noted there was very low to moderate quality evidence in favour of potassium citrate for outcomes related to stone recurrence, stone episodes and stone intervention. These outcomes were measured at 12 and 36 months. The committee considered that 12 months is a short follow up period, and may not be a sufficient length of time to measure stone recurrences. However, the committee noted that the results at 36 months were consistent with the 12 month evidence. It was noted that there was no clinically important difference between the interventions in terms of kidney function. The committee discussed that these outcomes were measured at 3 months, which may not be a sufficient length of time to capture meaningful changes in these outcomes. There were more adverse events leading to study discontinuation in the potassium citrate group, however no reasons were given for these events, therefore it was not possible to fully consider the trade-off between benefits and harms of intervention. The committee considered that there may be concerns associated with potassium citrate in some populations, as increased potassium in patients with impaired renal function can cause hyperkalaemia which is associated with adverse events. Overall, they concluded that there was not enough evidence to make a conclusion regarding safety.</p><p>The evidence was discussed with reference to the available information on study participants’ stone composition and biochemical abnormalities. The committee noted that all the evidence was based on people with calcium oxalate or calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones, however included a mixture of urine metabolic abnormalities. All of the evidence came from a population of recurrent stone formers.</p><p>The committee highlighted that potassium citrate is currently used in UK clinical practice off-licence for calcium oxalate stones, although practice can vary, and that there may be issues with availability and long term prescription. From clinical experience, the committee also noted that the taste of potassium citrate might be a negative factor for treatment adherence.</p><p>Overall, the committee agreed that both the evidence and clinical experience supported the use of potassium citrate based on stone composition and irrespective of urine biochemical abnormalities. However, there were concerns regarding the size of the studies and the amount of evidence, as well as concerns relating to safety and the adverse events evidence; therefore a consider recommendation was made.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.8.1.3.2"><h5>Potassium citrate in children</h5><p>The committee considered the evidence for potassium citrate in children compared with no intervention and noted this was of very low quality, from non-randomised studies. They also noted that both studies were based on a population who had undergone previous treatment with either PCNL or SWL. The evidence favoured potassium citrate for the prevention of recurrence when compared with no intervention. There was no evidence for major or minor adverse events; therefore the committee were not able to consider potential harms. However it was noted that as with the adult population, potassium citrate is not very palatable and therefore there are sometimes problems with adherence to treatment.</p><p>The committee also discussed the evidence with reference to the available information on study participants’ stone composition and urine biochemical abnormalities. Although the evidence did not relate to specific urine biochemical abnormalities, the committee agreed these would be tested as part of standard UK clinical practice in the paediatric population, typically at a specialist centre. The committee also noted that if hypercalciuria and/or hypocitraturia are identified in the urine during metabolic testing, potassium citrate is likely to be used in the paediatric population. The committee considered that the evidence suggested that potassium citrate is beneficial regardless of urine metabolic abnormality, however agreed that the evidence was not sufficiently convincing to change current practice and the expert opinion of the committee by recommending its use for all children with a calcium oxalate stone regardless of urine metabolic abnormality. Therefore, the committee recommended that potassium citrate should only be considered in children with a specific stone composition and urine biochemical abnormality. They also agreed that although the evidence was based on those who had had previous treatment with SWL or PCNL, based on consensus and clinical experience, the recommendations should apply to this population irrespective of previous treatment, as child stone formers are much more likely to have a metabolic abnormality and are therefore a high risk group.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.8.1.3.3"><h5>Thiazides in adults</h5><p>When compared to no intervention, there was a benefit of thiazides in terms of all outcomes relating to recurrence, when the population was people with hypercalciuria. One study included a subgroup of people with normocalciuria, and for this population there was a benefit of no intervention in terms of recurrence, suggesting that thiazides are only beneficial for those with hypercalciuria.</p><p>When compared to placebo, there was no difference between interventions in terms of recurrence rate, based on a population with no well-defined metabolic cause of renal stone formation. This also suggests that thiazides may only be beneficial for people with a specific urine metabolic abnormality. There was no clinical difference between groups in terms of recurrence when the definition of recurrence was not specified and measured at 2 months. However the committee agreed that this was not a sufficient length of time to see a recurrence of stones, therefore no conclusions could be drawn from this outcome. When recurrence was measured at between 1 and 3 years, there was a benefit of thiazides over no intervention. This evidence was based on a population of people with mixed or unspecified urine metabolic abnormalities. In terms of stone interventions and stone episodes, one study showed a benefit of thiazides in terms of reducing the need for SWL and in terms of changes in stone size. The committee noted that the population included a mix of urine metabolic abnormalities, but the majority of participants had hypercalciuria. They also discussed that this study used thiazides as an adjunct to SWL, and suggested that using thiazides in this way reduces the need for repeat procedures. They considered that this is not usual practice, and agreed that further research to replicate these findings may be of benefit to inform future practice.</p><p>When compared to allopurinol, there was no clinical difference between interventions in terms of recurrence, however this outcome was measured at 2 months and therefore the committee again agreed that they could not draw conclusions from this evidence.</p><p>When compared to magnesium, there was a benefit of thiazides in terms of recurrence and recurrence rate, however the committee did note that this was based on a single study.</p><p>Across all comparisons there was no clinical difference or a harm of thiazides in terms of adverse events; however the committee noted that these events were generally not serious. From clinical experience they noted that thiazides tend to be well tolerated. The committee noted that thiazides are currently used in UK clinical practice for adults with recurrent calcium oxalate stones and hypercalciuria, but as an off-licence treatment.</p><p>All of the evidence was based on a population with either calcium oxalate stones, a mixture of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones, or calcium stones with no further detail. The majority of calcium stones have a composition of predominantly calcium oxalate. The committee noted that pure calcium oxalate stones are rare, and therefore most stones labelled calcium or calcium oxalate will usually be a mixture of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. They noted that stones containing over 50% calcium phosphate are also a small group compared to calcium oxalate stones, and would generally not be treated with thiazides as calcium phosphate stones are associated with rare distal tubulopathies and certain infections. They agreed that the recommendation should apply to those with predominantly calcium oxalate stones.</p><p>Overall, the committee noted that there seems to be some benefit of thiazides, and that the majority of the evidence favouring thiazides was based on a population of purely or majority hypercalciuria. They noted that evidence from normocalciurics showed no benefit of thiazides, and there was conflicting evidence when the population had a mix of urine metabolic abnormalities. Therefore, they agreed thiazides should be considered for those with hypercalciuria. They discussed that thiazides work by inducing a natriuresis, and that if more sodium is ingested this will cancel out the effect of the thiazide. Therefore, they agreed that sodium intake should be restricted as a prerequisite to treatment with thiazides.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.8.1.3.4"><h5>Magnesium supplementation in adults</h5><p>The committee highlighted that magnesium supplementation has limited use within current UK clinical practice. They indicated that magnesium levels would typically be measured in cases of hypocalcemia, and that this is a small and targeted population. Very low quality evidence favoured magnesium supplementation for the prevention of recurrence in adults when compared with placebo.</p><p>The committee discussed that over half of participants had no urine biochemical abnormality, yet there was a potential benefit in terms of recurrence, suggesting that magnesium may be beneficial regardless of urine biochemical abnormality. However, the committee was aware from clinical expertise and experience that magnesium may lead to adverse events relating to the bowels, and as there was no evidence for adverse events to inform this, did not feel that it could be recommended. Further, the evidence showing a potential benefit of magnesium was of very low quality and based on a single study. The committee agreed that recommending magnesium was not justified on the basis of the evidence, and on the consensus of the committee.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.8.1.3.5"><h5>Allopurinol in adults</h5><p>The committee discussed that allopurinol is not commonly used in UK clinical practice but agreed that evidence for this treatment should be considered. They noted that very low to low quality evidence in a population of predominantly calcium oxalate stones favoured allopurinol for outcomes related to the prevention of recurrence when compared with placebo, and moderate quality evidence showed no clinical difference. The committee discussed how this evidence did not seem to make clinical sense, as allopurinol is used to alter uric acid and may in some way modulate calcium, but the mechanism of effect on calcium stones was unclear to the committee. The committee considered this evidence and the absence of any replicated evidence since this was published over 30 years ago. There was no evidence for the major or minor adverse events outcomes, but the committee highlighted potentially serious side effects with using allopurinol, such as acute kidney injury and problems with the blood cell count.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.8.1.3.6"><h5>Combined therapy (allopurinol/magnesium and thiazides) in adults</h5><p>Low quality evidence favoured combined therapy for the prevention of recurrence when compared with no intervention, while very low quality evidence favoured allopurinol alone when compared with combined allopurinol and thiazide therapy. Also, very low to low quality evidence showed no clinical difference for other recurrence outcomes when combined allopurinol and thiazide therapy was compared with allopurinol alone, thiazides alone and placebo. There was also a benefit of combined magnesium and thiazide therapy in terms of recurrence compared to thiazide alone. The committee noted that evidence of harms in terms of minor adverse events was of low quality and showed no clinical difference between combined therapy (allopurinol and thiazides) when compared with thiazides alone, but there was a benefit of thiazide alone and no intervention when compared to combined thiazide and magnesium. There were no major adverse events reported.</p><p>The committee noted that combined therapy, consisting of allopurinol and thiazides, is not routinely used in UK clinical practice. They noted that this combination may be used if urine metabolic laboratory tests have been done. The results of each test are then treated for, individually. However, they noted that thiazides are usually used to treat calcium stones, whereas allopurinol is usually used to treat uric acid stones, therefore this combination may not make clinical sense. Overall, the committee considered the evidence and agreed that there seemed to be no additional benefit of combined therapy over either intervention alone, in overall biochemically unselected patients.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.s1.8.2"><h4>1.8.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>No economic evidence was identified for this question.</p><p>Unit costs were presented to the committee to illustrate the variation in costs of the interventions in the clinical review. These ranged from below £20 per year for Allopurinol for example, to over £100 per year for the more supplement based interventions.</p><p>These interventions are likely to have to be taken for the patient’s lifetime. There is therefore a cost trade-off with regards to the cost of the interventions over the patient’s lifetime, versus the costs saved from stone events avoided if the treatment is successful.</p><p>Some cost-offset examples were presented to the committee to aid their consideration of cost effectiveness in the absence of evidence;</p><p>If the average age of onset of stones is 45, and the individual is likely to live for another 40 years, then an estimate of the number of recurrences a patient might have over their remaining lifetime is 6 episodes (see <a href="#ch11.s1.6.1">section 1.6.1</a> for more detail on assumptions). If we apply the average rate ratio from all the interventions that reported rates in the clinical review (for adults) (0.7) this means there would be 1.8 stone episodes avoided with prevention of recurrence interventions. If these episodes would cost an average of £2,000 each to treat, and assuming that only 50% would require treatment, then that would be £1,800 of treatment costs avoided over the patient’s lifetime. To make the preventative treatments cost neutral, over a 40 year period these interventions would have to cost less than £45 per year. It may be however that the number of recurrences is overestimated as some people may never develop another stone, and some are more likely to keep developing stones because of an underlying abnormality. Therefore, the cost of a preventative intervention would have to be even lower to offset fewer events avoided.</p><p>The clinical data for individual interventions (for adults) was also used to estimate some cost offsets. Using a cohort of 1000 people, and the same assumptions that intervention to remove a stone would cost £2,000 but only 50% of stones would need intervention, applying the costs of the interventions based on the unit costs presented; showed that interventions likely to be offset are potassium citrate, allopurinol, allopurinol plus thiazides, and thiazides. These informal calculations are highly dependent on the clinical data and the assumptions made and should be interpreted with caution.</p><p>The clinical data was sometimes difficult to interpret because some studies had populations that were in people with specific urine abnormalities (e.g. hypocitraturia), and some were in populations with mixed urine abnormalities (although still within predominantly one type of stone composition e.g. calcium oxalate stones). The committee opinion was that this showed there to be a benefit of prescribing to a mixed group of people who have had renal stones and not necessarily just those with certain urine metabolic abnormalities.</p><p>The potassium citrate data for adults showed a benefit to giving the intervention regardless of the presence of specific abnormalities. However an adverse event that might be a concern would be hyperkalemia. It was acknowledged that it would be a change in practice to recommend potassium citrate to all individuals who have ever had calcium stones, regardless of whether they had a metabolic abnormality.</p><p>It is also important to note that in order to identify the type of stone a stone analysis would be necessary, and there is a large variation in practice with regards to whether stone analysis takes place. Although, It is only possible to do a stone analysis if the stone is available for testing which would be in about 50% of patients – therefore this reduces the population eligible for stone analysis. It is important to consider the cost effectiveness of the pathway as a whole, because tests can be expensive and would only be cost effective if there is adequate benefit from the treatment that would be given to those identified from the test.</p><p>For example; potassium citrate could be given to those with a predominantly calcium oxalate stone, as that is what the evidence suggests (so based on stone composition regardless of urine metabolic abnormality presence). It costs around £25 to undertake a stone analysis, if 1000 people with renal stones had their stone analysed, then that would cost around £25,000. If the prevalence of a calcium oxalate stone was around 70%, then 700 people could benefit from potassium citrate. Giving potassium citrate for 1 year to 700 people would cost around £64,000, which leads to total costs of testing and treatment of around £89,000. To offset this cost, around 44 stones that would need treatment in those 700 people would need to be prevented (if treatment cost £2,000), to offset the cost of identifying those people who could benefit from the potassium citrate. This means avoiding around 6% of stones in a year in those people being treated. The effectiveness difference between the intervention and control arm for potassium citrate versus placebo or no treatment was higher than this 6%. As mentioned earlier these are informal calculations and need to be viewed with caution.</p><p>Other interventions also considered to be effective from the clinical review were thiazides. These are low cost interventions, but would require some monitoring if prescribed. Thiazides are used for hypertension, therefore some patients would already be prescribed thiazides, given the high prevalence of hypertension.</p><p>Given concerns around; the quality of the evidence, that evidence for most outcomes came from single studies, concerns around adverse events that were not captured in the clinical review, uncertainty around cost effectiveness, and acknowledgment that any strong recommendations would be a change in current practice – the committee decided to make consider recommendations for the interventions they felt were clinically effective from the clinical review. The populations the interventions were recommended in were limited to recurrent stone formers, and limited further by stone compositions or metabolic abnormalities the committee felt the clinical evidence was demonstrated in. The use of potassium citrate and thiazides for renal stones is already current practice in some areas, resource impact is therefore likely to be small.</p><p>In children, only non-randomised evidence was identified comparing potassium citrate to no intervention. Children are a much smaller population, and it is standard practice to undertake screening for metabolic abnormalities in children, as they tend to be seen in specialist centres. The committee felt the evidence demonstrated effectiveness in children with mixed urine metabolic abnormalities. The recommendation might result in a change in practice as currently potassium citrate would be given in children with calcium in their urine or dependent on stone composition. However as a consider recommendation was made, the impact on practice is dependent on uptake, and children are a small population.</p><p>As mentioned above when discussing stone analysis, there is an implied pre-requisite that in order to treat by a specific stone composition or abnormality, then tests have taken place to identify these factors. No evidence was identified on the cost effectiveness of metabolic tests, and also as mentioned; the cost effectiveness of a test is dependent on the downstream factors such as prevalence of conditions identified from the tests and effectiveness of subsequent management. Clinical questions often assess individual parts of a pathway, but these need to be taken together when assessing cost effectiveness because individual parts of a pathway have an impact on the rest of the pathway. It has been shown that prevention of recurrence can be effective, and these costs may be offset by stones avoided, but the cost effectiveness of the whole testing pathway has not been formally proven. Therefore the recommendations from this review are ‘consider’ recommendations, from the perspective that; should composition or metabolic abnormality information be available for a patient, then a clinician might want to consider the treatments recommended in this review.</p></div><div id="ch11.s1.8.3"><h4>1.8.3. Other factors the committee took into account</h4><p>The committee agreed that all pharmacological management approaches should be considered alongside dietary advice.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.rl.r1"><h2 id="_ch11_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch11.ref1">Ahlstrand
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|
||
<p>Intervention review</p>
|
||
<p>A review of health economic evidence related to the same review question was conducted in parallel with this review. For details see the health economic review protocol for this NICE guideline.</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objective of the review</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To find the most effective management preventing the recurrence of future renal and ureteric stones for people who have had renal or ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – population / disease / condition / issue / domain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People (adults, children and young people) with symptomatic and asymptomatic renal or ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – intervention(s) / exposure(s) / prognostic factor(s)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l7"><li id="ch11.lt30" class="half_rhythm"><div>Potassium citrate supplements</div></li><li id="ch11.lt31" class="half_rhythm"><div>Sodium citrate supplements</div></li><li id="ch11.lt32" class="half_rhythm"><div>Allopurinol</div></li><li id="ch11.lt33" class="half_rhythm"><div>Thiazides</div></li><li id="ch11.lt34" class="half_rhythm"><div>Oral bicarbonate</div></li><li id="ch11.lt35" class="half_rhythm"><div>Chelating agents: D-penicillamine, Tiopronin (or Thiola or mercaptopropionylglycine) (for cystinuria)</div></li><li id="ch11.lt36" class="half_rhythm"><div>Captopril (for cystinuria)</div></li><li id="ch11.lt37" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ca supplements, pyridoxine,</div></li><li id="ch11.lt38" class="half_rhythm"><div>Magnesium supplement</div></li><li id="ch11.lt39" class="half_rhythm"><div>Methionine</div></li><li id="ch11.lt40" class="half_rhythm"><div>Prophylactic antibiotics</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – comparator(s) / control or reference (gold) standard</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l8"><li id="ch11.lt41" class="half_rhythm"><div>Each other</div></li><li id="ch11.lt42" class="half_rhythm"><div>No treatment/Placebo/Fluid only</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes and prioritisation</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Critical outcomes at longest time point:
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l9"><li id="ch11.lt43" class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrence rate</div></li><li id="ch11.lt44" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stone episodes/stone interventions</div></li><li id="ch11.lt45" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of healthcare services</div></li><li id="ch11.lt46" class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li id="ch11.lt47" class="half_rhythm"><div>Major Adverse events (if admission to hospital</div></li><li id="ch11.lt48" class="half_rhythm"><div>Minor adverse events (no admission to hospital)</div></li><li id="ch11.lt49" class="half_rhythm"><div>Important outcomes at longest time point:</div></li><li id="ch11.lt50" class="half_rhythm"><div>Kidney function</div></li><li id="ch11.lt51" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain intensity (visual analogue scale)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – study design</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews of RCTs.</p>
|
||
<p>If no RCT evidence is available, search for observational studies□ for children</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other inclusion exclusion criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Bladder stones</p>
|
||
<p>Open surgery for renal (kidney and ureteric) stones</p>
|
||
<p>Laparoscopic nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy</p>
|
||
<p>Non-English language studies</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed sensitivity / subgroup analysis, or meta-regression</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Strata:
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l10"><li id="ch11.lt52" class="half_rhythm"><div>Population
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l11" class="circle"><li id="ch11.lt53" class="half_rhythm"><div>Adults (≥16 years)</div></li><li id="ch11.lt54" class="half_rhythm"><div>Children and young people (<16 years)</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="ch11.lt55" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stone composition:
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l12" class="circle"><li id="ch11.lt56" class="half_rhythm"><div>cystine</div></li><li id="ch11.lt57" class="half_rhythm"><div>urate</div></li><li id="ch11.lt58" class="half_rhythm"><div>calcium oxalate</div></li><li id="ch11.lt59" class="half_rhythm"><div>calcium phosphate/brushite</div></li><li id="ch11.lt60" class="half_rhythm"><div>struvite</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="ch11.lt61" class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal biochemistry:
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l13" class="circle"><li id="ch11.lt62" class="half_rhythm"><div>hypercalciuria</div></li><li id="ch11.lt63" class="half_rhythm"><div>hypocitraturia</div></li><li id="ch11.lt64" class="half_rhythm"><div>hyperuricosuria/hyperuricaemia</div></li><li id="ch11.lt65" class="half_rhythm"><div>hyperoxaluria</div></li><li id="ch11.lt66" class="half_rhythm"><div>hypomagnesaemia</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
|
||
Subgroups:
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l14"><li id="ch11.lt67" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pregnant women</div></li><li id="ch11.lt68" class="half_rhythm"><div>People who are HIV positive and having treatment with protease inhibitors</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Selection process – duplicate screening / selection / analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Studies are sifted by title and abstract. Potentially significant publications obtained in full text are then assessed against the inclusion criteria specified in this protocol.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data management (software)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l15"><li id="ch11.lt69" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pairwise meta-analyses performed using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan5).</div></li><li id="ch11.lt70" class="half_rhythm"><div>GRADEpro used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome</div></li><li id="ch11.lt71" class="half_rhythm"><div>Endnote for bibliography, citations, sifting and reference management</div></li><li id="ch11.lt72" class="half_rhythm"><div>Data extractions performed using EviBase, a platform designed and maintained by the National Guideline Centre (NGC)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Information sources – databases and dates</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l16" class="simple-list"><li id="ch11.lt73" class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical search databases to be used: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library</div></li><li id="ch11.lt74" class="half_rhythm"><div>Date: all years</div></li></ul>
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l17" class="simple-list"><li id="ch11.lt75" class="half_rhythm"><div>Health economics search databases to be used: Medline, Embase, NHSEED, HTA</div></li><li id="ch11.lt76" class="half_rhythm"><div>Date: Medline, Embase from 2014</div></li><li id="ch11.lt77" class="half_rhythm"><div>NHSEED, HTA – all years</div></li></ul>
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l18" class="simple-list"><li id="ch11.lt78" class="half_rhythm"><div>Language: Restrict to English only</div></li><li id="ch11.lt79" class="half_rhythm"><div>Supplementary search techniques: backward citation searching</div></li></ul>
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l19" class="simple-list"><li id="ch11.lt80" class="half_rhythm"><div>Key papers: Not known</div></li></ul>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify if an update</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not applicable</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Author contacts</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.nice.org<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10033</a>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Highlight if amendment to previous protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 4.5 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/4-Developing-review-questions-and-planning-the-evidence-review#planning-the-evidence-review" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy – for one database</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see <a href="#ch11.appb">appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data collection process – forms / duplicate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A standardised evidence table format will be used, and published as <a href="#ch11.appd">appendix D</a> of the evidence report.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data items – define all variables to be collected</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see evidence tables in <a href="#ch11.appd">Appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#ch11.apph">H</a> (health economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for assessing bias at outcome / study level</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Standard study checklists were used to critically appraise individual studies. For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></p>
|
||
<p>The risk of bias across all available evidence was evaluated for each outcome using an adaptation of the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) toolbox’ developed by the international GRADE working group <a href="http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.gradeworkinggroup.org/</a></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criteria for quantitative synthesis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.4 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for quantitative analysis – combining studies and exploring (in)consistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the separate Methods report for this guideline.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-bias assessment – publication bias, selective reporting bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Confidence in cumulative evidence</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see sections 6.4 and 9.1 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rationale / context – what is known</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the introduction to the evidence review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Describe contributions of authors and guarantor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>A multidisciplinary committee developed the evidence review. The committee was convened by the National Guideline Centre (NGC) and chaired by Andrew Dickinson in line with section 3 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Staff from NGC undertook systematic literature searches, appraised the evidence, conducted meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis where appropriate, and drafted the evidence review in collaboration with the committee. For details please see <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sources of funding / support</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Name of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roles of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NICE funds NGC to develop guidelines for those working in the NHS, public health and social care in England.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROSPERO registration number</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not registered</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="ch11.appa.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 22</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appa.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Objectives</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Search criteria</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l20"><li id="ch11.lt81" class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the individual review protocol above.</div></li><li id="ch11.lt82" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant economic study design (cost-utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li id="ch11.lt83" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed. The bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li id="ch11.lt84" class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li id="ch11.lt85" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Search strategy</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and an economic study filter – see <a href="#ch11.appg">Appendix G</a>
|
||
<i>[in the Full guideline]</i>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<b>Review strategy</b>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2002, abstract-only studies and studies from non-OECD countries or the USA will also be excluded.</p><p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in <a href="#ch11.appg">Appendix G</a> of the 2014 NICE guidelines manual.<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a></p><p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l21"><li id="ch11.lt86" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’ then it will be included in the guideline. An economic evidence table will be completed and it will be included in the economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="ch11.lt87" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’ then it will usually be excluded from the guideline. If it is excluded then an economic evidence table will not be completed and it will not be included in the economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="ch11.lt88" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul>
|
||
<b>Where there is discretion</b></p><p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question, in discussion with the Committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the Committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to selectively exclude the remaining studies. All studies excluded on the basis of applicability or methodological limitations will be listed with explanation as excluded economic studies in Appendix M.</p><p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p><p><i>Setting:</i>
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l22"><li id="ch11.lt89" class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch11.lt90" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li id="ch11.lt91" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li id="ch11.lt92" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the USA will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
|
||
<i>Economic study type:</i>
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l23"><li id="ch11.lt93" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost-utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch11.lt94" class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-consequences analysis).</div></li><li id="ch11.lt95" class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li id="ch11.lt96" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
|
||
<i>Year of analysis:</i>
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l24"><li id="ch11.lt97" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li id="ch11.lt98" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2002 or later but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly from before 2002 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li id="ch11.lt99" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2002 will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
|
||
<i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the economic analysis:</i>
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l25"><li id="ch11.lt100" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the economic analysis matches with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li></ul>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual 2014, updated 2017 <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869</a></p><p><i>For more detailed information, please see the</i> Methodology Review. [Add cross reference]</p><div id="ch11.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>Searches were constructed using a PICO framework where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and in some cases Comparison (C) terms. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions as these concepts may not be well described in title, abstract or indexes and therefore difficult to retrieve. Search filters were applied to the search where appropriate.</p><div id="ch11.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 23</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 24 October 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
||
<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
|
||
<p>Systematic review studies</p>
|
||
<p>Observational studies</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 24 October 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
||
<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
|
||
<p>Systematic review studies</p>
|
||
<p>Observational studies</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Cochrane Reviews to 2017 Issue 10 of 12</p>
|
||
<p>CENTRAL to 2017 Issue 9 of 12</p>
|
||
<p>DARE, and NHSEED to 2015 Issue 2 of 4</p>
|
||
<p>HTA to 2016 Issue 4 of 4</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="ch11.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7–14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 not 16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/17–23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 25 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Citrates/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((potassium or sodium or K or Na) adj3 citrate*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27–28</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Allopurinol/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(allopurinol or Uricto or Zyloric).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/30–31</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Thiazides/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Bendroflumethiazide/ or exp Hydrochlorothiazide/ or exp Chlorothiazide/ or exp Cyclopenthiazide/ or exp Hydroflumethiazide/ or exp Methyclothiazide/ or exp Polythiazide/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(thiazide* or Bendroflumethiazide or Hydrochlorothiazide or Chlorothiazide or Cyclopenthiazide or Hydroflumethiazide or Methyclothiazide or Polythiazide).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/33–35</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Sodium Bicarbonate/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">bicarb*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((baking or bicarbonate) adj5 soda).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((Na or sodium acid or sodium hydrogen) adj5 carbonate).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NaHCO3.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/37–41</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cystinuria/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((high* or raise* or elevate*) adj3 cystine).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Chelating Agents/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chelation Therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(chelation adj3 (agent* or therap*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(D-Penicillamine or Penicillamine or Tiopronin or Thiola or mercaptopropionylglycine).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(angiotensin-converting adj3 inhibitor*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Captopril or Capoten or Ecopace or Noyada).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/43–51</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Calcium/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Calcium, Dietary/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calcium or Ca) adj3 (oral or supplement*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/53–55</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pyridoxine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pyridoxine or pyridoxal phosphate or vitamin B6 or vit B6 or B 6 or Pyrid).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/57–58</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Vitamin D/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((vitamin D or vit D) adj3 (oral or supplement*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/60–61</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnesium/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((magnesium or Mg) adj3 (oral or supplement*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/63–64</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Methionine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">methionine.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/66–67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Anti-bacterial Agents/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Antibiotic Prophylaxis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">antibiotic*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/69–71</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29 or 32 or 36 or 42 or 52 or 56 or 59 or 62 or 65 or 68 or 72</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 and 73</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Trials as topic.sh.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/75–81</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Meta-Analysis as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">85.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">91.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">92.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">93.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/83–92</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epidemiologic studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">96.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Cohort studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">97.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">98.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">99.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Controlled Before-After Studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">101.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Historically Controlled Study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">102.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interrupted Time Series Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">103.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">104.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/94–103</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">105.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">106.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">107.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/105–106</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">108.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">104 or 107</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">109.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">110.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">111.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/109–110</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">112.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">104 or 111</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">113.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">104 or 107 or 111</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">114.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74 and 82</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">115.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74 and 93</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">116.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">114 or 115</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">117.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74 and 113</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">118.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">117 not 116</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="ch11.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7–11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 not 13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/14–21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 23 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp citric acid/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">citric acid.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((potassium or sodium or K or Na) adj3 citrate*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25–27</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">allopurinol sodium/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(allopurinol or Uricto or Zyloric).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/29–30</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp thiazide diuretic agent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">bendroflumethiazide/ or hydrochlorothiazide/ or chlorothiazide/ or cyclopenthiazide/ or hydroflumethiazide/ or methyclothiazide/ or polythiazide/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(thiazide* or Bendroflumethiazide or Hydrochlorothiazide or Chlorothiazide or Cyclopenthiazide or Hydroflumethiazide or Methyclothiazide or Polythiazide).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/32–34</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp bicarbonate sodium/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">bicarb*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((baking or bicarbonate) adj5 soda).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((Na or sodium acid or sodium hydrogen) adj5 carbonate).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NaHCO3.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/36–40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cystinuria/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((high* or raise* or elevate*) adj3 cystine).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp chelating agent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">chelation therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(chelation adj3 (agent* or therap*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(D-Penicillamine or Penicillamine or Tiopronin or Thiola or mercaptopropionylglycine).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(angiotensin-converting adj3 inhibitor*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Captopril or Capoten or Ecopace or Noyada).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/42–50</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">calcium/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">calcium intake/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calcium or Ca) adj3 (oral or supplement*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/52–54</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">pyridoxine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pyridoxine or pyridoxal phosphate or vitamin B6 or vit B6 or B 6 or Pyrid).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/56–57</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp vitamin D/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((vitamin D or vit D) adj3 (oral or supplement*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/59–60</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">magnesium/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((magnesium or Mg) adj3 (oral or supplement*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/62–63</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp methionine/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">methionine.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/65–66</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp antibiotic agent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">antibiotic prophylaxis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">antibiotic*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/68–70</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28 or 31 or 35 or 41 or 51 or 55 or 58 or 61 or 64 or 67 or 71</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 72</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">crossover procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">single blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">double blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/74–82</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">systematic review/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">85.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">meta-analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">91.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">92.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">93.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/84–93</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">96.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">97.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">family study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">98.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">longitudinal study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">99.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">retrospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">prospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">101.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">102.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">follow-up/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">103.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">104.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">102 and 103</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">105.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">106.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">107.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">108.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">109.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/95–101, 104–108</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">110.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">111.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">112.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/110–111</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">113.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">109 or 112</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">114.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cross-sectional study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">115.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">116.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/114–115</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">117.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">109 or 116</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">118.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">109 or 112 or 116</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">119.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73 and 83</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">120.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73 and 94</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">121.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">119 or 120</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">122.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73 and 118</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">123.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">122 not 121</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="ch11.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Urolithiasis] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) near/3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) near/3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #1–#5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Citrates] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((potassium or sodium or K or Na) near/3 citrate*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #7–#8)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Allopurinol] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(allopurinol or Uricto or Zyloric):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #10–#11)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Thiazides] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Bendroflumethiazide] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Hydrochlorothiazide] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Chlorothiazide] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Cyclopenthiazide] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Hydroflumethiazide] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Methyclothiazide] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Polythiazide] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(thiazide* or Bendroflumethiazide or Hydrochlorothiazide or Chlorothiazide or Cyclopenthiazide or Hydroflumethiazide or Methyclothiazide or Polythiazide):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #13–#21)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Sodium Bicarbonate] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">bicarb*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((baking or bicarbonate) near/5 soda):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((Na or sodium acid or sodium hydrogen) near/5 carbonate):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NaHCO3:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #23–#27)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Cystinuria] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((high* or raise* or elevate*) near/3 cystine):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Chelating Agents] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Chelation Therapy] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(chelation near/3 (agent* or therap*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(D-Penicillamine or Penicillamine or Tiopronin or Thiola or mercaptopropionylglycine):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(angiotensin-converting near/3 inhibitor*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Captopril or Capoten or Ecopace or Noyada):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #29–#37)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Calcium] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Calcium, Dietary] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calcium or Ca) near/3 (oral or supplement*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #39–#41)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Pyridoxine] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pyridoxine or pyridoxal phosphate or vitamin B6 or vit B6 or B 6 or Pyrid):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #43–#44)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Vitamin D] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((vitamin D or vit D) near/3 (oral or supplement*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #46–#47)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Magnesium] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((magnesium or Mg) near/3 (oral or supplement*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #49–#50)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Methionine] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">methionine:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #52–#53)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Anti-Bacterial Agents] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Antibiotic Prophylaxis] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">antibiotic*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #55–#57)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #9, #12, #22, #28, #38, #42, #45, #48, #51, #54, #58)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6 and #59</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to renal and ureteric stones population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional searches were run on Medline and Embase for health economics studies.</p><div id="ch11.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 24</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 9 March 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
||
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 9 March 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
||
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>HTA - Inception – 9 March 2018</p>
|
||
<p>NHSEED - Inception to March 2015</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="ch11.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7–14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 not 16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/17–23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 25 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27–42</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 and 43</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="ch11.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp urolithiasis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or nephroliths or urolithias?s or ureterolithias?s).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney* or urinary or ureter* or urethra*) adj3 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or c?olic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stone disease*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((calculi or calculus or calcium oxalate or cystine) adj3 (crystal* or stone* or lithiasis)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/7–11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 not 13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/14–21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 not 22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 23 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">health economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp economic evaluation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp health care cost/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp fee/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">funding/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25–37</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 38</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="ch11.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR urolithiasis EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((nephrolitiasis or nephrolith or urolithiasis)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((((renal or kidney or urinary or ureteric or ureteral or ureter or urethra*) adj2 (stone* or calculi or calculus or calculosis or lithiasis or colic))))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((stone disease*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((((calculi or calculus) adj2 (stone* or lithiasis))))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><div id="ch11.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20prevention%20of%20recurrence.&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of prevention of recurrence." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of prevention of recurrence</span></h3></div></div><div id="ch11.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="ch11.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (679K)</span></p></div><div id="ch11.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="ch11.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. Potassium citrate versus no intervention in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Recurrence%20(new%20stone%20formation%20in%20patients%20stone-free%20at%20baseline%20subgroup)%20(12%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef1.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Recurrence (new stone formation in patients stone-free at baseline subgroup) (12 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Recurrence (new stone formation in patients stone-free at baseline subgroup) (12 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate; metabolic abnormality: hypocitraturia 28.6%, hypercalciuria 14.3%, hyperuricosuria 10.7%. At baseline, included patients were stone free or had residual fragments <5mm diameter</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Recurrence%20(number%20of%20stone-free%20patients)%20(12%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef2.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Recurrence (number of stone-free patients) (12 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Recurrence (number of stone-free patients) (12 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate; metabolic abnormality: stone free at baseline (hypocitraturia 28.6%, hypercalciuria 14.3%, hyperuricosuria 10.7%) residual stones at baseline (hypocitraturia 52.9%, hypercalciuria 29.4%, hyperuricosuria 29.4%), overall (hypocitraturia 37.8%, hypercalciuria 20%, hyperuricosuria 17.8%) At baseline, included patients were stone free or had residual fragments <5mm diameter</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Stone%20episodes%20(stone%20size%20increased%20in%20patients%20with%20residual%20stones%20%3C5mm%20at%20baseline)%20(12%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef3.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Stone episodes (stone size increased in patients with residual stones <5mm at baseline) (12 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Stone episodes (stone size increased in patients with residual stones <5mm at baseline) (12 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate; metabolic abnormality: hypocitraturia 52.9%, hypercalciuria 29.4%, hyperuricosuria 29.4%. At baseline, included patients were stone free or had residual fragments <5mm diameter</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Stone%20episodes%20(stone%20size%20unchanged%20in%20patients%20with%20residual%20fragments%20%3C5mm%20at%20baseline)%20(12%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef4.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Stone episodes (stone size unchanged in patients with residual fragments <5mm at baseline) (12 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Stone episodes (stone size unchanged in patients with residual fragments <5mm at baseline) (12 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate; metabolic abnormality: hypocitraturia 52.9%, hypercalciuria 29.4%, hyperuricosuria 29.4%. At baseline, included patients were stone free or had residual fragments <5mm diameter</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s2"><h4>E.2. Potassium citrate versus placebo in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%206.%20Recurrence%20rate%20(stone%20formation%2Fpatient%2Fyear)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef5.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Recurrence rate (stone formation/patient/year) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">Recurrence rate (stone formation/patient/year) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate or a mixture of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate; biochemical abnormality: hypocitraturia. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more stones formed during the previous 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%207.%20Recurrence%20(new%20stone%20formation)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef6.jpg" alt="Figure 7. Recurrence (new stone formation) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 7</span><span class="title">Recurrence (new stone formation) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate or a mixture of calcium oxalate a abnormality: hypocitraturia. At baseline, included patients had 2 or m years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%208.%20Recurrence%20(stone-free)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef7.jpg" alt="Figure 8. Recurrence (stone-free) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 8</span><span class="title">Recurrence (stone-free) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate or a mixture of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate; biochemical abnormality: hypocitraturia. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more stones formed during the previous 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%209.%20Stone%20episodes%20(increase%20in%20stone%20size)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef8.jpg" alt="Figure 9. Stone episodes (increase in stone size) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 9</span><span class="title">Stone episodes (increase in stone size) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate or a mixture of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate; biochemical abnormality: hypocitraturia. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more stones formed during the previous 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2010.%20Stone%20interventions%20(procedures%20to%20remove%20stones)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef9.jpg" alt="Figure 10. Stone interventions (procedures to remove stones) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 10</span><span class="title">Stone interventions (procedures to remove stones) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate or a mixture of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate; biochemical abnormality: hypocitraturia. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more stones formed during the previous 2 years</p><p>Type of procedures: citrate group (SWL); placebo group (10 SWL, 1 basket, 1 open)</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2011.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(unspecified%3B%20causing%20withdrawal%20from%20study)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef10.jpg" alt="Figure 11. Minor adverse events (unspecified; causing withdrawal from study) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 11</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (unspecified; causing withdrawal from study) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate or a mixture of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate; biochemical abnormality: hypocitraturia. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more stones formed during the previous 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig11" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2012.%20Kidney%20function%20(creatinine%20clearance%20%02013%20ml%2Fmin)%20(3%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef11.jpg" alt="Figure 12. Kidney function (creatinine clearance – ml/min) (3 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 12</span><span class="title">Kidney function (creatinine clearance – ml/min) (3 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition and biochemical abnormality not specified. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more stones formed during the previous 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig12" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2013.%20Kidney%20function%20(fractional%20excretion%20of%20magnesium%20-%20%25)%20(3%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef12.jpg" alt="Figure 13. Kidney function (fractional excretion of magnesium - %) (3 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 13</span><span class="title">Kidney function (fractional excretion of magnesium - %) (3 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition and biochemical abnormality not specified. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more stones formed during the previous 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig13" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2014.%20Kidney%20function%20(urine%20NAG%20activity%20%02013%20U%2Fg%20Cr)%20(3%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef13.jpg" alt="Figure 14. Kidney function (urine NAG activity – U/g Cr) (3 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 14</span><span class="title">Kidney function (urine NAG activity – U/g Cr) (3 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition and biochemical abnormality not specified. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more stones formed during the previous 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig14" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2015.%20Kidney%20function%20(urine%20proteins%20%02013%20g%2Fday)%20(3%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef14.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef14.jpg" alt="Figure 15. Kidney function (urine proteins – g/day) (3 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 15</span><span class="title">Kidney function (urine proteins – g/day) (3 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition and biochemical abnormality not specified. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more stones formed during the previous 2 years</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s3"><h4>E.3. Magnesium versus placbo in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig15" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2016.%20Recurrence%20rate%20(rate%20of%20calculous%20events%20per%20year%20of%20observation)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef15.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef15.jpg" alt="Figure 16. Recurrence rate (rate of calculous events per year of observation) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 16</span><span class="title">Recurrence rate (rate of calculous events per year of observation) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: exceeding 79% calcium oxalate; biochemical abnormality (magnesium/placebo groups_: hypercalciuria 13.8/9.7%, hyperuricosuria 8.1/9.7%, both 27.7/16.1 %, no metabolic abnormality 50.5/64.5%. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more calculi within the previous 5 years and at least 1 calculous within the previous 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig16" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2017.%20Recurrence%20(calculi%20observed)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef16.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef16.jpg" alt="Figure 17. Recurrence (calculi observed) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 17</span><span class="title">Recurrence (calculi observed) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: exceeding 79% calcium oxalate; biochemical abnormality (magnesium/placebo groups_: hypercalciuria 13.8/9.7%, hyperuricosuria 8.1/9.7%, both 27.7/16.1 %, no metabolic abnormality 50.5/64.5%. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more calculi within the previous 5 years and at least 1 calculous within the previous 2 years</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s4"><h4>E.4. Allopurinol versus placebo in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig17" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2018.%20Recurrence%20rate%20(rate%20of%20calculous%20events%20per%20patient%20per%20year)%20(39%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef17.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef17.jpg" alt="Figure 18. Recurrence rate (rate of calculous events per patient per year) (39 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 18</span><span class="title">Recurrence rate (rate of calculous events per patient per year) (39 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: more than 79% calcium oxalate; biochemical abnormality not specified</p><p>At baseline, included patients had 2 or more calculi within the previous 5 years and at least 1 calculous within the previous 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig18" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2019.%20Recurrence%20(new%20stones)%20(39%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef18.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef18.jpg" alt="Figure 19. Recurrence (new stones) (39 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 19</span><span class="title">Recurrence (new stones) (39 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: more than 79% calcium oxalate; biochemical abnormality not specified</p><p>At baseline, included patients had 2 or more calculi within the previous 5 years and at least 1 calculous within the previous 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig19" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2020.%20Recurrence%20(unspecified)%20(2%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef19.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef19.jpg" alt="Figure 20. Recurrence (unspecified) (2 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 20</span><span class="title">Recurrence (unspecified) (2 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate, calcium oxalate (P0<sub>4</sub>) or unknown; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 11.5%, hyperuricuria 9.6%, hyperoxaluria 30.8%</p><p>At baseline, included patients had passed at least one stone in the two preceding months.</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig20" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2021.%20Stone%20episodes%20(new%20calculous%20events%20%02013%20increase%20in%20stone%20size%20or%20new%20stones)%20(39%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef20.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef20.jpg" alt="Figure 21. Stone episodes (new calculous events – increase in stone size or new stones) (39 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 21</span><span class="title">Stone episodes (new calculous events – increase in stone size or new stones) (39 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: more than 79% calcium oxalate; biochemical abnormality not specified</p><p>At baseline, included patients had 2 or more calculi within the previous 5 years and at least 1 calculous within the previous 2 years</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s5"><h4>E.5. Thiazides versus no intervention in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig21" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2022.%20Recurrence%20rate%20(number%20of%20stones%2Fpatient%2Fyear)%20(2.21%20years).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef21.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef21.jpg" alt="Figure 22. Recurrence rate (number of stones/patient/year) (2.21 years)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 22</span><span class="title">Recurrence rate (number of stones/patient/year) (2.21 years)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria; at baseline included patients had single stones and multiple or recurrent stones</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig22" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2023.%20Recurrence%20(number%20of%20participants%20stone%20free)%20(3%20years).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef22.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef22.jpg" alt="Figure 23. Recurrence (number of participants stone free) (3 years)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 23</span><span class="title">Recurrence (number of participants stone free) (3 years)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (pure calcium oxalate or <20% calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria</p><p>At baseline, included patients had formed at least one stone in the previous 3 years, but before treatment were calculi-free</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig23" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2024.%20Recurrence%20(remission%20%02013%20patients%20without%20new%20stone%20formation)%20(2.21%20years).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef23.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef23.jpg" alt="Figure 24. Recurrence (remission – patients without new stone formation) (2.21 years)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 24</span><span class="title">Recurrence (remission – patients without new stone formation) (2.21 years)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria</p><p>At baseline included patients had single stones and multiple or recurrent stones</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig24" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2025.%20Recurrence%20(number%20of%20patients%20with%20recurrences)%20(2%20years).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef24.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef24.jpg" alt="Figure 25. Recurrence (number of patients with recurrences) (2 years)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 25</span><span class="title">Recurrence (number of patients with recurrences) (2 years)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality: all participants (hypercalciuria 43.8%) Pre-treatment average frequency of stone formation adjusted to treatment period of 2 years: 0.466(0.187) (no intervention, normocalciuric); 0.784(0.943) (no intervention, hypercalciuric); 0.587(0.338)(thiazide, normocalciuric); 0.516(0.258)(thiazide, hypercalciuric)</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig25" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2026.%20Recurrence%20(number%20of%20people%20free%20from%20recurrence).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef25.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef25.jpg" alt="Figure 26. Recurrence (number of people free from recurrence)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 26</span><span class="title">Recurrence (number of people free from recurrence)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria or hypomagnesiuria</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig26" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2027.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(study%20discontinuation%20due%20to%20clinical%20hypotension%3A%20dizziness%20and%20hypotension)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef26.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef26.jpg" alt="Figure 27. Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to clinical hypotension: dizziness and hypotension) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 27</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to clinical hypotension: dizziness and hypotension) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (pure calcium oxalate or <20% calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria</p><p>At baseline, included patients had formed at least one stone in the previous 3 years, but before treatment were calculi-free</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig27" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2028.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(study%20discontinuation%20due%20to%20silent%20severe%20hypokalaemia)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef27.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef27.jpg" alt="Figure 28. Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to silent severe hypokalaemia) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 28</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to silent severe hypokalaemia) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (pure calcium oxalate or <20% calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria</p><p>At baseline, included patients had formed at least one stone in the previous 3 years, but before treatment were calculi-free</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig28" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2029.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(treatment%20discontinued%20due%20to%20side%20effects%20including%20orthostatic%20reactions%2C%20dizziness%2C%20gastrointestinal%20symptoms%2C%20muscle%20cramp%2C%20gout%20and%20erectile%20dysfunction).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef28.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef28.jpg" alt="Figure 29. Minor adverse events (treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 29</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria or hypomagnesiuria</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig29" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2030.%20Kidney%20function%20(creatinine%20clearance%20%02013%20ml%2Fmin).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef29.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef29.jpg" alt="Figure 30. Kidney function (creatinine clearance – ml/min)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 30</span><span class="title">Kidney function (creatinine clearance – ml/min)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (pure calcium oxalate or <20% calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria</p><p>At baseline, included patients had formed at least one stone in the previous 3 years, but before treatment were calculi-free</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s6"><h4>E.6. Thiazides versus placebo in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig30" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2031.%20Recurrence%20rate%20(rate%20of%20stones%20per%20patient%20year)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef30.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef30.jpg" alt="Figure 31. Recurrence rate (rate of stones per patient year) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 31</span><span class="title">Recurrence rate (rate of stones per patient year) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Ettinger 1998: Stone composition: exceeding 79% calcium oxalate; biochemical abnormality (thiazide/placebo groups): hypercalciuria 14.4/9.7%, hyperuricosuria 26.3/9.7%, both 23.1/16.1 %, no metabolic abnormality 38.9/64.5%. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more calculi within the previous 5 years and at least 1 calculous within the previous 2 years</p><p>Wolf 1983: Stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality: no well-defined metabolic cause of renal stone formation. At baseline, pre-treatment rate of stone formation over an average control period of 36 months was 0.40 stones/patient/year in thiazide group and 0.70 stones/patient/year in placebo group.</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig31" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2032.%20Recurrence%20(unspecified)%20(2%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef31.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef31.jpg" alt="Figure 32. Recurrence (unspecified) (2 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 32</span><span class="title">Recurrence (unspecified) (2 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate, calcium oxalate (P0<sub>4</sub>) or unknown; biochemical abnormality; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 18%, hyperuricuria 12%, hyperoxaluria 30%. At baseline, included patients had passed at least one stone in the two preceding months</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig32" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2033.%20Recurrence%20(verified%20and%20probable%20new%20stone%20formation%2Fspontaneous%20passage%20of%20newly%20formed%20stones%2Fcalculi%20observed)%20(1%020133%20years).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef32.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef32.jpg" alt="Figure 33. Recurrence (verified and probable new stone formation/spontaneous passage of newly formed stones/calculi observed) (1–3 years)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 33</span><span class="title">Recurrence (verified and probable new stone formation/spontaneous passage of newly formed stones/calculi observed) (1–3 years)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Ettinger 1998: Stone composition: exceeding 79% calcium oxalate; biochemical abnormality (thiazide/placebo groups): hypercalciuria 14.4/9.7%, hyperuricosuria 26.3/9.7%, both 23.1/16.1 %, no metabolic abnormality 38.9/64.5%. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more calculi within the previous 5 years and at least 1 calculous within the previous 2 yearsLaerum 1984: calcium (24 participants had calcium oxalate alone or combined with calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 27%, hyperuricosuria 25%</p><p>At baseline, included patients had two or more stones totally formed, with the most recent stone, associated with renal colic, having occurred during the last 2 years <i>Scholz 1982: stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality not specified; At baseline, stone formation was examined by X-ray – results not reported</i></p><p>Time-point: Laerum 1984: 3 years; Scholz 1982: 1 year</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig33" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2034.%20Stone%20interventions%20(SWL)%20with%20previous%20SWL%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef33.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef33.jpg" alt="Figure 34. Stone interventions (SWL) with previous SWL (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 34</span><span class="title">Stone interventions (SWL) with previous SWL (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 38%, hypocitraturia 14%, hyperuricuria 4%, hyperoxaluria 4%, mixed 9%, no disorder 31%: not specified</p><p>At baseline, included patients had residual lithiasis 3 months after SWL (one to three fragments <4mm)</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig34" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2035.%20Stone%20episodes%20(unchanged%20or%20increased%20in%20size%20residual%20fragments)%20with%20previous%20SWL%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef34.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef34.jpg" alt="Figure 35. Stone episodes (unchanged or increased in size residual fragments) with previous SWL (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 35</span><span class="title">Stone episodes (unchanged or increased in size residual fragments) with previous SWL (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 38%, hypocitraturia 14%, hyperuricuria 4%, hyperoxaluria 4%, mixed 9%, no disorder 31%: not specified</p><p>At baseline, included patients had residual lithiasis 3 months after SWL (one to three fragments <4mm)</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig35" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2036.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(attack%20of%20gouty%20arthritis)%20(median%203%20years).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef35.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef35.jpg" alt="Figure 36. Minor adverse events (attack of gouty arthritis) (median 3 years)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 36</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (attack of gouty arthritis) (median 3 years)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (24 participants had calcium oxalate alone or combined with calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 27%, hyperuricosuria 25%</p><p>At baseline, included patients had two or more stones totally formed, with the most recent stone, associated with renal colic, having occurred during the last 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig36" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2037.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(impotence%20%02013%20transient%20and%20characterised%20as%20mild)%20(median%203%20years).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef36.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef36.jpg" alt="Figure 37. Minor adverse events (impotence – transient and characterised as mild) (median 3 years)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 37</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (impotence – transient and characterised as mild) (median 3 years)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (24 participants had calcium oxalate alone or combined with calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 27%, hyperuricosuria 25%</p><p>At baseline, included patients had two or more stones totally formed, with the most recent stone, associated with renal colic, having occurred during the last 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig37" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2038.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(hypopotassemia)%20(median%203%20years).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef37.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef37.jpg" alt="Figure 38. Minor adverse events (hypopotassemia) (median 3 years)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 38</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (hypopotassemia) (median 3 years)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (24 participants had calcium oxalate alone or combined with calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 27%, hyperuricosuria 25%</p><p>At baseline, included patients had two or more stones totally formed, with the most recent stone, associated with renal colic, having occurred during the last 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig38" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2039.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(general%20discomfort%20as%20nausea%2C%20dyspepsia%2C%20fatigue%20and%20vertigo)%20(median%203%20years).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef38.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef38.jpg" alt="Figure 39. Minor adverse events (general discomfort as nausea, dyspepsia, fatigue and vertigo) (median 3 years)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 39</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (general discomfort as nausea, dyspepsia, fatigue and vertigo) (median 3 years)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (24 participants had calcium oxalate alone or combined with calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 27%, hyperuricosuria 25%</p><p>At baseline, included patients had two or more stones totally formed, with the most recent stone, associated with renal colic, having occurred during the last 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig39" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2040.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(weariness%2C%20nausea%20and%20symptoms%20of%20low%20blood%20pressure)%20(12%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef39.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef39.jpg" alt="Figure 40. Minor adverse events (weariness, nausea and symptoms of low blood pressure) (12 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 40</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (weariness, nausea and symptoms of low blood pressure) (12 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality not specified At baseline, stone formation was examined by X-ray – results not reported</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig40" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2041.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(intracellular%20acidosis%20and%20hypocitraturia%20induced%20by%20hypopotassemia%20secondary%20to%20administration%20of%20thiazides)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef40.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef40.jpg" alt="Figure 41. Minor adverse events (intracellular acidosis and hypocitraturia induced by hypopotassemia secondary to administration of thiazides) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 41</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (intracellular acidosis and hypocitraturia induced by hypopotassemia secondary to administration of thiazides) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 38%, hypocitraturia 14%, hyperuricuria 4%, hyperoxaluria 4%, mixed 9%, no disorder 31%: not specified</p><p>At baseline, included patients had residual lithiasis 3 months after SWL (one to three fragments <4mm)</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s7"><h4>E.7. Thiazide versus magnesium in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig41" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2042.%20Recurrence%20rate%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef41.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef41.jpg" alt="Figure 42. Recurrence rate (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 42</span><span class="title">Recurrence rate (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: exceeding 79% calcium oxalate; biochemical abnormality (thiazide/magnesium groups): hypercalciuria 14.4/13.8%, hyperuricosuria 26.3/8.1%, both 23.1/27.7%, no metabolic abnormality 38.9/50.5%. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more calculi within the previous 5 years and at least 1 calculous within the previous 2 years</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig42" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2043.%20Recurrence.&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef42.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef42.jpg" alt="Figure 43. Recurrence." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 43</span><span class="title">Recurrence</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: exceeding 79% calcium oxalate; biochemical abnormality (thiazide/magnesium groups): hypercalciuria 14.4/13.8%, hyperuricosuria 26.3/8.1%, both 23.1/27.7%, no metabolic abnormality 38.9/50.5%. At baseline, included patients had 2 or more calculi within the previous 5 years and at least 1 calculous within the previous 2 years</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s8"><h4>E.8. Thiazides versus allopurinol in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig43" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2044.%20Recurrence%20(unspecified)%20(2%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef43.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef43.jpg" alt="Figure 44. Recurrence (unspecified) (2 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 44</span><span class="title">Recurrence (unspecified) (2 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate, calcium oxalate (P0<sub>4</sub>) or unknown; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 15.3%, hyperuricuria 15.2%, hyperoxaluria 28.3%. At baseline, included patients had passed at least one stone in the two preceding months</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s9"><h4>E.9. Allopurinol + thiazides versus no intervention in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig44" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2045.%20Recurrence%20(stone-free)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef44.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef44.jpg" alt="Figure 45. Recurrence (stone-free) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 45</span><span class="title">Recurrence (stone-free) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (pure calcium oxalate or <20% calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria. At baseline, included patients had formed at least one stone in the previous 3 years, but before treatment were calculi-free (intravenous pyelography and renal echography).</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig45" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2046.%20Kidney%20function%20(creatinine%20clearance%20%02013%20ml%2Fmin)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef45.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef45.jpg" alt="Figure 46. Kidney function (creatinine clearance – ml/min) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 46</span><span class="title">Kidney function (creatinine clearance – ml/min) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (pure calcium oxalate or <20% calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria. At baseline, included patients had formed at least one stone in the previous 3 years, but before treatment were calculi-free (intravenous pyelography and renal echography).</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s10"><h4>E.10. Allopurinol + thiazides versus placebo in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig46" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2047.%20Recurrence%20(unspecified)%20(2%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef46.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef46.jpg" alt="Figure 47. Recurrence (unspecified) (2 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 47</span><span class="title">Recurrence (unspecified) (2 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate, calcium oxalate (P0<sub>4</sub>) or unknown; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 16%, hyperuricuria 14%, hyperoxaluria 34%. At baseline, included patients had passed at least one stone in the two preceding months</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s11"><h4>E.11. Allopurinol + thiazides versus allopurinol in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig47" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2048.%20Recurrence%20rate%20(mean%204.6%020134.9%20years).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef47.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef47.jpg" alt="Figure 48. Recurrence rate (mean 4.6–4.9 years)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 48</span><span class="title">Recurrence rate (mean 4.6–4.9 years)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate; biochemical abnormality with or without hypercalciuria and/or hyperuricosuria. At baseline, the frequency of stone formation was patient-reported; one surgical or spontaneous pass was considered to be one episode</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig48" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2049.%20Recurrence%20(number%20of%20people%20with%20new%20stones)%20(4.6%020134.9%20years).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef48.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef48.jpg" alt="Figure 49. Recurrence (number of people with new stones) (4.6–4.9 years)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 49</span><span class="title">Recurrence (number of people with new stones) (4.6–4.9 years)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate; biochemical abnormality with or without hypercalciuria and/or hyperuricosuria. At baseline, the frequency of stone formation was patient-reported; one surgical or spontaneous pass was considered to be one episode</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig49" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2050.%20Recurrence%20(unspecified)%20(2%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef49.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef49.jpg" alt="Figure 50. Recurrence (unspecified) (2 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 50</span><span class="title">Recurrence (unspecified) (2 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate, calcium oxalate (P0<sub>4</sub>) or unknown; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 13%, hyperuricuria 17.4%, hyperoxaluria 32.6%. At baseline, included patients had passed at least one stone in the two preceding months</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s12"><h4>E.12. Thiazides + allopurinol versus thiazides in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig50" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2051.%20Recurrence%20(recurrence%20-%20undefined)%20(2%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef50.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef50.jpg" alt="Figure 51. Recurrence (recurrence - undefined) (2 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 51</span><span class="title">Recurrence (recurrence - undefined) (2 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate, calcium oxalate (P0<sub>4</sub>) or unknown; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria 20.5%, hyperuricuria 20.5%, hyperoxaluria 31.8%. At baseline, included patients had passed at least one stone in the two preceding months</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig51" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2052.%20Recurrence%20(number%20of%20stone-free%20participants)%20(3%20years).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef51.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef51.jpg" alt="Figure 52. Recurrence (number of stone-free participants) (3 years)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 52</span><span class="title">Recurrence (number of stone-free participants) (3 years)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (pure calcium oxalate or <20% calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria. At baseline, included patients were calculi-free</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig52" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2053.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(study%20discontinuation%20due%20to%20clinical%20hypotension%3A%20dizziness%20and%20hypotension)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef52.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef52.jpg" alt="Figure 53. Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to clinical hypotension: dizziness and hypotension) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 53</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to clinical hypotension: dizziness and hypotension) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (pure calcium oxalate or <20% calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria. At baseline, included patients were calculi-free</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig53" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2054.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(study%20discontinuation%20due%20to%20silent%20severe%20hypokalaemia)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef53.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef53.jpg" alt="Figure 54. Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to silent severe hypokalaemia) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 54</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to silent severe hypokalaemia) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (pure calcium oxalate or <20% calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria. At baseline, included patients were calculi-free</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig54" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2055.%20Kidney%20function%20(creatinine%20clearance%20%02013%20ml%2Fmin)%20(36%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef54.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef54.jpg" alt="Figure 55. Kidney function (creatinine clearance – ml/min) (36 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 55</span><span class="title">Kidney function (creatinine clearance – ml/min) (36 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium (pure calcium oxalate or <20% calcium phosphate); biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria. At baseline, included patients were calculi-free</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s13"><h4>E.13. Magnesium supplement + thiazides versus thiazides in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig55" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2056.%20Recurrence%20(number%20of%20people%20free%20from%20recurrence).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef55.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef55.jpg" alt="Figure 56. Recurrence (number of people free from recurrence)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 56</span><span class="title">Recurrence (number of people free from recurrence)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria or hypomagnesiuria; stone status at baseline not reported</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig56" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2057.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(treatment%20discontinued%20due%20to%20side%20effects%20including%20orthostatic%20reactions%2C%20dizziness%2C%20gastrointestinal%20symptoms%2C%20muscle%20cramp%2C%20gout%20and%20erectile%20dysfunction).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef56.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef56.jpg" alt="Figure 57. Minor adverse events (treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 57</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria or hypomagnesiuria; stone status at baseline not reported</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s14"><h4>E.14. Magnesium supplement + thiazides versus no intervention in adults</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig57" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2058.%20Recurrence%20(number%20of%20people%20free%20from%20recurrence).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef57.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef57.jpg" alt="Figure 58. Recurrence (number of people free from recurrence)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 58</span><span class="title">Recurrence (number of people free from recurrence)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria or hypomagnesiuria; stone status at baseline not reported</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig58" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2059.%20Minor%20adverse%20events%20(treatment%20discontinued%20due%20to%20side%20effects%20including%20orthostatic%20reactions%2C%20dizziness%2C%20gastrointestinal%20symptoms%2C%20muscle%20cramp%2C%20gout%20and%20erectile%20dysfunction).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef58.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef58.jpg" alt="Figure 59. Minor adverse events (treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 59</span><span class="title">Minor adverse events (treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium; biochemical abnormality: hypercalciuria or hypomagnesiuria; stone status at baseline not reported</p></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.s15"><h4>E.15. Potassium citrate versus no intervention in children (non-randomised studies)</h4><div id="ch11.appe.fig59" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2060.%20Recurrence%20rate%20(stone%20formation%20rate%20in%20children%20after%20PNL%2C%20per%20patient%20per%20year)%20(12%0201342%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef59.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef59.jpg" alt="Figure 60. Recurrence rate (stone formation rate in children after PNL, per patient per year) (12–42 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 60</span><span class="title">Recurrence rate (stone formation rate in children after PNL, per patient per year) (12–42 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate; metabolic abnormality: hypocitraturia was detected in 54.5% of the citrate group and 55% of the no intervention group; hypercalciuria was detected in 50% of the citrate group and 35% of the no intervention group; hyperuricuria was detected in 22.7% of the citrate group and 20% of the no intervention group; hyperoxaluria was detected in 13.6% of the citrate group and 5% of the no intervention group</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig60" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2061.%20Recurrence%20(defined%20as%20new%20detection%20of%20stone%20or%20spontaneous%20passage%20of%20non-preexisting%20stone%20in%20children%20following%20PNL)%20(12%0201342%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef60.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef60.jpg" alt="Figure 61. Recurrence (defined as new detection of stone or spontaneous passage of non-preexisting stone in children following PNL) (12–42 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 61</span><span class="title">Recurrence (defined as new detection of stone or spontaneous passage of non-preexisting stone in children following PNL) (12–42 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate; metabolic abnormality: hypocitraturia was detected in 54.5% of the citrate group and 55% of the no intervention group; hypercalciuria was detected in 50% of the citrate group and 35% of the no intervention group; hyperuricuria was detected in 22.7% of the citrate group and 20% of the no intervention group; hyperoxaluria was detected in 13.6% of the citrate group and 5% of the no intervention group</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig61" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2062.%20Recurrence%20(new%20stone%20formation%20in%20children%20stone-free%20following%20SWL)%20(12%0201336.6%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef61.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef61.jpg" alt="Figure 62. Recurrence (new stone formation in children stone-free following SWL) (12–36.6 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 62</span><span class="title">Recurrence (new stone formation in children stone-free following SWL) (12–36.6 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium-containing stones; evidence of metabolic abnormality was a study exclusion criterion. Of those experiencing recurrence, 50% had hypocitraturia and 50% had hyperoxaluria (whereby hypercitraturia was defined as <320 mg/1.73m<sup>2</sup> and hyperoxaluria was defined as >0.57 mg/kg)</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig62" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2063.%20Recurrence%20(stone%20recurrence%20or%20regrowth%20in%20children%20with%20residual%20fragments%20following%20SWL)%20(12%0201336.6%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef62.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef62.jpg" alt="Figure 63. Recurrence (stone recurrence or regrowth in children with residual fragments following SWL) (12–36.6 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 63</span><span class="title">Recurrence (stone recurrence or regrowth in children with residual fragments following SWL) (12–36.6 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium-containing stones; evidence of metabolic abnormality was a study exclusion criterion. Of those experiencing regrowth, 66.7% had hypocitraturia and 25% had hyperoxaluria (whereby hypercitraturia was defined as <320 mg/1.73m<sup>2</sup> and hyperoxaluria was defined as >0.57 mg/kg)</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appe.fig63" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2064.%20Stone%20episodes%20(stone%20stability%20in%20children%20with%20residual%20fragments%20following%20SWL)%20(12%0201336.6%20months).&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appef63.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appef63.jpg" alt="Figure 64. Stone episodes (stone stability in children with residual fragments following SWL) (12–36.6 months)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 64</span><span class="title">Stone episodes (stone stability in children with residual fragments following SWL) (12–36.6 months)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Stone composition: calcium-containing stones; evidence of metabolic abnormality was a study exclusion criterion. Of those experiencing stone stability, 32.1% had hypocitraturia and 3.5% had hyperoxaluria (whereby hypercitraturia was defined as <320 mg/1.73m<sup>2</sup> and hyperoxaluria was defined as >0.57 mg/kg)</p></div></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><div id="ch11.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 25</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: potassium citrate versus no intervention</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Potassium citrate</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No intervention</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (new stone formation of patients stone-free at baseline) (follow-up 12 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab1_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0/28</p>
|
||
<p>(0%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 0.1 (0.02 to 0.45)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">247 fewer per 1000 (from 133 fewer to 278 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (stone free) - subgroups - Residual stones at baseline (follow-up 12 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab1_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab1_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>8/18</p>
|
||
<p>(44.4%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.56 (0.88 to 14.35)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">320 more per 1000 (from 15 fewer to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (stone free) - subgroups - Stone-free at baseline (follow-up 12 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab1_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab1_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>28/28</p>
|
||
<p>(100%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">71.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.39 (1.09 to 1.77)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">278 more per 1000 (from 64 more to 550 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>CRITICAL</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stone episodes (stone size unchanged in patients with residual fragments <5mm at baseline)) - subgroups (follow-up 12 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab1_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab1_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>10/18</p>
|
||
<p>(55.6%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.22 (0.86 to 5.71)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">305 more per 1000 (from 35 fewer to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stone episodes (stone size increased in patients with residual fragments <5mm at baseline) (follow-up 12 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab1_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0/18</p>
|
||
<p>(0%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">OR 0.05 (0.01 to 0.23)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">548 fewer per 1000 (from 348 fewer to 609 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 26</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: potassium citrate versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Potassium citrate</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (new stone formation) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>5/18</p>
|
||
<p>(27.8%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">70%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.4 (0.18 to 0.88)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">420 fewer per 1000 (from 84 fewer to 574 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (number remaining stone-free) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>13/18</p>
|
||
<p>(72.2%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.61 (1.44 to 9.08)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">522 more per 1000 (from 88 more to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stone interventions (procedures to remove stones) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>1/18</p>
|
||
<p>(5.6%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.09 (0.01 to 0.64)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">546 fewer per 1000 (from 216 fewer to 594 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stone episodes (increase in stone size) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0/18</p>
|
||
<p>(0%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">OR 0.13 (0.01 to 1.38)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">128 fewer per 1000 (from 148 fewer to 46 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (unspecified; causing withdrawal from study)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>2/18</p>
|
||
<p>(11.1%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.22 (0.22 to 22.49)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">61 more per 1000 (from 39 fewer to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kidney function (fractional excretion of magnesium - %) (follow-up 3 months; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.7 higher (1.63 lower to 3.03 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min) (follow-up 3 months; Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.8 higher (64.75 lower to 66.35 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kidney function (urine NAG activity - U/g Cr) (follow-up 3 months; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.2 lower (4.44 lower to 4.04 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kidney function (urine proteins - g/day) (follow-up 3 months; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.04 lower (0.24 lower to 0.16 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence rate (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab2_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Rate Ratio 0.09 (0.04 to 0.20)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab2_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 27</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: magnesium supplement (650mg and 1300mg) versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Magnesium supplement 650mg</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence rate (650mg; follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab3_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab3_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Rate Ratio 0.71 (0.3 to 1.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence rate (1300mg; follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab3_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab3_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Rate Ratio 0.78 (0.32 to 1.94)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (calculi observed) (650mg and 1300mg doses combined; follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab3_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab3_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>15/51</p>
|
||
<p>(29.4%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45.2%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.65 (0.37 to 1.16)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">158 fewer per 1000 (from 285 fewer to 72 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 28</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: allopurinol versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Allopurinol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence rate (follow-up 39 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab4_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab4_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Rate Ratio 0.46 (0.16 to 1.33)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (unspecified) (follow-up 2 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab4_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0/24</p>
|
||
<p>(0%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 73 fewer to 73 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab4_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (new stones) (follow-up 39 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab4_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab4_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>5/29</p>
|
||
<p>(17.2%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.49 (0.19 to 1.23)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">181 fewer per 1000 (from 288 fewer to 82 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stone episodes (number of people with stone size increase) (follow-up 39 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab4_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab4_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>4/29</p>
|
||
<p>(13.8%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.61 (0.2 to 1.87)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">88 fewer per 1000 (from 181 fewer to 197 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 29</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: thiazides versus no intervention</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Thiazides</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No intervention</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence rate (follow-up 2.21 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Rate Ratio 0.42 (0.26 to 0.68)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (number of patients with recurrences) - Normocalciuric patients (follow-up 24 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>4/14</p>
|
||
<p>(28.6%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.2%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.29 (0.43 to 3.82)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">64 more per 1000 (from 127 fewer to 626 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (number of patients with recurrences) - Hypercalciuric patients (follow-up 24 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>2/14</p>
|
||
<p>(14.3%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.43 (0.1 to 1.81)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">190 fewer per 1000 (from 300 fewer to 270 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (stone free) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>16/19</p>
|
||
<p>(84.2%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">57.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.47 (0.97 to 2.24)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">268 more per 1000 (from 17 fewer to 708 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (patients without new stone formation) (follow-up 2.21 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>75/82</p>
|
||
<p>(91.5%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">86%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.06 (0.96 to 1.18)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">52 more per 1000 (from 34 fewer to 155 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (number of people free from recurrence) (follow-up 5 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>8/17</p>
|
||
<p>(47.1%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.76 (1.17 to 12.16)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">345 more per 1000 (from 21 more to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to clinical hypotension: dizziness and hypotension) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>1/25</p>
|
||
<p>(4%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 7.39 (0.15 to 372.38)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40 more per 1000 (from 64 fewer to 144 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_3">3</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to silent severe hypokalaemia) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>1/25</p>
|
||
<p>(4%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 7.39 (0.15 to 372.38)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40 more per 1000 (from 64 more to 144 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_3">3</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>CRITICAL</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction) (follow-up 5 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>5/17</p>
|
||
<p>(29.4%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 14.58 (2.24 to 95.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">294 more per 1000 (from 74 more to 514 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_3">3</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab5_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 6.00 lower (20.26 lower to 8.26 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab5_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 30</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: thiazides versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Thiazides</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence rate (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Rate Ratio 0.98 (0.37 to 2.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (unspecified) (follow-up 2 to 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0/22 (0%)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 76 fewer to 76 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (new stone defined as verified and probable new stone/spontaneous passage of newly formed stones) (follow-up 1–3 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>11/46</p>
|
||
<p>(23.9%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.66 (0.35 to 1.26)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">122 fewer per 1000 (from 234 fewer to 94 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stone episodes/interventions (SWL) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9/50 (18%)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.43 (0.22 to 0.84)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">239 fewer per 1000 (from 67 fewer to 328 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stone episodes/interventions (unchanged or increase in stone fragment size) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>20/50</p>
|
||
<p>(40%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">76%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.53 (0.36 to 0.76)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">357 fewer per 1000 (from 182 fewer to 486 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (attack of gouty arthritis) (follow-up 37–38 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>1/23</p>
|
||
<p>(4.3%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">OR 8.06 (0.16 to 407.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">44 more per 1000 (from 67 fewer to 154 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (general discomfort as nausea, dyspepsia, fatigue and vertigo) (follow-up 37–38 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3/23 (13%)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.63 (0.3 to 8.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50 more per 1000 (from 56 fewer to 632 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (impotence - transient and characterised as mild) (follow-up 37–38 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>1/23</p>
|
||
<p>(4.3%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">OR 8.06 (0.16 to 407.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">44 more per 1000 (from 67 fewer to 154 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (hypopotassemia) (follow-up 38–40 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>1/23</p>
|
||
<p>(4.3%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 8.06 (0.16 to 407.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (weariness, nausea and symptoms of low blood pressure) (follow-up 12 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>11/23</p>
|
||
<p>(47.8%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.39 (0.98 to 5.84)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">278 more per 1000 (from 4 fewer to 968 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (intracellular acidosis and hypocitraturia induced by hypopotassemia secondary to administration of thiazides)) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab6_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5/50 (10%)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 8.04 (1.34 to 48.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 31</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: thiazides versus allopurinol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Thiazides</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Allopurinol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (unspecified) (follow-up 2 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab7_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0/22 (0%)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 32</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: allopurinol + thiazides versus no intervention</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Allopurinol + thiazides</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (stone free) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab8_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab8_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>21/24</p>
|
||
<p>(87.5%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">57.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.53 (1.03 to 2.28)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">303 more per 1000 (from 17 more to 731 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab8_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.00 higher (11.01 lower to 15.01 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab8_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 33</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: allopurinol + thiazides versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Allopurinol + thiazides</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (unspecified) (follow-up 2 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab9_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0/22</p>
|
||
<p>(0%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 34</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: allopurinol + thiazides versus allopurinol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Allopurinol + thiazides</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Allopurinol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence rate (follow-up mean 4.6–4.9 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab10_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab10_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Rate Ratio 0.84 (0.56 to 1.27)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (number of people with stones formed during treatment)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab10_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab10_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>23/43</p>
|
||
<p>(53.5%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">43.2%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.24 (0.8 to 1.92)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">104 more per 1000 (from 86 fewer to 397 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (not specified) (follow-up 2 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab10_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0/24</p>
|
||
<p>(0%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 81 fewer to 81 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab10_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab10_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab10_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab10_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab11" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 35</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: thiazides + allopurinol versus thiazides</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Thiazides + allopurinol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Thiazides</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (unspecified) (follow-up 2 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab11_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0/22 (0%)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab11_3">3</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 84 fewer to 43 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab11_4">4</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (number of stone free participants) (follow-up 3 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab11_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab11_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21/24 (0%)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.04 (0.81 to 1.33)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34 more per 1000 (from 160 fewer to 278 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to clinical hypotension: dizziness and hypotension) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab11_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0/25 (0%)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 7.39 (0.15 to 372.38)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40 fewer per 1000 (from 64 fewer to 144 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab11_4">4</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to silent severe hypokalaemia) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab11_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0/25</p>
|
||
<p>(0%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 7.39 (0.15 to 372.38)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40 fewer per 1000 (from 64 fewer to 144 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab11_4">4</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min) (follow-up 36 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab11_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 8.00 higher (4.72 lower to 20.72 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab11_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab11_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab11_3"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or comparison group</p></div></dd><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab11_4"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab12" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 36</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile in adults: magnesium supplement (2460 mg) + thiazides versus thiazides</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab12_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Magnesium + thiazides</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Thiazides</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (number of people free from recurrence) (follow-up 5 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab12_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab12_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>11/16</p>
|
||
<p>(68.8%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">47.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.46 (0.8 to 2.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">217 more per 1000 (from 94 fewer to 787 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction) (follow-up 5 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab12_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab12_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>6/16</p>
|
||
<p>(37.5%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.28 (0.48 to 3.37)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">82 more per 1000 (from 153 fewer to 697 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab12_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab12_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab13" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 37</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile in adults: magnesium supplement (2460 mg) + thiazides versus no intervention</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab13_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Magnesium + thiazides</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No intervention</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (number of people free from recurrence) (follow-up 5 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab13_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab13_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>8/17</p>
|
||
<p>(47.1%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.76 (1.17 to 12.16)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">345 more per 1000 (from 21 more to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Minor adverse events (treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction) (follow-up 5 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab13_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab13_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>6/16</p>
|
||
<p>(37.5%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 17.6 (3.06 to 101.18)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">375 more per 1000 (from 138 more to 612 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab13_3">3</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab13_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab13_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab13_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appf.tab14" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 38</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile in children: potassium citrate versus no intervention (non-randomised studies)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appf.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appf.tab14_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Potassium citrate</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No intervention</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence rate (stone formation rate in children after PNL, per patient per year) (follow-up 12–42 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab14_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Rate Ratio 0.17 (0.04 to 0.79)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (defined as new detection of stone or spontaneous passage of non-preexisting stone in children following PNL) (follow-up 12–42 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab14_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab14_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>2/22</p>
|
||
<p>(9.1%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.26 (0.06 to 1.11)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">259 fewer per 1000 (from 329 fewer to 39 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (new stone formation in children stone-free following SWL) (follow-up 12–36.6 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab14_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab14_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>2/26</p>
|
||
<p>(7.7%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.22 (0.05 to 0.93)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">270 fewer per 1000 (from 24 fewer to 329 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Recurrence (stone recurrence or regrowth in children with residual fragments following SWL) (follow-up 12–36.6 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab14_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>4/22</p>
|
||
<p>(18.2%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">72.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.25 (0.1 to 0.63)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">545 fewer per 1000 (from 269 fewer to 654 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stone episodes (stone stability in children with residual fragments following SWL) (follow-up 12–36.6 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab14_1">1</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.appf.tab14_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>18/22</p>
|
||
<p>(81.8%)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 3 (1.47 to 6.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">546 more per 1000 (from 128 more to 1000 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch11.appf.tab14_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab14_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.appf.tab14_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection</h3><div id="ch11.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2065.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=577647_ch11appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK577647/bin/ch11appgf1.jpg" alt="Figure 65. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 65</span><span class="title">Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3></div></div><div id="ch11.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Health economic evidence tables</h3><p>None</p></div><div id="ch11.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Excluded studies</h3><div id="ch11.appi.s1"><h4>I.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><div id="ch11.appi.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 39</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appi.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Exclusion reason</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ahlstrand 1984<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ahlstrand 1984<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ahmed 2008<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ahn 1997<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Allie-Hamdulay 2005<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Al-Mosawi 2005<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Alon 2004<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Amancio 2016<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anon 2015<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref135"><sup>135</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anonymous 2011<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aras 2008<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Assimos 2017<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bach 1980<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baxmann 2003<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Berg 1990<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Berg 1992<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bergsland 2013<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Berthoux 1981<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bevilacqua 2005<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bevill 2017<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brardi 2012<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brocks 1982<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Butz 1982<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Carvalho 2017<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ceylan 2005<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Churchill 1985<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cicerello 1994<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Coe 1977<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conte Visús 1994<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Daudon 2003<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dos Santos 2016<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderwy 2014<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">El-gamal 2012<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elmaci 2014<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elomaa 1983<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Escribano 2009<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Escribano 2014<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review: study designs inappropriate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ettinger 1979<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ettinger 1997<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fernández Rodríguez 2001<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fernández-Rodríguez 2006<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ferroni 2017<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fink 2013<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gheissari 2012<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gökta 2012<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gurgoze 2011<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hallson 1976<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hauser 1990<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Heaney 2008<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hofbauer 1994<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Izol 2013<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jaeger 1986<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jiménez Verdejo 2001<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Johansson 1982<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kang 2007<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Knoll 1988<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Koyuncu 2011<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Krishna reddy 2014<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lojanapiwat 2011<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mahmood 2008<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Malihi 2016<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Marangella 1983<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Martins 1996<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study. Not review population. Not guideline condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Miano 1985<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref76"><sup>76</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Milosevic 2014<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Morimoto 1996<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortensen 1986<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Naseri 2011<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Niroomand 2016<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Onal 2013<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pak 1973<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref91"><sup>91</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pak 1982<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pak 1985<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pak 1986<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pak 1992<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pak 1999<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref87"><sup>87</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paulson 1972<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pearle 1999<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref94"><sup>94</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pearle 2001<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref93"><sup>93</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Phillips<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref95"><sup>95</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review checked for references</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Premgamone 2001<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preminger 1985<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preminger 1988<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref98"><sup>98</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Qaseem 2014<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Robertson 1985<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref101"><sup>101</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sakhaee 1983<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref103"><sup>103</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Scholz 1980<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref105"><sup>105</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schwille 1988<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref108"><sup>108</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schwille 1992<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref107"><sup>107</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Scott 1989<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sfoungaristos 2015<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref110"><sup>110</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sharma 1992<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shim 2014<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref112"><sup>112</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Singh 2011<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref113"><sup>113</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Singh 2012<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Skolarikos 2015<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref115"><sup>115</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smith 1973<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smith 1977<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref117"><sup>117</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear reporting of data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smith 1983<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref118"><sup>118</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear reporting of data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tasian 2014<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref120"><sup>120</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tekin 2002<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref121"><sup>121</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thomas 2007<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref122"><sup>122</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tiselius 1993<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref123"><sup>123</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tomson 1995<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref124"><sup>124</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ulmann 1984<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref126"><sup>126</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vigen 2011<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref127"><sup>127</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wilhelm 2016<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref128"><sup>128</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wilson. 1984<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref129"><sup>129</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wolf 1983<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Worcester 2008<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yatzidis 1985<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref133"><sup>133</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yendt 1978<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref134"><sup>134</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yuan 1987<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zöllner 1967<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref137"><sup>137</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="ch11.appi.s2"><h4>I.2. Excluded health economic studies</h4><p>None</p></div></div><div id="ch11.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Research recommendations</h3><div id="ch11.appj.s1"><h4>J.1. Preventive treatments for patients with small residual kidney stone fragments following shockwave lithotripsy</h4><p>
|
||
<b>Research question: What is the clinical and cost-effectiveness of empirical potassium citrate or bendroflumethiazide as preventative therapies for patients with small residual fragments following shockwave lithotripsy to renal and ureteric stones.</b>
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
<b>Why this is important:</b>
|
||
</p><p>Renal and ureteric stones affect a large proportion of the population at some time in their life and can be associated with extremely severe pain and significant morbidity. The incidence of kidney stones is increasing significantly as they are linked to poor diet, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. About half of stone formers will develop a further stone in the future. The most commonly used treatment for renal and ureteric stones is shockwave lithotripsy. This is a clinically effective and cost-effective treatment for the more common smaller stones. Sometimes following lithotripsy treatment, small fragments don’t washout completely and these patients are at an increased risk of future stone related problems such as pain, infections, or the need for further interventions. Previous studies have given some evidence that inexpensive empirical preventative treatments might help avoid such problems but the evidence quality is low, some of the evidence is contradictory and such preventative treatments have not been widely adopted in this scenario. A study to compare the clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of these approaches is required.</p><div id="ch11.appj.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 40</span><span class="title">Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PICO question</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p><b>Population:</b> Adults with residual renal and ureteric stone fragments post shockwave lithotripsy (1–3 fragments less than 4mm in size)</p>
|
||
<p><b>Intervention(s):</b>
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l26" class="circle"><li id="ch11.lt101" class="half_rhythm"><div>bendroflumethiazide 5mg</div></li><li id="ch11.lt102" class="half_rhythm"><div>potassium citrate 10ml tds</div></li><li id="ch11.lt103" class="half_rhythm"><div>no treatment</div></li></ul>
|
||
<b>Comparison:</b> each other</p>
|
||
<p><b>Outcome(s):</b>
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l27" class="simple-list"><li id="ch11.lt104" class="half_rhythm"><div>Primary: Stone related events (spontaneous stone passage, flank pain, infections, new stone growth or the need for intervention)</div></li><li id="ch11.lt105" class="half_rhythm"><div>Secondary: Pain, disability, quality of life, EQ-5D-3L, cost per QALY, side effects, compliance</div></li><li id="ch11.lt106" class="half_rhythm"><div>FU: 36months</div></li></ul></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to patients or the population</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal and ureteric stones are very common and the source of significant morbidity. Shockwave lithotripsy provides a cost-effective low morbidity treatment for these stones and is the most commonly used intervention. Nevertheless, small residual fragments sometimes remain after treatment. Residual stones of 4mm or larger are usually offered further lithotripsy or ureteroscopy. Smaller fragments are often managed conservatively but there is evidence that such patients may be at an increased risk of future stone related events. Effective simple preventative strategies to reduce this risk would prevent morbidity to the patient.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This research will reduce the existing uncertainty regarding the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of empirical preventative strategies in patients with residual fragments following lithotripsy.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to the NHS</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A clear recommendation regarding empirical stone prevention in this group will offer clinicians clearer guidance on best care for patients with residual stone fragments following lithotripsy. The 2 agents tested are both very cheap so this has the potential to improve stone prevention, improve quality of life and reduce the associated healthcare costs.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">National priorities</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is a strong link between diabetes, obesity and kidney stones and limiting the impact of these conditions is one of the top research priorities of the NHS. It is also a priority to test interventions and maximize effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 small RCTs show that potassium citrate reduces stone recurrence in patients with residual fragments compared to no intervention but the evidence quality is low. Several small RCTs have studied the effects of thiazides in such patients but the outcomes measures and effects are mixed. No cost effectiveness studies have been performed. There is therefore a need for a conclusive study into the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of empirical preventative therapies for patients with small residual renal or ureteric stone fragments following shockwave lithotripsy.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The recommendation is unlikely to impact on equality issues.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised controlled trial with corresponding economic analysis.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Feasibility</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The trial is feasible and should be straightforward to carry out. There are a large number of such patients and a UK kidney stone trial network has already been established. There may be difficulty getting an effective placebo because of the nature of potassium citrate solution so no treatment has been proposed as the control arm.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other comments</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Patients will need some blood tests to monitor their potassium levels</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.appj.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medium: the research is relevant to the recommendations in the guideline, but the research recommendations are not key to future updates.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bk_prnt_sctn"><h2>Tables</h2><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj bk_first_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People with renal and ureteric stones</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interventions</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l1"><li id="ch11.lt1" class="half_rhythm"><div>Potassium citrate supplements</div></li><li id="ch11.lt2" class="half_rhythm"><div>Sodium citrate supplements</div></li><li id="ch11.lt3" class="half_rhythm"><div>Allopurinol</div></li><li id="ch11.lt4" class="half_rhythm"><div>Thiazides</div></li><li id="ch11.lt5" class="half_rhythm"><div>Oral bicarbonate</div></li><li id="ch11.lt6" class="half_rhythm"><div>Chelating agents: D-penicillamine, Tiopronin (or Thiola or mercaptopropionylglycine) (for cystinuria)</div></li><li id="ch11.lt7" class="half_rhythm"><div>Captopril (for cystinuria)</div></li><li id="ch11.lt8" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ca supplements, pyridoxine,</div></li><li id="ch11.lt9" class="half_rhythm"><div>Magnesium supplement</div></li><li id="ch11.lt10" class="half_rhythm"><div>Methionine</div></li><li id="ch11.lt11" class="half_rhythm"><div>Prophylactic antibiotics</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparisons</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l2"><li id="ch11.lt12" class="half_rhythm"><div>Each other</div></li><li id="ch11.lt13" class="half_rhythm"><div>No treatment/Placebo/Fluid only</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Critical outcomes at longest time point:
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l3"><li id="ch11.lt14" class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrence rate</div></li><li id="ch11.lt15" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stone episodes/stone interventions</div></li><li id="ch11.lt16" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of healthcare services</div></li><li id="ch11.lt17" class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li id="ch11.lt18" class="half_rhythm"><div>Major Adverse events (if admission to hospital</div></li><li id="ch11.lt19" class="half_rhythm"><div>Minor adverse events (no admission to hospital)</div></li><li id="ch11.lt20" class="half_rhythm"><div>Important outcomes at longest time point:</div></li><li id="ch11.lt21" class="half_rhythm"><div>Kidney function</div></li><li id="ch11.lt22" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain intensity (visual analogue scale)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews of RCTs.</p>
|
||
<p>If no RCT evidence is available, search for observational studies for children</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch11.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Key confounders</th><td headers="hd_b_ch11.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<ul id="ch11.l4"><li id="ch11.lt23" class="half_rhythm"><div>Previous stones</div></li><li id="ch11.lt24" class="half_rhythm"><div>Type of stone</div></li><li id="ch11.lt25" class="half_rhythm"><div>Size of stone</div></li><li id="ch11.lt26" class="half_rhythm"><div>Metabolic abnormality</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Intervention and comparison</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ahlstrand 1996<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=17): Thiazides (hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg x2)</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=16): combination therapy, thiazide + magnesium supplement (hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg × 2 (frequency of dose not reported) + magnesium-aspartate-hydrochloride 1.23 g × 2 (=10 mmol Mg2+ /d)</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=24): no intervention</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=57</p>
|
||
<p>People with recurrent calcium stone formation and with hypercalciuria or hypomagnesia</p>
|
||
<p>Age (mean, SD): thiazide group 31 (not reported); thiazide + magnesium supplement 36 (not reported); no intervention 38 (not reported)</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): 47:10</p>
|
||
<p>Sweden</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Recurrence (5 years): number of people free from recurrence</p>
|
||
<p>Minor adverse events (5 years): treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: All groups were advised to increase fluid intake and to decrease oxalate intake</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ala-Opas 1987<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=28): Thiazides (hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg twice a day)</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=45): No intervention</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=73</p>
|
||
<p>People with recurrent urinary calcium stones</p>
|
||
<p>Absorptive hypercalciuria 44%</p>
|
||
<p>Age (mean, range): 48 (28–70)</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): 60:13</p>
|
||
<p>Finland</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (5 months treatment with thiazides; 2 years intervention and follow-up): defined as the number of people with recurrences (based on passage, surgical removal of stone, or visualisation on x-ray)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: both groups were on a low calcium and low oxalate diet and ate unprocessed bran (40d/day) for 24 months. A high fluid intake was recommended (approx. 2.5l daily)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arrabal-Martin 2006<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=50): Thiazides. 50 mg/24hr hydrochlorothiazide</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=50): Placebo (details not reported)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=100</p>
|
||
<p>Adults with calcium lithiasis who had residual lithiasis 3 months after SWL</p>
|
||
<p>Age: Not reported</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): Not reported</p>
|
||
<p>Spain</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Stone episodes (36 months): Residual fragments or growth</p>
|
||
<p>Stone interventions (36 months): SWL</p>
|
||
<p>Minor adverse events (36 months): Intracellular acidosis and hypocitraturia induced by hypopotassemia secondary to administration of thiazides)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: both intervention and comparison groups had SWL three months prior</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baggio 1983<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=28): Thiazides (hydrochlorothiazide 50mg and amiloride 5mg, daily)</p>
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=28): Allopurinol (200mg/day)</p>
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=28): Combination allopurinol + thiazide (allopurinol 200mg, hydrochlorothiazide 50mg, amiloride 5mg, daily)</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=29): placebo, no further details</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=96</p>
|
||
<p>Adults with recurrent calcium oxalate stone disease who had passed at least one stone in the two months preceding the study</p>
|
||
<p>Age not reported</p>
|
||
<p>Gender: 50/46</p>
|
||
<p>Italy</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (2 months): not defined</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: Patients were allowed a free diet and water as desired except for 4 days before the first and second controls, when they were placed on a standard diet containing 800mg calcium, 75mg oxalate, 85mg purines and 900mg phosphate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barcelo 1993<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=28): Citrate supplements (potassium citrate, 20 mEq (4 tablets), 3 times a day, shortly after meals)</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=29): placebo, no further details</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=57</p>
|
||
<p>Adults with active calcium nephrolithiasis concomitant with an isolated hypocitraturic abnormality</p>
|
||
<p>Age (mean, range): citrate group 44 (29–61); placebo group 47 (27–64)</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): 17/21</p>
|
||
<p>Spain</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Recurrence rate (36 months): defined as stone formation rate (per patient per year during 3 years), where stone formation was determined by spontaneous passage in the absence of pre-existing stones, stone passage without change in the number of stones, appearance of new stones on a roentgenogram, or new stone requiring SWL or surgical removal</p>
|
||
<p>Recurrence (36 months): defined as the number of patients with a new stone formation</p>
|
||
<p>Recurrence (36 months): defined as number of patients remaining stone free</p>
|
||
<p>Stone interventions (36 months): defined as treatments to remove stones</p>
|
||
<p>Minor adverse events (36 months)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: Both groups were advised on increased ingestion of fluids (2–3l a day) and reduced sodium intake</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borghi 1993<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=25): thiazide (indapamide, 2.5mg/day)</p>
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=25): thiazide (indapamide, 2.5mg/day) + allopurinol (300mg/day)</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=25): no intervention</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=75</p>
|
||
<p>People who were idiopathic recurrent stone formers (pure calcium oxalate or <20% calcium phosphate)</p>
|
||
<p>Age (mean, SD): thiazide group 46.5 (11.4); thiazide + allopurinol group 46.2 (11.6), no intervention group 42.8 (11.3)</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): 59:16</p>
|
||
<p>Italy</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Recurrence rate (3 years: not defined</p>
|
||
<p>Recurrence (3 years): defined as the number of participants stone free at the end of treatment</p>
|
||
<p>Minor adverse events (3 years) (study discontinuation due to clinical hypotension: dizziness and hypotension)</p>
|
||
<p>Minor adverse events (3 years) (study discontinuation due to silent severe hypokalaemia)</p>
|
||
<p>Kidney function (3 years) (creatinine clearance - ml/min)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: All participants received diet and fluid treatment, which involved advice to avoid high salt intake, high and/or regular ingestion of foods containing too much calcium, oxalate and purines. High fluid intake was recommended using water with a very low mineral content</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ettinger 1986<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=36): allopurinol (100mg, three times daily)</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=36): placebo identical in appearance</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=72</p>
|
||
<p>Adults with calculi that were composed of more than 79% calcium oxalate</p>
|
||
<p>Age (mean, SD): Allopurinol group 48.9 (10.1); placebo group 46.4 (9.9)</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): Not reported</p>
|
||
<p>USA</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Recurrence rate (39 months): defined as new calculous events (development of new stone only)</p>
|
||
<p>Stone episode (39 months): defined as new calculous events (growth of residual calculi and/or development of new stone)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: Patients were encouraged to increase fluid intake, no dietary advice was given</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ettinger 1988<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=51): magnesium supplement (milk of magnesia, 650mg x2 or 325g x2 daily)</p>
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=42): thiazide (chlorthalidone, 25g x2 daily or 50 mg × 2 daily)</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=31): placebo</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=124</p>
|
||
<p>Adults with active recurrent calculous disease and no secondary causes for nephrolithiasis, with calculi that were composed of more than 79% calcium oxalate</p>
|
||
<p>Age: placebo group 48.9 (12.5); 650mg magnesium group 47.1 (9.6); 1300mg magnesium group 41.1 (9.9)</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): 109/15</p>
|
||
<p>USA</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Recurrence rate (36 months): number of calculous events per uyear based on radiographic evidence of new or enlarging calculi or passage of calculi</p>
|
||
<p>Recurrence (36 months): defined as new calculus events (growth of residual calculi, appearance of new calculi or passage of new calculi)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: All participants were advised to increase the fluid intake sufficient to produce a daily urine output of 2000ml and all were given written dietary instructions that recommended restriction of salt, refined sugar, animal protein, and foods high in oxalate with encouraging high cereal fibre intake. Dairy products were limited to 2 servings daily and vitamin C was prescribed</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kohri 1990<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=43): combined thiazide and allopurinol treatment: 2mg trichloromethiazide (Fluitran) once every morning and 100mg allopurinol (Zyroric) three times daily</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=44): 100mg allopurinol (Zyroric) three times daily</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=87</p>
|
||
<p>People with idiopathic calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate urinary stones and no history of primary hyperparathyroidi sm, renal tubular acidosis (type 1), urinary infection, hypercalcaemia or diseases of the gastrointestinal tract</p>
|
||
<p>Age: Not reported</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): male only</p>
|
||
<p>Japan</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Recurrence rate (mean 4.6–4.9 years)</p>
|
||
<p>Recurrence (mean 4.6–4.9 years): number of people with stones formed during treatment)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: recommendations from the stone clinic, such as diet and fluid intake. The stone clinic restricted calcium intake, but did not encourage citrate ingestion nor restrict oxalate ingestion</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Laerum 1984<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
||
<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=25): 25mg hydrochlorothiazide as Esidrex-K (containing 0.6g potassium chloride) twice daily</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=25): Matching placebo tablets</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=50</p>
|
||
<p>People with recurrent calcium stones</p>
|
||
<p>Age - Mean (range): 44 (16–75 years)</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): 38/10</p>
|
||
<p>Norway</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Recurrence (median 3 years): new stone formation (verified and probable)</p>
|
||
<p>Minor adverse events (median 3 years): attack of gouty arthritis (transient and characterised as mild)</p>
|
||
<p>Minor adverse events (median 3 years): general discomfort as nausea, dyspepsia, fatigue and vertigo (transient and characterised as mild)</p>
|
||
<p>Minor adverse events (median 3 years): impotence (transient and characterised as mild)</p>
|
||
<p>Minor adverse events: hypopotassemia (K<3mmol/litre)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: All patients were advised to reduce oxalate, calcium (milk <1/2 litre/day), purine and salt intake. High fluid intake was recommended in order to achieve a 24-hour urine volume of two litres or more</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oguz 2013<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref83"><sup>83</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n-22): Potassium citrate (1mEq/kg oral with 5mEq citrate per tablet, per day)</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=20): no intervention</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=42</p>
|
||
<p>Children with calcium oxalate stone disease who underwent PNL and detected to be stone-free</p>
|
||
<p>Age – mean (range): citrate group 7.9 (3–16), no intervention group 7.5 (4–16)</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): 29:13</p>
|
||
<p>Turkey</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Recurrence rate (12–42 months): defined as stone formation rate after PNL, per patient per year</p>
|
||
<p>Recurrence (12–42 months): defined as number of children with stone recurrence defined as new detection of stone or spontaneous passage of non-pre-existing stone</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Non-randomised study</p>
|
||
<p>Concurrent medication/care: all participants were informed about the food that included oxalates and they were advised to avoid these foods. They were asked to take fluids to achieve a minimum urine output of 25mL/kg/day. Red meat protein was not restricted.</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ohkawa 1992<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=105): Thiazide (2mg trichlormethiazide for 1 week, followed by 4mg)</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=105): no intervention</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=210</p>
|
||
<p>Adults with calcium urolithiasis with idiopathic hypercalciuria without signs of hyperparathyroidism</p>
|
||
<p>Stone composition: calcium oxalate stones: 16.57%; calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones 83.4%</p>
|
||
<p>Age - Mean (SD): Thiazide group 48.7 (12.3); control group 46.9 (13.8)</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): 97/78</p>
|
||
<p>Japan</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Recurrence rate (mean 2.21 years): defined stone formation rate (number of stones per patient per year)</p>
|
||
<p>Recurrence (mean 2.21 years): defined as the number of patients without new stone formation</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Population includes first time stone formers</p>
|
||
<p>Concurrent medication/care: Both groups received the same dietary and fluid advice (no further information)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sarica 2006<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref104"><sup>104</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=48): Potassium citrate (1mEq/kg orally per day either in tablet or liquid form)</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=48) ‘no specific medication or preventive measure’ control group</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=96</p>
|
||
<p>Children with or without stones following SWL</p>
|
||
<p>Age – mean (range): citrate group 6.6 (4–14), no intervention group 7.4 (4–14)</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): 58:38</p>
|
||
<p>Turkey</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Recurrence (12–36.6 months): defined as new stone formation in children stone-free following SWL)</p>
|
||
<p>Recurrence (12 - 36.6months): defined as stone recurrence or regrowth in children with residual fragments following SWL)</p>
|
||
<p>Stone episodes (12–36.6 months): defined as stone stability in children with residual fragments following SWL</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Non-randomised study</p>
|
||
<p>Concurrent medication/care: SWL was performed four weeks prior, using the Stonelith V5 lithotripter with the child under general anaesthesia. In addition to enforced fluid intake, the dietary content of each child was evaluated, and avoidance of excessive dairy products and oxalate-rich foods was advised</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Scholz 1982<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref106"><sup>106</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=25): Thiazide (hydrochlorothiazide 25mg, twice daily). Participants took one tablet in the morning and one in the evening</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=26): Placebo twice daily</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=51</p>
|
||
<p>Adults with metabolically active calcium stone formation but without signs of primary hyperparathyroidi sm</p>
|
||
<p>Age: thiazide group 46 (29–63); placebo group 41 (20–64)</p>
|
||
<p>Gender: 31/20</p>
|
||
<p>Germany</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Recurrence (12 months): defined as spontaneous passage of newly formed stone</p>
|
||
<p>Minor adverse events (12 months)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: No drugs were allowed that could influence mineral metabolism. Additional potassium was given orally to patients in whom serum potassium decreased to <3 mEq./l during the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Soygür 2002<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref119"><sup>119</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=46): potassium citrate 60 mEq per day. Potassium citrate tablets 5 mEq were administered in three doses after meals.</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=44): No intervention</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=110 enrolled in study; 90 randomised in trial</p>
|
||
<p>Adults with calcium oxalate stones. They had lower caliceal stones and were stone free or had residual stone fragments <5mm in diameter 4 weeks after SWL. All patients had documented calcium oxalate stones without urinary tract infection.</p>
|
||
<p>Age - Median (range): 41.7 (range 18.4 to 62.5 years)</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): 60/30</p>
|
||
<p>Turkey</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Recurrence (12 months): stone-free</p>
|
||
<p>Stone episodes (12 months): stone size unchanged</p>
|
||
<p>Stone episodes (12 months): stone size increased</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: Patients underwent SWL (with Dornier MPL lithotripter) before the trial. During the trial, all patients were advised to have a high fluid intake to achieve a minimum daily urine output of 2.1 litres and to avoid excess oxalate-rich foods and salty foods. They were instructed to limit their daily meat intake to 8 ounces or less, to substitute whole wheat bread for white bread, and to eat natural fibre cereals</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tosukhow ong 2008<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=13): oral potassium citrate, in powder form packed in sachets. Participants were instructed to consume one sachet daily by dissolving the medication in 200ml water throughout the treatment period</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=13): placebo (lactose) in powder form packed in sachets. Participants were instructed to consume one sachet daily by dissolving the medication in 200ml water throughout the treatment period.</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=39</p>
|
||
<p>People who were post-operative and had nephrolithiasis with no residual stones</p>
|
||
<p>Age - Mean (SD): Intervention group 47.8 (10.1); comparison group 54.1 (8.6).</p>
|
||
<p>Gender (M:F): 17/14</p>
|
||
<p>Thailand</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Kidney function (3 months): creatinine clearance – ml/min</p>
|
||
<p>Kidney function (3 months): fractional excretion of magnesium - %</p>
|
||
<p>Kidney function (3 months): urine NAG activity – U/g Cr</p>
|
||
<p>Kidney function (3 months): urine proteins – g/day</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: All patients received advice to increase water intake as well as avoid high salt and high purine diets.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wolf 1983<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Intervention (n=33): Thiazides (Bendroflumethiazide, 2.5mg three times daily)</p>
|
||
<p>Comparison (n=29): placebo tablet, three times daily</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>n=62</p>
|
||
<p>Adults with stones of the upper urinary tract, who had no well-defined metabolic causes of renal stone formation</p>
|
||
<p>Age >16 years</p>
|
||
<p>Gender not reported</p>
|
||
<p>Denmark</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrent (36 months): defined as new stone formation</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Concurrent medication/care: Not reported</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: potassium citrate versus no intervention</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with No intervention</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Potassium citrate (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (new stone formation of patients stone-free at baseline)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>56</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>12 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊖</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab3_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR</p>
|
||
<p>0.1 (0.02 to 0.45)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">286 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>247 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 133 fewer to 278 fewer)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (stone-free of patients stone-free at baseline)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>56</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>12 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab3_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab3_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 1.39</p>
|
||
<p>(1.09 to 1.77)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">714 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>278 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 64 more to 550 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (stone-free of patients with residual stones at baseline)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>34</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>12 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab3_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab3_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 3.56</p>
|
||
<p>(0.88 to 14.35)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">125 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>320 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 15 fewer to 1000 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone episodes (stone size increased in patients with residual fragments <5mm at baseline)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>34</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>12 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊖</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab3_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR 0.05</p>
|
||
<p>(0.01 to 0.23)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">625 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>548 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 348 fewer to 609 fewer)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone episodes (stone size unchanged in patients with residual fragments <5mm at baseline)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>34</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>12 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab3_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab3_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 2.22</p>
|
||
<p>(0.86 to 5.71)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">250 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>305 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 35 fewer to 1000 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: potassium citrate versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Potassium citrate (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence rate (stone formation/patient/year)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>38</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊖</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Rate Ratio 0.09</p>
|
||
<p>(0.04 to 0.20)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1100 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>1001 fewer events per 1000 people treated</p>
|
||
<p>(from 1056 fewer to 880 fewer)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (new stone formation)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>38</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.4</p>
|
||
<p>(0.18 to 0.88)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">700 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>420 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 84 fewer to 574 fewer)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (number remaining stone-free)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>38</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 3.61</p>
|
||
<p>(1.44 to 9.08)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>522 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 88 more to 1000 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone episodes (increase in stone size)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>38</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR 0.13</p>
|
||
<p>(0.01 to 1.38)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">150 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>128 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 148 fewer to 46 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone interventions (procedures to remove stones)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>38</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊖</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.09</p>
|
||
<p>(0.01 to 0.64)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">600 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>546 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 216 fewer to 594 fewer)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (unspecified; causing withdrawal from study)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>38</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 2.22</p>
|
||
<p>(0.22 to 22.49)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>61 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 39 fewer to 1000 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>18</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>3 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min) in the control groups was</p>
|
||
<p>80.6 ml/min</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
||
<p>0.8 higher</p>
|
||
<p>(64.75 lower to 66.35 higher)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kidney function (fractional excretion of magnesium - %)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>18</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>3 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (fractional excretion of magnesium - %) in the control groups was</p>
|
||
<p>3 %</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (fractional excretion of magnesium - %) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
||
<p>0.7 higher</p>
|
||
<p>(1.63 lower to 3.03 higher)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kidney function (urine NAG activity - U/g Cr)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>18</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>3 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (urine nag activity - u/g cr) in the control groups was</p>
|
||
<p>3.6 U/g Cr</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (urine nag activity - u/g cr) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
||
<p>0.2 lower</p>
|
||
<p>(4.44 lower to 4.04 higher)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kidney function (urine proteins - g/day)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>18</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>3 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab4_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (urine proteins - g/day) in the control groups was</p>
|
||
<p>0.17 g/day</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (urine proteins - g/day) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
||
<p>0.04 lower</p>
|
||
<p>(0.24 lower to 0.16 higher)</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Magnesium supplement versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Magnesium supplement 650mg (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence rate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>82</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab5_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab5_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Rate Ratio 0.74</p>
|
||
<p>(0.36 to 1.54)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">220 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>57 fewer events per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 141 fewer 119 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (calculi observed)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>82</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab5_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab5_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.65</p>
|
||
<p>(0.37 to 1.16)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">452 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>158 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 285 fewer to 72 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: allopurinol versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Allopurinol (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence rate (rate of calculous events per patient per year)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>60</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>39 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab6_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab6_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Rate Ratio 0.46</p>
|
||
<p>(0.16 to 1.33)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">260 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>140 fewer events per 1000 people treated</p>
|
||
<p>(from 218 fewer to 86 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (new stones)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>60</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>39 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab6_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab6_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.49</p>
|
||
<p>(0.19 to 1.23)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">355 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>181 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 288 fewer to 82 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (unspecified)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>52</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>2 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊖</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab6_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias,</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab6_4">4</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 73 fewer to 73 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab6_3">3</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone episodes (number of people with stone size increase)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>60</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>39 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab6_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab6_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.61</p>
|
||
<p>(0.2 to 1.87)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">226 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>88 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 181 fewer to 197 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab6_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab6_4"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or comparison arms</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: thiazides versus no intervention</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with No intervention</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Thiazides (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence rate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>175</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>2.21 years</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Rate Ratio 0.42</p>
|
||
<p>(0.26 to 0.68)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">295 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>171 fewer events per 1000 people treated</p>
|
||
<p>(from 218 fewer to 94 fewer)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (stone free)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>40</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 1.47</p>
|
||
<p>(0.97 to 2.24)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">571 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>268 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 17 fewer to 708 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (patients without new stone formation per number of cumulative year of observation)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>175</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>2.21 years</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊖</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 1.06</p>
|
||
<p>(0.96 to 1.18)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">860 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>52 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 34 fewer to 155 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (number of people free from recurrence)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>41</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>5 years</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 3.76</p>
|
||
<p>(1.17 to 12.16)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">125 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>345 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 21 more to 1000 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (number of patients with recurrences) - Normocalciuric patients</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>41</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>24 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 1.29</p>
|
||
<p>(0.43 to 3.82)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">222 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>64 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 127 fewer to 626 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (number of patients with recurrences) - Hypercalciuric patients</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>32</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>24 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.43</p>
|
||
<p>(0.1 to 1.81)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">333 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>190 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 300 fewer to 270 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to clinical hypotension: dizziness and hypotension)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>50</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR 7.39</p>
|
||
<p>(0.15 to 372.38)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>40 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 64 fewer to 144 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_3">3</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to silent severe hypokalaemia)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>50</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR 7.39</p>
|
||
<p>(0.15 to 372.38)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>40 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 64 more to 144 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_3">3</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>41</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>5 years</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR 14.58</p>
|
||
<p>(2.24 to 95.12)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>294 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 74 more to 514 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_3">3</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>40</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab7_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min) in the control groups was</p>
|
||
<p>120 ml/min</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
||
<p>6.00 lower</p>
|
||
<p>(20.26 lower to 8.26 higher)</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab7_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: thiazides versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Thiazides (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence rate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>135</p>
|
||
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Rate Ratio 0.50</p>
|
||
<p>(0.14 to 1.84)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">155 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>77 fewer events per 1000 people treated</p>
|
||
<p>(from 133 fewer to 130 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (unspecified)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>50</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>2 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 76 fewer to 76 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_3">3</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (verified and probable new stone/spontaneous passage of newly formed stones/calculi observed)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>169</p>
|
||
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
||
<p>1–3 years</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.50</p>
|
||
<p>(0.3 to 0.82)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">452 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>226 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 81 fewer to 316 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone interventions (SWL) with previous SWL</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>100</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.43</p>
|
||
<p>(0.22 to 0.84)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">420 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>239 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 67 fewer to 328 fewer)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone episodes (residual fragments or growth) with previous SWL</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>100</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊖</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.53</p>
|
||
<p>(0.36 to 0.76)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">760 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>357 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 182 fewer to 486 fewer)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (attack of gouty arthritis)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>48</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>37–38 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR 8.06</p>
|
||
<p>(0.16 to 407.6)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>44 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 67 fewer to 154 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_3">3</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (impotence - transient and characterised as mild)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>48</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>37–38 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR 8.06</p>
|
||
<p>(0.16 to 407.6)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>44 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 67 fewer to 154 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_3">3</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (hypopotassemia)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>48</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>38–40 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR 8.06</p>
|
||
<p>(0.16 to 407.6)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>44 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 67 fewer to 154 more)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (general discomfort as nausea, dyspepsia, fatigue and vertigo)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>48</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>37–38 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 1.63</p>
|
||
<p>(0.3 to 8.9)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>50 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 56 fewer to 632 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_3">3</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (weariness, nausea and symptoms of low blood pressure)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>48</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>12 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 2.39</p>
|
||
<p>(0.98 to 5.84)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>278 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 4 fewer to 968 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (intracellular acidosis and hypocitraturia induced by hypopotassemia secondary to administration of thiazides)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>100</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊖</p>
|
||
<p>MODERATE<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab8_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR 8.04</p>
|
||
<p>(1.34 to 48.12)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>100 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 10 more to 190 more)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab8_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab8_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: thiazides versus magnesium</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Magnesium (any dose)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Thiazide (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>93</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab9_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab9_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.49</p>
|
||
<p>(0.21 to 1.14)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">294 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>150 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 232 fewer to 41 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence rate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>93</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab9_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab9_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Rate ratio 0.35</p>
|
||
<p>(0.13 to 0.9)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">163 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>106 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 142 fewer to 16 fewer)</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab9_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: thiazides versus allopurinol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Allopurinol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Thiazides (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (unspecified)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>46</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>2 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab10_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab10_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0 per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 80 fewer to 41 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab10_3">3</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab10_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab10_2"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or comparison group</p></div></dd><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab10_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab11" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: allopurinol + thiazides versus no intervention</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with No intervention</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Allopurinol + thiazide (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (stone free)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>45</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab11_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab11_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 1.53</p>
|
||
<p>(1.03 to 2.28)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">571 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>303 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 17 more to 731 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>45</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab11_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min) in the control groups was</p>
|
||
<p>120 ml/min</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab11_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
||
<p>2.00 higher</p>
|
||
<p>(11.01 lower to 15.01 higher)</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab11_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab11_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab12" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: allopurinol + thiazides versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab12_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Allopurinol + thiazides (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (unspecified)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>50</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>2 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab12_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab12_2">2</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab12_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0 per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 76 fewer to 76 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab12_3">3</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab12_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab12_2"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or comparison group</p></div></dd><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab12_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab13" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: allopurinol + thiazides versus allopurinol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab13_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Allopurinol</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Allopurinol + thiazides (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence rate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>87</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>4.7 years</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab13_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab13_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Rate Ratio 0.84</p>
|
||
<p>(0.56 to 1.27)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">240 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>38 fewer events per 1000 people treated</p>
|
||
<p>(from 105 fewer to 65 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (number of people with new stones)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>87</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>4.7 years</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab13_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab13_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 1.24</p>
|
||
<p>(0.8 to 1.92)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">432 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>104 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 86 fewer to 397 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (unspecified)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>46</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>2 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab13_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab13_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab13_3">3</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 81 fewer to 81 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab13_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab13_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab13_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab14" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: thiazides + allopurinol versus thiazides</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab14_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Thiazides</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Thiazides + allopurinol (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (unspecified)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>44</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>2 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab14_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not estimable<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab14_3">3</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>0 per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 84 fewer to 43 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab14_4">4</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (number of stonefree participants)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>43</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab14_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab14_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 1.04</p>
|
||
<p>(0.81 to 1.33)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">842 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>34 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 160 fewer to 278 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to clinical hypotension: dizziness and hypotension)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>50</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab14_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR 7.39</p>
|
||
<p>(0.15 to 372.38)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>40 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 64 fewer to 144 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab14_4">4</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (study discontinuation due to silent severe hypokalaemia)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>50</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab14_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR 7.39</p>
|
||
<p>(0.15 to 372.38)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>40 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 64 fewer to 144 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab14_4">4</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>43</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>36 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊕⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab14_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min) in the control groups was</p>
|
||
<p>114 ml/min</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>The mean kidney function (creatinine clearance - ml/min) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
||
<p>8.00 higher</p>
|
||
<p>(4.72 lower to 20.72 higher)</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab14_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab14_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab14_3"><p class="no_margin">Could not be calculated as there were no events in the intervention or comparison group</p></div></dd><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab14_4"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab15" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: magnesium supplement (2460 mg) + thiazides versus thiazides</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab15_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with thiazides</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with magnesium + thiazides (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (number of people free from recurrence)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>33</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>5 years</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab15_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab15_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 1.46</p>
|
||
<p>(0.8 to 2.67)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">471 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>217 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 94 fewer to 787 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>33</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>5 years</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab15_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab15_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 1.28</p>
|
||
<p>(0.48 to 3.37)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">294 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab15_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>82 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 153 fewer to 697 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab15_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab15_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab16" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: magnesium supplement (2460 mg) + thiazides versus no intervention</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab16_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with No intervention</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Magnesium + thiazides (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (number of people free from recurrence)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>40</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>5 years</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab16_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab16_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 5.5</p>
|
||
<p>(1.81 to 16.67)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">125 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>562 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 101 more to 1000 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor adverse events (treatment discontinued due to side effects including orthostatic reactions, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle cramp, gout and erectile dysfunction)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>40</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>5 years</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab16_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab16_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Peto OR 17.6</p>
|
||
<p>(3.06 to 101.18)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab16_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>375 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 138 more to 612 more)<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab16_3">3</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab16_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab16_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab16_3"><p class="no_margin">Risk difference calculated in Review Manager</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab17" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: potassium citrate versus no intervention (non-randomised studies)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab17_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with No intervention</th><th headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Potassium citrate (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence rate (stone formation rate in children after PNL, per patient per year)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>42</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>12–42 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab17_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Rate Ratio 0.17</p>
|
||
<p>(0.04 to 0.79)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>166 fewer events per 1000 people treated</p>
|
||
<p>(from 192 fewer to 42 fewer)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (new detection of stone or spontaneous passage of non-pre-existing stone in children following PNL)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>42</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>12–42 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab17_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab17_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.26</p>
|
||
<p>(0.06 to 1.11)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">350 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>259 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 329 fewer to 39 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (new stone formation in children stone-free following SWL)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>52</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>12–36.6 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab17_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab17_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.22</p>
|
||
<p>(0.05 to 0.93)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">346 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>270 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 24 fewer to 329 fewer)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (stone recurrence or regrowth in children with residual fragments following SWL)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>44</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>12–36.6 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab17_1">1</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 0.25</p>
|
||
<p>(0.1 to 0.63)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">727 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>545 fewer per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 269 fewer to 654 fewer)</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stone episodes (stone stability in children with residual fragments following SWL)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>44</p>
|
||
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
||
<p>12–36.6 months</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>⊕⊖⊖⊖</p>
|
||
<p>VERY LOW<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab17_1">1</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab17_2">2</a></sup></p>
|
||
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>RR 3</p>
|
||
<p>(1.47 to 6.1)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">273 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch11.tab17_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>546 more per 1000</p>
|
||
<p>(from 128 more to 1000 more)</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab17_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab17_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab18" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">UK costs of drugs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab18_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Drug</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medicinal form</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Daily dose</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cost – 28 days</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cost – annual</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sodium citrate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>sachets of granules</p>
|
||
<p>4g, 6 sachets</p>
|
||
<p>£2.79</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4g (1 sachet)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£14.14</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£169.73</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Dose: clinical review</p>
|
||
<p>Cost: BNF</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Citric acid with Potassium citrate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Oral solution</p>
|
||
<p>200ml</p>
|
||
<p>300mg per 1ml</p>
|
||
<p>£1.33</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>10ml twice a day</p>
|
||
<p>(= 6g per day)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4.05</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£48.55</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Dose: clinical review</p>
|
||
<p>Cost: BNF</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potassium citrate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Oral solution</p>
|
||
<p>200ml</p>
|
||
<p>300mg per 1ml</p>
|
||
<p>£2.49</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>10ml twice a day</p>
|
||
<p>(= 6g per day)</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£7.57</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£90.89</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Dose: clinical review</p>
|
||
<p>Cost: Online pharmacy<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab18_1">(a)</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Milk of magnesia</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Oral solution, 200ml</p>
|
||
<p>£5.29</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10ml = 830mg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£8.05</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£96.54</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Dose: clinical review</p>
|
||
<p>Cost: Online pharmacyf<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab18_2">(b)</a></sup></p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Allopurinol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Tablet</p>
|
||
<p>28 tablets, 100g,</p>
|
||
<p>£0.69</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200mg per day</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1.50</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£17.99</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Dose: clinical review</p>
|
||
<p>Cost: BNF</p>
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bendroflumethiazide<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab18_3">(c)</a></sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Tablet, 28 tablets, 2.5mg,</p>
|
||
<p>£0.62</p>
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.5mg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2.02</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£24.25</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab18_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<p>Dose: clinical review</p>
|
||
<p>Cost: BNF</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Source: BNF<a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.ref63"><sup>63</sup></a>, other sources listed below.</p></div></dd><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab18_1"><p class="no_margin"><a href="http://www.lloydspharmacy.com/en/care-potassium-citrate-mixture-200ml" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.lloydspharmacy<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.com/en/care-potassium-citrate-mixture-200ml</a> April 2018</p></div></dd><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab18_2"><p class="no_margin"><a href="http://www.boots.com/phillips-milk-of-magnesia-liquid-traditional-mint-flavour-200ml-10007028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.boots.com<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>/phillips-milk-of-magnesia-liquid-traditional-mint-flavour-200ml-10007028</a> Feb 2018</p></div></dd><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab18_3"><p class="no_margin">Thiazides with potassium chloride, amiloride, or hydrochlorothiazide alone were not in the BNF.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab19" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 19</span><span class="title">Illustrating if interventions are cost saving over a year using rates from clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab19_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention: 1 year probability of developing stone</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Control: 1 year probability of developing stone</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No. of stones that develop with intervention (per 1000 people)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No. of stones that develop with control (per 1000 people)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1) Intervention incremental cost per 1000 people<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab19_1">(a)</a></sup></th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2) Cost of stone treatments avoided<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab19_2">(b)</a></sup></th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Is intervention cost saving? (2–1)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potassium citrate vs placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.09</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.67</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">667</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£90,885</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£572,872</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost saving</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnesium 650g vs placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.14</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.20</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">145</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">197</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£96,540</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£52,869</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnesium 1300g vs placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.16</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.20</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">158</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">197</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£96,540</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£39,797</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Allopurinol vs placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.11</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.23</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">113</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">229</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£17,990</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£116,224</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost saving</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Allopurinol + thiazide vs allopurinol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.18</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.21</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">183</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">213</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£24,250</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£30,794</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost saving</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thiazide vs no intervention</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.12</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.26</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">117</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">255</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£24,250</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£138,937</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost saving</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thiazide vs placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.08</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.09</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£24,250</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,647</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab19_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab19_1"><p class="no_top_margin">Costs are based on those reported in the unit cost table (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch11tab18" rid-ob="figobch11tab18">Table 18</a>). For potassium citrate the higher cost is used.</p><p>For the different doses of magnesium citrate, the same cost is used – this may overestimate costs for the 650g dose but a unit of 8ml for example is an unusual dose so a round 10ml has been used. This will not overestimate costs to the extent that the intervention will be cheaper than the cost of treatment avoided. For potassium citrate, the most conservative cost of the intervention is used.</p></div></dd><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab19_2"><p class="no_top_margin">Cost of stone treatment is assuming this cost £2,000, and that 50% of people will need intervention</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj"><div id="ch11.tab20" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 20</span><span class="title">Illustrating if interventions are cost saving over a year using probabilities from clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577647/table/ch11.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch11.tab20_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab20_1">(a)</a></sup></th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcome</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention: 1 year probability of developing stone</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Control: 1 year probability of developing stone</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No. of stones that develop with intervention (per 1000 people)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No. of stones that develop with control (per 1000 people)</th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1) Intervention incremental cost per 1000 people<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab20_1">(a)</a></sup></th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2) Cost of stone treatments avoided<sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#ch11.tab20_2">(b)</a></sup></th><th id="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Is intervention cost saving? (2–1)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potassium citrate vs no intervention</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">new stone in pts stone free at baseline</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.03</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.29</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">286</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£90,885</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£257,400</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost saving</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potassium citrate versus placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">new stone formation</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.33</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">104</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">331</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£90,885</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£226,848</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost saving</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Allopurinol vs placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (new stones)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.06</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.13</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">126</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£17,990</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£69,114</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost saving</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Allopurnol + thiazides vs no intvn</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (stone free) - used reciprocal</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.04</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.17</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">170</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£42,240</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£126,347</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost saving</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Allopurinol + thiazides vs allopurinol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (number of people with new stones)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.15</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.11</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">151</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">113</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£24,250</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">−£37,216</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thiazides vs no intervention</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrence (number of patients with recurrences) - Hypercalciuric patients</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.07</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.18</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">183</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£24,250</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£108,940</td><td headers="hd_h_ch11.tab20_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost saving</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Some comparisons are not included here because; studies pooled are at different time points, or there was no clinical difference in outcome, or there were not many outcomes reported.</p></div></dd><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab20_1"><p class="no_margin">Costs are based on those reported in the unit cost table. For potassium citrate, the most conservative cost of the intervention is used.</p></div></dd><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch11.tab20_2"><p class="no_margin">Where the cost of treatment avoided is negative, this is because there are more stones in the intervention group than the control group. Cost of stone treatment is assuming this cost £2,000, and that 50% of people will need intervention</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div></div><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Intervention evidence review (K)</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Centre</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK577647</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35133757" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">35133757</a></span></div></div></div>
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