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class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK577495_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for dietary management and fluid restriction</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Renal replacement therapy and conservative management</div><p><b>Evidence review</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 107</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2018 Oct</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3107-1</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2018.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="ch9.s1"><h2 id="_ch9_s1_">1. Dietary management and fluid restriction</h2><div id="ch9.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question: What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of dietary management and fluid restriction for RRT or conservative management?</h3></div><div id="ch9.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Introduction</h3><p>Diet and fluid management is an integral part of renal services as people with CKD may accumulate certain substances in their blood (such as salt, water, potassium and phosphate) and these can cause symptoms or complications. Dietary modifications and a fluid allowance can represent a considerable burden on people receiving RRT or conservative management. There is existing NICE guidance about dietary management for people with CKD prior to initiating renal replacement therapy and exclusively for phosphate management for people with stage 4 and 5 CKD (CG157). Recommendations are needed on this topic to address variations in dietary management currently provided indifferent renal services. Fluid restriction ‘allowance’ is routinely suggested to patients but it can be difficult to adhere to advice as intake limits are often quite stringent. Recommendations are needed on this topic to confirm the importance of tight fluid control, if supported by evidence.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#ch9.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch9tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch9tab1" rid-ob="figobch9tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch9.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div><p>The aim of this review was to compare the general approaches of dietary management vs usual care and fluid restriction vs usual care. Studies looking exclusively at specific supplementation interventions were not included as this was not considered to reflect general dietary management. A minimum study duration of 1 month was included in order to insure the outcomes reflected the impact of the interventions.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="ch9.s1.4.1"><h4>1.4.1. Included studies</h4><p>Eight studies were included in the review;<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref21" rid="ch9.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref22" rid="ch9.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref42" rid="ch9.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref43" rid="ch9.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref62" rid="ch9.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref71" rid="ch9.ref71"><sup>71</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref75" rid="ch9.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref79" rid="ch9.ref79"><sup>79</sup></a> these are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch9tab2" rid-ob="figobch9tab2">Table 2</a> below. Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summary tables below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch9tab3" rid-ob="figobch9tab3">Table 3</a>, <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch9tab4" rid-ob="figobch9tab4">Table 4</a>, <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch9tab5" rid-ob="figobch9tab5">Table 5</a> and <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch9tab6" rid-ob="figobch9tab6">Table 6</a>)</p><p>See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch9.appc">appendix C</a>, study evidence tables in <a href="#ch9.appd">appendix D</a>, forest plots in <a href="#ch9.appe">appendix E</a> and GRADE tables in <a href="#ch9.appf">appendix F</a>.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.4.2"><h4>1.4.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>See the excluded studies list in <a href="#ch9.appi">appendix I</a>.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.4.3"><h4>1.4.3. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch9tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch9tab2" rid-ob="figobch9tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch9.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch9.appd">appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p><p>No RCTs or NRS were available for children under the age of 18 or for adults over the age of 70. No RCTs or NRS were available in the population of people who had opted for conservative management.</p><p>8 RCTs were included. 2 RCTs compared dietary management with usual care for transplant recipients. 1 RCT compared dietary management with usual care for people on dialysis. 2 RCTs compared fluid restriction with usual care for people on dialysis. 3 RCTs compared a combination of dietary management and fluid restriction with usual care for people on dialysis. In the majority of the RCTs the dietary management was either only general advice or focused on sodium restriction.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.4.4"><h4>1.4.4. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch9tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch9tab3" rid-ob="figobch9tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Clinical evidence summary: dietary management vs usual care, transplant population, >18 to 70." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch9.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: dietary management vs usual care, transplant population, >18 to 70. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch9tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch9tab4" rid-ob="figobch9tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Clinical evidence summary: dietary management vs usual care, dialysis population, >18 to 70." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch9.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: dietary management vs usual care, dialysis population, >18 to 70. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch9tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch9tab5" rid-ob="figobch9tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. Clinical evidence summary: fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis population, >18 to 70." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch9.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis population, >18 to 70. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch9tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch9tab6" rid-ob="figobch9tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. Clinical evidence summary: combined dietary management and fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis population, >18 to 70." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch9.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9tab6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: combined dietary management and fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis population, >18 to 70. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch9.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div><div id="ch9.s1.5"><h3>1.5. Economic evidence</h3><div id="ch9.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. Included studies</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were included.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>No health economic studies that were relevant to this question were excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch9.appg">appendix G</a>.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.5.3"><h4>1.5.3. Summary of studies included in the economic evidence review</h4><p>None.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.5.4"><h4>1.5.4. Unit costs</h4><p>Relevant unit costs were provided to the committee to aid consideration of cost effectiveness. Dietician costs are included in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch9tab7" rid-ob="figobch9tab7">Table 7</a> below.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch9tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch9tab7" rid-ob="figobch9tab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 7. UK costs of hospital based scientific and professional staff: dieticians." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch9.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9tab7">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">UK costs of hospital based scientific and professional staff: dieticians. </p></div></div><p>The interventions in the included clinical studies vary considerably. See <a href="#ch9.appd">Appendix D</a>: Clinical evidence tables for details of the interventions.</p></div></div><div id="ch9.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Resource impact</h3><p>The recommendations made based on this review (see <a href="#ch9.s1.8">section 1.8</a>) are not expected to have a substantial impact on resources.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.7"><h3>1.7. Evidence statements</h3><div id="ch9.s1.7.1"><h4>1.7.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><div id="ch9.s1.7.1.1"><h5>1.7.1.1. Dietary management vs usual care, transplant population</h5><ul id="ch9.l6"><li id="ch9.it23" class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was identified for mortality or quality of life</div></li><li id="ch9.it24" class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinically important benefit of dietary management was found for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (low quality, 2 studies)</div></li></ul></div><div id="ch9.s1.7.1.2"><h5>1.7.1.2. Dietary management vs usual care, dialysis population</h5><ul id="ch9.l7"><li id="ch9.it25" class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was identified for mortality or quality of life</div></li><li id="ch9.it26" class="half_rhythm"><div>No clinically important difference with dietary management for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (very low quality, 1 study)</div></li></ul></div><div id="ch9.s1.7.1.3"><h5>1.7.1.3. Fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis population</h5><ul id="ch9.l8"><li id="ch9.it27" class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was identified for mortality</div></li><li id="ch9.it28" class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinically important benefit of fluid restriction for quality of life (physical and mental, low quality, 1 study)</div></li><li id="ch9.it29" class="half_rhythm"><div>No clinically important difference with fluid restriction for interdialytic weight gain (very low quality, 2 studies)</div></li></ul></div><div id="ch9.s1.7.1.4"><h5>1.7.1.4. Combined dietary management and fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis population</h5><ul id="ch9.l9"><li id="ch9.it30" class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was identified for mortality</div></li><li id="ch9.it31" class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinically important benefit with combined dietary management and fluid restriction for quality of life (moderate quality, 1 study)</div></li><li id="ch9.it32" class="half_rhythm"><div>No clinically important difference with combined dietary management and fluid restriction for both interdialytic weight gain (low quality, 2 studies), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (low-moderate quality, 1 study)</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="ch9.s1.7.2"><h4>1.7.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><ul id="ch9.l10"><li id="ch9.it33" class="half_rhythm"><div>No relevant economic evaluations were identified.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="ch9.s1.8"><h3>1.8. Interpreting the evidence</h3><div id="ch9.s1.8.1"><h4>1.8.1. The outcomes that matter most</h4><p>The committee considered the outcomes of quality of life, mortality and time to failure of RRT form to be critical. The committee considered the outcomes of hospitalisation, SGA/MUST, IDWG, symptom scores/functional measures, psychological distress/mental wellbeing, blood pressure, experience of care, growth, adherence to information and adverse events to be important.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.8.2"><h4>1.8.2. The quality of the evidence</h4><p>The committee noted that it is difficult at this stage in service provision to get ethical approval for a trial that compares dietary management with no dietary management. Therefore in the review the majority of usual care arms are likely to involve some element of dietary management, which is likely to lessen the observed impact of the intervention. The intervention arms were also very variable in terms of the level of resource use involved and some were quite intensive.</p><p>The committee noted that the only outcomes with any evidence identified in this review were quality of life, blood pressure, IDWG. There was no evidence on mortality, time to failure of modality, hospitalisation, SGA/MUST, symptom scores/functional measures, psychological distress/mental wellbeing, experience of care, growth, adherence or adverse events.</p><p>The evidence identified in the review ranged from moderate to very low quality, with the majority of the evidence being either low or very low quality. Most outcomes were downgraded for imprecision as the included trials were generally small. The studies were generally relatively short in follow-up (mostly less than 12 weeks in duration).</p><p>While the included studies met the protocol, few were designed to address the key question for the guideline – what is the clinical and cost effectiveness of providing dietary or fluid management, but instead were focused on specific interventions within the umbrella terms of dietary or fluid management.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.8.3"><h4>1.8.3. Benefits and harms</h4><p>Clinically important benefits from dietary management (focused on sodium) were seen on blood pressure in the transplant population, from a fluid allowance on quality of life in the dialysis population and from a combination of dietary management and a fluid allowance on quality of life in the dialysis population. There were also a number of outcomes for which no clinically important difference was observed. No outcomes demonstrated a clinically important harm of a fluid allowance or dietary management.</p><p>The committee noted that there was benefit for dietary management in the transplant population in terms of blood pressure reduction and highlighted that this could be important in maintaining the longevity of the transplant as well as having more general cardiovascular benefits. However, the duration of follow-up was relatively short. The committee discussed how current practice is variable and that people with transplants generally receive less dietary management than people on dialysis. However, information from a survey of renal dieticians showed that most units do provide cover for transplant patients even if the level of input varies. Given the available evidence, the committee agreed it was important for the transplant population to be included in these recommendations.</p><p>The committee agreed that the recommendations were relevant for both adults and children. Although there was no evidence identified in children, the committee consensus was that appropriate dietary management and fluid assessment were important parts of the care of children undergoing RRT.</p><p>Recommendations were weakly supported by the available evidence and supported by the pre-existing guidance on hyperphosphataemia and the committee’s consensus.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.8.4"><h4>1.8.4. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>No published economic evaluations were included.</p><p>Providing dietary assessment and advice, and monitoring patients, will involve resource use due to the health care professional time involved. The committee noted that typically this would currently involve an initial assessment with a dietician and advice for people starting RRT or conservative management, and then if problems were detected, for example through routine monitoring of blood tests, then they may be referred back for further assessment. The committee noted that while the principle of what happens is the same across the country how services are organised can ultimately impact how quickly a patient can be seen by a dietician.</p><p>NICE’s guideline on managing hyperphosphataemia in chronic kidney disease recommends assessment by a specialist renal dietitian for those at risk of hyperphosphataemia which would include these populations.</p><p>It was considered current practice for dietary advice to be given after transplantation although who provided this advice varied and may not be a specialist renal dietician. The committee noted that there is some variation in how long people have to wait for this assessment and variation in ongoing management. The committee agreed that dietary advice is still important for people with a transplant, particularly straight after the surgery. The committee noted the importance of the person giving dietary advice having specialist knowledge of dietary requirements in transplant patients. However, the evidence was too limited to recommend that dietary advice should routinely be from a specialist renal dietitian for this group given it would be a change in practice in many areas that could result in a substantial resource impact. The committee agreed that following initial assessment further dietary assessment would be determined by specific circumstances or indicators.</p><p>The committee noted there may however be downstream savings if dietary management reduces problematic accumulations of minerals or fluid as clinical events may be avoided. For example, reduced incidence of malnutrition may decrease inpatient length of stay and frequency of admission and the need for nutritional supplements. In transplant patients, improving blood pressure control could ultimately improve transplant longevity thus also resulting in downstream saving.</p><p>Dietary management may also lead to improved patient outcomes in terms of quality of life (as symptoms are improved) which may result in an increase in QALYs.</p><p>The included clinical studies provided some limited support for the potential resource use benefits of dietary management such as reduced blood pressure and for improved patient outcomes that would improve QALYs such as improved quality of life. However, there were limitations in the evidence as described in the previous section. The intervention arms were very variable in terms of the level of resource use involved and while the usual care arms were generally not well described it seemed likely that they also included some level of dietary advice.</p><p>The committee concluded that dietary management and a fluid allowance are important components of the long term management of people who have progressed through to later stages of CKD and RRT and they are likely to be cost effective. However, the evidence was limited and not sufficient to specify the level of input and so recommendations were based on current practice and existing recommendations in the area. The committee noted that dietitian availability varied however the recommendations broadly reflect current practice and so are not expected to result in a substantial resource impact to the NHS in England.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.8.5"><h4>1.8.5. Other factors the committee took into account</h4><p>The committee noted that the format of dietary management may be face to face or may involve telephone consultation. The committee did not make recommendations for a specific format of dietary management as there was no evidence supporting a difference between the two and the consensus view was that both could be useful, depending on the context.</p><p>The committee noted that involving family members or carers in any discussions about dietary or fluid advice was critical in increasing the likelihood of adherence.</p><p>The committee agreed that it was important that a specialist renal dietitian was involved in the process of dietary management and fluid assessment. This was based on their own experience and supported by previous recommendations in the NICE guideline on <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">hyperphosphatemia (CG157)</a>. The committee noted that this broadly reflects current practice for people receiving dialysis and conservative management, however people with a (functioning) transplant may not see a specialist renal dietitian. The committee agreed that dietary advice is still important in this group, particularly immediately post-transplant as dietary requirements will have changed substantially. Dietary advice in this group was also supported by the review. However the committee agreed that while it was important that advice was given by someone with specialist experience of dietary advice in renal disease the evidence was not strong enough to specifically recommend that this should be routinely done by a specialist renal dietitian given that it would be a change in practice in many areas. Current practice is that different health professionals provide dietary advice to this group including for example specialist nurses. The committee highlighted that input from a specialist renal dietician may be sought based on individual patients factors.</p><p>The committee noted that diabetes management, weight history, lifestyle, medications, the impact of other medical conditions and advice regarding fibre may also form part of the assessment.</p><p>The committee discussed the duration of involvement of the specialist renal dietitian, noting that the longer they were involved (for example in ongoing monitoring) the greater the resource impact but also likely the greater the clinical benefit. It is noted that a dietitian would be expected to follow the cycle of assessment, intervention and evaluation that would be repeated until an identified problem achieves a satisfactory outcome (usually involving collaboration with the multidisciplinary team). The duration of the intervention in the evidence varied between studies but was generally no more than 3 months.</p><p>The committee agreed that it was important that dietary management and fluid assessment was not considered to be a one step process and that people’s needs should be reviewed when circumstances dictated (for example if switching RRT modalities, developing co-existing conditions influencing dietary or fluid requirements or when biochemical measures indicate (for example level of protein or salt). Children would be more frequently assessed and monitored for example to monitor growth but the same principles of dietary assessment apply.</p><p>The committee noted that the NICE guideline on chronic kidney disease (CG182) contains recommendations on dietary interventions relevant to people attending low clearance clinics.</p><p>The committee recommended that individualised information should be offered ay key points in the patient pathway, for example when starting on RRT or conservative management or when they switch to a different form of RRT or to conservative management. The committee noted that other therapeutic diets that a person may require as well as their nutritional status and biochemistry need to be taken into account when giving information.</p><p>The committee noted that for those people who show a consistent trend in unintentional loss of flesh weight, weight gain, indication from body composition monitoring, abnormal electrolyte levels or problems with fluid balance; an opportunity to discuss these problems with a renal dietitian should be offered.</p><p>The committee noted that while all people should have a dietary assessment, only in some people will this require a specific dietary intervention. The details of specific dietary interventions, their indication and use are beyond the scope of this guideline although the committee included the example of the use of phosphate binders from the related NICE guideline on Chronic kidney disease (stage 4 or 5): management of hyperphosphataemia (CG157).</p></div></div></div><div id="ch9.rl.r1"><h2 id="_ch9_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref1">Akpele
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JL. Nutrition counseling impacts serum albumin levels. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2004; 14(3):143–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15232792" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15232792</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref2">Allman
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et al. Supervised oral protein supplementation during dialysis in patients with elevated C-reactive protein levels: A two phase, longitudinal, single center, open labeled study Clinical Research. BMC Nephrology. 2015; 16:87 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4477490/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4477490</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26099512" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26099512</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref6">Bellizzi
|
|
V, Chiodini
|
|
P, Cupisti
|
|
A, Viola
|
|
BF, Pezzotta
|
|
M, De Nicola
|
|
L
|
|
et al. Very low-protein diet plus ketoacids in chronic kidney disease and risk of death during end-stage renal disease: a historical cohort controlled study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2015; 30(1):71–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25082793" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25082793</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref7">Bellomo
|
|
G, Coccetta
|
|
P, Pasticci
|
|
F, Rossi
|
|
D, Selvi
|
|
A. The effect of psychological intervention on thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on chronic hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2015; 25(5):426–32 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26003264" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26003264</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref8">Borges
|
|
W, Gonzalez Caraballo
|
|
Z, Delpin
|
|
EA, Morales Otero
|
|
L. Chronic effect of a high-protein low-fat diet in transplant patients. Transplantation Proceedings. 1996; 28(6):3400–1 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8962328" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8962328</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref9">Boudville
|
|
N. Oral nutritional supplementation in peritoneal dialysis patients-does it work? Peritoneal Dialysis International. 2005; 25(2):157–60 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15796143" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15796143</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref10">Brunori
|
|
G, Viola
|
|
BF, Parrinello
|
|
G, De Biase
|
|
V, Como
|
|
G, Franco
|
|
V
|
|
et al. Efficacy and safety of a very-low-protein diet when postponing dialysis in the elderly: a prospective randomized multicenter controlled study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2007; 49(5):569–80 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17472838" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17472838</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref11">Campbell
|
|
J, Porter
|
|
J. Dietary mobile apps and their effect on nutritional indicators in chronic renal disease: A systematic review. Nephrology. 2015; 20(10):744–751 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25959301" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25959301</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref12">Campbell
|
|
KL, Ash
|
|
S, Bauer
|
|
JD. The impact of nutrition intervention on quality of life in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Clinical Nutrition. 2008; 27(4):537–44 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18584924" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18584924</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref13">Caria
|
|
S, Cupisti
|
|
A, Sau
|
|
G, Bolasco
|
|
P. The incremental treatment of ESRD: a low-protein diet combined with weekly hemodialysis may be beneficial for selected patients. BMC Nephrology. 2014; 15:172 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4232716/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4232716</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25352299" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25352299</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref14">Chertow
|
|
GM, Ling
|
|
J, Lew
|
|
NL, Lazarus
|
|
JM, Lowrie
|
|
EG. The association of intradialytic parenteral nutrition administration with survival in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 1994; 24(6):912–20 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7985668" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7985668</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref15">Cianciaruso
|
|
B, Pota
|
|
A, Bellizzi
|
|
V, Di Giuseppe
|
|
D, Di Micco
|
|
L, Minutolo
|
|
R
|
|
et al. Effect of a low- versus moderate-protein diet on progression of CKD: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2009; 54(6):1052–61 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19800722" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19800722</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref16">Cotten-Sheldon
|
|
K, Martinelli
|
|
S, Cagan
|
|
K, Begin
|
|
B, Salsbery
|
|
K, Wong
|
|
C. You can do it: Educational incentive project for children on hemodialysis. Hemodialysis International. 2011; 15 (1):162</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref17">Cupisti
|
|
A, D’Alessandro
|
|
C, Di Iorio
|
|
B, Bottai
|
|
A, Zullo
|
|
C, Giannese
|
|
D
|
|
et al. Nutritional support in the tertiary care of patients affected by chronic renal insufficiency: Report of a step-wise, personalized, pragmatic approach. BMC Nephrology. 2016; 17
|
|
124 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5012117/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5012117</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27600818" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27600818</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref18">Curtis
|
|
L. Unit costs of health and social care 2010. Canterbury. Personal Social Services Research Unit University of Kent, 2010. Available from: <a href="http://www.pssru.ac.uk/project-pages/unit-costs/unit-costs-2010/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.pssru.ac.uk<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/project-pages/unit-costs<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/unit-costs-2010/</a></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref19">Curtis
|
|
L, Burns
|
|
A. Unit costs of health and social care 2016. Canterbury. Personal Social Services Research Unit University of Kent, 2016. Available from: <a href="http://www.pssru.ac.uk/project-pages/unit-costs/2016/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.pssru.ac.uk<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/project-pages/unit-costs/2016/</a></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref20">Dagdeviren
|
|
A, Savaser
|
|
S. Education to reduce potassium levels in adolescent, heamodialysis patients. Edtna-Erca Journal. 2003; 29(4):195–197 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14748427" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14748427</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref21">de Vries
|
|
LV, Dobrowolski
|
|
LC, van den Bosch
|
|
JJ, Riphagen
|
|
IJ, Krediet
|
|
CT, Bemelman
|
|
FJ
|
|
et al. Effects of dietary sodium restriction in kidney transplant recipients treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade: A randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2016; 67(6):936–44 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26803690" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26803690</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref22">Ebrahimi
|
|
H, Sadeghi
|
|
M, Amanpour
|
|
F, Dadgari
|
|
A. Influence of nutritional education on hemodialysis patients’ knowledge and quality of life. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation. 2016; 27(2):250–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26997377" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26997377</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref23">Fine
|
|
A, Fontaine
|
|
B, Ma
|
|
M. Commonly prescribed salt intake in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients is too restrictive: results of a double-blind crossover study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 1997; 8(8):1311–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9259359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9259359</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref24">Ford
|
|
JC, Pope
|
|
JF, Hunt
|
|
AE, Gerald
|
|
B. The effect of diet education on the laboratory values and knowledge of hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2004; 14(1):36–44 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14740329" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14740329</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref25">Fouque
|
|
D, Laville
|
|
M. Low protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|
|
2009, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD001892. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001892.pub3. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19588328" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19588328</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001892.pub3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref26">Fouque
|
|
D, McKenzie
|
|
J, de Mutsert
|
|
R, Azar
|
|
R, Teta
|
|
D, Plauth
|
|
M
|
|
et al. Use of a renal-specific oral supplement by haemodialysis patients with low protein intake does not increase the need for phosphate binders and may prevent a decline in nutritional status and quality of life. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2008; 23(9):2902–10 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18408077" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18408077</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref27">Fouque
|
|
D, Wang
|
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P, Laville
|
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M, Boissel
|
|
JP. Low protein diets delay end-stage renal disease in non-diabetic adults with chronic renal failure. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2000; 15(12):1986–92 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096144" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11096144</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref28">Fry
|
|
KM, Chan
|
|
M. Long-term nutritional interventions for adult kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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|
2007, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006862. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006862. [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006862" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref29">Hansen
|
|
HP, Tauber-Lassen
|
|
E, Jensen
|
|
BR, Parving
|
|
HH. Effect of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney International. 2002; 62(1):220–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12081581" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12081581</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref30">Hare
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|
J, Clark-Carter
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D, Forshaw
|
|
M. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioural group approach to improve patient adherence to peritoneal dialysis fluid restrictions: a pilot study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2014; 29(3):555–64 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24297318" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24297318</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref31">Harty
|
|
J, Boulton
|
|
H, Faragher
|
|
B, Venning
|
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M, Gokal
|
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R. The influence of small solute clearance on dietary protein intake in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients: a methodologic analysis based on cross-sectional and prospective studies. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 1996; 28(4):553–60 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8840946" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8840946</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref32">Hatch
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DA, Barry
|
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JM, Norman
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DJ. A randomized study of intravenous fluid replacement following living-donor renal transplantation. Transplantation. 1985; 40(6):648–51 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3907037" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3907037</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref33">Hernandez Morante
|
|
JJ, Sanchez-Villazala
|
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A, Cutillas
|
|
RC, Fuentes
|
|
MC. Effectiveness of a nutrition education program for the prevention and treatment of malnutrition in end-stage renal disease. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2014; 24(1):42–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24216257" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24216257</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref34">Howren
|
|
MB, Kellerman
|
|
QD, Hillis
|
|
SL, Cvengros
|
|
J, Lawton
|
|
W, Christensen
|
|
AJ. Effect of a behavioral self-regulation intervention on patient adherence to fluid-intake restrictions in hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2016; 50(2):167–76 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7362302/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7362302</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26631085" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26631085</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref35">Jeloka
|
|
TK, Dharmatti
|
|
G, Jamdade
|
|
T, Pandit
|
|
M. Are oral protein supplements helpful in the management of malnutrition in dialysis patients? Indian Journal of Nephrology. 2013; 23(1):1–4 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3621231/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3621231</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23580797" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23580797</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref36">Jiang
|
|
N, Qian
|
|
J, Lin
|
|
A, Fang
|
|
W, Cao
|
|
L, Wang
|
|
Q
|
|
et al. Improved plasma amino acids pattern following 12 months of supplemented low-protein diet in peritoneal dialysis patients. Renal Failure. 2010; 32(6):709–15 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20540639" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20540639</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref37">Jiang
|
|
N, Qian
|
|
J, Lin
|
|
A, Fang
|
|
W, Zhang
|
|
W, Cao
|
|
L
|
|
et al. Low-protein diet supplemented with keto acids is associated with suppression of small-solute peritoneal transport rate in peritoneal dialysis patients. International Journal of Nephrology. 2011; 2011:542704 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3124873/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3124873</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21747999" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21747999</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref38">Jiang
|
|
N, Qian
|
|
J, Sun
|
|
W, Lin
|
|
A, Cao
|
|
L, Wang
|
|
Q
|
|
et al. Better preservation of residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients treated with a low-protein diet supplemented with keto acids: a prospective, randomized trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2009; 24(8):2551–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19258386" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19258386</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref39">Jungers
|
|
P, Chauveau
|
|
P, Ployard
|
|
F, Lebkiri
|
|
B, Ciancioni
|
|
C, Man
|
|
NK. Comparison of ketoacids and low protein diet on advanced chronic renal failure progression. Kidney International. 1987; 32(Suppl. 22):S-67–S-71 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3323621" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3323621</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref40">Karavetian
|
|
M, Ghaddar
|
|
S. Nutritional education for the management of osteodystrophy (nemo) in patients on haemodialysis: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Renal Care. 2013; 39(1):19–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23176599" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23176599</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref41">Kauric-Klein
|
|
Z. Blood pressure knowledge in hypertensive hemodialysis patients. CANNT Journal. 2012; 22(4):18–25 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23413535" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23413535</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref42">Kauric-Klein
|
|
Z. Improving blood pressure control in end stage renal disease through a supportive educative nursing intervention. Nephrology Nursing Journal. 2012; 39(3):217–28 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22866361" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22866361</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref43">Keven
|
|
K, Yalcin
|
|
S, Canbakan
|
|
B, Kutlay
|
|
S, Sengul
|
|
S, Erturk
|
|
S
|
|
et al. The impact of daily sodium intake on posttransplant hypertension in kidney allograft recipients. Transplantation Proceedings. 2006; 38(5):1323–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16797292" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16797292</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref44">Kloppenburg
|
|
WD, Stegeman
|
|
CA, Hovinga
|
|
TK, Vastenburg
|
|
G, Vos
|
|
P, de Jong
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PE
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et al. Effect of prescribing a high protein diet and increasing the dose of dialysis on nutrition in stable chronic haemodialysis patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2004; 19(5):1212–23 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14993506" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14993506</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref45">Kullgren
|
|
KA, Scholl
|
|
P, Kidwell
|
|
KM, Hmiel
|
|
SP. Using an interactive water bottle to target fluid adherence in pediatric kidney transplant recipients: a pilot study. Pediatric Transplantation. 2015; 19(1):35–41 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25388882" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25388882</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>46.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref46">Kuo
|
|
MC, Hwang
|
|
SJ, Hung
|
|
CC, Tsai
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|
YY, Lee
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SC, Lin
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T
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et al. Fluid overload - An easily ignored and difficultly controlled problem in peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrology. 2010; 15(S3):128</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>47.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref47">Lacson
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E, Wang
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W, Zebrowski
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B, Wingard
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R, Hakim
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RM. Outcomes associated with intradialytic oral nutritional supplements in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: A quality improvement report. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2012; 60(4):591–600 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632807" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22632807</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>48.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref48">Lawrence
|
|
I, Thomson
|
|
A, Hartley
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|
GH, Wilkinson
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R, Day
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J, Goodship
|
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TJ. The effect of dietary intervention on the management of hyperlipidemia in British renal transplant patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 1995; 5(2):73–7</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>49.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref49">Lee
|
|
IH, Kang
|
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SW, Noh
|
|
HJ, Shin
|
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SK, Choi
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KH, Ha
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SK. The effect of oral nutritional supplement in malnourished CAPD patients. Korean Journal of Nephrology. 1998; 17(2):299–310</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>50.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref50">Leon
|
|
JB, Albert
|
|
JM, Gilchrist
|
|
G, Kushner
|
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I, Lerner
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E, Mach
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|
|
JB, Majerle
|
|
AD, Soinski
|
|
JA, Kushner
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|
I, Ohri-Vachaspati
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P, Sehgal
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AR. Can a nutrition intervention improve albumin levels among hemodialysis patients? A pilot study. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2001; 11(1):9–15 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11172448" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11172448</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>52.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref52">Li
|
|
H, Long
|
|
Q, Shao
|
|
C, Fan
|
|
H, Yuan
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L, Huang
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XQ, Fan
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YR. Clinical application of nutritional support therapy for maintenance hemodialysis patients. Modern Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine. 2008; 17(1):52–3</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>54.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref54">Locatelli
|
|
F, Alberti
|
|
D, Graziani
|
|
G, Buccianti
|
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B, Giangrande
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A. Prospective, randomised, multicentre trial of effect of protein restriction on progression of chronic renal insufficiency. Northern Italian Cooperative Study Group. Lancet. 1991; 337(8753):1299–304 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1674294" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1674294</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>55.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref55">Magden
|
|
K, Hur
|
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E, Yildiz
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G, Kose
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SB, Bicak
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L, Ziai
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F, Oberbauer
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R, Haas
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M. The effect of fluid intake on chronic kidney transplant failure: a pilot study. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2011; 21(6):499–505 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21620725" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21620725</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>57.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref57">Martin-Del-Campo
|
|
F, Gonzalez-Espinoza
|
|
L, Rojas-Campos
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|
E, Ruiz
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|
N, Gonzalez
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J, Pazarin
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EJ, Campbell
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KL, Bauer
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JD, Mudge
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DW. Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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V, Kopple
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JD, Wang
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X, Beck
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GJ, Collins
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SH, Capusa
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M, Ashworth
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DA, Muller
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EA. Nutritional effects of amino acid dialysate (Nutrineal) in CAPD patients. Advances in Peritoneal Dialysis. 1996; 12:311–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8865926" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8865926</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>62.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref62">Molaison
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MK. Stages of change and fluid intake in dialysis patients. Patient Education and Counseling. 2003; 49(1):5–12 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12527147" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12527147</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>63.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref63">Moretti
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HD, Johnson
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AM, Keeling-Hathaway
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TJ. Effects of protein supplementation in chronic hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2009; 19(4):298–303 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19539184" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19539184</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>64.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref64">National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The guidelines manual. London. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2012. Available from: <a href="http://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg6/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk/article/pmg6/</a> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27905714" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27905714</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>65.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref65">Orazio
|
|
LK, Isbel
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NM, Armstrong
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KA, Tarnarskyj
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J, Johnson
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DW, Hale
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RE
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KC, Vakrani
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G, Badrinath
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S. A study of impact of cost-effective nutritional supplement in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Indian Journal of Nephrology. 2014; 24(4):222–5 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4119334/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4119334</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25097334" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25097334</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>67.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref67">Renal Replacement Therapy Study Investigators, Bellomo
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R, Cass
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A, Cole
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L, Finfer
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CM, You
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AS, Koontz Parsons
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T, Tortorici
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AR, Bross
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R, St-Jules
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R, Hiligsmann
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M, Evers
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S. Cost-effectiveness of dedicated dietitians for hyperphosphatemia management among hemodialysis patients in Lebanon: results from the Nutrition Education for Management of Osteodystrophy trial. Journal of Medical Economics. 2017; 20(10):1024–1038 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28657451" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28657451</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>70.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref70">Rizk
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|
R, Karavetian
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M, Hiligsmann
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M, Evers
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SM. Effect of stage-based education provided by dedicated dietitians on hyperphosphataemic haemodialysis patients: results from the Nutrition Education for Management of Osteodystrophy randomised controlled trial. Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics. 2017; 30:554–562 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28322468" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28322468</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>71.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref71">Rodrigues Telini
|
|
LS, de Carvalho Beduschi
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|
G, Caramori
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JC, Castro
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JH, Martin
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LC, Barretti
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P. Effect of dietary sodium restriction on body water, blood pressure, and inflammation in hemodialysis patients: a prospective randomized controlled study. International Urology and Nephrology. 2014; 46(1):91–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23340794" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23340794</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>72.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref72">Rupp
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RA, Gunning
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BE. Sodium versus sodium fluid restriction in hemodialysis: Control of weight gains and blood pressures. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1978; 31(10):1952–1955 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/707354" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 707354</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>73.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref73">Sagawa
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W. The utility of cognitive behavioural therapy on chronic haemodialysis patients’ fluid intake: a preliminary examination. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2003; 40(4):367–73 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12667513" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12667513</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>74.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref74">Scholl
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P. Intervention to increase fluid intake following pediatric renal transplant. Pediatric Transplantation. 2011; 15(S1):81</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>75.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref75">Sharp
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MR, Gumley
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CJ. A cognitive behavioral group approach to enhance adherence to hemodialysis fluid restrictions: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2005; 45(6):1046–57 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15957134" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15957134</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>76.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref76">Stachowska
|
|
E, Wesolowska
|
|
T, Safranow
|
|
K, Domanski
|
|
L, Rac
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M, Dziedziejko
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V
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|
AL, Handu
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DJ, Cataline
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DR, Deighton
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TR, Weatherspoon
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|
|
J, Ortiz
|
|
A, Coronel
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|
F, Montenegro
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J, Lopez-Menchero
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R, Ortiz
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2000, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD002181. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002181. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10796869" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10796869</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002181" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>81.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref81">Welch
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PS, Stevens
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ME, Fass
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|
JM. Failure of dietary protein and phosphate restriction to retard the rate of progression of chronic renal failure: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1991; 81(294):837–855 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1801057" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1801057</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixes.appgroup9"><h2 id="_appendixes_appgroup9_">Appendices</h2><div id="ch9.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="ch9.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 8. Review protocol: Dietary management and fluid restriction</a></p><p id="ch9.appa.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appatab2" class="figpopup">Table 9. Health economic review protocol</a></p></div><div id="ch9.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><div id="ch9.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual 2014, updated 2017 <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869</a></p><p><i>For more detailed information, please see the</i> Methodology Review.</p><p>Searches were constructed using a PICO framework where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and in some cases Comparison (C) terms. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions as these concepts may not be well described in title, abstract or indexes and therefore difficult to retrieve. Search filters were applied to the search where appropriate.</p><p id="ch9.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab1" class="figpopup">Table 10. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab2" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab3" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab4" class="figpopup">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p></div><div id="ch9.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to renal replacement therapy population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional searches were run on Medline and Embase for health economics.</p><p id="ch9.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab5" class="figpopup">Table 11. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab6" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab7" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab8" class="figpopup">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</a></p></div></div><div id="ch9.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><p id="ch9.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appcfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of dietary management and fluid restriction</a></p></div><div id="ch9.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="ch9.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (381K)</span></p></div><div id="ch9.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="ch9.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. Dietary management vs usual care, transplant</h4><p id="ch9.appe.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appe.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig2" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Systolic blood pressure</a></p><p id="ch9.appe.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appe.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig3" class="figpopup">Figure 3. Diastolic blood pressure</a></p></div><div id="ch9.appe.s2"><h4>E.2. Dietary management vs usual care, dialysis</h4><p id="ch9.appe.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appe.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig4" class="figpopup">Figure 4. Systolic blood pressure</a></p><p id="ch9.appe.fig5"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appe.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig5" class="figpopup">Figure 5. Diastolic blood pressure</a></p></div><div id="ch9.appe.s3"><h4>E.3. Fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis</h4><p id="ch9.appe.fig6"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appe.fig6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig6" class="figpopup">Figure 6. QoL (SF36, physical, 0-100, higher is better)</a></p><p id="ch9.appe.fig7"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig7" class="figpopup">Figure 7. QoL (SF36, mental, 0-100, higher is better)</a></p><p id="ch9.appe.fig8"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appe.fig8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig8" class="figpopup">Figure 8. Interdialytic weight gain (kg)</a></p></div><div id="ch9.appe.s4"><h4>E.4. Combined dietary and fluid management vs usual care, dialysis</h4><p id="ch9.appe.fig9"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appe.fig9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig9" class="figpopup">Figure 9. QoL (KDQOL, 0-100, higher is better)</a></p><p id="ch9.appe.fig10"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appe.fig10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig10" class="figpopup">Figure 10. Interdialytic weight gain (kg)</a></p><p id="ch9.appe.fig11"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appe.fig11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig11" class="figpopup">Figure 11. Systolic blood pressure</a></p><p id="ch9.appe.fig12"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appe.fig12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig12" class="figpopup">Figure 12. Diastolic blood pressure</a></p></div></div><div id="ch9.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="ch9.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appftab1" class="figpopup">Table 12. Clinical evidence profile: dietary management vs usual care, transplant, >18 to 70</a></p><p id="ch9.appf.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appftab2" class="figpopup">Table 13. Clinical evidence profile: dietary management vs usual care, dialysis, >18 to 70</a></p><p id="ch9.appf.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appftab3" class="figpopup">Table 14. Clinical evidence profile: fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis, >18 to 70</a></p><p id="ch9.appf.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appftab4" class="figpopup">Table 15. Clinical evidence profile: dietary management and fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis, >18 to 70</a></p></div><div id="ch9.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="ch9.appg.fig13"><a href="/books/NBK577495/figure/ch9.appg.fig13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appgfig13" class="figpopup">Figure 13. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</a></p></div><div id="ch9.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Health economic evidence tables</h3><p>None.</p></div><div id="ch9.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Excluded studies</h3><div id="ch9.appi.s1"><h4>I.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="ch9.appi.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appitab1" class="figpopup">Table 16. Studies excluded from the clinical review</a></p></div><div id="ch9.appi.s2"><h4>I.2. Excluded health economic studies</h4><p>Studies that meet the review protocol population and interventions and economic study design criteria but have not been included in the review based on applicability and/or methodological quality are summarised below with reasons for exclusion.</p><p id="ch9.appi.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appitab2" class="figpopup">Table 17. Studies excluded from the health economic review</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Intervention evidence review</p><p>These evidence reviews were developed by the National Guideline Centre</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2018.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK577495</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35133743" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">35133743</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9tab1"><div id="ch9.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Children, young people and adults undergoing RRT or conservative management</p>
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<p>Children and young people (0 to 18) being prepared for RRT or conservative management</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interventions</th><td headers="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch9.l1"><li id="ch9.it1" class="half_rhythm"><div>Diet management (as a minimum including assessment and general dietary advice aimed at ≥1 of sodium, potassium or protein)</div></li><li id="ch9.it2" class="half_rhythm"><div>Fluid restriction (including advice)</div></li><li id="ch9.it3" class="half_rhythm"><div>Usual care/sham</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparisons</th><td headers="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Diet management vs usual care/sham</p>
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<p>Fluid restriction vs usual care/sham</p>
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<p>Combined diet and fluid management vs usual care/sham</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Critical
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<ul id="ch9.l2"><li id="ch9.it4" class="half_rhythm"><div>Patient, family/carer health-related quality of life (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch9.it5" class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality (dichotomous and time to event)</div></li><li id="ch9.it6" class="half_rhythm"><div>Time to failure of RRT form (time to event)</div></li></ul>
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Important
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<ul id="ch9.l3"><li id="ch9.it7" class="half_rhythm"><div>Hospitalisation (rates or continuous)</div></li><li id="ch9.it8" class="half_rhythm"><div>Subjective global assessment or malnutrition universal screen tool (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch9.it9" class="half_rhythm"><div>Interdialytic weight gain (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch9.it10" class="half_rhythm"><div>Symptom scores and functional measures (including grip strength, continuous)</div></li><li id="ch9.it11" class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress and mental wellbeing (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch9.it12" class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood pressure (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch9.it13" class="half_rhythm"><div>Patient, family and carer experience of care (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch9.it14" class="half_rhythm"><div>Growth (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch9.it15" class="half_rhythm"><div>Adherence to information (dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch9.it16" class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse events
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<ul id="ch9.l4" class="circle"><li id="ch9.it17" class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections (dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch9.it18" class="half_rhythm"><div>Acute transplant rejection episodes (dichotomous)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs will be prioritised. If insufficient evidence is found for any specified comparisons non-randomised studies will be considered but only if outcomes are adjusted for the following key confounders:
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<ul id="ch9.l5"><li id="ch9.it19" class="half_rhythm"><div>Age</div></li><li id="ch9.it20" class="half_rhythm"><div>Health at baseline</div></li><li id="ch9.it21" class="half_rhythm"><div>Co-morbidities</div></li><li id="ch9.it22" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ethnicity</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9tab2"><div id="ch9.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Intervention and comparison</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">De Vries 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref21" rid="ch9.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Dietary management - sodium restriction, individualised dietary counselling from physician, target of 50mmol/d with 24hr urine sample at midpoint for monitoring, 6 weeks</p>
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<p>Usual care, normal diet aimed at 150mmol/d, 6 weeks</p>
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<p>n = 23</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Adults aged over 18 (mean 58)</p>
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<p>Transplant recipients, BP >120/80 but <180/100 (mean 138/95)</p>
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<p>Netherlands</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Blood pressure</p>
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<p>At end of intervention</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ebrahimi 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref22" rid="ch9.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Combined diet and fluid intervention – in person education sessions, twice a week for 12 weeks, focus on diet, limits in fluid intake, supported by pamphlets, 12 weeks</p>
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<p>Usual care, nil else specified, 12 weeks</p>
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<p>n = 99</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Adults aged over 18 (mean 51)</p>
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<p>Haemodialysis</p>
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<p>Iran</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Quality of life</p>
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<p>At end of intervention</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kauric-Klein 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref42" rid="ch9.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Combined diet and fluid intervention – 2 BP education sessions with nurses, weekly monitoring, aim for fluid (<1500ml/d or <2.5kg IDWG) and sodium restriction (<2g/d), 16 weeks</p>
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<p>Usual care, BP monitoring and medication adjustment by health care professionals (HCPs) in unit as required, 16 weeks</p>
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<p>n = 118</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Adults aged over 18 (mean 56-63)</p>
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<p>Haemodialysis, hypertensive (>150/90)</p>
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<p>USA</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Interdialytic weight gain Blood pressure</p>
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<p>At end of intervention</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cluster randomised, six units</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Keven 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref43" rid="ch9.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Dietary management – sodium restriction, 80-100mmol/d target, seen by dietician at 4, 8 and 12 weeks, 12 weeks</p>
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<p>Usual care, nil else specified, 12 weeks</p>
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<p>n = 32</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Adults aged over 18 (mean 40-43)</p>
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<p>Transplant recipients, receiving antihypertensive medication</p>
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<p>Turkey</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Blood pressure</p>
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<p>At end of intervention</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Molaison 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref62" rid="ch9.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Fluid restriction – regular group meetings with dieticians + written material to increase adherence to fluid restriction, aimed at 1000ml/d of fluid intake, 12 weeks</p>
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<p>Usual care, involving dieticians, nurses and technicians, nil else specified, 12 weeks</p>
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<p>n = 314</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Adults aged over 18 (mean 53, SD 15)</p>
|
|
<p>Dialysis</p>
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Interdialytic weight gain</p>
|
|
<p>At end of intervention</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cluster randomised, ten units</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rodrigues Telini 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref71" rid="ch9.ref71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Dietary management – sodium restriction, reduction of 2g from their usual diet, monitored by nutritionist, 16 weeks</p>
|
|
<p>Usual care, monitored by nutritionist, nil else specified, 16 weeks</p>
|
|
<p>n = 39</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Adults aged over 18 (mean 56-60)</p>
|
|
<p>Dialysis, raised inflammatory markers</p>
|
|
<p>Brazil</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Blood pressure</p>
|
|
<p>At end of intervention</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sharp 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref75" rid="ch9.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fluid restriction – education and CBT based intervention to improve adherence to restriction, weekly hour long group sessions facilitated by trainee clinical psychologist, 4 weeks</p>
|
|
<p>Usual care, nil else specified, 4 weeks</p>
|
|
<p>n = 46</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Adults aged over 18 (mean 54, SD 12)</p>
|
|
<p>Haemodialysis, history of poor fluid restriction adherence</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Quality of life Interdialytic weight gain</p>
|
|
<p>At end of intervention</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elements of CBT to intervention, Glasgow University Liquid intake Program</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tsay 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref79" rid="ch9.ref79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Combined diet and fluid intervention – self-efficacy education with nurse specialists, wide ranging but focus on diet and fluid with realistic goal setting, three sessions a week each lasting one hour, facilitated by nurse nephrology specialists, 4 weeks</p>
|
|
<p>Usual care, nil else specified, 4 weeks</p>
|
|
<p>n = 64</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Adults aged over 18 (mean 58, SD 12)</p>
|
|
<p>Haemodialysis</p>
|
|
<p>Taiwan</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Interdialytic weight gain</p>
|
|
<p>At end of follow-up</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Followed up for 5 months after 1 month intervention</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9tab3"><div id="ch9.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: dietary management vs usual care, transplant population, >18 to 70</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Usual care</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Dietary management (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure (6-12w)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>76</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>6-12 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean systolic blood pressure (6-12w) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>136 mmHg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean systolic blood pressure (6-12w) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>13.26 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(18.96 to 7.55 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diastolic blood pressure (6-12w)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>76</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>6-12 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean diastolic blood pressure (6-12w) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>83 mmHg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean diastolic blood pressure (6-12w) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>7.34 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(11.18 to 3.5 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch9.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch9.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9tab4"><div id="ch9.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: dietary management vs usual care, dialysis population, >18 to 70</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Usual care</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Dietary management (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure (16 weeks)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>39</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>16 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean systolic blood pressure (16 weeks) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>149 mmHg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean systolic blood pressure (16 weeks) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.72 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(13.97 lower to 10.53 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diastolic blood pressure (16 weeks)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>39</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>16 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean diastolic blood pressure (16 weeks) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>84 mmHg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean diastolic blood pressure (16 weeks) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.78 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(7.96 lower to 15.52 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch9.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch9.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9tab5"><div id="ch9.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis population, >18 to 70</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Usual care</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Fluid restriction (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QoL (SF-36, physical, 0-100, higher is better, 4 weeks)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>56</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean qol (sf-36, physical, 0-100, higher is better, 4 weeks) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>7.28 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(5.2 lower to 19.76 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QoL (SF-36, mental, 0-100, higher is better, 4 weeks)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>56</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean qol (sf-36, mental, 0-100, higher is better, 4 weeks) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>12.64 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(5.59 to 19.69 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interdialytic weight gain (kg, 4-12 weeks)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>370</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>4-12 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean interdialytic weight gain (kg, 4-12 weeks) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.19 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(0.42 lower to 0.04 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch9.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch9.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9tab6"><div id="ch9.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: combined dietary management and fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis population, >18 to 70</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Usual care</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Combined diet and fluid management (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QoL (KDQOL, 0-100, higher is better, 12w)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>99</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>12 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean qol (kdqol, 0-100, higher is better, 12w) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>58.8</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean qol (kdqol, 0-100, higher is better, 12w) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>8.6 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(6.2 to 11 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interdialytic weight gain (kg, 16-24w)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>182</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>16-24 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean interdialytic weight gain (kg, 16w) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.5 kg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean interdialytic weight gain (kg, 16w) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.39 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(0.67 to 0.11 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure (16w)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>118</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>16 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean systolic blood pressure (16w) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>160 mmHg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean systolic blood pressure (16w) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>6.5 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(11.39 to 1.61 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diastolic blood pressure (16w)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>118</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>16 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean diastolic blood pressure (16w) in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−3.1 mmHg (change score)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch9.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean diastolic blood pressure (16w) in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.8 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(4.34 lower to 2.74 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch9.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch9.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9tab7"><div id="ch9.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">UK costs of hospital based scientific and professional staff: dieticians</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dietician</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">Cost per working hour<sup>(a)</sup></th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">Cost per patient contact hour<sup>(b)</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Band 2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£24</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£32</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Band 3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£27</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£36</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Band 4</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£30</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£40</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Band 5</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£33</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£44</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Band 6</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£44</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£59</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Band 7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£54</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£72</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Band 8a</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£63</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£84</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Band 8b</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£76</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£101</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch9.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">PSSRU. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2016.<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref19" rid="ch9.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a> Includes wages, salary on-costs, overheads (management, admin and estates staff, and non-staff) and capital overheads. Qualification costs are not included.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch9.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Calculated using a ratio of direct hours: indirect hours of 1:0.33. Data regarding this was not reported in the PSSRU Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2016 and so this is based on data reported in the 2010 report for a hospital based dietician.<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref18" rid="ch9.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appatab1"><div id="ch9.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Review protocol: Dietary management and fluid restriction</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Field</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Content</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of dietary management and/or fluid restriction for people undergoing RRT or conservative management?</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objective of the review</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Determining the clinical and cost effectiveness of diet management and fluid restriction for people undergoing RRT or conservative management.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – population / disease / condition / issue / domain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Children, young people and adults undergoing RRT or conservative management</p>
|
|
<p>Children and young people (0 to 18) being prepared for RRT or conservative management</p>
|
|
<p>Stratified by:</p>
|
|
<p>Age (<2, 2 to <18, 18 to <70, ≥70)</p>
|
|
<p>Dialysis, transplant, conservative management</p>
|
|
<p>DM vs no DM</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – interventions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Diet management (as a minimum including assessment and general dietary advice aimed at ≥1 of sodium, potassium or protein)</p>
|
|
<p>Fluid restriction (including advice)</p>
|
|
<p>Usual care/sham</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – comparator(s) / control or reference (gold) standard</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Diet management vs usual care/sham</p>
|
|
<p>Fluid restriction vs usual care/sham</p>
|
|
<p>Combined* diet and fluid management vs usual care/sham</p>
|
|
<p>*Studies in which for example sodium intake and fluid intake are part of the intervention</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes and prioritisation</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Critical</p>
|
|
<p>Patient, family/carer health-related quality of life (continuous)</p>
|
|
<p>Mortality (dichotomous and time to event)</p>
|
|
<p>Important</p>
|
|
<p>Hospitalisation (rates or continuous)</p>
|
|
<p>Subjective global assessment or malnutrition universal screen tool (continuous)</p>
|
|
<p>Interdialytic weight gain (continuous)</p>
|
|
<p>Symptom scores and functional measures (including grip strength, continuous)</p>
|
|
<p>Psychological distress and mental wellbeing (continuous)</p>
|
|
<p>Blood pressure (continuous)</p>
|
|
<p>Patient, family and carer experience of care (continuous)</p>
|
|
<p>Growth (continuous)</p>
|
|
<p>Adverse events</p>
|
|
<p>Infections (dichotomous)</p>
|
|
<p>Acute transplant rejection episodes (dichotomous)</p>
|
|
<p>When outcomes are reported at multiple timepoints, the later timepoints will be prioritised. All outcomes must be reported after at least 4 weeks of the intervention under investigation. The outcomes of mortality and hospitalisation must be reported after at least 6 months.</p>
|
|
<p>For quality of life, symptom scores/functional measures, psychological distress/mental wellbeing and experience of care, any validated measures will be accepted.</p>
|
|
<p>Absolute MIDs of 30 per 1000 will be used for mortality and modality failure. Absolute MIDs of 100 per 1000 will be used for all other outcomes dichotomous outcomes. Where relative MIDs are required (if absolute effects are unavailable), 0.90 to 1.11 will be used for mortality and modality failure. The default relative MIDs of 0.8 to 1.25 will be used for all other dichotomous outcomes. Default continuous MIDs of 0.5x SD will be used for all continuous outcomes, except where published, validated MIDs exist.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – study design</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RCTs will be prioritised. If insufficient evidence is found for any specified comparisons non-randomised studies will be considered but only if outcomes are adjusted for the following key confounders:</p>
|
|
<p>Age</p>
|
|
<p>Health at baseline</p>
|
|
<p>Co-morbidities</p>
|
|
<p>Ethnicity</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other inclusion exclusion criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Any studies where the RRT is being delivered for acute kidney injury, not in the context of chronic kidney disease, will be excluded.</p>
|
|
<p>Any studies where the RRT is being predominantly (i.e. >50%) delivered in a level 2 or 3 care setting, will be excluded.</p>
|
|
<p>Studies exclusively investigating supplementation interventions (for example IDPN) will be excluded</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed sensitivity / subgroup analysis, or metaregression</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>General vs sodium vs potassium vs protein</p>
|
|
<p>Adherence to program >/=50% vs <50%</p>
|
|
<p>Advice only vs advice plus structured follow-up and monitoring</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Selection process – duplicate screening / selection / analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No duplicate screening was deemed necessary for this question, for more information please see the separate Methods report for this guideline.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data management (software)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul id="ch9.l11"><li id="ch9.it34" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pairwise meta-analyses were performed using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan5).</div></li><li id="ch9.it35" class="half_rhythm"><div>GRADEpro was used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome.</div></li><li id="ch9.it36" class="half_rhythm"><div>Endnote was used for bibliography, citations, sifting and reference management.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Information sources – databases and dates</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Clinical search databases to be used: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library</p>
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<p>Date: All years</p>
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<p>Health economics search databases to be used: Medline, Embase, NHSEED, HTA</p>
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<p>Date: Medline, Embase from 2014</p>
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<p>NHSEED, HTA – all years</p>
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<p>Language: Restrict to English only</p>
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<p>Supplementary search techniques: backward citation searching</p>
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<p>Key papers: Not known</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify if an update</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not an update</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Author contacts</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10019</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Highlight if amendment to previous protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not an amendment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy – for one database</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see <a href="#ch9.appb">appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data collection process – forms / duplicate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A standardised evidence table format will be used, and published as appendices of the evidence report.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data items – define all variables to be collected</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see evidence tables in <a href="#ch9.appd">Appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#ch9.apph">H</a> (health economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for assessing bias at outcome / study level</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Standard study checklists were used to critically appraise individual studies. For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></p>
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<p>The risk of bias across all available evidence was evaluated for each outcome using an adaptation of the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) toolbox’ developed by the international GRADE working group <a href="http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gradeworkinggroup.org/</a></p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criteria for quantitative synthesis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.4 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for quantitative analysis – combining studies and exploring (in)consistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the separate Methods report for this guideline.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-bias assessment – publication bias, selective reporting bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Confidence in cumulative evidence</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see sections 6.4 and 9.1 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rationale / context – what is known</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the introduction to the evidence review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Describe contributions of authors and guarantor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>A multidisciplinary committee developed the evidence review. The committee was convened by the National Guideline Centre (NGC) and chaired by Jan Dudley in line with section 3 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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<p>Staff from NGC undertook systematic literature searches, appraised the evidence, conducted meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis where appropriate, and drafted the evidence review in collaboration with the committee. For details please see <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sources of funding / support</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Name of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roles of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NICE funds NGC to develop guidelines for those working in the NHS, public health and social care in England.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROSPERO registration number</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not registered</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appatab2"><div id="ch9.appa.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appa.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Objectives</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search criteria</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch9.l12"><li id="ch9.it37" class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the individual review protocol above.</div></li><li id="ch9.it38" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant economic study design (cost-utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li id="ch9.it39" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed; the bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li id="ch9.it40" class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li id="ch9.it41" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and an economic study filter – see <a href="#ch9.appb.s2">Appendix B.2</a> Health economics literature search strategy.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Review strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2001, abstract-only studies and studies from non-OECD countries or the USA will also be excluded.</p>
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<p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in <a href="#ch9.appg">Appendix G</a> of the 2012 NICE guidelines manual.<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref64" rid="ch9.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a> Each included study is summarised in an economic evidence profile and an evidence table. Any excluded studies are detailed in the excluded studies table with the reason for exclusion in <a href="#ch9.appi">Appendix I</a>.</p>
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<p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
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<ul id="ch9.l13"><li id="ch9.it42" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’ then it will be included in the guideline.</div></li><li id="ch9.it43" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’ then it will usually be excluded from the guideline.</div></li><li id="ch9.it44" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>
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<b>Where there is discretion</b>
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</p>
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<p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question, in discussion with the Committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the Committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to selectively exclude the remaining studies. For example, if a high quality study from a UK perspective is available a similar study from another country’s perspective may be excluded.</p>
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<p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p>
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<p><i>Setting:</i>
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<ul id="ch9.l14"><li id="ch9.it45" class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch9.it46" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li id="ch9.it47" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li id="ch9.it48" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the USA will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Economic study type:</i>
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<ul id="ch9.l15"><li id="ch9.it49" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost-utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch9.it50" class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-consequences analysis).</div></li><li id="ch9.it51" class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li id="ch9.it52" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Year of analysis:</i>
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<ul id="ch9.l16"><li id="ch9.it53" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li id="ch9.it54" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2001 or later but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly from before 2001 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li id="ch9.it55" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2001 will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the economic analysis:</i>
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<ul id="ch9.l17"><li id="ch9.it56" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the economic analysis matches with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li><li id="ch9.it57" class="half_rhythm"><div>The following will be rated as ‘Very serious limitations’ and excluded: economic analyses undertaken as part of clinical studies that are excluded from the clinical review; economic models where relative treatment effects are based entirely on studies that are excluded from the clinical review; comparative costing analyses that only look at the cost of delivering dialysis (as current UK NHS reference costs are considered a more relevant estimate of this for the guideline); within-trial economic analyses based on non-randomised studies that do not meet the minimum adjustment criteria outlined in the main review protocol.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab1"><div id="ch9.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 11 December 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 11 December 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Cochrane Reviews to 2017</p>
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<p>Issue 12 of12</p>
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<p>CENTRAL to 2017 Issue 11 of 12</p>
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<p>DARE, and NHSEED to 2015 Issue 2 of 4</p>
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<p>HTA to 2016 Issue 4 of 4</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab2"><div id="ch9.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Renal Replacement Therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney) adj2 replace*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or (biofilt* adj1 acetate-free)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodialys* or haemodialys*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((kidney* or renal) adj3 (transplant* or graft*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">capd.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dialys*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(artificial adj1 kidney*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 9 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/11-18</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 not 20</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp animal experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/21-27</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 not 28</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">drug therapy.fs.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">groups.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/30-37</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Trials as topic.sh.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/30-33,35,39-40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/42-51</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29 and (41 or 52)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab3"><div id="ch9.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp *renal replacement therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney) adj2 replace*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or (biofilt* adj1 acetate-free)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodialys* or haemodialys*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((kidney* or renal) adj3 (transplant* or graft*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">capd.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dialys*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(artificial adj1 kidney*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 9 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/11-15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 not 17</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/18-25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 not 26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">crossover procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">single blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">double blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/28-36</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">systematic review/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">meta-analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic or evidence) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/38-47</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27 and (37 or 48)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab4"><div id="ch9.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Renal Replacement Therapy] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney*) near/2 replace*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or haemofilt* or hemofilt*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodialys* or haemodialys*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((kidney* or renal or pre-empt* or preempt*) near/3 (transplant* or graft*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(capd or apd or ccpd or dialys*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(biofilt* near/1 acetate-free):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(artificial near/1 kidney*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #1-#8)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab5"><div id="ch9.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline & Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 11 December 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HTA & NHS EED- Inception – 11 December 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab6"><div id="ch9.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Renal Replacement Therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney) adj2 replace*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or (biofilt* adj1 acetate-free)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodialys* or haemodialys*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((kidney* or renal) adj3 (transplant* or graft*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">capd.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dialys*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(artificial adj1 kidney*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 9 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/11-18</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 not 20</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp animal experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/21-27</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 not 28</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/30-45</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29 and 46</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab7"><div id="ch9.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp renal replacement therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney) adj2 replace*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or (biofilt* adj1 acetate-free)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodialys* or haemodialys*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((kidney* or renal) adj3 (transplant* or graft*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">capd.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dialys*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(artificial adj1 kidney*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 9 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/11-15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 not 17</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/18-25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 not 26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*health economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp *economic evaluation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp *health care cost/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp *fee/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">funding/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/28-40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27 and 41</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab8"><div id="ch9.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Renal Replacement Therapy EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((renal or kidney) adj2 replace*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or (biofilt* adj1 acetate-free)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((hemodialys* or haemodialys*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((kidney* or renal) adj3 (transplant* or graft*)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(capd)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(dialys*)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((artificial adj1 kidney*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appcfig1"><div id="ch9.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20dietary%20management%20and%20fluid%20restriction.&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of dietary management and fluid restriction." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of dietary management and fluid restriction</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig2"><div id="ch9.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Systolic%20blood%20pressure.&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appef2.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Systolic blood pressure." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Systolic blood pressure</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig3"><div id="ch9.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Diastolic%20blood%20pressure.&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appef3.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Diastolic blood pressure." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Diastolic blood pressure</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig4"><div id="ch9.appe.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Systolic%20blood%20pressure.&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appef4.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Systolic blood pressure." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Systolic blood pressure</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig5"><div id="ch9.appe.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Diastolic%20blood%20pressure.&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appef5.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Diastolic blood pressure." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Diastolic blood pressure</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig6"><div id="ch9.appe.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%206.%20QoL%20(SF36%2C%20physical%2C%200-100%2C%20higher%20is%20better).&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appef6.jpg" alt="Figure 6. QoL (SF36, physical, 0-100, higher is better)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">QoL (SF36, physical, 0-100, higher is better)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig7"><div id="ch9.appe.fig7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%207.%20QoL%20(SF36%2C%20mental%2C%200-100%2C%20higher%20is%20better).&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appef7.jpg" alt="Figure 7. QoL (SF36, mental, 0-100, higher is better)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 7</span><span class="title">QoL (SF36, mental, 0-100, higher is better)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig8"><div id="ch9.appe.fig8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%208.%20Interdialytic%20weight%20gain%20(kg).&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appef8.jpg" alt="Figure 8. Interdialytic weight gain (kg)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 8</span><span class="title">Interdialytic weight gain (kg)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig9"><div id="ch9.appe.fig9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%209.%20QoL%20(KDQOL%2C%200-100%2C%20higher%20is%20better).&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appef9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appef9.jpg" alt="Figure 9. QoL (KDQOL, 0-100, higher is better)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 9</span><span class="title">QoL (KDQOL, 0-100, higher is better)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig10"><div id="ch9.appe.fig10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2010.%20Interdialytic%20weight%20gain%20(kg).&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appef10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appef10.jpg" alt="Figure 10. Interdialytic weight gain (kg)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 10</span><span class="title">Interdialytic weight gain (kg)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig11"><div id="ch9.appe.fig11" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2011.%20Systolic%20blood%20pressure.&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appef11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appef11.jpg" alt="Figure 11. Systolic blood pressure." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 11</span><span class="title">Systolic blood pressure</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig12"><div id="ch9.appe.fig12" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2012.%20Diastolic%20blood%20pressure.&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appef12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appef12.jpg" alt="Figure 12. Diastolic blood pressure." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 12</span><span class="title">Diastolic blood pressure</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appftab1"><div id="ch9.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: dietary management vs usual care, transplant, >18 to 70</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Dietary management</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Usual care</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure (6-12w) (follow-up 6-12 weeks; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 13.26 lower (18.96 to 7.55 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diastolic blood pressure (6-12w) (follow-up 6-12 weeks; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 7.34 lower (11.18 to 3.5 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch9.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch9.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appftab2"><div id="ch9.appf.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: dietary management vs usual care, dialysis, >18 to 70</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appf.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Dietary management</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Usual care</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure (16 weeks) (follow-up 16 weeks; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.72 lower (13.97 lower to 10.53 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diastolic blood pressure (16 weeks) (follow-up 16 weeks; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 3.78 higher (7.96 lower to 15.52 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch9.appf.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch9.appf.tab2_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appftab3"><div id="ch9.appf.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis, >18 to 70</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appf.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Fluid restriction</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Usual care</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QoL (SF-36, physical, 0-100, higher is better, 4 weeks) (follow-up 4 weeks; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 7.28 higher (5.2 lower to 19.76 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QoL (SF-36, mental, 0-100, higher is better, 4 weeks) (follow-up 4 weeks; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 12.64 higher (5.59 to 19.69 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interdialytic weight gain (kg, 4-12 weeks) (follow-up 4-12 weeks; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">244</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">126</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.19 lower (0.42 lower to 0.04 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch9.appf.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch9.appf.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appftab4"><div id="ch9.appf.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: dietary management and fluid restriction vs usual care, dialysis, >18 to 70</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appf.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Combined diet and fluid management</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Usual care</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QoL (KDQOL, 0-100, higher is better, 12w) (follow-up 12 weeks; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 8.6 higher (6.2 to 11 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
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<p>MODERATE</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interdialytic weight gain (kg, 16w) (follow-up 16 weeks; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">91</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">91</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.39 lower (0.67 to 0.11 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure (16w) (follow-up 16 weeks; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 6.5 lower (11.39 to 1.61 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diastolic blood pressure (16w) (follow-up 16 weeks; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.8 lower (4.34 lower to 2.74 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
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<p>MODERATE</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch9.appf.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch9.appf.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appgfig13"><div id="ch9.appg.fig13" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2013.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=577495_ch9appgf13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577495/bin/ch9appgf13.jpg" alt="Figure 13. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 13</span><span class="title">Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>A = starting RRT</p><p>B = modality of RRT, subgroups and CM</p><p>C = sequencing</p><p>D = planning for RRT</p><p>E = When to assess</p><p>F = what to assess</p><p>G = Indicators for switching or stopping RRT</p><p>I = diet and fluids</p><p>J = frequency of review</p><p>L = decision support interventions</p><p>M = coordinating care</p><p>▬</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appitab1"><div id="ch9.appi.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appi.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusion reason</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Akpele 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref1" rid="ch9.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Allman 1990<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref2" rid="ch9.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ash 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref3" rid="ch9.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SR, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baraz 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref4" rid="ch9.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Beddhu 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref5" rid="ch9.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bellizzi 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref6" rid="ch9.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NRS (RCTs available)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bellomo 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref7" rid="ch9.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borges 1996<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref8" rid="ch9.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NRS (RCTs available)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Boudville 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref9" rid="ch9.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review, not systematic</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brunori 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref10" rid="ch9.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Campbell 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref12" rid="ch9.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Campbell 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref11" rid="ch9.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review, not systematic</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Caria 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref13" rid="ch9.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chertow 1994<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref14" rid="ch9.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NRS (RCTs available)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cianciaruso 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref15" rid="ch9.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cotten-Sheldon 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref16" rid="ch9.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cupisti 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref17" rid="ch9.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NRS (RCTs available)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dagdeviren 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref20" rid="ch9.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NRS (RCTs available)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fine 1997<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref23" rid="ch9.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ford 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref24" rid="ch9.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fouque 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref27" rid="ch9.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SR, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fouque 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref26" rid="ch9.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fouque 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref25" rid="ch9.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SR, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fry 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref28" rid="ch9.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Protocol only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hansen 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref29" rid="ch9.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hare 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref30" rid="ch9.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No usable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Harty 1996<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref31" rid="ch9.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hatch 1985<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref32" rid="ch9.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hernandez Morante 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref33" rid="ch9.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Howren 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref34" rid="ch9.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jeloka 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref35" rid="ch9.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jiang 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref38" rid="ch9.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jiang 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref36" rid="ch9.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jiang 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref37" rid="ch9.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jungers 1987<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref39" rid="ch9.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Karavetian 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref40" rid="ch9.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kauric-Klein 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref41" rid="ch9.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No usable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kloppenburg 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref44" rid="ch9.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kullgren 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref45" rid="ch9.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kuo 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref46" rid="ch9.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lacson 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref47" rid="ch9.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NRS (RCTs available)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lawrence 1995<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref48" rid="ch9.ref48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No usable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref49" rid="ch9.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Leon 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref51" rid="ch9.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No usable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Leon 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref50" rid="ch9.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Li 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref53" rid="ch9.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Li 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref52" rid="ch9.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No usable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Locatelli 1991<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref54" rid="ch9.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magden 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref55" rid="ch9.ref55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magpantay 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref56" rid="ch9.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No usable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Martin-del-Campo 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref57" rid="ch9.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">McMahon 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref58" rid="ch9.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SR, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Menon 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref59" rid="ch9.ref59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mircescu 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref60" rid="ch9.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Misra 1996<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref61" rid="ch9.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moretti 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref63" rid="ch9.ref63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Orazio 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref65" rid="ch9.ref65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rangarajan 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref66" rid="ch9.ref66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal Replacement Therapy Study Investigators 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref67" rid="ch9.ref67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NRS (RCTs available)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rhee 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref68" rid="ch9.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rizk 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref69" rid="ch9.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rizk 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref70" rid="ch9.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rupp 1978<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref72" rid="ch9.ref72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NRS (RCTs available)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sagawa 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref73" rid="ch9.ref73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Scholl 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref74" rid="ch9.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stachowska 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref76" rid="ch9.ref76"><sup>76</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Steiber 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref77" rid="ch9.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Teixido-Planas 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref78" rid="ch9.ref78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Waugh 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref80" rid="ch9.ref80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SR, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Welch 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref81" rid="ch9.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SR, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Williams 1991<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref82" rid="ch9.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appitab2"><div id="ch9.appi.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the health economic review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577495/table/ch9.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appi.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None.</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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