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id="_NBK577491_"><span itemprop="name">When to assess for RRT</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Renal replacement therapy and conservative management</div><p><b>Evidence review</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 107</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2018 Oct</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3107-1</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2018.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="ch5.s1"><h2 id="_ch5_s1_">1. When to assess for RRT</h2><div id="ch5.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question: When should people with progression to later stages of CKD be assessed for RRT?</h3></div><div id="ch5.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Introduction</h3><p>The NICE guideline on Chronic Kidney Disease in adults (CG182) makes recommendations about when people should be initially referred to nephrology services in secondary care. Recommendations are needed on when the process of assessment and preparation for RRT or conservative management should commence. This review applies to people requiring referral to secondary care renal services and those already in these services but who are not yet having assessment for RRT.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#ch5.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab1" rid-ob="figobch5tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="ch5.s1.4.1"><h4>1.4.1. Included studies</h4><p>No randomised studies were identified. One non-randomised study was included in the review;<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref58" rid="ch5.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a> this is summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch5tab2" rid-ob="figobch5tab2">Table 2</a> below. Evidence from this study is summarised in the clinical evidence summary below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch5tab3" rid-ob="figobch5tab3">Table 3</a>).</p><p>See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch5.appc">appendix C</a>, study evidence tables in <a href="#ch5.appd">appendix D</a>, GRADE tables in <a href="#ch5.appf">appendix F</a> and forest plots in <a href="#ch5.appe">appendix E</a>.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.2"><h4>1.4.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>See the excluded studies list in <a href="#ch5.appi">appendix I</a>.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.3"><h4>1.4.3. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab2" rid-ob="figobch5tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch5.appd">appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.4.4"><h4>1.4.4. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab3" rid-ob="figobch5tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Clinical evidence summary: Late referral versus early referral." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Late referral versus early referral. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch5.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.5"><h3>1.5. Economic evidence</h3><div id="ch5.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. Included studies</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were included.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>No health economic studies that were relevant to this question were identified but excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch5.appg">appendix G</a>.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.5.3"><h4>1.5.3. Unit costs</h4><p>Relevant current UK unit costs were provided to the committee to aid consideration of cost effectiveness. Costs of nephrology outpatient appointments are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch5tab4" rid-ob="figobch5tab4">Table 4</a>. Costs of CKD-related inpatient admissions are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch5tab5" rid-ob="figobch5tab5">Table 5</a>. If a patient starts dialysis urgently requiring inpatient admission this will incur an additional inpatient stay cost (as well as the hospital dialysis costs recorded separately). Access-related costs are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch5tab6" rid-ob="figobch5tab6">Table 6</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab4" rid-ob="figobch5tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. UK NHS reference costs 2015/16 for nephrology outpatient appointments." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">UK NHS reference costs 2015/16 for nephrology outpatient appointments. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab5" rid-ob="figobch5tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. UK NHS reference costs 2015/16 for CKD inpatient admissions." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">UK NHS reference costs 2015/16 for CKD inpatient admissions. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch5tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch5tab6" rid-ob="figobch5tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. UK NHS reference costs 2015/16 for dialysis access-related inpatient and outpatient procedures." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch5.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5tab6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">UK NHS reference costs 2015/16 for dialysis access-related inpatient and outpatient procedures. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Resource impact</h3><p>The recommendations made based on this review (see section <b>Error! Reference source not found.</b>) are not expected to have a substantial impact on resources.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7"><h3>1.7. Evidence statements</h3><div id="ch5.s1.7.1"><h4>1.7.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><p>There was no evidence identified for quality of life, hospitalisation, time to failure of RRT form, late referral rates, pre-emptive transplantation rates, proportion starting on modality of choice, proportion receiving RRT after assessment, symptom scores/functional measures, psychological distress and mental wellbeing, cognitive impairment, experience of care, growth, malignancy or adverse events.</p><p>There was no clinically important difference in all-cause mortality from day 90 to 1 year (1 study, very low quality evidence).</p><p>There was a clinically important harm of late referral for all-cause mortality in the first 90 days (1 study, very low quality evidence).</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.7.2"><h4>1.7.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><ul id="ch5.l7"><li id="ch5.lt26" class="half_rhythm"><div>No relevant economic evaluations were identified.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.8"><h3>1.8. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="ch5.s1.8.1"><h4>1.8.1. Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="ch5.s1.8.1.1"><h5>1.8.1.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>Critical outcomes were mortality, quality of life, hospitalisation, symptom scores and time to failure of RRT.</p><p>Other important outcomes were numbers of measures of mental wellbeing and cognitive impairment, malignancy and adverse events. Growth is considered an important outcome in children. We were also interested in outcomes representing people’s experience of care.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.8.1.2"><h5>1.8.1.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The GC noted that the only study identified for this review did not specifically assess the importance of the timing of referral for RRT assessment but rather assessed the importance of the timing of a nephrology referral. A nephrology referral may be for a variety of reasons other than assessment for RRT, including investigating the aetiology of the condition and actions to treat and monitor the condition and preserve renal function. The assessment for RRT happens within renal services, but often requires transfer of patient care from an individual consultant-led review to a multidisciplinary review. This usually follows recognition that the person with kidney disease has now reached a stage where plans need to be made to manage the progressive nature of their condition, and the multidisciplinary team is needed to cover all aspects of the person’s care and future care plans. Therefore, the committee agreed that this evidence was appropriate to include but noted that it did not exactly mirror the target intervention of the review</p><p>The committee noted that the evidence identified in this review represented a comparison between very late referral versus not very late referral. The very late referral group perhaps more accurately represented people having an unplanned start to dialysis, although the population had been documented as having a diagnosis of CKD for at least one year. The committee noted the impact of the study being set in the US with a different primary care system than in the UK.</p><p>The committee noted that referral to nephrologist is only a proxy for the full multidisciplinary assessment required.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.8.1.3"><h5>1.8.1.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>The evidence showed at 90 days there was a harm of late referral in terms of higher mortality compared to earlier referral. At 90 days to a year the difference in mortality was no longer clinically different</p><p>The committee discussed how practically the amount of time required for assessment reflects both the speed of accomplishing the various tasks involved in assessment but also the time needed for people to deliberate over decisions that have to be made in this period.</p><p>The committee noted that alongside the more obvious benefits of early referral (for example ensuring full preparation and assessment, avoiding unplanned starts and improving pre-emptive transplantation rates) there are potential harms of early referral in the form of unnecessary treatment or psychological burden for people who are referred for consideration of RRT but then never go on to require it. Therefore when considering when to refer for assessment there is a need to balance allowing sufficient time to prepare for RRT with minimising referral of those that will never receive it.</p></div></div><div id="ch5.s1.8.2"><h4>1.8.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were identified.</p><p>The potential benefits of assessing people earlier described above (reducing unplanned starters and increasing pre-emptive transplant rates) may result in lower resource use and benefits to patients that may increase QALYs. The committee highlighted that reducing unplanned starters would be expected to reduce costs because they will generally require a hospital admission for a number of days and it is likely it will also require additional access procedures. Improving access to pre-emptive transplant was also considered likely to result in better outcomes for patients and may reduce costs (due to avoiding starting dialysis and reducing transplant failure).</p><p>However, conversely the potential harms described above (assessment in people who do not go on to need RRT) would increase resource use and could potentially have a negative impact on patient QALYs if quality of life was reduced. The cost of this would relate to outpatient appointments for general assessment for RRT and, in parallel, assessment and tests to assess suitability for transplant. A series of healthcare contacts with doctors and/or nurses is required to support the decision making process. If dialysis access is created, this will be associated with resource use such as an outpatient appointment with a surgeon, scans, the surgery itself and follow-up.</p><p>No studies were available that allowed quantitative assessment of this trade-off. However, the committee felt that referring people at least 1 year before it is anticipated they would need RRT was practical and would strike a reasonable balance between maximising adequate assessment and preparation without unduly increasing the number of people being assessed. The committee highlighted that this generally reflects current practice should not be a significant change in practice or have a substantial resource impact to the NHS in England.</p></div><div id="ch5.s1.8.3"><h4>1.8.3. Other considerations</h4><p>None.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch5.rl.r1"><h2 id="_ch5_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref1">Arora
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T, Linden
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|
C, Hollenbeck
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M, Jankowski
|
|
V, Kribben
|
|
A. How does late nephrological co-management impact chronic kidney disease? - an observational study. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2010; 64(13):1784–92 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21070529" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21070529</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref19">Hoffmann
|
|
M, Binaut
|
|
R, Maisonneuve
|
|
N, Bacri
|
|
JL, Fleury
|
|
D, Vanhille
|
|
P
|
|
et al. [Patterns of nephrology referral and predialysis management of patients with chronic kidney disease]. Nephrologie & Therapeutique. 2006; 2(1):15–23 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16895711" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16895711</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref20">Hommel
|
|
K, Madsen
|
|
M, Kamper
|
|
AL. The importance of early referral for the treatment of chronic kidney disease: a Danish nationwide cohort study. BMC Nephrology. 2012; 13:108 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3469388/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3469388</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22963236" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22963236</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref21">Ilhan
|
|
G, Esi
|
|
E, Bozok
|
|
S, Yurekli
|
|
I, Ozpak
|
|
B, Ozelci
|
|
A
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|
et al. The clinical utility of vascular mapping with Doppler ultrasound prior to arteriovenous fistula construction for hemodialysis access. Journal of Vascular Access. 2013; 14(1):83–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23032950" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23032950</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref22">Inaguma
|
|
D, Ando
|
|
R, Ikeda
|
|
M, Joki
|
|
N, Koiwa
|
|
F, Komatsu
|
|
Y
|
|
et al. Nephrologist care for 12 months or more increases hemodialysis initiation with permanent vascular access. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 2011; 15(5):738–44 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21725658" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21725658</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref23">Jakubovic
|
|
BD, Wald
|
|
R, Goldstein
|
|
MB, Leong-Poi
|
|
H, Yuen
|
|
DA, Perl
|
|
J
|
|
et al. Comparative assessment of 2-dimensional echocardiography vs cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in measuring left ventricular mass in patients with and without end-stage renal disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2013; 29(3):384–90 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23103220" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23103220</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref24">Jungers
|
|
P, Joly
|
|
D, Nguyen-Khoa
|
|
T, Mothu
|
|
N, Bassilios
|
|
N, Grunfeld
|
|
JP. [Continued late referral of patients with chronic kidney disease. Causes, consequences, and approaches to improvement]. Presse Medicale. 2006; 35(1 Pt 1):17–22 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16462659" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16462659</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref25">Jungers
|
|
P, Massy
|
|
ZA, Nguyen-Khoa
|
|
T, Choukroun
|
|
G, Robino
|
|
C, Fakhouri
|
|
F
|
|
et al. Longer duration of predialysis nephrological care is associated with improved long-term survival of dialysis patients. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 2001; 16(12):2357–64 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11733627" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11733627</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref26">Jungers
|
|
P, Skhiri
|
|
H, Zingraff
|
|
J, Muller
|
|
S, Fumeron
|
|
C, Giatras
|
|
I
|
|
et al. [Benefits of early nephrological management of chronic renal failure]. Presse Medicale. 1997; 26(40 Pt 2):2–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9615701" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9615701</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref27">Jungers
|
|
P, Zingraff
|
|
J, Albouze
|
|
G, Chauveau
|
|
P, Page
|
|
B, Hannedouche
|
|
T
|
|
et al. Late referral to maintenance dialysis: detrimental consequences. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 1993; 8(10):1089–93 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8272221" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8272221</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref28">Kessler
|
|
M, Frimat
|
|
L, Panescu
|
|
V, Briancon
|
|
S. Impact of nephrology referral on early and midterm outcomes in ESRD: Epidemiologie de l’insuffisance REnale chronique terminale en Lorraine (EPIREL): Results of a 2-year, prospective, community-based study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2003; 42(3):474–485 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12955675" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12955675</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref29">Kim
|
|
DH, Kim
|
|
M, Kim
|
|
H, Kim
|
|
YL, Kang
|
|
SW, Yang
|
|
CW
|
|
et al. Early referral to a nephrologist improved patient survival: prospective cohort study for end-stage renal disease in Korea. PloS One. 2013; 8(1):e55323 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3555934/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3555934</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23372849" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23372849</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref30">Kumar
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|
S, Jeganathan
|
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J, Amruthesh. Timing of nephrology referral: Influence on mortality and morbidity in chronic kidney disease. Nephro-Urology Monthly. 2012; 4(3):578–581 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3614299/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3614299</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23573489" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23573489</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref31">Lameire
|
|
N, Van Biesen
|
|
W. The pattern of referral of patients with end-stage renal disease to the nephrologist-a European survey. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 1999; 14:(Suppl 6):16–23 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10528708" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10528708</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref32">Lameire
|
|
N, Van Biesen
|
|
W, Dombros
|
|
N, Dratwa
|
|
M, Faller
|
|
B, Gahl
|
|
GM
|
|
et al. The referral pattern of patients with ESRD is a determinant in the choice of dialysis modality. Peritoneal Dialysis International. 1997; 17:(Suppl 2):S161–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9163820" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9163820</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref33">Lhotta
|
|
K, Zoebl
|
|
M, Mayer
|
|
G, Kronenberg
|
|
F. Late referral defined by renal function: association with morbidity and mortality. Journal of Nephrology. 2003; 16(6):855–61 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14736013" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14736013</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref34">Lin
|
|
CL, Chuang
|
|
FR, Wu
|
|
CF, Yang
|
|
CT. Early referral as an independent predictor of clinical outcome in end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Renal Failure. 2004; 26(5):531–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15526911" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15526911</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref35">Lin
|
|
CL, Wu
|
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MS, Hsu
|
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PY, Huang
|
|
CC. Improvement of clinical outcome by early nephrology referral in type II diabetics on hemodialysis. Renal Failure. 2003; 25(3):455–64 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12803509" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12803509</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref36">Lorenzo
|
|
V, Martn
|
|
M, Rufino
|
|
M, Hernandez
|
|
D, Torres
|
|
A, Ayus
|
|
JC. Predialysis nephrologic care and a functioning arteriovenous fistula at entry are associated with better survival in incident hemodialysis patients: an observational cohort study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2004; 43(6):999–1007 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15168379" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15168379</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref37">Mezei
|
|
I, Forro
|
|
M, Nagy
|
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P. Early or late referral and their clinical outcomes Nephrology. 2010; 15(Supp 3):76–7</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref38">Nakamura
|
|
S, Nakata
|
|
H, Yoshihara
|
|
F, Kamide
|
|
K, Horio
|
|
T, Nakahama
|
|
H
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et al. Effect of early nephrology referral on the initiation of hemodialysis and survival in patients with chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular diseases. Circulation Journal. 2007; 71(4):511–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17384451" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17384451</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref39">National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The guidelines manual. London. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2012. Available from: <a href="http://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg6/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk/article/pmg6/</a> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27905714" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27905714</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref40">Parameswaran
|
|
S, Geda
|
|
SB, Rathi
|
|
M, Kohli
|
|
HS, Gupta
|
|
KL, Sakhuja
|
|
V
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et al. Referral pattern of patients with end-stage renal disease at a public sector hospital and its impact on outcome. National Medical Journal of India. 2011; 24(4):208–13 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22208139" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22208139</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref41">Pena
|
|
JM, Logrono
|
|
JM, Pernaute
|
|
R, Laviades
|
|
C, Virto
|
|
R, Vicente de Vera
|
|
C. [Late nephrology referral influences on morbidity and mortality of hemodialysis patients. A provincial study]. Nefrologia. 2006; 26(1):84–97 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16649429" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16649429</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref42">Ratcliffe
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PJ, Phillips
|
|
RE, Oliver
|
|
DO. Late referral for maintenance dialysis. BMJ. 1984; 288(6415):441–3 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1444694/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1444694</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6419957" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6419957</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref43">Ravani
|
|
P, Marinangeli
|
|
G, Stacchiotti
|
|
L, Malberti
|
|
F. Structured pre-dialysis programs: more than just timely referral?
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|
Journal of Nephrology. 2003; 16(6):862–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14736014" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14736014</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref44">Roubicek
|
|
C, Brunet
|
|
P, Huiart
|
|
L, Thirion
|
|
X, Leonetti
|
|
F, Dussol
|
|
B
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et al. Timing of nephrology referral: influence on mortality and morbidity. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2000; 36(1):35–41 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10873869" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10873869</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref45">Sabath
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E, Vega
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O, Correa-Rotter
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R. [Early referral to the nephrologist: impact on initial hospitalization and the first 6 months of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis]. Revista de Investigación Clínica. 2003; 55(5):489–93 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14968468" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14968468</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>46.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref46">Schmidt
|
|
RJ, Domico
|
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JR, Sorkin
|
|
MI, Hobbs
|
|
G. Early referral and its impact on emergent first dialyses, health care costs, and outcome. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 1998; 32(2):278–83 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9708613" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9708613</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>47.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref47">Sesso
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R, Belasco
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AG. Late diagnosis of chronic renal failure and mortality on maintenance dialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 1996; 11(12):2417–20 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9017615" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9017615</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>48.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref48">Shiao
|
|
CC, Huang
|
|
JW, Chien
|
|
KL, Chuang
|
|
HF, Chen
|
|
YM, Wu
|
|
KD. Early initiation of dialysis and late implantation of catheters adversely affect outcomes of patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal Dialysis International. 2008; 28(1):73–81 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18178951" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18178951</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>49.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref49">Stack
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AG. Impact of timing of nephrology referral and pre-ESRD care on mortality risk among new ESRD patients in the United States. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2003; 41(2):310–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12552491" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12552491</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>50.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref50">Van Biesen
|
|
W, De Vecchi
|
|
A, Dombros
|
|
N, Dratwa
|
|
M, Gokal
|
|
R, LaGreca
|
|
G
|
|
et al. The referral pattern of end-stage renal disease patients and the initiation of dialysis: a European perspective. Peritoneal Dialysis International. 1999; 19:(Suppl 2):S273–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10406531" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10406531</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>51.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref51">Van Biesen
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W, Wiedemann
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M, Lameire
|
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N. End-stage renal disease treatment: a European perspective. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 1998; 9:(12 Suppl):S55–62 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11443769" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11443769</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>52.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref52">Wijewickrama
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E, Lekamwattage
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M. Are patients with chronic kidney disease referred to a nephrologist early enough? A study from a tertiary care centre in Sri Lanka Nephrology. 2010; 15:(Suppl 3):81</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>53.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref53">Winkelmayer
|
|
WC, Glynn
|
|
RJ, Levin
|
|
R, Owen
|
|
W, Jr., Avorn
|
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J. Late referral and modality choice in end-stage renal disease. Kidney International. 2001; 60(4):1547–54 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11576371" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11576371</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>54.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref54">Winkelmayer
|
|
WC, Glynn
|
|
RJ, Levin
|
|
R, Owen
|
|
WF, Jr., Avorn
|
|
J. Determinants of delayed nephrologist referral in patients with chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2001; 38(6):1178–84 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11728948" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11728948</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>55.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref55">Winkelmayer
|
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WC, Liu
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J, Chertow
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GM, Tamura
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MK. Predialysis nephrology care of older patients approaching end-stage renal disease. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2011; 171(15):1371–8 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4123329/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4123329</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21824952" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21824952</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>56.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref56">Winkelmayer
|
|
WC, Mehta
|
|
J, Chandraker
|
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A, Owen
|
|
WF, Jr., Avorn
|
|
J. Predialysis nephrologist care and access to kidney transplantation in the United States. American Journal of Transplantation. 2007; 7(4):872–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17391130" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17391130</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>57.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref57">Winkelmayer
|
|
WC, Owen
|
|
W, Glynn
|
|
RJ, Levin
|
|
R, Avorn
|
|
J. Preventive health care measures before and after start of renal replacement therapy. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2002; 17(8):588–95 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1495089/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1495089</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12213139" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12213139</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>58.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref58">Winkelmayer
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WC, Owen
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WF, Jr., Levin
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R, Avorn
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J. A propensity analysis of late versus early nephrologist referral and mortality on dialysis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2003; 14(2):486–92 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12538751" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12538751</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>59.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref59">Wu
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MS, Lin
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CL, Chang
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CT, Wu
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CH, Huang
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JY, Yang
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CW. Improvement in clinical outcome by early nephrology referral in type II diabetics on maintenance peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal Dialysis International. 2003; 23(1):39–45 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12691505" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12691505</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>60.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref60">Yang
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JY, Huang
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JW, Chen
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L, Chen
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YY, Pai
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MF, Tung
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KT
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et al. Frequency of early predialysis nephrology care and postdialysis cardiovascular events. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2017; 70(2):164–172 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28262267" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28262267</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>61.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch5.ref61">Yokoyama
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Y, Yamazaki
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S, Hasegawa
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T, Wakita
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T, Hayashino
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Y, Takegami
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M
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et al. Impact of early referral to nephrologist on mental health among hemodialysis patients: a Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephron. 2009; 113(3):c191–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19672118" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19672118</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixes.appgroup5"><h2 id="_appendixes_appgroup5_">Appendices</h2><div id="ch5.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="ch5.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 7. Review protocol: When to assess for RRT</a></p><p id="ch5.appa.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appatab2" class="figpopup">Table 8. Health economic review protocol</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><div id="ch5.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual 2014, updated 2017 <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869</a></p><p><i>For more detailed information, please see the</i> Methodology Review.</p><p>Searches were constructed using a PICO framework where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and in some cases Comparison (C) terms. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions as these concepts may not be well described in title, abstract or indexes and therefore difficult to retrieve. Search filters were applied to the search where appropriate.</p><p id="ch5.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab1" class="figpopup">Table 9. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><ol id="ch5.l20"><li id="ch5.lt77" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Line 81 (Medline) and line 75 (Embase) were added to the search strategy to reduce the number of items retrieved for observational studies as the overall results from the search were very large.</div><div class="half_rhythm">This was checked to ensure that relevant studies were not excluded.</div></li></ol><p id="ch5.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab2" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab3" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab4" class="figpopup">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to renal replacement therapy population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional searches were run on Medline and Embase for health economics.</p><p id="ch5.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab5" class="figpopup">Table 10. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab6" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab7" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch5.appb.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appbtab8" class="figpopup">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</a></p></div></div><div id="ch5.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><p id="ch5.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577491/figure/ch5.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appcfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of when to assess for RRT</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="ch5.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK577491/bin/ch5-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (168K)</span></p></div><div id="ch5.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="ch5.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. Late referral versus early referral for RRT in people diagnosed with chronic renal failure</h4><p id="ch5.appe.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577491/figure/ch5.appe.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig1" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Mortality (90 days)</a></p><p id="ch5.appe.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK577491/figure/ch5.appe.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appefig2" class="figpopup">Figure 3. Mortality (90 days-1 year)</a></p></div></div><div id="ch5.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="ch5.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appftab1" class="figpopup">Table 11. Clinical evidence profile: Late referral versus early referral for RRT in people diagnosed with chronic renal failure</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="ch5.appg.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK577491/figure/ch5.appg.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appgfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 4. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</a></p></div><div id="ch5.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Health economic evidence tables</h3><p>None.</p></div><div id="ch5.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Excluded studies</h3><div id="ch5.appi.s1"><h4>I.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="ch5.appi.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appitab1" class="figpopup">Table 12. Studies excluded from the clinical review</a></p></div><div id="ch5.appi.s2"><h4>I.2. Excluded health economic studies</h4><p>Studies that meet the review protocol population and interventions and economic study design criteria but have not been included in the review based on applicability and/or methodological quality are summarised below with reasons for exclusion.</p><p id="ch5.appi.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch5appitab2" class="figpopup">Table 13. Studies excluded from the health economic review</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Guideline number NG107</p><p>These evidence reviews were developed by the National Guideline Centre</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2018.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK577491</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35133751" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">35133751</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab1"><div id="ch5.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Children, young people and adults with CKD stage 3 to 5</p>
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<p>Stratified by:
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<ul id="ch5.l1"><li id="ch5.lt1" class="half_rhythm"><div>Age (<2, 2 to <18, 18 to <70, ≥70)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt2" class="half_rhythm"><div>BAME vs non-BAME</div></li><li id="ch5.lt3" class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes mellitus vs no diabetes mellitus</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention(s)</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Assessment for RRT; Early</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison(s)</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Assessment for RRT; Late</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Critical
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<ul id="ch5.l2"><li id="ch5.lt4" class="half_rhythm"><div>Patient, family/carer health-related QoL (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt5" class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality (dichotomous and time to event)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt6" class="half_rhythm"><div>Hospitalisation (rates or continuous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt7" class="half_rhythm"><div>Time to failure of RRT form (time to event)</div></li></ul>
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Important
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<ul id="ch5.l3"><li id="ch5.lt8" class="half_rhythm"><div>Late referral rates (rates or dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt9" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pre-emptive transplantation rates (rates or dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt10" class="half_rhythm"><div>Proportion starting on modality of choice (rates or dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt11" class="half_rhythm"><div>Proportion receiving RRT after assessment (rates or dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt12" class="half_rhythm"><div>Symptom scores and functional measures (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt13" class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress and mental wellbeing (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt14" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cognitive impairment (dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt15" class="half_rhythm"><div>Patient, family/carer experience of care (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt16" class="half_rhythm"><div>Growth (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt17" class="half_rhythm"><div>Malignancy (dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt18" class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse events
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<ul id="ch5.l4" class="circle"><li id="ch5.lt19" class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections (dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt20" class="half_rhythm"><div>Vascular access issues (dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt21" class="half_rhythm"><div>Dialysis access issues (dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt22" class="half_rhythm"><div>Acute transplant rejection episodes (dichotomous)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_ch5.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs only, if insufficient RCT evidence, NRS that adjust for key confounders (age, ethnicity, comorbidities and baseline health) will be included</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab2"><div id="ch5.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Intervention and comparison</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Winkelmayer 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref58" rid="ch5.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></p>
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<p>Retrospective cohort study</p>
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<p>N=3014</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Early versus late nephrologist referral
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<dl id="ch5.l5" class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(1)</dt><dd id="ch5.lt23"><p class="no_top_margin">Early, n= 1975, patients who saw a nephrologist >90 days before their first chronic dialysis</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(2)</dt><dd id="ch5.lt24"><p class="no_top_margin">Late, n=1039, patients who were not seen >90 days before their first chronic dialysis</p></dd></dl></dl></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Adults who had been diagnosed with a renal disease >1 year before first dialysis – no lower or upper age limit</p>
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<p>Prevalence of diabetes of 45%</p>
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<p>Ethnicity 74% white</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Critical:
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<ul id="ch5.l6"><li id="ch5.lt25" class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality (0-90 days, 90 days -1 year)</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Setting: USA</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab3"><div id="ch5.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Late referral versus early referral</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Late compared to early referral for RRT</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_3" id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_4" id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk with early referral</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_5" id="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk difference with late (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>3014</p>
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<p>(1 study)</p>
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<p>90 days</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
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<p>due to risk of bias</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>HR 1.75</p>
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<p>(1.48 to 2.08)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">235 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>139 more per 1000</p>
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<p>(from 92 more to 192 more)</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>2178</p>
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<p>(1 study)</p>
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<p>90 days-1 year</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HR 1.03</p>
|
|
<p>(0.84 to 1.26)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">274 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.tab3_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 38 fewer to 58 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab4"><div id="ch5.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">UK NHS reference costs 2015/16 for nephrology outpatient appointments</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency code</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency description</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of attendances</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">National average unit cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Consultant led</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF01A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face to Face Attendance, Follow-Up</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">576,355</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£153</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF01B</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face to Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">88,492</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£194</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF01C</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Non-Face to Face Attendance, Follow-Up</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">9,450</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£86</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF01D</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Non-Face to Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">1,399</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£72</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF02A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face to Face Attendance, Follow-Up</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">29,964</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£169</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF02B</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face to Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">2,951</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£206</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF02C</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Non Face to Face Attendance, Follow-Up</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£139</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-consultant led</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF01A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face to Face Attendance, Follow-Up</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">92,331</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£108</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF01B</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face to Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">6,947</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£130</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF01C</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Non-Face to Face Attendance, Follow-Up</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">8,587</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£45</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF01D</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Non-Face to Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">328</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£96</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF02A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face to Face Attendance, Follow-Up</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">452</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£135</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WF02B</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face to Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;">£139</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Source: NHS reference costs 2015/16<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref10" rid="ch5.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab5"><div id="ch5.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">UK NHS reference costs 2015/16 for CKD inpatient admissions</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Admission</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency code</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency description</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of FCEs</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">National average unit cost</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Weighted average</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08G</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease with Interventions, with CC Score 6+</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">155</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£6,344</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="8" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,369</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08H</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease with Interventions, with CC Score 3-5</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">327</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4,420</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08J</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease with Interventions, with CC Score 0-2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">686</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,475</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08K</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 11+</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,737</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08L</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 8-10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">151</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,368</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08M</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 5-7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">317</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,782</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08N</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 3-4</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">437</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,446</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08P</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 0-2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,362</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,281</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08G</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease with Interventions, with CC Score 6+</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">764</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£7,122</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="8" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,398</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08H</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease with Interventions, with CC Score 3-5</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">610</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,083</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08J</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease with Interventions, with CC Score 0-2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">541</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,826</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08K</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 11+</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">480</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,939</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08L</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 8-10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">963</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,405</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08M</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 5-7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,655</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,967</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08N</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 3-4</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,416</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,446</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08P</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 0-2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,761</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,085</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08H</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease with Interventions, with CC Score 3-5</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£988</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="7" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£687</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08J</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease with Interventions, with CC Score 0-2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£793</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08K</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 11+</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">126</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£613</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08L</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 8-10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">378</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£570</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08M</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 5-7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">923</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£552</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08N</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 3-4</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,012</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£592</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08P</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 0-2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2,234</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£808</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08J</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease with Interventions, with CC Score 0-2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£604</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£379</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08K</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 11+</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£670</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08L</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 8-10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£311</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08M</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 5-7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">137</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£331</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08N</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 3-4</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">408</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£340</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08P</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 0-2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,940</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£389</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08L</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 8-10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£359</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£365</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08M</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 5-7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£355</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08N</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 3-4</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£337</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA08P</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic Kidney Disease without Interventions, with CC Score 0-2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,652</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£365</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Source: NHS reference costs 2015/16<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref10" rid="ch5.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Abbreviations: FCE = finished consultant episodes</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5tab6"><div id="ch5.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">UK NHS reference costs 2015/16 for dialysis access-related inpatient and outpatient procedures</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency description</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency code</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Admission</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of FCEs</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">National average unit cost</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Weighted average</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HD access: tunnelled line</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Insertion of Tunnelled Central Venous Catheter, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">YR41A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">544</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,558</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,149</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">280</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,157</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,042</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,043</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3573</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£750</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,038</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Out-patient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£368</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Attention to Central Venous Catheter, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">YR43A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">752</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,062</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£383</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,738</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">946</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£917</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44697</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£354</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10651</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£407</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Out-patient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£98</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Removal of Central Venous Catheter, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">YR44A</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">314</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,043</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£570</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4,336</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">797</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,109</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6880</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£459</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">793</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£727</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Out-patient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£198</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Insertion of Tunnelled Central Venous Catheter, 18 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">YR41B</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">114</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,886</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,367</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,926</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,536</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">145</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,640</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£343</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Attention to Central Venous Catheter, 18 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">YR43B</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,209</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£650</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4,672</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">232</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£712</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2392</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£654</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">353</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£342</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Removal of Central Venous Catheter, 18 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">YR44B</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">172</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,533</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,323</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£16,682</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">164</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,243</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">894</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,163</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£708</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HD access: AV fistula or graft</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Open Arteriovenous Fistula, Graft or Shunt Procedures</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">YQ42Z</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2735</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,451</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,012</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">144</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,661</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">306</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,826</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5291</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,763</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£665</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Out-patient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£199</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Attention to Arteriovenous Fistula, Graft or Shunt</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">YR48Z</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">647</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,715</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,433</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">140</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,824</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">359</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,079</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2978</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,235</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£523</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Out-patient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£228</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PD access: PD catheter</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal Replacement Peritoneal Dialysis Associated Procedures</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LA05Z</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective inpatient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">892</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,819</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,148</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,701</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">297</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,288</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,588</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£996</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular Day or Night Admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£339</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Out-patient</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">470</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.tab6_1_1_50_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£71</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Source: NHS reference costs 2015/16<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref10" rid="ch5.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Abbreviations: FCE = finished consultant episodes</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">HRG YR43A/B Attention to Central Venous Catheter, includes OPCS L921 Fibrin sheath stripping of access catheter, L922 Wire brushing of access catheter, L923 Thrombolysis of access catheter, L928 Other specified unblocking of access catheter, L929 Unspecified unblocking of access catheter, L913 Attention to central venous catheter NEC</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">HRG YQ42 includes OPCS L746 Creation of graft fistula for dialysis, L741 Insertion of arteriovenous prosthesis, L742 Creation of arteriovenous fistula NEC, L743 Attention to arteriovenous shunt, L744 Banding of arteriovenous fistula, L745 Thrombectomy of arteriovenous fistula, L748 Other specified arteriovenous shunt, L749 Unspecified arteriovenous shunt, L752 Repair of acquired arteriovenous fistula</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab6_3"><p class="no_margin">HRG YR48 includes OPCS L746 Injection of radiocontrast substance into arteriovenous fistula</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="ch5.tab6_4"><p class="no_margin">HRG LA05 includes OPCS X411 Insertion of ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter, X412 Removal of ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter, X418 Other specified placement of ambulatory apparatus for compensation for renal failure, X419 Unspecified placement of ambulatory apparatus for compensation for renal failure, X421 Insertion of temporary peritoneal dialysis catheter, X428 Other specified placement of other apparatus for compensation for renal failure, X429 Unspecified placement of other apparatus for compensation for renal failure.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appatab1"><div id="ch5.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Review protocol: When to assess for RRT</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Field</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Content</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">When should people progressing through later stages of CKD be assessed for RRT?</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objective of the review</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify evidence of clinical and cost effectiveness of different timing strategies for RRT assessment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – population / disease / condition / issue / domain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Children, young people and adults with CKD stage 3 to 5</p>
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<p>Stratified by:
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<ul id="ch5.l8"><li id="ch5.lt27" class="half_rhythm"><div>Age (<2, 2 to <18, 18 to <70, ≥70)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt28" class="half_rhythm"><div>BAME vs non-BAME</div></li><li id="ch5.lt29" class="half_rhythm"><div>DM vs no DM</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – intervention(s) / exposure(s) / prognostic factor(s)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><ul id="ch5.l9"><li id="ch5.lt30" class="half_rhythm"><div>Early assessment by eGFR (e.g. 15-20/20-25/25-30ml/min)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt31" class="half_rhythm"><div>Late assessment by eGFR (e.g. 10-15ml/min)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt32" class="half_rhythm"><div>Early assessment by time from start of dialysis (either actual or estimated from risk tool – e.g. Tangri score)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt33" class="half_rhythm"><div>Late assessment by time from start of dialysis (either actual or estimated from risk tool – e.g. Tangri score)</div></li></ul>
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Assessment to include at minimum consultation with RRT specialist healthcare professional, aimed at decision making around RRT/conservative management and/or preparation for RRT</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – comparator(s) / control or reference (gold) standard</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Any early strategy compared with any late strategy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes and prioritisation</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Critical
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<ul id="ch5.l10"><li id="ch5.lt34" class="half_rhythm"><div>Patient, family/carer health-related QoL (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt35" class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality (dichotomous and time to event)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt36" class="half_rhythm"><div>Hospitalisation (rates or continuous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt37" class="half_rhythm"><div>Time to failure of RRT form (time to event)</div></li></ul>
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Important
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<ul id="ch5.l11"><li id="ch5.lt38" class="half_rhythm"><div>Symptom scores and functional measures (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt39" class="half_rhythm"><div>Late referral rates (rates or dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt40" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pre-emptive transplantation rates (rates or dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt41" class="half_rhythm"><div>Proportion starting on modality of choice (rates or dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt42" class="half_rhythm"><div>Proportion receiving RRT after assessment (rates or dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt43" class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress and mental wellbeing (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt44" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cognitive impairment (dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt45" class="half_rhythm"><div>Patient, family/carer experience of care (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt46" class="half_rhythm"><div>Growth (continuous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt47" class="half_rhythm"><div>Malignancy (dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt48" class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse events
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<ul id="ch5.l12" class="circle"><li id="ch5.lt49" class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections (dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt50" class="half_rhythm"><div>Vascular access issues (dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt51" class="half_rhythm"><div>Dialysis access issues (dichotomous)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt52" class="half_rhythm"><div>Acute transplant rejection episodes (dichotomous)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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When outcomes are reported at multiple timepoints, the later timepoints will be prioritised. All outcomes must be reported after at least 4 weeks of the intervention under investigation. The outcomes of mortality and hospitalisation must be reported after at least 6 months.</p>
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<p>For quality of life, symptom scores/functional measures, psychological distress/mental wellbeing and experience of care, any validated measures will be accepted.</p>
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<p>Absolute MIDs of 30 per 1000 will be used for mortality and modality failure. Absolute MIDs of 100 per 1000 will be used for all other outcomes dichotomous outcomes. Where relative MIDs are required (if absolute effects are unavailable), 0.90 to 1.11 will be used for mortality and modality failure. The default relative MIDs of 0.8 to 1.25 will be used for all other dichotomous outcomes. Default continuous MIDs of 0.5x SD will be used for all continuous outcomes, except where published, validated MIDs exist.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – study design</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs only, if insufficient RCT evidence, NRS that adjust for key confounders (age, ethnicity, comorbidities and baseline health) will be included</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other inclusion exclusion criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed sensitivity / subgroup analysis, or meta-regression</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Different modalities of RRT</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Selection process – duplicate screening / selection / analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No duplicate screening was deemed necessary for this question, for more information please see the separate Methods report for this guideline.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data management (software)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch5.l13"><li id="ch5.lt53" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pairwise meta-analyses were performed using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan5).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt54" class="half_rhythm"><div>GRADEpro was used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt55" class="half_rhythm"><div>Endnote was used for bibliography, citations, sifting and reference management.</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Information sources – databases and dates</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Clinical search databases to be used: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library</p>
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<p>Date: All years</p>
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<p>Health economics search databases to be used: Medline, Embase, NHSEED, HTA</p>
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<p>Date: Medline, Embase from 2014</p>
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<p>NHSEED, HTA – all years</p>
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<p>Language: Restrict to English only</p>
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<p>Supplementary search techniques: backward citation searching</p>
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<p>Key papers: Not known</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify if an update</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not an update</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Author contacts</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10019</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Highlight if amendment to previous protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not an amendment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy – for one database</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see <a href="#ch5.appb">appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data collection process – forms / duplicate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A standardised evidence table format will be used, and published as appendices of the evidence report.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data items – define all variables to be collected</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see evidence tables in <a href="#ch5.appd">Appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#ch5.apph">H</a> (health economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for assessing bias at outcome / study level</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Standard study checklists were used to critically appraise individual studies. For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></p>
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<p>The risk of bias across all available evidence was evaluated for each outcome using an adaptation of the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) toolbox’ developed by the international GRADE working group <a href="http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gradeworkinggroup.org/</a></p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criteria for quantitative synthesis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.4 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for quantitative analysis – combining studies and exploring (in)consistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the separate Methods report for this guideline.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-bias assessment – publication bias, selective reporting bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Confidence in cumulative evidence</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see sections 6.4 and 9.1 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rationale / context – what is known</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the introduction to the evidence review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Describe contributions of authors and guarantor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>A multidisciplinary committee developed the evidence review. The committee was convened by the National Guideline Centre (NGC) and chaired by Jan Dudley in line with section 3 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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<p>Staff from NGC undertook systematic literature searches, appraised the evidence, conducted meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis where appropriate, and drafted the evidence review in collaboration with the committee. For details please see <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sources of funding / support</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Name of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roles of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NICE funds NGC to develop guidelines for those working in the NHS, public health and social care in England.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROSPERO registration number</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not registered</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appatab2"><div id="ch5.appa.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appa.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Objectives</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search criteria</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch5.l14"><li id="ch5.lt56" class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the individual review protocol above.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt57" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant economic study design (cost-utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt58" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed; the bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li id="ch5.lt59" class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt60" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and an economic study filter – see <a href="#ch5.appb.s2">Appendix B.2</a> Health economics literature search strategy.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Review strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2001, abstract-only studies and studies from non-OECD countries or the USA will also be excluded.</p>
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<p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in <a href="#ch5.appg">Appendix G</a> of the 2012 NICE guidelines manual.<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref39" rid="ch5.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a> Each included study is summarised in an economic evidence profile and an evidence table. Any excluded studies are detailed in the excluded studies table with the reason for exclusion in <a href="#ch5.appi">Appendix I</a>.</p>
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<p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
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<ul id="ch5.l15"><li id="ch5.lt61" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’ then it will be included in the guideline.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt62" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’ then it will usually be excluded from the guideline.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt63" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul>
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<b>Where there is discretion</b></p>
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<p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question, in discussion with the Committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the Committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to selectively exclude the remaining studies. For example, if a high quality study from a UK perspective is available a similar study from another country’s perspective may be excluded.</p>
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<p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p>
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<p><i>Setting:</i>
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<ul id="ch5.l16"><li id="ch5.lt64" class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt65" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt66" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt67" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the USA will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Economic study type:</i>
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<ul id="ch5.l17"><li id="ch5.lt68" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost-utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt69" class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-consequences analysis).</div></li><li id="ch5.lt70" class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt71" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p><i>Year of analysis:</i>
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<ul id="ch5.l18"><li id="ch5.lt72" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt73" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2001 or later but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly from before 2001 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt74" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2001 will have been excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p><i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the economic analysis:</i>
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<ul id="ch5.l19"><li id="ch5.lt75" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the economic analysis matches with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li><li id="ch5.lt76" class="half_rhythm"><div>The following will be rated as ‘Very serious limitations’ and excluded: economic analyses undertaken as part of clinical studies that are excluded from the clinical review; economic models where relative treatment effects are based entirely on studies that are excluded from the clinical review; comparative costing analyses that only look at the cost of delivering dialysis (as current UK NHS reference costs are considered a more relevant estimate of this for the guideline); within-trial economic analyses based on non-randomised studies that do not meet the minimum adjustment criteria outlined in the main review protocol.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab1"><div id="ch5.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 11 December 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 11 December 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Cochrane Reviews to 2017 Issue 12 of12</p>
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<p>CENTRAL to 2017 Issue 11 of12</p>
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<p>DARE, and NHSEED to 2015 Issue 2 of 4</p>
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<p>HTA to 2016 Issue 4 of 4</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab2"><div id="ch5.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Renal Replacement Therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney) adj2 replace*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or (biofilt* adj1 acetate-free)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodialys* or haemodialys*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((kidney* or renal) adj3 (transplant* or graft*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">capd.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dialys*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(artificial adj1 kidney*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 9 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/11-18</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 not 20</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp animal experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/21-27</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 not 28</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">drug therapy.fs.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">groups.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/30-37</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Trials as topic.sh.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/30-33,35,39-40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/42-51</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29 and (41 or 52)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Renal Replacement Therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney*) adj2 replace*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or haemofilt* or hemofilt*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodialys* or haemodialys*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((kidney* or renal or pre-empt* or preempt*) adj3 (transplant* or graft*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(capd or apd or ccpd or dialys*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/54-59</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/61-68</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">147 not 148</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/72-77</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60 not 78</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 79 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(mycophenolic acid or azathioprine or sirolimus or everolimus or tacrolimus or cyclosporin* or steroid or calcineurin inhibitor or anaemi* or anemi* or vitamin d or immunosuppres*).ti.<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref1" rid="ch5.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80 not 81</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epidemiologic studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">85.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Cohort studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Controlled Before-After Studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Historically Controlled Study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">91.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interrupted Time Series Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">92.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">93.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/83-92</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Registries/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Management Audit/ or Clinical Audit/ or Nursing Audit/ or Medical Audit/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">96.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(registry or registries).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">97.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(audit or audits or auditor or auditors or auditing or auditable).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">98.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/94-97</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">99.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">93 or 98</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82 and 99</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">101.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100 not 53</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">102.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53 or 101</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab3"><div id="ch5.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp *renal replacement therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney) adj2 replace*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or (biofilt* adj1 acetate-free)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodialys* or haemodialys*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((kidney* or renal) adj3 (transplant* or graft*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">capd.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dialys*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(artificial adj1 kidney*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 9 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/11-15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 not 17</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/18-25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 not 26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">crossover procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">single blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">double blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/28-36</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">systematic review/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">meta-analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic or evidence) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/38-47</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27 and (37 or 48)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*renal replacement therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney*) adj2 replace*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or haemofilt* or hemofilt*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodialys* or haemodialys*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((kidney* or renal or pre-empt* or preempt*) adj3 (transplant* or graft*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(capd or apd or ccpd or dialys*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/50-55</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/57-61</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62 not 63</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/64-71</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56 not 72</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 73 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(mycophenolic acid or azathioprine or sirolimus or everolimus or tacrolimus or cyclosporin* or steroid or calcineurin inhibitor or anaemi* or anemi* or vitamin d or immunosuppres*).ti.<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref1" rid="ch5.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74 not 75</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">family study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">longitudinal study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">retrospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">prospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">follow-up/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">85.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84 and 85</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">91.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/77-83,86-90</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">92.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">register/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">93.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">medical audit/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(registry or registries).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(audit or audits or auditor or auditors or auditing or auditable).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">96.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/92-95</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">97.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">91 or 96</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">98.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76 and 97</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">99.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">98 not 49</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49 or 99</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab4"><div id="ch5.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Renal Replacement Therapy] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney*) near/2 replace*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or haemofilt* or hemofilt*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodialys* or haemodialys*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((kidney* or renal or pre-empt* or preempt*) near/3 (transplant* or graft*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(capd or apd or ccpd or dialys*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(biofilt* near/1 acetate-free):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(artificial near/1 kidney*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #1-#8)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab5"><div id="ch5.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline & Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 11 December 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HTA & NHS EED- Inception – 11 December 2017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab6"><div id="ch5.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Renal Replacement Therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney) adj2 replace*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or (biofilt* adj1 acetate-free)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodialys* or haemodialys*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((kidney* or renal) adj3 (transplant* or graft*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">capd.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dialys*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(artificial adj1 kidney*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 9 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/11-18</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 not 20</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp animal experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/21-27</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 not 28</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/30-45</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29 and 46</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab7"><div id="ch5.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp renal replacement therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((renal or kidney) adj2 replace*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or (biofilt* adj1 acetate-free)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hemodialys* or haemodialys*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((kidney* or renal) adj3 (transplant* or graft*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">capd.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dialys*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(artificial adj1 kidney*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 9 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/11-15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 not 17</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/18-25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 not 26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*health economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp *economic evaluation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp *health care cost/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp *fee/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">funding/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/28-40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27 and 41</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appbtab8"><div id="ch5.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Renal Replacement Therapy EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((renal or kidney) adj2 replace*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((hemodiafilt* or haemodiafilt* or (biofilt* adj1 acetate-free)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((hemodialys* or haemodialys*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((kidney* or renal) adj3 (transplant* or graft*)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(capd)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(dialys*)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((artificial adj1 kidney*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appcfig1"><div id="ch5.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20when%20to%20assess%20for%20RRT.&p=BOOKS&id=577491_ch5appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577491/bin/ch5appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of when to assess for RRT." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of when to assess for RRT</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig1"><div id="ch5.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Mortality%20(90%20days).&p=BOOKS&id=577491_ch5appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577491/bin/ch5appef1.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Mortality (90 days)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Mortality (90 days)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appefig2"><div id="ch5.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Mortality%20(90%20days-1%20year).&p=BOOKS&id=577491_ch5appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577491/bin/ch5appef2.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Mortality (90 days-1 year)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Mortality (90 days-1 year)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appftab1"><div id="ch5.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Late referral versus early referral for RRT in people diagnosed with chronic renal failure</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Late</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Early referral</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality (follow-up 90 days)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>363/1039</p>
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<p>(34.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>465/1975</p>
|
|
<p>(23.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 1.75 (1.48 to 2.08)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">139 more per 1000 (from 92 more to 192 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality (follow-up 90 days-1 year)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>190/676</p>
|
|
<p>(28.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>411/1502</p>
|
|
<p>(27.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 1.03 (0.84 to 1.26)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7 more per 1000 (from 38 fewer to 58 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch5.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch5.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch5appgfig1"><div id="ch5.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=577491_ch5appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK577491/bin/ch5appgf1.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Flow chart of economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>A = starting RRT</p><p>B = modality of RRT, subgroups and CM</p><p>C = sequencing</p><p>D = planning for RRT</p><p>E = When to assess</p><p>F = what to assess</p><p>G = Indicators for switching or stopping RRT</p><p>I = diet and fluids</p><p>J = frequency of review</p><p>L = decision support interventions</p><p>M = coordinating care</p><p>Note: Reviews H and K do not have an economic component</p><p>▬</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appitab1"><div id="ch5.appi.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appi.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusion reason</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arora 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref1" rid="ch5.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Avorn 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref2" rid="ch5.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison. No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ballerini 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref3" rid="ch5.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-English study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Caskey 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref4" rid="ch5.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chen 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref5" rid="ch5.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chow 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref6" rid="ch5.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Churchill 1997<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref7" rid="ch5.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review - references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Curtis 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref8" rid="ch5.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population. No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">De Jager 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref9" rid="ch5.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dogan 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref11" rid="ch5.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ellis 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref12" rid="ch5.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gallego 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref13" rid="ch5.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-English study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Goransson 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref14" rid="ch5.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hasegawa 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref15" rid="ch5.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hayashi 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref16" rid="ch5.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Helal 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref17" rid="ch5.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Herget-Rosenthal 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref18" rid="ch5.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population. No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hoffmann 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref19" rid="ch5.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-English study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hommel 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref20" rid="ch5.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ilhan 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref21" rid="ch5.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inaguma 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref22" rid="ch5.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jakubovic 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref23" rid="ch5.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jungers 1993<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref27" rid="ch5.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jungers 1997<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref26" rid="ch5.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-English study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jungers 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref25" rid="ch5.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jungers 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref24" rid="ch5.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kessler 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref28" rid="ch5.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kim 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref29" rid="ch5.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kumar 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref30" rid="ch5.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lameire 1997<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref32" rid="ch5.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders. No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lameire 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref31" rid="ch5.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders. No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lhotta 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref33" rid="ch5.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lin 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref35" rid="ch5.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population. No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lin 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref34" rid="ch5.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lorenzo 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref36" rid="ch5.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population. No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mezei 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref37" rid="ch5.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nakamura 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref38" rid="ch5.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Parameswaran 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref40" rid="ch5.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pena 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref41" rid="ch5.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ratcliffe 1984<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref42" rid="ch5.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ravani 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref43" rid="ch5.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roubicek 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref44" rid="ch5.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sabath 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref45" rid="ch5.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-English study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schmidt 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref46" rid="ch5.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sesso 1996<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref47" rid="ch5.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shiao 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref48" rid="ch5.ref48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stack 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref49" rid="ch5.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Van Biesen 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref51" rid="ch5.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Van Biesen 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref50" rid="ch5.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wijewickrama 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref52" rid="ch5.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Winkelmayer 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref53" rid="ch5.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison. No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Winkelmayer 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref54" rid="ch5.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Winkelmayer 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref57" rid="ch5.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Winkelmayer 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref56" rid="ch5.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Winkelmayer 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref55" rid="ch5.ref55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wu 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref59" rid="ch5.ref59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No adjustment for confounders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yang 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref60" rid="ch5.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yokoyama 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch5.ref61" rid="ch5.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch5appitab2"><div id="ch5.appi.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the health economic review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK577491/table/ch5.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch5.appi.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference</th><th id="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None.</td><td headers="hd_h_ch5.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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