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/></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK576980_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for following up people at risk of prostate cancer</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Prostate cancer: diagnosis and management</div><p><b>Evidence review E</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 131</i></p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2019 May</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3375-4</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="che.s1"><h2 id="_che_s1_">RQ8. Following-up people at increased risk of prostate cancer</h2><div id="che.s1.1"><h3>Review question</h3><p>What is the most clinically- and cost-effective follow-up protocol for people who have a raised PSA, negative MRI and/ or negative biopsy?</p><div id="che.s1.1.1"><h4>Introduction</h4><p>A negative prostate biopsy and/or negative MRI does not definitively exclude the presence of cancer. People who have had a negative biopsy or MRI may still have prostate cancer. Factors that might indicate undetected prostate cancer include a raised prostate specific antigen (PSA), abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE), abnormal results of other PSA-based tests, such as free PSA to total PSA expressed as a percentage (free-to-total PSA%), PSA density and PSA velocity and new biomarkers, such as the prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) assessed prior to initial biopsy.</p><p>This review aims to identify studies reporting accuracy data for measures that can help simulate strategies to follow-up people who have a raised PSA, negative MRI and/ or negative biopsy as specified in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figchetab1" rid-ob="figobchetab1">Table 1</a>. For full details of the review protocol, see <a href="#che.appa">appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="che.s1.1.2"><h4>PICO table</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figchetab1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figchetab1" rid-ob="figobchetab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO table." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobchetab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO table. </p></div></div></div><div id="che.s1.1.3"><h4>Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual (2014)</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#che.appa">appendix A</a>, and the methods section in <a href="#che.appb">appendix B</a>.</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/Media/Default/About/Who-we-are/Policies-and-procedures/Code-of-practice-for-declaring-and-managing-conflicts-of-interest.pdf" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE’s 2018 conflicts of interest policy</a></p></div><div id="che.s1.1.4"><h4>Clinical evidence</h4><div id="che.s1.1.4.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>A systematic literature search for diagnostic cross-sectional studies and systematic reviews of diagnostic cross-sectional studies with no date limit yielded 5,032 references. These were screened on title and abstract, with 396 full-text papers ordered as potentially relevant diagnostic cross-sectional studies or systematic reviews of diagnostic cross sectional studies. Diagnostic cross-sectional studies were excluded if they did not meet the criteria of enrolling patients with at least one previously negative biopsy and persistent suspicion of prostate cancer. Studies were also excluded if they did not include the index tests and the reference standard as specified in the protocol. To ensure that only studies reflecting current practice were included, the committee set out additional criteria for studies investigating the diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric MRI. The criteria stated that the:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MRI protocols should use at least 1.5 Tesla magnet, include diffusion weighted imaging (with the highest b value of at least 800s/mm<sup>2</sup>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MRI scoring should be clearly stated (using either PIRADS or LIKERT scoring system)</div></li></ul></p><p>Studies were further excluded at data extraction if it was not possible to calculate sensitivity and specificity.</p><p>Thirty eight papers were included after full text screening. Several systematic reviews were identified, however only 1 was included as it provided 2x2 contigency tables for some of the included studies. The study was included as partially applicable evidence.</p><p>A second set of searches was conducted at the end of the guideline development process for all updated review questions using the original search strategies, to capture papers published whilst the guideline was being developed. These searches, which included articles up to August 2018, returned 212 references for this review question, and these were screened on title and abstract. No additional relevant references were found.</p><p>For the full evidence tables and full GRADE profiles for included studies, please see <a href="#che.appe">appendix E</a> and <a href="#che.appg">appendix G</a>.</p></div><div id="che.s1.1.4.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>Details of the studies excluded at full-text review are given in <a href="#che.apph">appendix H</a> along with a reason for their exclusion</p></div></div><div id="che.s1.1.5"><h4>Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div id="che.s1.1.5.1"><h5>Prostate cancer antigen 3 urinary assay</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figchetab2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figchetab2" rid-ob="figobchetab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobchetab2">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Study location Italy</p></div></div></div><div id="che.s1.1.5.2"><h5>Multiparametric MRI</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figchetab3"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figchetab3" rid-ob="figobchetab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobchetab3">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Study location UK</p></div></div></div><div id="che.s1.1.5.3"><h5>PSA and PSA derivatives</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figchetab4"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figchetab4" rid-ob="figobchetab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobchetab4">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Study location USA</p></div></div><p>See <a href="#che.appe">appendix E</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div></div><div id="che.s1.1.6"><h4>Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><p>See <a href="#che.appg">appendix G</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div><div id="che.s1.1.7"><h4>Economic evidence</h4><div id="che.s1.1.7.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>Standard health economic filters were applied to the clinical search strategy for this question. Details are provided in <a href="#che.appc">appendix C</a>. In total, 667 records were returned, of which 666 could be confidently excluded on sifting of titles and abstracts. The remaining study was ordered to be reviewed, and it was found not to be relevant, as it did not include economic evaluation.</p></div><div id="che.s1.1.7.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>Details of studies excluded after consideration at the full-text stage are provided in <a href="#che.apph">appendix H</a>.</p></div></div><div id="che.s1.1.8"><h4>Economic model</h4><p>The committee identified this question as its top priority for original modelling. There has been substantial variability of practice, especially since MRI became a routine part of the diagnostic pathway, with little certainty about the long-term follow-up of people with apparently negative findings. For full details of the methods and results of the analysis, please see the health economic appendix.</p><div id="che.s1.1.8.1"><h5>Methods</h5><p>We developed a lifetime Markov model with 3-monthly cycle to explore the follow-up of people who have a raised PSA, negative MRI and/or negative prostate biopsy. A follow-up protocol was defined as a strategy that combined screening tests over a follow-up time and, if the screening test is positive, a further diagnostic procedure was required. Prostate cancer diagnosis can only be determined by a positive prostate biopsy. The model adopted a patient perspective for outcomes and an NHS and PSS perspective for costs, in line with Developing NICE guidelines (2014). Health outcomes and costs were discounted applying a discount rate at 3.5% per year.</p><p>The simulated population enter the decision problem with a negative diagnosis, though some people are <b>true negative</b> (no cancer) and some are <b>false negative</b> (undetected cancer). People with no cancer are at risk of developing prostate cancer (false negative); at some point, those with undetected prostate cancer are likely to be diagnosed and hence become <b>true positive</b> cases (detected prostate cancer). The model assumes that prostate biopsies are perfectly specific; hence, a false positive state is not required. People with diagnosed or undiagnosed cancer are risk stratified into states representing low-risk (clinically non-significant) prostate cancer, intermediate-risk and high-risk localised disease and metastatic disease. The model simulates symptomatic or incidental findings (e.g., urinary symptoms that may indicate prostate pathology and skeletal pain that may indicate metastatic disease) as triggers that would lead to a potential diagnosis regardless of other markers. The model assumes that undiagnosed metastatic disease would be identified when people developed symptoms.</p><p>Clinically significant prostate cancer was defined as Gleason score ≥ 3+4 (i.e. any score of 7 or more). The terms used for health states in the model follow the cancer risk categories recommended by NICE (CG175 2014). A schematic depiction of the model structure is provided in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figchefig1" rid-ob="figobchefig1">Figure 1</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figchefig1" co-legend-rid="figlgndchefig1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figchefig1" rid-ob="figobchefig1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/bin/chef1.gif" src-large="/books/NBK576980/bin/chef1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Schematic depiction of original health economic model." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndchefig1"><h4 id="che.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobchefig1">Figure 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Schematic depiction of original health economic model. </p></div></div><p>The base-case modelled cohort comprises men at age 66 with suspected prostate cancer and prior negative findings on mpMRI and/or 1 or 2 biopsies. Therefore, the model addresses different baseline populations based on diagnostic history, and each has a different starting distribution of people with true negative and false negative status, as shown in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figchetab5" rid-ob="figobchetab5">Table 2</a>. Evidence to calculate these probabilities was predominantly drawn from evidence review D of this update, which investigates the optimal diagnostic pathway for people with suspected prostate cancer, with particular reliance on PROMIS (Ahmed et al., (2017) and PRECISION (Kasivisvanathan et al., 2018).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figchetab5"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figchetab5" rid-ob="figobchetab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Baseline distribution of the modelled population based on previous diagnostic tests." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobchetab5">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Baseline distribution of the modelled population based on previous diagnostic tests. </p></div></div><p>The prevalence of clinically significant prostate cancer was based on that reported in PROMIS, as the committee indicated that the eligibility criteria for the study are representative of the population of interest for this question. The prevalence of clinically non-significant prostate cance was also obtained from PROMIS, <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figchefig2" rid-ob="figobchefig2">Figure 2</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figchefig2" co-legend-rid="figlgndchefig2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figchefig2" rid-ob="figobchefig2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/bin/chef2.gif" src-large="/books/NBK576980/bin/chef2.jpg" alt="Figure 2. The prevalence of clinically significant and non-significant prostate cancer obtained from PROMIS." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndchefig2"><h4 id="che.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobchefig2">Figure 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The prevalence of clinically significant and non-significant prostate cancer obtained from PROMIS. </p></div></div><p>The simulated follow-up strategies were formed based on screening and diagnostic tests that the committee considered clinically meaningful. They ranged from the least intensive strategies, i.e. no screening and waiting for symptoms, to the most rigorous ones i.e. performing a transperineal template mapping (TPM) biopsy, assumed to be perfectly sensitive, for all people. In the base case, all follow-up strategies stopped when the modelled cohort reached 75 years, which the committee advised was a realistic upper threshold (mostly because the average person would be unlikely to be considered for radical therapy on diagnosis beyond this age). However, this was subject to sensitivity analysis, recognising that people can still receive radical treatment at an age more than 75 in clinical practice.</p><p>The natural history of prostate cancer is simulated using data derived from key UK or European studies. Prostate cancer specific mortality is taken from STAMPEDE where James et al. (2016) reported findings on the overall survival for people with metastatic prostate cancer. A study by Gnanapragasam et al. (2016) analysed UK registry data on people with localised prostate cancer and reported disease specific mortality according to risk groups. We used their findings to derive the progression probabilities within people with diagnosed prostate cancer. The rates of adverse events associated with prostate cancer primary treatments were sourced from ProtecT (Donovan et al., 2016) for localised disease and from STAMPEDE for metastatic prostate cancer. Findings on metastases risk rates from different risk groups of localised prostate cancer were reported in the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group 4 trial (SPCG4), by Bill-Axelson et al. (2014), where participants were assigned either to radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting. The watchful waiting represented a non-curative strategy. Thus, it appeared to be relevant to source the progression probabilities in our undiagnosed population.</p><p>In this analysis, people with undiagnosed and diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer are at risk of disease specific mortality obtained from the standard of care arm and the docetaxel arm in STAMPEDE, respectively. The base case model deploys disease specific mortality as a proportional hazard to general mortality. The model seems to fit the data better than the scenario where disease specific mortality was assigned a constant probability.</p></div><div id="che.s1.1.8.2"><h5>Results</h5><p>The screening tests included in the follow-up strategies simulated in our model were obtained from our clinical review that identified a number of tests. GRADE tables in <a href="#che.appg">Appendix G</a> show these tests with their accuracy data. Optimal follow-up strategies were identified for different sub-populations. <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figchetab6" rid-ob="figobchetab6">Table 3</a> shows the results of the base case analysis where all possible strategies were included.</p><p>The strategy where people receive TPM biopsy at the beginning of follow-up appeared to be the most optimal strategies in the majority of the sub-populations. However, this type of biopsy was assumed to be perfectly sensitive in the model, which may not be the case in clinical practice. In addition, it may lead to overdiagnosis, causing potential harms that the base case model may underestimate. The committee also advised that it was not feasible to adopt this strategy, as TPM was resource intensive and, although the model predicted that the resources would be justified, the healthcare system was not currently equipped to perform a large number of such procedures, mostly under general anaesthetic, resulting in an unrealistic burden for histopathology services. Thus, the model generated results with this strategy excluded and all prostate biopsies within the follow-up were TRUS,</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figchetab6"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figchetab6" rid-ob="figobchetab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Optimal follow-up strategies for different sub-populations, including the strategy where all patients are eligible to receive TPM." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobchetab6">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Optimal follow-up strategies for different sub-populations, including the strategy where all patients are eligible to receive TPM. </p></div></div><p>Measures derived from PSA tests, including velocity at a threshold of 0.75 ng/ml/year and density at a threshold of 0.15 ng/ml/ml, appear to be reliable indicators that trigger further diagnostics within the majority of subpopulations. However, “no screening” strategy appears optimal for the lowest-risk subpopulation who had MRI Likert scores of 1 or 2 and 2 previous negative biopsies, unless QALYs are valued at a little over £20,000 each. The model generates consistent results, as the optimal frequency of tests changes proportionally with the potential risk of disease. For example, within the population who had negative mpMRI (Likert 1 or 2), the optimal frequency of the PSA velocity test was every 6 months, every year or 2-yearly for people who had no biopsy, 1 biopsy or 2 biopsies, respectively (when QALYs are valued at £30,000). The percentage of free PSA test appears effective in directing people to further diagnostics. The strategy, where people receive this test every 6 months and, if the percentage of free PSA was ≤15%,, they were directed to TRUS, seems to be optimal within the population who had MRI Likert score of 5 and 1 previous negative biopsy.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figchetab7"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figchetab7" rid-ob="figobchetab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Optimal follow-up strategies for different sub-populations, excluding TPM as part of any strategy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobchetab7">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Optimal follow-up strategies for different sub-populations, excluding TPM as part of any strategy. </p></div></div><div id="che.s1.1.8.2.1"><h5>Sensitivity analysis</h5><p>Our findings seemed to be robust, in terms of the types of screening tests triggering further investigation, in a number of different scenarios. However, when the modelled cohort entered the model at a younger age (52 years), strategies with greater frequency were found to be optimal. For example, the strategy associated with the highest net health benefits for people that had Likert score at 3 and previous negative biopsy included PSA velocity at a threshold of 0.75 ng/ml/year determining people who need TRUS, but to be performed annually instead of every 2 years in the base case analysis. In addition, “no screening” strategy was not found optimal anymore in any sub-population.</p><p>Following the strategy where all receive an immediate TPM inevitably leads to overtreatment of people with clinically non-significant disease, which may cause harm more than benefits, e.g. increased anxiety as a consequence of the diagnosis. In the absence of evidence on this disutility due to overdiagnosis, we did not include it in the base-case analysis. However, to explore its potential impact, we applied disutility (0.05) to the diagnosis of low-risk prostate cancer in a scenario analysis. This resulted in the “no screening” strategies being more encouraged within the least risk sub-population. This scenario was also in favour of less frequent screening test, using PSA velocity at a threshold of 0.75 ng/ml/year, PSA density at threshold of 0.15 ng/ml/ml and %free PSA.</p><p>In a further scenario analysis, we applied both the disutility associated with the diagnosis of clinically non-significant disease and a higher cost of TPM, assuming that it required staying overnight in hospital in all cases. Under these conditions, the strategy of offering an immediate TPM to all would not be optimal in the majority of subpopulations. Optimal strategies included PSA screening tests, using PSA velocity at a threshold of 0.75 ng/ml/year, PSA density at threshold of 0.15 ng/ml/ml and %free PSA. The frequency of test varied based on the risk from yearly to 3-yearly based on the prostate cancer risk. For people with negative biopsies but did not receive Mp-MRI, optimal strategies included Mp-MRI to direct people to prostate biopsy, if Likert score ≥4.</p></div></div></div><div id="che.s1.1.9"><h4>Evidence statements</h4><div id="che.s1.1.9.1"><h5>Clinical Evidence statements</h5><div id="che.s1.1.9.1.1"><h5>Prostate cancer antigen 3 urinary assay (PCA3)</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has an increased probability of clinically significant disease (based on positive likelihood ratios</i>:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PCA3 cut-off of ≥20 <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (very low-quality evidence from 10 cross sectional studies comprising 2,235 participants; 95% confidence intervals range within slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PCA3 cut off of ≥35 <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (very low-quality evidence from 13 cross sectional studies comprising 3,828 participants; 95% confidence intervals range within slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PCA3 cut-off of ≥50 leads to a <b>moderate increase</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (very low-quality evidence from 10 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,806 participants; 95% confidence intervals ranges from slight increase to moderate increase)</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has a decreased probability of clinically significant disease (based on negative likelihood ratios)</i>
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PCA3 cut-off of <20 leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (very low-quality evidence from 10 cross-sectional studies comprising 2,235 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from moderate decrease to moderate decrease).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PCA3 cut off of <35 <b>does not meaningfully alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (very low-quality evidence from 13 cross-sectional studies comprising 3,828 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to moderate decrease).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PCA3 cut-off of <50 <b>does not meaningfully alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (very low-quality evidence from 10 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,806 participants; 95% confidence intervals ranges from slight increase to moderate decrease)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="che.s1.1.9.1.2"><h5>Multiparametric MRI</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has an increased probability of clinically significant disease (based on positive likelihood ratios</i>:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A Likert or PIRAD score ≥3 <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer defined as either any cancer or clinically significant (high quality evidence from 4 cross-sectional studies comprising 967 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PIRADs score ≥4 leads to a <b>moderate increase</b> in the probabitity that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (low-quality evidence from 2 cross-sectional studies comprising 538 participants, 95% confidence intervals range from moderate increase to moderate increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PIRADs score of 5 leads to a <b>very large increase</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (high-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional study comprising 249 participants, 95% confidence intervals ranged from large increase to very large increase)</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has a decreased probability of clinically significant disease (based on negative likelihood ratios)</i>
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A Likert or PIRAD score <3 leads to a <b>large decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (high quality evidence from 4 cross-sectional studies comprising 738 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from moderate decrease to large decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PIRADSs score <4 leads to a <b>large decrease</b> in the probabitity that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (low quality evidence from 2 cross-sectional studies comprising 538 participants, 95% confidence intervals range from moderate decrease to very large decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PIRADs score <5 leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (high quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional study comprising 249 participants, 95% confidence intervals ranged from slight decrease to moderate decrease)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="che.s1.1.9.1.3"><h5>Total prostate specific antigen (PSA)</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has an increased probability of clinically significant disease (based on positive likelihood ratios)</i>:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA ≥4ng/ml <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 3 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,112 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA ≥5ng/ml <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 4 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,000 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA ≥6ng/ml <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 4 cross-sectional studies comprising 509 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA ≥7ng/ml <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 3 cross-sectional studies comprising 299 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA ≥8.5ng/ml <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 355 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight increase)</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has a decreased probability of clinically significant disease (based on negative likelihood ratios):</i>
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA ≥4ng/ml <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 3 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,112 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from moderate decrease to moderate increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA ≥5ng/ml <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 3 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,000 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from large decrease to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA ≥6ng/ml <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (lowquality evidence from 4 cross-sectional studies comprising 509 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to moderate decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA ≥7ng/ml <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 3 cross-sectional studies comprising 299 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA ≥8.5ng/ml <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 355 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from large decrease to slight increase)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="che.s1.1.9.1.4"><h5>Prostate Specific Antigen density</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has an increased probability of clinically significant disease (based on positive likelihood ratios)</i>:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA ≥0.09ng/ml/ml <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 2 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,000 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA density ≥0.10ng/ml/ml <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 2 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,066 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA density ≥0.15ng/ml/ml <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (low-quality evidence from 7 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,319 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA density ≥0.30ng/ml/ml leads to a <b>moderate increase</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 3 cross-sectional studies comprising 267 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to moderate increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA density ≥0.38ng/ml/ml <b>does not meaningfully alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (low-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 67 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to moderate increase)</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has a decreased probability of clinically significant disease (based on negative likelihood ratios):</i>
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA density <0.09ng/ml/ml leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Low-quality evidence from 2 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,000 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to large decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA density <0.10ng/ml/ml leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Low-quality evidence from 3 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,066 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to moderate decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA density <0.15ng/ml/ml <b>does not meaningfully alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (low-quality evidence from 7 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,319 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from moderate decrease to slight decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA density <0.30ng/ml/ml leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Low-quality evidence from 3 cross-sectional studies comprising 267 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to moderate decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA density <0.38ng/ml/ml leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (low-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 67 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to very large decrease)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="che.s1.1.9.1.5"><h5>Prostate Specific Antigen velocity</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has an increased probability of clinically significant disease (based on positive likelihood ratios)</i>:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA velocity ≥1.19ng/ml/year <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (moderate-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 127 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA velocity ≥0.75ng/ml/year <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (low-quality evidence from 7 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,364 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA velocity ≥0.28ng/ml/year <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (moderate-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 127 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight increase)</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has a decreased probability of clinically significant disease (based on negative likelihood ratios):</i>
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA velocity cutoff of <1.19ng/ml/year <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an intial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Low-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional study comprising 127 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to very large decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA velocity <0.75ng/ml/year <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an initial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (low-quality evidence from 7 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,364 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA velocity cutoff of <0.28ng/ml/year <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after an intial negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Low-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional study comprising 127 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to very large decrease</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="che.s1.1.9.1.6"><h5>Prostate Specific Antigen density of the transition zone (PSA-TZD)</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has an increased probability of clinically significant disease (based on positive likelihood ratios)</i>:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA-TZD ≥0.20ng/ml/ml <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 2 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,000 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA-TZD ≥0.25ng/ml/ml <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 2 cross-sectional studies comprising 978 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has a decreased probability of clinically significant disease (based on negative likelihood ratios):</i>
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA-TZD <0.20ng/ml/ml leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (moderate-quality evidence from 2 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,000 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to moderate decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA-TZD <0.25ng/ml/ml leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (moderate-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 978 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to moderate decrease)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="che.s1.1.9.1.7"><h5>Prostate Health Index (PHI)</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has an increased probability of clinically significant disease (based on positive likelihood ratios)</i>:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score ≥25 <b>has no diagnostic value</b> in the diagnosis of prostate cancer after a negative intial biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional study comprising 95 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score ≥30 <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional study comprising 222 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score ≥35 <b>does not meaningfully alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 95 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to a moderate increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score ≥40 <b>does not meanignfully alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 222 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to moderate increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score cut off of ≥48.9 <b>does not meaningfully alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 170 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to moderate increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score cut off of ≥62 leads to a <b>moderate increase</b> in the probability (Moderate-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 222 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to large increase)</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has a decreased probability of clinically significant disease (based on negative likelihood ratios):</i>
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score cut off of <25 <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 95 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from large decrease to moderate increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score cut off of <30 leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 222 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to large decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score cut off of <35 leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial biopsy has prostate cancer (Low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 95 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from large decrease to a slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score cut off of <40 leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 222 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to moderate increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score cut off of <48.5 <b>does not meaningfully alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial biopsy has prostate cancer (Low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional study comprising 170 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to moderate decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score cut off of <62 <b>does not meaningfully alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional study comprising 222 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight decrease)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="che.s1.1.9.1.8"><h5>Prostate Health Index (PHI) in MRI negative population</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has an increased probability of clinically significant disease (based on positive likelihood ratios)</i>:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score ≥25 <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative intial mpMRI has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional study comprising 94 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score ≥30 <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial mpMRI has prostate cancer (Moderate-quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional study comprising 94 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score ≥35 <b>does not meaningfully alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial mpMRI has prostate cancer (Very low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 94 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to a moderate increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score ≥40 leads to a <b>moderate increase</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial mpMRI has prostate cancer (Very low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 94 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to moderate increase)</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has a decreased probability of clinically significant disease (based on negative likelihood ratios):</i>
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score cut off of <25 <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial mpMRI has prostate cancer (Low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 94 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from very large decrease to moderate increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score cut off of <30 leads to a <b>large decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial mpMRI has prostate cancer (Low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 94 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to very large decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score cut off of <35 leads to a <b>large decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial mpMRI has prostate cancer (Low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 94 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from moderate decrease to very large decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PHI score cut off of <40 leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial mpMRI has prostate cancer (Low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 94 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to moderate decrease)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="che.s1.1.9.1.9"><h5>Percentage Free Prostate Specific Antigen (%fPSA)</h5><p><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has an increased probability of clinically significant disease (based on positive likelihood ratios)</i>:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA ≥ 10% <b>could not differentiate</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 4 cross-sectional studies comprising 481 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to large increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA ≥ 15% <b>does not meaningfully alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 7 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,253 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to moderate increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA ≥ 20% <b>does not alter</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low -quality evidence from 4 cross-sectional studies comprising 720 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA ≥ 25% <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate -quality evidence from 3 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,038 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA ≥ 30% <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 5 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,290 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA ≥ 35% <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 820 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA ≥ 38% <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 820 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to slight increase)</div></li></ul>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has a decreased probability of clinically significant disease (based on negative likelihood ratios):</i>
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA <10% <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 3 cross-sectional studies comprising 481 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA < 15% <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Low-quality evidence from 7 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,253 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA < 20% <b>does not alter</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 4 cross-sectional studies comprising 720 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA <25% leads to a <b>moderate decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative initial biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 6 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,038 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to moderate decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA <30% <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Low-quality evidence from 5 cross-sectional studies comprising 1,290 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA <35% leads to a <b>large decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Low -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 820 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from moderate decrease to a very large decrease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A %fPSA <38% leads to a <b>large decrease</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Moderate -quality evidence from 1 cross-sectional studies comprising 820 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from moderate decrease to a very large decrease)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></p></div><div id="che.s1.1.9.1.10"><h5>PSA doubling time</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has an increased probability of clinically significant disease (based on positive likelihood ratios)</i>:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA doubling time of 24, 30, 50 and 70 months <b>has no diagnostic value</b> in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in a person persistently suspected of the disease (Moderate – Low quality evidence from 1 crosssectional study)</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has a decreased probability of clinically significant disease (based on negative likelihood ratios):</i>
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PSA doubling time of 24, 30, 50 and 70 months <b>has no diagnostic value</b> in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in a person persistently suspected of the disease (Moderate – Low quality evidence from 1 crosssectional study)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="che.s1.1.9.1.11"><h5>Digital rectal examinations</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has an increased probability of clinically significant disease (based on positive likelihood ratios)</i>:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A positive digital rectal examination leads to a <b>moderate increase</b> in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 5 cross-sectional studies comprising 641 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight increase to moderate increase)</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Results that indicate a person suspected of prostate cancer has a decreased probability of clinically significant disease (based on negative likelihood ratios):</i>
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A negative digital recatal examination <b>does not alter</b> the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer (Very low-quality evidence from 4 cross-sectional studies comprising 576 participants; 95% confidence intervals range from slight decrease to slight decrease)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="che.s1.1.9.2"><h5>Economic evidence statements</h5><div id="che.s1.1.9.2.1"><h5>TPM included in the analysis</h5><p>One directly applicable original cost–utility model with potentially serious limitations showed that the optimal strategy for the majority of subpopulations is for all candidates to receive an immediate TPM and no subsequent follow-up.</p></div><div id="che.s1.1.9.2.2"><h5>TPM excluded from the analysis</h5><p>One directly applicable original cost–utility model with potentially serious limitations showed that the ‘no screening’ strategy, where people are directed to prostate biopsy only if they develop symptoms, appears to be optimal for people with Likert <3 and 2 previous negative biopsies at a cost-effectiveness threshold of £20k/QALY. For people with Likert score <3 and no or 1, previous biopsy, a strategy where all candidates receive TRUS and no subsequent follow-up, seems to be optimal. The strategies including PSA velocity at a threshold of 0.75 ng/ml/year, PSA density at a threshold of 0.15 ng/ml/ml or %free PSA at a threshold of 15% that determined people who need prostate biopsy appear optimal for the majority of subpopulations. The frequency of screening tests varies based on the disease risk between 6-monthly, yearly or 2-yearly. The frequency of every 2 years seemed to be optimal for people with Likert score 3 and previous negative biopsies (either 1 or 2) and also for people with Likert 4 and Likert 5 and two previous negative biopsies. For people with Likert 4 and Likert 5 and 1 previous negative biopsy, the optimal frequency was every year and every six months, respectively.</p><p>For people with 1 or 2 previous negative biopsies and no previous mpMRI, the strategies of a yearly screening test followed by TRUS or 2-yearly screening test followed by mpMRI with a cutoff of Likert score ≥4 appear optimal, respectively. Raising the cost-effectiveness threshold from £20,000/QALY to £30,000/QALY allows strategies with greater frequency, e.g. every year instead of 2-yearly, to be optimal.</p></div></div></div><div id="che.s1.1.10"><h4>The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h4><div id="che.s1.1.10.1"><h5>Interpreting the evidence</h5><div id="che.s1.1.10.1.1"><h5>The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee agreed that the critical outcome was whether or not the index tests could increase the probability of identifying or excluding clinically significant prostate cancer in people who had at least one negative initial biopsy, expressed as likelihood ratios.</p></div><div id="che.s1.1.10.1.2"><h5>The quality of the evidence</h5><div id="che.s1.1.10.1.2.1"><h5>Clinical effectiveness</h5><p>Prior to gathering evidence for this review question, the committee explained that it was very difficult to find any published literature which would directly answer the review question. As a result, it chose this question as a priority for health economics modelling. It decided to identify studies reporting accuracy data for PSA measures that can help simulate strategies to follow-up people who have a raised PSA, negative MRI and/ or negative biopsy.</p><p>Thirty-eight studies were included in this review. The majority of the studies were at either moderate or high risk bias owing to poor patient selection strategies and not choosing index tests thresholds a priori. The studies providing evidence for multiparametric MRI (Boesen 2018, Lista 2015, Simmons 2017 and Tsivian 2016) had low to moderate risk of bias owing to meeting most of the elements of a good diagnostic cross-sectional study as assessed using the QUADAS tool. Only one of these studies was from the UK (Simmons (2017)). All the studies used a PIRADS scoring system. The committee explained that it would prefer to use Likert scoring as this takes into account clinical factors and not just the image, however, it did not disregard the presented evidence.</p><p>Most of the studies provided evidence for a number of index tests. All the primary studies were directly applicable and used transrectal ultrasound biopsy as the reference standard. The majority of the included studies did not distinguish the type of prostate cancer (significant or non significant cancer).</p><p>All study partiticipants had never had mpMRI but had previously had at least one negative biopsy, apart from those from the study by Gnanapragasam (2016) who had both a negative biopsy and a negative mpMRI.</p></div></div><div id="che.s1.1.10.1.3"><h5>Benefits and harms</h5><p>The committee reviewed evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of prostate cancer antigen 3 urinary assay (PCA3) from 17 studies (listed in GRADE tables <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figcheappgtab1" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab1">Prostate cancer antigen 3 urinary assay</a>). Its consideration of this evidence will update NICE’s existing guidance on PCA3 assay and the prostate health index (DG17). PCA3 was investigated at 3 thresholds – 20, 35 and 50. At all three thresholds, the evidence showed that PCA3 was not a useful index test to help identify prostate cancer in people with at least one negative TRUS biopsy. Because the committee saw no evidence that either technique represents an effective use of NHS resources in the follow up of people who have had a negative TRUS biopsy, the committee stated that it do not recommend the use of PCA3 assay in this population group.</p><p>The committee reviewed evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of mpMRI from 4 cross-sectional studies (Boesen 2018, Lista 2015, Simmons 2017 and Tsivian 2016). These studies provided evidence at three thresholds – MRI PIRADS score ≥3, ≥4 and 5. The committee was not surprised by the ability of mpMRI to identify lesions as this was consistent with the evidence presented for the biopsy naïve population. All four studies regarded an MRI PIRADS score of 1 or 2 as ‘negative’ MRI. As explained in the evidence for the biopsy naïve population – the committee prefer the use of Likert scoring system as it takes into consideration the other clinical factors presented by the patients, unlike PIRADS scoring system that only consider the lesions. Based on the evidence that an MRI score of 1 or 2 represents negative biopsy, the committee made recommendations that define Likert 1 or 2 as negative MRI.</p><p>The committee reviewed evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of total prostate specific antigen (PSA) from up to 7 cross-sectional studies (listed in GRADE tables <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figcheappgtab3" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab3">Total prostate specific antigen</a>). PSA was investigated at 5 thresholds – 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.5ng/ml. At all 5 thresholds, the evidence showed that PSA was not a useful index test to help identify prostate cancer in people with with at least one negative TRUS biopsy. As a result, the committee did not make any recommendation regarding the use of PSA in the follow-up protocol for people who have a raised PSA, negative MRI and/ or negative biopsy</p><p>The committee reviewed evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of prostate specific antigen density from up to 8 cross-sectional studies listed in GRADE tables <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figcheappgtab4" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab4">Prostate specific antigen density</a>. PSAD was investigated at 5 thresholds – 0.09, 0.10, 0.15. 0.30 and 0.38ng/ml/ml. Evidence showed that the most useful threshold was 0.30ng/ml/ml. This evidence was provided by 2 Japanese cross-sectional studies (Okegawa (2003) and Ohigashi (2005)). The committee had reservations about the applicability of this evidence because the study was conducted in a Japanese setting. The committee explained that a threshold of 0.30ng/ml/ml was too high to be a useful marker in a clinical setting, because at that threshold some abnormality is expected, and therefore the committeeand was not surprised by the good specificity at that threshold. Based on positive and negative likelihood ratio, the evidence showed that a threshold of 0.30ng/ml/ml leads to a moderate increase and moderate decrease in the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer. The committee had reservations on the fact that the two studies were conducted in Japanese settings and may not be applicable to the UK population. The majority of the studies provided evidence for a threshold of 0.15ng/ml/ml. The committee noted that this threshold was more acceptable for a UK population because that is a threshold used in clinical practice. In terms of positive and negative likelihood ratio, the evidence showed that a PSAD threshold of 0.15ng/ml/ml does not alter the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer. However, the committee explained that the accuracy performance at a threshold of 0.15ng/ml/ml was acceptable. As a result, the committee recommended that a PSAD of 0.15ng/ml/ml should be used to decide next steps (prostate biopsy or discharge) for people with raised PSA, MRI Likert 1 or 2 and/or a negative biopsy.</p><p>The committee also reviewed evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of prostate specific antigen velocity (PSAV) from up to 7 cross-sectional studies listed in GRADE tables <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figcheappgtab5" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab5">Prostate specific antigen velocity</a>. PSAV was investigated at 3 thresholds – 1.19, 0.75, 0.28ng/ml/year. In terms of positive and negative likelihood ratio, the evidence showed that a PSAV threshold of 0.75ng/ml/year could not alter the probability that a person persistently suspected of prostate cancer after a negative biopsy has prostate cancer. However, the committee explained that the accuracy performance at a threshold of 0.75ng/ml/year was acceptable. As a result, the committee recommended that a PSAV of 0.75ng/ml/year should be used to decide next steps (prostate biopsy or discharge) for people with raised PSA, MRI Likert 1 or 2 and/or a negative biopsy.</p><p>The committee reviewed evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of percent free prostate specific antigen (%fPSA) from up to 7 cross-sectional studies (listed in GRADE tables <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figcheappgtab9" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab9">Percent free prostate specific antigen</a>). %fPSA was investigated at 6 thresholds – 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%. At all 6 thresholds, the evidence showed that %fPSA was not a useful index test to help identify prostate cancer in people with with at least one negative TRUS biopsy. As a result, the committee did not make any recommendations regarding the use of %fPSA in the follow-up protocol for people who have a raised PSA, negative MRI and/ or negative biopsy.</p><p>The committee reviewed evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of digital rectal examination (DRE) from up to 6 cross-sectional studies (listed in GRADE tables <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figcheappgtab11" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab11">Digital Rectal Examination</a>). The evidence showed that DRE was not a useful index test to help identify prostate cancer in people with with at least one negative TRUS biopsy. As a result, the committee did not make any recommendations regarding the use of DRE in the follow-up protocol for people who have a raised PSA, negative MRI and/ or negative biopsy.</p><p>The committee reviewed evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of prostate health index (PHI) from 4 studies (Scattoni (2003), Lazzeri (2012), Porpiglia (2014) and Gnanapragasam (2016)). Its consideration of this evidence updates NICE’s existing guidance on PCA3 assay and the prostate health index (DG17). None of the evidence could be meta-analysed as the studies used different thresholds. The thresholds were 25, 30, 35, 40, 48.8 and 62. The evidence showed that PHI was good at identifying negative features in people with prostate cancer compared to those without, however it was not useful at identifying positive features in people with prostate cancer compare to those without. In addition, the test was not cost effective within the normal cost thresholds. Due to this, the committee concluded PHI is not a useful index test to help identify prostate cancer in people with with at least one negative TRUS biopsy and MRI negative. As a result, the committee stated that they do not recommend the use of PHI in the follow-up protocol for people who have a raised PSA, negative MRI and/ or negative biopsy.</p></div></div><div id="che.s1.1.10.2"><h5>Cost effectiveness and resource use.</h5><p>The committee reviewed the economic evidence provided by the original economic model. They agreed that the analysis addressed the decision problem, in terms of the input parameters, structure, assumptions and the follow-up strategies simulated. However, they noted some limitations – in particular, the derivation of the sensitivity of repeat TRUS biopsy in people with a previous negative biopsy. They noted that the source used to derive the relation between the sensitivity of initial and subsequent TRUSs reflected practice from 20 years ago, when such procedures were performed somewhat differently (in particular, fewer cores were taken). However, they noted that these data were only used to estimate the relative sensitivity of first and subsequent biopsies, which is then applied to a more reliable baseline (from a large, recent UK study, PROMIS), and agreed that, in the absence of contemporary, high-quality evidence, this approach was acceptable.</p><p>The committee also noted that the strategy that seemed to be optimal for the majority of modelled subpopulations, where all receive an immediate TPM, would be associated with overdiagnosis, which means people with clinically non-significant disease would be identified causing them anxiety and probably exposing them to treatments that are not likely to provide any extended survival. They noted that this type of biopsy was far more resource consuming and considerably affected people’s quality of life compared with TRUS. The model explored the impact of associating disutility with the diagnosis of people with clinically non-significant disease in a sensitivity analysis. In this scenario, the strategy where all candidates receive an immediate TPM was found not to be optimal in a number of sub-population. The committee agreed that the analysis excluding TPM would be more informative to make their recommendations.</p><p>The committee agreed that the approach of addressing 11 subpopulations, based on Likert score (1 to 5) obtained from previous mpMRI and/or up to 2 previous negative biopsies was sensible, as this reflected the potential population introduced by the recommendations made based on evidence review D. The committee agreed that the intensity of follow-up strategies should correspond to the intensity of diagnostic tests people underwent initially i.e. negative findings on mpMRI and/or 1 or 2 negative biopsies. The more diagnostic tests people received as initial diagnosis, the less frequent follow-up strategies were required. The committee agreed that the economic model generated consistent results in this context.</p><p>The committee noted that a follow-up strategy could be optimal for a number of subpopulations, but with more intensive frequency for higher risk populations. It also agreed that strategies with PSA-based screening tests, including PSA density at a threshold of 0.15 ng/ml/ml, PSA velocity at a threshold of 0.75 ng/ml/year and % free PSA, appeared to be within the optimal strategies, were clinically meaningful in terms of thresholds. However, the committee noted that the % free PSA test required more sophisticated procedures than other PSA measurements, which may affect the uptake of this test in primary care settings. They noted that the accuracy performance of PSA density and velocity tests at the mentioned thresholds was sufficiently reliable compared to % free PSA test. They also noted that, if PSA kinetics were to be used, an absolute measure (PSA velocity) performed much better than a relative one (PSA doubling time).</p><p>The committee agreed that the model’s findings were sufficient to make recommendations about following up people with Likert score 1 or 2 and no previous biopsy by offering 6-monthly and then yearly PSA test, with repeat biopsy indicated if density ≥0.15 ng/ml/ml or velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year. The same strategy was recommended to people with Likert 1 or 2 and at least 1 previous negative biopsy but, as the probability of undiagnosed disease is lower in such people, the optimal follow-up frequency may be extended to every 2 years.</p></div></div></div></div><div id="appendixes.appgroupe"><h2 id="_appendixes_appgroupe_">Appendices</h2><div id="che.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><div id="che.appa.s1"><h4>Review protocol: What is the most clinically- and cost-effective follow-up protocol for people who have a raised PSA, negative MRI and/ or negative biopsy?</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figcheappatab1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figcheappatab1" rid-ob="figobcheappatab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appa.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appa.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappatab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">To identify studies reporting accuracy data for PSA measures that can help simulate strategies to follow-up people who have a raised PSA, negative MRI and/ or negative biopsy. No existing recommendations</p></div></div></div></div><div id="che.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Methods</h3><div id="che.appb.s1"><h4>Diagnostic test accuracy evidence</h4><p>In this guideline, diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) data are classified as any data in which a feature – be it a symptom, a risk factor, a test result or the output of some algorithm that combines many such features – is observed in some people who have the condition of interest at the time of the test and some people who do not. Such data either explicitly provide, or can be manipulated to generate, a 2x2 classification of true positives and false negatives (in people who, according to the reference standard, truly have the condition) and false positives and true negatives (in people who, according to the reference standard, do not).</p><p>The ‘raw’ 2x2 data can be summarised in a variety of ways. Those that were used for decision making in this guideline are as follows:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Positive likelihood ratios</b> describe how many times more likely positive features are in people with the condition compared to people without the condition. Values greater than 1 indicate that a positive result makes the condition more likely.
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>LR<sup>+</sup> = (TP/[TP+FN])/(FP/[FP+TN])</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Negative likelihood ratios</b> describe how many times less likely negative features are in people with the condition compared to people without the condition. Values less than 1 indicate that a negative result makes the condition less likely.
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>LR<sup>-</sup> = (FN/[TP+FN])/(TN/[FP+TN])</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Sensitivity</b> is the probability that the feature will be positive in a person with the condition.
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>sensitivity = TP/(TP+FN)</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Specificity</b> is the probability that the feature will be negative in a person without the condition.
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>specificity = TN/(FP+TN)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></p><p>The following schema, adapted from the suggestions of Jaeschke et al. (1994), was used to interpret the likelihood ratio findings from diagnostic test accuracy reviews.</p><p id="che.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappbtab1" class="figpopup">Table 5. Interpretation of likelihood ratios</a></p><p>The schema above has the effect of setting a minimal important difference for positive likelihoods ratio at 2, and a corresponding minimal important difference for negative likelihood ratios at 0.5. Likelihood ratios (whether positive or negative) falling between these thresholds were judged to indicate no meaningful change in the probability of disease.</p></div><div id="che.appb.s2"><h4>Evidence statements</h4><p>The evidence statements were based on likelihood ratios (a MID for positive likelihoods ratio was set at 2, and a corresponding MID for negative likelihood ratios at 0.5) and these are classified in to one of four categories:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Situations where the data are only consistent, at a 95% confidence level, with an effect in one direction (i.e. one that is ‘statistically significant’), and the magnitude of that effect is most likely to meet or exceed the MID (i.e. the point estimate is not in the zone of equivalence). In such cases, we state that the index test lead to a moderate, large and very large increase/decrease in probability of disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Situations where the data are only consistent, at a 95% confidence level, with an effect in one direction (i.e. one that is ‘statistically significant’), but the magnitude of that effect is most likely to be less than the MID (i.e. the point estimate is in the zone of equivalence). In such cases, we state that the index test could not meaningfully alter the probability of disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In all other cases, we state that the index test could not alter the probability between the comparators</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When the likelihood ratios were reversed for example – positive likelihood ratio of 0.1 and negative likelihood ratio of 3, we state that the index test has no diagnostic value.</div></li></ul></p></div><div id="che.appb.s3"><h4>Methods for combining diagnostic test accuracy evidence</h4><p>Meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy data was conducted with reference to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy (Deeks et al. 2010).</p><p>Where applicable, diagnostic syntheses were stratified by:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Presenting symptomatology (features shared by all participants in the study, but not all people who could be considered for a diagnosis in clinical practice).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The reference standard used for true diagnosis.</div></li></ul></p><p>Where five or more studies were available for all included strata, a bivariate model was fitted using the mada package in R v3.4.0, which accounts for the correlations between positive and negative likelihood ratios, and between sensitivities and specificities. Where sufficient data were not available (2-4 studies), separate independent pooling was performed for positive likelihood ratios, negative likelihood ratios, sensitivity and specificity, using Microsoft Excel. This approach is conservative as it is likely to somewhat underestimate test accuracy, due to failing to account for the correlation and trade-off between sensitivity and specificity (see Deeks 2010).</p><p>Random-effects models (der Simonian and Laird) were fitted for all syntheses, as recommended in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy (Deeks et al. 2010).</p><p>In any meta-analyses where some (but not all) of the data came from studies at high risk of bias, a sensitivity analysis was conducted, excluding those studies from the analysis. Results from both the full and restricted meta-analyses are reported. Similarly, in any meta-analyses where some (but not all) of the data came from indirect studies, a sensitivity analysis was conducted, excluding those studies from the analysis.</p><p>To meta-analyse the data, - in any cases where different thresholds were used across studies the following rules were adapted</p><div id="che.appb.s3.1"><h5>Total prostate specific antigen</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thresholds were pooled if they were within a point of each other or within five points depending on the sensitivity of the data</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If the same study provided studies within the same range, the value closest to the middle of the range was used</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If there was only one study within a range then the actual study threshold was stated – rather than the threshold range.</div></li></ul></div><div id="che.appb.s3.2"><h5>Prostate cancer antigen 3 urinary assay</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thresholds were pooled using the following ranges, these were adapted from some of the included articles that defined the cutoff points in a similar way -:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cutoff of 20 – any values between 0-20</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cutoff of 35 any values between 21-35</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cut off 50 any values between 36-50</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If the same study provided studies within the same range, the value closest to the top of the range was used</div></li></ul></div><div id="che.appb.s3.3"><h5>Percent free Prostate specific antigen</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thresholds were pooled within five points so that a threshhold of <10% includes values from 5-9%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If the same study provided studies within the same range, the value closest to the middle of the range was used</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If there was only one study within a range then the actual study threshold was stated – rather than the threshold range.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="che.appb.s4"><h4>Publication bias</h4><p>Publication bias was assessed in two ways. First, if evidence of conducted but unpublished studies was identified during the review (e.g. conference abstracts or protocols without accompanying published data), available information on these unpublished studies was reported as part of the review. Secondly, where 10 or more studies were included as part of a single meta-analysis, a funnel plot was produced to graphically assess the potential for publication bias.</p></div><div id="che.appb.s5"><h4>Modified GRADE for diagnostic test accuracy evidence</h4><p>GRADE has not been developed for use with diagnostic studies; therefore a modified approach was applied using the GRADE framework. GRADE assessments were only undertaken for positive and negative likelihood ratios, as the MIDs used to assess imprecision were based on these outcomes, but results for sensitivity and specificity are also presented alongside those data.</p><p>Cross-sectional and cohort studies were initially rated as high-quality evidence if well conducted, and then downgraded according to the standard GRADE criteria (risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision and indirectness) as detailed in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figcheappbtab2" rid-ob="figobcheappbtab2">Table 6</a> below.</p><p id="che.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappbtab2" class="figpopup">Table 6. Rationale for downgrading quality of evidence for diagnostic questions</a></p><p>The quality of evidence for each outcome was upgraded if either of the following conditions were met:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Data showing an effect size sufficiently large that it cannot be explained by confounding alone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Data where all plausible residual confounding is likely to increase our confidence in the effect estimate.</div></li></ul></p></div></div><div id="che.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Literature search strategies</h3><div id="che.appc.s1"><h4>Search summary</h4><p>The search strategies were based on the review protocol provided. The prostate cancer population terms have been removed for this question as the main focus was for patients who haven’t yet been diagnosed with prostate cancer.</p></div><div id="che.appc.s2"><h4>Clinical searches</h4><p>Sources searched for this review question:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews – CDSR (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials – CENTRAL (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects – DARE (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health Technology Assessment Database – HTA (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>EMBASE (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE In-Process (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Epub Ahead of Print (Ovid)</div></li></ul></p><p>The clinical searches were conducted in April 2018.</p><p>The MEDLINE search strategy is presented below. It was translated for use in all other databases.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figcheappctab1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figcheappctab1" rid-ob="figobcheappctab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.appc.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappctab1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="che.appc.s3"><h4>Study design filters and limit</h4><p>The McMaster diagnosis filter plus the prostate diagnosis subhedings (OVID) were appended to the strategy above and are presented below. They were translated for use in the MEDLINE In-Process and Embase databases.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figcheappctab2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figcheappctab2" rid-ob="figobcheappctab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.appc.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappctab2">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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<i>McMaster Diagnosis studies</i>
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1. sensitiv:.mp. OR diagnos:.mp. OR di.fs.</p></div></div><p>An English language limit was applied. Animal studies and certain publication types (letters, historical articles, comments, editorials, news and case reports) were also excluded.</p></div><div id="che.appc.s4"><h4>Health Economics search strategy</h4><p>Economic evaluations and quality of life data.</p><p>Sources searched:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>NHS Economic Evaluation Database – NHS EED (Wiley) (legacy database)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health Technology Assessment (HTA Database)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>EconLit (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Embase (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE In-Process (Ovid)</div></li></ul></p><p>Search filters to retrieve economic evaluations and quality of life papers were appended to the population search terms in MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process and Embase to identify relevant evidence and can be seen below.</p><p>An English language limit was applied. Animal studies and certain publication types (letters, historical articles, comments, editorials, news and case reports) were also excluded.</p><p>The economic searches were conducted in April 2018.</p></div><div id="che.appc.s5"><h4>Health Economics filters</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figcheappctab3"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figcheappctab3" rid-ob="figobcheappctab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.appc.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappctab3">Table</a></h4></div></div><div id="che.appc.s5.1"><h5>Search summary</h5><p>The search strategies were based on the review protocol provided.</p><p>The prostate cancer population terms have been removed from this startgey as the focus of this questions is patients who haven’t been diagnosed with prostate cancer. The population was as follows:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have a raised PSA and negative MRI.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have a raised PSA and negative biopsy.</div></li></ul></p></div><div id="che.appc.s5.2"><h5>Clinical searches</h5><p>Sources searched for this review question:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews – CDSR (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials – CENTRAL (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects – DARE (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health Technology Assessment Database – HTA (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>EMBASE (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE In-Process (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print (Ovid)</div></li></ul></p><p>The clinical searches were conducted in April 2018</p><p>The MEDLINE search strategy is presented below. It was translated for use in all other databases.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figcheappctab4"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figcheappctab4" rid-ob="figobcheappctab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.appc.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappctab4">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="che.appc.s5.3"><h5>Study design filters and limit</h5><p>The MEDLINE McMaster Diagnosis filter was appended to the strategy above along with the diagnosis subheadings that were available in MEDLINE (Ovid) related to the prostate. This is presented below and was translated for use in the MEDLINE In-Process and Embase databases.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figcheappctab5"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figcheappctab5" rid-ob="figobcheappctab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.appc.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappctab5">Table</a></h4></div></div><p>An English language limit has been applied. Animal studies and certain publication types (letters, historical articles, comments, editorials, news and case reports) have been excluded.</p></div><div id="che.appc.s5.4"><h5>Health Economics search strategy</h5><p>Economic evaluations and quality of life data.</p><p>Sources searched:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>NHS Economic Evaluation Database – NHS EED (Wiley) (legacy database)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health Technology Assessment (HTA Database)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>EconLit (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Embase (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE In-Process (Ovid)</div></li></ul></p><p>Search filters to retrieve economic evaluations and quality of life papers were appended to population search terms in MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process and Embase to identify relevant evidence and can be seen below.</p><p>An English language limit has been applied. Animal studies and certain publication types (letters, historical articles, comments, editorials, news and case reports) have been excluded.</p><p>The economic searches were conducted in April 2018.</p></div><div id="che.appc.s5.5"><h5>Health Economics filters</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figcheappctab6"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figcheappctab6" rid-ob="figobcheappctab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.appc.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappctab6">Table</a></h4></div></div></div></div></div><div id="che.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Study selection</h3><div id="che.appd.s1"><h4>Clinical evidence</h4><div id="che.appd.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20cheappdf1&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappdf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappdf1.jpg" alt="Image cheappdf1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div><div id="che.appd.s2"><h4>Economic evidence</h4><div id="che.appd.fig2" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20cheappdf2&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappdf2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappdf2.jpg" alt="Image cheappdf2" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div></div><div id="che.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="che.appe.et1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/bin/che-appe-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (478K)</span></p></div><div id="che.appf"><h3>Appendix F. Forest plots</h3><p id="che.appf.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig1" class="figpopup">Prostate cancer antigen 3 - Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 20 sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig2" class="figpopup">Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 20 (Reference standard Biopsy)</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig3" class="figpopup">Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 35 (Reference standard Biopsy) sensitity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig4" class="figpopup">Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 35 (Reference standard Biopsy) positive and negative likelihood ratio</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig5"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig5" class="figpopup">Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 50 (Reference standard Biopsy) sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig6"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig6" class="figpopup">Prostate cancer antigen 3 threshold cut off 50 (Reference standard Biopsy) - Positive and Negative likelihood ratios</a></p><div id="che.appf.s1"><h4>Multiparametric MRI</h4><p id="che.appf.fig7"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig7" class="figpopup">Multiparametric MRI (score ≥3) sensitivity and specificity Any cancer</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig8"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig8" class="figpopup">Multiparametric MRI (score ≥3) positive and negative likelihood ratios Any cancer</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig9"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig9" class="figpopup">Multiparametric MRI (score ≥3) sensitivity and specificity - clinically significant prostate cancer</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig10"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig10" class="figpopup">Multiparametric MRI (score ≥3) poitive and negative likelhood ratio clinically significant cancer</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig11"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig11" class="figpopup">Multiparametric MRI (score ≥4) sensitivity and specificity - clinically significant cancer</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig12"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig12" class="figpopup">Multiparametric MRI (score ≥4) poitive and negative likelhood ratio – clinically significant cancer</a></p></div><div id="che.appf.s2"><h4>Total prostate specific antigen</h4><p id="che.appf.fig13"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig13" class="figpopup">Threshold 3.5-4.4ng/ml Sensitivity and Specificty</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig14"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig14" class="figpopup">Threshold 3.5-4.4ng/ml Positive and Negative Likelihood ratios</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig15"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig15" class="figpopup">Threshold 4.5-5.4ng/ml Sensitivity and Specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig16"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig16" class="figpopup">Threshold 4.5-5.4ng/ml Positive and Negative Likelihood ratios</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig17"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig17/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig17" class="figpopup">Threshold 5.5 – 6.4ng/ml Sensitivity and Specificty</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig18"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig18/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig18" class="figpopup">Threshold 5.5 – 6.4ng/ml Likelihood ratios</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig19"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig19" class="figpopup">Threshold 6.5 -7.4ng/ml Sensitivity and Specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig20"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig20" class="figpopup">Threshold 6.5 -7.4ng/ml Likelihood ratios</a></p></div><div id="che.appf.s3"><h4>Prostate specific antigen Density</h4><p id="che.appf.fig21"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig21/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig21" class="figpopup">Threshold 0.10ng/ml/ml sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig22"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig22/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig22" class="figpopup">Threshold 10ng/ml/ml positive and negative likelihood ratios</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig23"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig23/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig23" class="figpopup">Threshold ≥0.10ng/ml/ml sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig24"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig24/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig24" class="figpopup">Threshold ≥0.10ng/ml/ml positive and negative likelihood ratios</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig25"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig25/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig25" class="figpopup">Threshold ≥15ng/ml/ml sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig26"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig26/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig26" class="figpopup">Threshold ≥15ng/ml/cm<sup>3</sup> Negative and likelihood ratio</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig27"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig27/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig27" class="figpopup">Threshold ≥30ng/ml/cm<sup>3</sup> sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig28"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig28/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig28" class="figpopup">Threshold ≥30ng/ml/ml negative and positive likelihood ratio</a></p></div><div id="che.appf.s4"><h4>Prostate specific antigen density of the transition zone</h4><p id="che.appf.fig29"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig29/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig29" class="figpopup">Threshold <0.20ng/ml/ml sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig30"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig30/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig30" class="figpopup">Threshold <0.20ng/mlml positive and negative likelihood ratio</a></p></div><div id="che.appf.s5"><h4>Prostate specific antigen velocity</h4><p id="che.appf.fig31"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig31/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig31" class="figpopup">Threshold 0.75 ng/ml/year - sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig32"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig32/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig32" class="figpopup">Threshold 0.75 ng/ml/year - Positive and Negative likelihood ratios</a></p></div><div id="che.appf.s6"><h4>%Free Prostate specific antigen</h4><p id="che.appf.fig33"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig33/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig33" class="figpopup">Threshold 10% sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig34"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig34/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig34" class="figpopup">Threshold <10% positive and negative likelihood ratios</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig35"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig35/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig35" class="figpopup">Threshold 15% Sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig36"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig36/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig36" class="figpopup">Threshold <15% positive and negative likelihood ratio</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig37"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig37/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig37" class="figpopup">Threshold 20% sensititvity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig38"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig38/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig38" class="figpopup">Threshold 20% positive and negative likelihood ratios</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig39"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig39/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig39" class="figpopup">Threshold 25% sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig40"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig40/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig40" class="figpopup">Threshold 25% positive and negative likelihood ratio</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig41"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig41" class="figpopup">Threshold 30% sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig42"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig42/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig42" class="figpopup">Threshold 30% positive and negative likelihood ratio</a></p></div><div id="che.appf.s7"><h4>Abnormal digital rectal examination</h4><p id="che.appf.fig43"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig43/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig43" class="figpopup">Positive DRE - Sensitivity and specificity</a></p><p id="che.appf.fig44"><a href="/books/NBK576980/figure/che.appf.fig44/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappffig44" class="figpopup">Positive DRE- Positive and negative likelihood ratios</a></p></div></div><div id="che.appg"><h3>Appendix G. GRADE tables</h3><p id="che.appg.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab1" class="figpopup">Prostate cancer antigen 3 urinary assay</a></p><p id="che.appg.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab2" class="figpopup">Multiparametric MRI</a></p><p id="che.appg.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab3" class="figpopup">Total prostate specific antigen</a></p><p id="che.appg.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab4" class="figpopup">Prostate specific antigen Density</a></p><p id="che.appg.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab5" class="figpopup">Prostate specific antigen velocity</a></p><p id="che.appg.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab6" class="figpopup">Prostate specific antigen density of the transition zone</a></p><p id="che.appg.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab7" class="figpopup">Prostate health index</a></p><p id="che.appg.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab8" class="figpopup">Prostate Health Index in MRI negative and biopsy naive population</a></p><p id="che.appg.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab9" class="figpopup">Percent free prostate specific antigen</a></p><p id="che.appg.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab10" class="figpopup">PSA doubling time</a></p><p id="che.appg.tab11"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappgtab11" class="figpopup">Digital Rectal Examination</a></p></div><div id="che.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Excluded studies</h3><div id="che.apph.s1"><h4>Clinical studies</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figcheapphtab1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.apph.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figcheapphtab1" rid-ob="figobcheapphtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.apph.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.apph.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.apph.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.apph.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheapphtab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Study does not contain any relevant index tests Study looked mp-MRI - targeted TRUS-B</p></div></div></div><div id="che.apph.s2"><h4>Economic studies</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figcheappatab2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figcheappatab2" rid-ob="figobcheappatab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appa.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appa.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.appa.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappatab2">Table</a></h4></div></div></div></div><div id="che.appi"><h3>Appendix I. References</h3><div id="che.appi.s1"><h4>Clinical studies - included</h4><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s1.ref1">Abd-Alazeez
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Mohamed, Ahmed Hashim
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U, Arya
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Manit, Charman Susan
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C, Anastasiadis
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Eleni, Freeman
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Alex, Emberton
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Mark, and Kirkham
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Alex (2014) The accuracy of multiparametric MRI in men with negative biopsy and elevated PSA level--can it rule out clinically significant prostate cancer?. Urologic oncology
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32(1), 45.e17–22 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4082533/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4082533</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24055430" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24055430</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s1.ref2">Auprich
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M, Augustin
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H, Budaus
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L, Kluth
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L, Mannweiler
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S, Shariat
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S F, Fisch
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M, Graefen
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M, Pummer
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K, and Chun
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F K. H (2012) A comparative performance analysis of total prostate-specific antigen, percentage free prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific antigen velocity and urinary prostate cancer gene 3 in the first, second and third repeat prostate biopsy. BJU International
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109(11), 1627–1635 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21939492" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21939492</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s1.ref3">Barbera
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Michele, Pepe
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Pietro, Paola
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Quintino, and Aragona
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Francesco (2012) PCA3 score accuracy in diagnosing prostate cancer at repeat biopsy: our experience in 177 patients. Archivio italiano di urologia, and andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica
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84(4), 227–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23427750" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23427750</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s1.ref4">Benecchi
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L (2006) PSA velocity and PSA slope. Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases
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9(2), 169–72 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16568147" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16568147</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s1.ref5">Boesen
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Lars, Noergaard
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Nis, Chabanova
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Elizaveta, Logager
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Vibeke, Balslev
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Ingegerd, Mikines
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Kari, and Thomsen Henrik
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S (2015) Early experience with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsies under visual transrectal ultrasound guidance in patients suspicious for prostate cancer undergoing repeated biopsy. Scandinavian journal of urology
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49(1), 25–34 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24922550" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24922550</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s1.ref6">Boesen
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L, Norgaard
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N, Logager
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V, Balslev
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I, and Thomsen
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H S (2018) Multiparametric MRI in men with clinical suspicion of prostate cancer undergoing repeat biopsy: a prospective comparison with clinical findings and histopathology. Acta Radiologica
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59(3), 371–380 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28679325" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28679325</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s1.ref7">Busetto Gian
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Maria, De Berardinis, Ettore, Sciarra
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Alessandro, Panebianco
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Valeria, Giovannone
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Riccardo, Rosato
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Stefano, D’Errigo
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Paola, Di Silverio, Franco, Gentile
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Vincenzo, and Salciccia
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Stefano (2013) Prostate cancer gene 3 and multiparametric magnetic resonance can reduce unnecessary biopsies: decision curve analysis to evaluate predictive models. Urology
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82(6), 1355–60 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24080222" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24080222</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s1.ref8">Chen
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C S, Wang
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S S, Li
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J R, Cheng
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C L, Yang
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C R, Chen
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W M, Ou
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Y C, Ho
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H C, Chiu
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K Y, and Yang
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C K (2011) PSA density as a better predictor of prostate cancer than percent-free PSA in a repeat biopsy. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
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74(12), 552–555 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22196470" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22196470</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s1.ref9">Ciatto
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S, Rubeca
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T, Martinelli
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F, Pontenani
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G, Lombardi
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C, Di
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33(3), 503–506 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12230281" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12230281</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s2.ref344">Yu
|
|
H J, and Lai
|
|
M K (1998) The usefulness of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density in patients with intermediate serum PSA level in a country with low incidence of prostate cancer. Urology
|
|
51(5A Suppl), 125–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9610567" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9610567</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s2.ref345">Yu
|
|
G P, Na
|
|
R, Ye
|
|
D W, Qi
|
|
J, Liu
|
|
F, Chen
|
|
H T, Wu
|
|
Y S, Zhang
|
|
G M, Sun
|
|
J L, Zhu
|
|
Y, Huang
|
|
L Q, Ren
|
|
S C, Jiang
|
|
D K, Zheng
|
|
S, Jiang
|
|
H W, Sun
|
|
Y H, Ding
|
|
Q, and Xu
|
|
J (2016) Performance of the Prostate Health Index in predicting prostate biopsy outcomes among men with a negative digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography. Asian Journal of Andrology
|
|
18(4), 633–638 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4955192/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4955192</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26975483" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26975483</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s2.ref346">Yuen John
|
|
Shyi Peng, Lau Weber
|
|
Kam Onn, Ng Lay
|
|
Guat, Tan Puay
|
|
Hoon, Khin Lay
|
|
Wai, and Cheng Christopher
|
|
Wai Sam (2004) Clinical, biochemical and pathological features of initial and repeat transrectal ultrasonography prostate biopsy positive patients. International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association
|
|
11(4), 225–31 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15028101" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15028101</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s2.ref347">Yuen
|
|
J S. P, Thng
|
|
C H, Tan
|
|
P H, Khin
|
|
L W, Phee
|
|
S J. L, Xiao
|
|
D, Lau
|
|
W K. O, Ng
|
|
W S, and Cheng
|
|
C W. S (2004) Endorectal magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for the detection of tumor foci in men with prior negative transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy. The Journal of urology
|
|
171(4), 1482–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15017203" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15017203</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s2.ref348">Yun
|
|
B H, Hwang
|
|
E C, Yu
|
|
H S, Chung
|
|
H, Kim
|
|
S O, Jung
|
|
S I, Kang
|
|
T, Kwon
|
|
D D, Park
|
|
K, and Choi
|
|
C (2015) Is histological prostate inflammation in an initial prostate biopsy a predictor of prostate cancer on repeat biopsy?. International Urology and Nephrology
|
|
47(8), 1251–1257 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26071871" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26071871</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s2.ref349">Zhang
|
|
Zai-Xian, Yang
|
|
Jia, Zhang
|
|
Cheng-Zhong, Li
|
|
Kang-An, Quan
|
|
Qi-Meng, Wang
|
|
Xi-Fu, Wang
|
|
Han, and Zhang
|
|
Gui-Xiang (2014) The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of prostate cancer in patients with previous negative biopsies and elevated prostate-specific antigen levels: a meta-analysis. Academic radiology
|
|
21(5), 578–89 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24703470" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24703470</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s2.ref350">Zhao
|
|
Ruizhe, Huang
|
|
Yuan, Cheng
|
|
Gong, Liu
|
|
Jinliang, Shao
|
|
Pengfei, Qin
|
|
Chao, Hua
|
|
Lixin, and Yin
|
|
Changjun (2014) Developing a follow-up strategy for patients with PSA ranging from 4 to 10 ng/ml via a new model to reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies. PloS one
|
|
9(9), e106933 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4182133/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4182133</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25268808" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25268808</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s2.ref351">Zheng
|
|
X Y, Xie
|
|
L P, Wang
|
|
Y Y, Ding
|
|
W, Yang
|
|
K, Shen
|
|
H F, Qin
|
|
J, Bai
|
|
Y, and Chen
|
|
Z D (2008) The use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) density in detecting prostate cancer in Chinese men with PSA levels of 4-10 ng/mL. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
|
|
134(11), 1207–1210 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18446367" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18446367</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div><div id="che.appi.s3"><h4>Economic studies - Excluded</h4><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="che.appi.s3.ref1">Blute
|
|
Jr
|
|
ML, Abel
|
|
EJ, Downs
|
|
TM, Kelcz
|
|
F, Jarrard
|
|
DF. Addressing the need for repeat prostate biopsy: new technology and approaches. Nature Reviews Urology. 2015
|
|
Aug;12(8):435. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26171803" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26171803</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div></div><div id="che.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Research recommendations</h3><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figcheappjtab1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figcheappjtab1" rid-ob="figobcheappjtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappjtab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prostate cancer specific mortality Prostate cancer related morbidity</p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figcheappjtab2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figcheappjtab2" rid-ob="figobcheappjtab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.appj.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappjtab2">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Sensitivity Specificity</p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figcheappjtab3"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figcheappjtab3" rid-ob="figobcheappjtab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="che.appj.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobcheappjtab3">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Sensitivity Specificity</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>FINAL</p></div><div><p>Evidence review</p><p>developed by the NICE Guideline Updates Team</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK576980</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35099857" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">35099857</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobchetab1"><div id="che.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO table</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_che.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_che.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have a raised PSA and negative MRI</div></li></ul>
|
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have a raised PSA and negative biopsy</div></li></ul>
|
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_che.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</th><td headers="hd_b_che.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Individual or repeated PSA tests and calculations derived from them (including tPSA, fPSA, %fPSA, PSAD)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Digital rectal examination</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MRI</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_che.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard</th><td headers="hd_b_che.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Biopsy (TRUS or TPM)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radical prostatectomy specimen</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical emergence of cancer (follow up at least 10 years)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_che.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_che.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic accuracy
|
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity and specificity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Likelihood ratios</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobchetab2"><div id="che.tab2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Short Title</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study details</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sample characteristics</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inclusion criteria</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index test (s)</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard (s)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barbera (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Study location</p>
|
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<p>Italy</p>
|
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<p>Study dates</p>
|
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<p>January 2010 and March 2012</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Sample size</p>
|
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<p>177 participants</p>
|
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<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>Median (range) 64 (48-74) years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>74 participants had serum</p>
|
|
<p>PSA >10ng/ml 99 between</p>
|
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<p>4-10ng/ml 4 between 2.6-4ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Number of previous biopsies at least one prior biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Time since last biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal digital rectal examination</p>
|
|
<p>An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
<p>>10ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Prostate Cancer Gene 3</p>
|
|
<p>Cut off of 20 and 35</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Systematic prostate biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Performed transperineally</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Busetto (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Italy</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>March 2010 and July 2012</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>171 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>66.4 (5.3) years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>6.8 (1.6)ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>A persistently elevated or rising serum total PSA level</p>
|
|
<p>Between 4-10ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Prostate Cancer Gene 3</p>
|
|
<p>3 cut off - 27,35 and 50</p>
|
|
<p>Digital rectal examination (DRE)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gittelman (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>466 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>to add from supplement PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>to add from supplement</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density, ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
<p>to add from supplement</p>
|
|
<p>Mean prostate volume</p>
|
|
<p>to add from supplement</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>50 years and older
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate Cancer Gene 3</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS biopsy and MP-MRI biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Haese (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Six European centres -</p>
|
|
<p>Germany, France, The Netherlands, Belgium and Austria</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Between August and July 2007.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>463 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>64.4 (6.6) years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Mean 8.9 (7.5)ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Number of previous biopsies</p>
|
|
<p>331 participants had 1 biopsy 126 participants had 2 biopsies</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Prostate Cancer Gene 3</p>
|
|
<p>The PCA3 was calculated as [PCA3 mRNA]/[PSA mRNA]x1000</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kaufmann (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Germany</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Between 2008-2014</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>49 patients</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>65 (5.6) years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>10 (4.4) ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density, ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
<p>0.22 (0.12) ng/ml/g</p>
|
|
<p>Number of previous biopsies</p>
|
|
<p>1.7 (0.9) biopsies</p>
|
|
<p>median interval of time</p>
|
|
<p>between the first and last</p>
|
|
<p>PSA assay</p>
|
|
<p>6 (3) months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate Cancer Gene 3 cut off of 25 and 35</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Marks (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Nothern American Sites</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>between April 2004 and January 2006</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>233 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>64 years (7)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>7.4 (4.3)ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Mean prostate volume</p>
|
|
<p>49 (29)ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
<p>2.5ng/ml or greater</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate Cancer Gene 3</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Merola (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Italy</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Between November 2009 and May 2011</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>407 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>reported separately for cancer/non cancer groups cancer median 71 years (sd27) non cancer median 69 years (sd31)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>reported separately for cancer/non cancer groups cancer median 7.53ng/ml (sd4.88) non cancer</p>
|
|
<p>median 7.34 ng/ml(sd5.87)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
<p>Suspicious DRE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Prostate Cancer Gene 3 Total PSA</p>
|
|
<p>unable to calculate 2x2 for this test</p>
|
|
<p>%fPSA</p>
|
|
<p>unable to calculate 2x2 for this test</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Saturation prostatic biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pepe (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Italy</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>From October 2009 to September 2011</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>102 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>median age 64.5 yrs;</p>
|
|
<p>range: 58-71 yrs)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical</p>
|
|
<p>suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal digital rectal examination</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate Cancer Gene 3 PSA ratio</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>The prostate biopsy protocol included a median of 12 cores in the posterior zone of each lobe (apex, median zone and base of the gland) beginning parasagittally to reach the outer edges of the gland (lateral margins) and 2-3 cores in the transition zone</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pepe (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Italy</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>January 2010 to May 2011</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>118 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>median 62.5 years (no range or sd)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Median PSA 8.5 ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>(3.7-24ng/ml)</p>
|
|
<p>Time since last biopsy 9 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal digital rectal examination</p>
|
|
<p>All patients had a negative</p>
|
|
<p>DRE</p>
|
|
<p>An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
<p>PSA> 10ng/ml, PSA values between 4.1 - 10 or 2.6-4ng/ml with free/total PSA </= 25% and </= 20% respectively.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Prostate Cancer Gene 3</p>
|
|
<p>From 3-10 days prior to performing SPBx, first catch urine samples were collected following DRE, and processed to quantify PCA3 and PSA mRNA concentrations using the PROGENSA PCA3 assay</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Systematic prostate biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>performed transperineally using a tru-cut 18 gauge needle supplied with a biplanar transrectal probe under sedation and antibiotic prophylaxis</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Porpiglia (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Italy</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Between March 2011 and April 2013
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>170 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>Median age (iqr) 65 years (60-70)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Positive Digital rectal examination</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>mp-MRI</p>
|
|
<p>All patients underwent mp-MRI with a 1.5-T scanner (Signa Excite HD, GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin) using a 4-channel phase array coil combined with an endorectal coil. Functional information was obtained by DWI and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI.</p>
|
|
<p>Total PSA</p>
|
|
<p>%fPSA</p>
|
|
<p>All patients underwent serum measurements of tPSA, %fPSA and PHI before repeat biopsy. The PHI analyses were performed using Hybritech Calibrated Access assays (Beckman Coulter, Brea, California)16 after processing with a Unicel DxI 800 Immunoassay System analyzer (Beckman Coulter).</p>
|
|
<p>Prostate health index</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Random Biopsy under</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Remzi (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Austria</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Not reported See Haese et al</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>463 participants</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>presence of high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia</p>
|
|
<p>presence of atypical small acinar proliferation</p>
|
|
<p>A persistently elevated or rising serum total PSA level</p>
|
|
<p>Suspicious DRE</p>
|
|
<p>Suspicious imaging results low %free PSA</p>
|
|
<p>Follow up biopsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate Cancer Gene 3</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate biopsy - not specified</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wu (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>not declared</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>103 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>63.5 years (7.4)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>11.0 ng/ml (8.5)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>presence of high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia</p>
|
|
<p>presence of atypical small acinar proliferation</p>
|
|
<p>A persistently elevated or rising serum total PSA level</p>
|
|
<p>Suspicious DRE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Prostate Cancer Gene 3</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic TRUS biopsy</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobchetab3"><div id="che.tab3" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Short Title</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study details</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sample characteristics</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inclusion criteria</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index test (s)</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard (s)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abd-Alazeez (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>not stated</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>54 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Median age (Range)</p>
|
|
<p>64 years (39-75)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>median, range - 10 (2-23)</p>
|
|
<p>Number of previous biopsies</p>
|
|
<p>Between 1 and 3 biopsies</p>
|
|
<p>Median Prostate volume</p>
|
|
<p>53 (19-136)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>MP-MRI</p>
|
|
<p>MRI comprised of T2 weighted, diffusion weighted and dynamic contrast enhanced imaging with either 1.5T and 3.0T. diffusion b values - 0,150,500 and 1000.</p>
|
|
<p>Positive MRI - PIRADS</p>
|
|
<p>Score 3 and above</p>
|
|
<p>Positive MRI - PIRADS score 4 and above</p>
|
|
<p>For clinically significant disease</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Transperineal Template</p>
|
|
<p>Mapping Biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>minimum number of samples was 20</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Boesen (2018)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Denmark</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>No details provided</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Betweeb September 2011 to September 2013</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>No financial support</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>289 participants</p>
|
|
<p>%female</p>
|
|
<p>n/a</p>
|
|
<p>Median age (Range)</p>
|
|
<p>64 years (59-67)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Median Range - 12.0 (8.3 - 19)ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density, ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Median (range) - 0.19 (0.13-0.29)</p>
|
|
<p>Number of previous biopsies</p>
|
|
<p>median range - 2 (1-6) (unclear if this is months or years)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal digital rectal examination</p>
|
|
<p>A previous abnormal</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS image</p>
|
|
<p>No patients had previously undergone MPMRI</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>mp-MRI</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density</p>
|
|
<p>Threshold - >0.15ng/ml/ml MRI guided/influenced bioPSY</p>
|
|
<p>T2 weighted, diffusion weighted image ad dynamic contrast enhanced was performed prior to rebiopsy. DWI b values - 0,</p>
|
|
<p>100,800,1400s/mm2</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS guided biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lista (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Spain</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>150</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>66.2 (5)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>11.3 (9.6)</p>
|
|
<p>Time since last biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>3 - 6 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
<p>>4 ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">mp-MRI</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Simmons (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>11 January 2012 to 29 January 2014.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>249 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>62 (7) years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>6.8 (4.8–9.8) ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Number of previous biopsies</p>
|
|
<p>1 (1–2)</p>
|
|
<p>Median Prostate volume</p>
|
|
<p>37.0 (26.8–50.0)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>mp-MRI</p>
|
|
<p>Using a 3 T magnetic field strength scanner with a pelvic-phased array coil. Magnetic resonance imaging sequences included T1- weighted, T2-weighted, diffusion weighting with high b-value (b¼2000) sequence and apparent diffusion coefficient map using multiple b-values (b¼0, 150, 500, 1000) and dynamic contrast enhancement with gadolinium</p>
|
|
<p>Positive MRI - PIRADS</p>
|
|
<p>Score 3 and above</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Transperineal Template</p>
|
|
<p>Mapping Biopsy</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tsivian (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>3 year period beginning in 2011</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>50 patients</p>
|
|
<p>Median age (Range)</p>
|
|
<p>65 (61-69) years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Median (IQR) - 7.1 (5.1-13.6)</p>
|
|
<p>Number of previous biopsies</p>
|
|
<p>1 - 23 participants 2/more - 27 participants</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>mp-MRI</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Transperineal Template</p>
|
|
<p>Mapping Biopsy</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobchetab4"><div id="che.tab4" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Short Title</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study Details</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sample Characteristics</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inclusion Criteria</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Tests</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference Standard</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Auprich (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting hospital</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Between July 2008 and</p>
|
|
<p>July 2009</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>None declared</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>127 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>reported as median range</p>
|
|
<p>63 (50-70) years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>median (range) 5.3 (3.2-45.5)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>presence of high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia</p>
|
|
<p>presence of atypical small acinar proliferation</p>
|
|
<p>A persistently elevated or rising serum total PSA level</p>
|
|
<p>Suspicious DRE</p>
|
|
<p>Patient aged 70 years or below</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Total PSA</p>
|
|
<p>%fPSA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic TRUS biopsy included both 12/14 cores</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Benecchi (2006)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Italy</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>No details provided</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Between January 2001 and June 2005 Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>No funding details provided</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>312 men</p>
|
|
<p>Median age (Range)</p>
|
|
<p>66.3 years (range 45–86).</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Median 7.1 (range 0.74–47.2 mg/l).</p>
|
|
<p>median interval of time between the first and last</p>
|
|
<p>PSA assay</p>
|
|
<p>959 days (range 547–3723)</p>
|
|
<p>Median PSA slope</p>
|
|
<p>0.403 ng/ml/year (range - 8.7to 18.07)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Abnormal digital rectal examination</p>
|
|
<p>PSA >4.0ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Men with six or more cores and with at least three consecutive in 547 or more days before biopsy entered the study.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Total PSA</p>
|
|
<p>PSAV</p>
|
|
<p>The PSA velocity was calculated according to the indication of Khan and Carter; for instance, with three PSA, the equation is 0.5 {[(PSA2- PSA)/elapsed time in years)]+[(PSA3-PSA2)/elapsed time in years)]}, where PSA1 is the first of the three measurements, PSA2 the second and PSA3 the third;elapsed time refers to time between the two measurements</p>
|
|
<p>PSA slope</p>
|
|
<p>PSA slope was obtained fitting the line of least squares (PSA versus time) for each patient.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Busetto (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Italy</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>Not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>March 2010 and July 2012</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>None disclosed</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>171 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>66.4 (5.3) years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>6.8 (1.6)ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>A persistently elevated or rising serum total PSA level</p>
|
|
<p>Between 4-10ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Prostate Cancer Gene 3</p>
|
|
<p>3 cut off - 27,35 and 50 mp-MRI</p>
|
|
<p>Digital rectal examinatio (DRE)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chen (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>China</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>Hospital</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>From April 1999 to February 2008</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>212 men</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>66.59 (9.92) years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>6.34 (1.66) ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density, ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
<p>0.182 (0.203) ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal digital rectal examination</p>
|
|
<p>An elevated PSA PSA between 4 and 10.0 ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Total PSA</p>
|
|
<p>Serum tPSA and free PSA (fPSA) were measured using TPSA-RIACT and FPSA-RIACT kits (CIS-Bio International, France), respectively</p>
|
|
<p>%fPSA</p>
|
|
<p>PSAV</p>
|
|
<p>For the determination of PSAV, the latest three values of tPSA were obtained, and PSAV was calculated using linear regression</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS-guided prostate biopsy was performed using an 18-G needle. The number of core biopsy specimens in the first and second TRUS-guided prostate biopsy was the same. The number was between 8 and 14.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gnanaprag asam (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>United Kingdom</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Between 2013 and 2015</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>279 people</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>66 years (range 45-80)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Transperineal Template</p>
|
|
<p>Mapping Biopsy</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Horinaga (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See Ohigashi (2005) for details as this was an associated study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Keetch (1996)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>No details provided</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Beginning July 1989</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>None declared</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>327 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>68 (6) years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Median 6.8 ng/ml (SIR 1.9)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Abnormal digital rectal</p>
|
|
<p>examination An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
<p>A previous abnormal</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS image</p>
|
|
<p>At least 2 prostate biopsies</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>PSA density was calculated by dividing the serum PSA at initial biopsy by the TRUS determined prostate volume at initial biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>PSA slope</p>
|
|
<p>PSA slope was determined by subtracting the PSA valueat the inintial screening visit from that at the most recent biopsy divided by the years between these 2 values</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lazzeri (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Italy</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>Not declared</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>June 2010 and June 2011</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>No financial support</p>
|
|
<p>declared, however Unicel Dxl 800 Immuniassay</p>
|
|
<p>Aystem analyzer p2PSA ([-2]proPSA) reagents were provided by</p>
|
|
<p>Beckman Coulter Inc and Beckman Coulter Italy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>222 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>63.9 years (7.1)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Median (range) 7.6ng/ml,</p>
|
|
<p>(0.3-46.4)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density, ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Median (range) 0.11 (0.02-0.91) ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal digital rectal examination</p>
|
|
<p>presence of high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia</p>
|
|
<p>presence of atypical small acinar proliferation</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Total PSA</p>
|
|
<p>%fPSA</p>
|
|
<p>Prostate health index</p>
|
|
<p>Beckman-Coulter phi using the formula</p>
|
|
<p>p2PSA/fPSA x square root of tPSA</p>
|
|
<p>p2PSA,%p2PSA</p>
|
|
<p>derived using the formula (p2PSA pg/ml/fPSA ng/ml x 1,000)x100</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Korea</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>Hospital</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>From January 2007 to December 2010</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>None declared</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>151 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>benign group - 64.82±6.59 years cancer group - 66.27±5.47 years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density, ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
<p>0.177±0.083 ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Time since last biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>9.48±5.05 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal digital rectal</p>
|
|
<p>examination An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>PSA ratio</p>
|
|
<p>The PSA change ratio was defined as the ratio of post-biopsy total serum PSA to baseline total serum PSA at the initial biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density was calculated as baseline serum PSA divided by total prostate volume, and post-biopsy serum PSA blood sampling was done 60 minutes after the last biopsy core was attained.</p>
|
|
<p>Free/Total PSA ratio</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ratio</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Michielsen (1998)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Belgium</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>between October 1996 and September 1997</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>None declared</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>59 people</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>67 years (no SD)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>8.8 ng/ml (no SD)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean prostate volume</p>
|
|
<p>44 ml (no SD)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Serum PSA below</p>
|
|
<p>15ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Aged 57-83 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>PSA density</p>
|
|
<p>PSA transition zone</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Murray (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Chile</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>No details provided</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>January 2006 and December 2010 - people withut pCA were followed untill dec 2014 Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>No details provided</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>164 participants</p>
|
|
<p>%female</p>
|
|
<p>N/A</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>65.1 (8.5) years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Median (range) - 6.18ng/ml (4.95 - 9.26)</p>
|
|
<p>Median fPSA</p>
|
|
<p>15% IQR - 11%-19%</p>
|
|
<p>Median Prostate volume 56ml (IQR 42-67ml)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal digital rectal examination</p>
|
|
<p>An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
<p>PSA > 4ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>PSA velocity of >0.75ng/ml/year</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>%fPSA</p>
|
|
<p>Chun’s Normogram</p>
|
|
<p>Total PSA AND %free PSA were measured before the DRE using the automatic system for total PSA and %FPSA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>all biopsies were standard 12 core.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Murray (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Chile</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>Hospital</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>January 2006 to</p>
|
|
<p>December 2014</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding No funding details provided</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Abnormal digital rectal examination</p>
|
|
<p>An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
<p>PSA > 4ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>PSA velocity of</p>
|
|
<p>>0.75ng/ml/year</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>%fPSA</p>
|
|
<p>Chun’s Normogram</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ohigashi (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Japan</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>No details provided</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Between October 1997 and January 2000</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>No details provided</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>75 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>67.6 years (6.7)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (sd) - 7.58(1.37)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density, ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
<p>0.208 (0.076) ng/ml/cm3</p>
|
|
<p>Mean fPSA</p>
|
|
<p>0.189 (0.107)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal digital rectal examination</p>
|
|
<p>PSA > 4ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>PSA between 4 and 10.0 ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Total PSA</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density</p>
|
|
<p>Free/Total PSA ratio</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Porpiglia (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Italy</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>Hospital</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>Between March 2011 and April 2013</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>None declared</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>170 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>Median age (iqr) 65 years (60-70)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Positive Digital rectal examination</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>mp-MRI</p>
|
|
<p>All patients underwent mp-MRI with a 1.5-T scanner (Signa Excite HD, GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin) using a 4-channel phase array coil combined with an endorectal coil. Functional information was obtained by DWI and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI.</p>
|
|
<p>Total PSA</p>
|
|
<p>%fPSA</p>
|
|
<p>All patients underwent serum measurements of tPSA, %fPSA and PHI before repeat biopsy. The PHI analyses were performed using Hybritech Calibrated Access assays (Beckman Coulter, Brea, California)16 after processing with a Unicel DxI 800 Immunoassay System analyzer (Beckman Coulter).</p>
|
|
<p>Prostate health index</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Random Biopsy under</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Remzi (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Austria</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>Not detailed</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>January 1997 to January 2001</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>Not declared</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>820 patients</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>68years (8.5)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Mean 6.4 ng/ml (1.8)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density, ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
<p>0.156 ng/ml/ml (0.007)</p>
|
|
<p>Time since last biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>6 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>PSA between 4 and 10.0 ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Total PSA</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density</p>
|
|
<p>PSA transition zone</p>
|
|
<p>Free/Total PSA ratio</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shaida (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>Hospital</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates between 1997 and 2002</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>None declared</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>67 participants</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
<p>>20ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>PSAV</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trus biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shimbo (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Japan</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>Hospital</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates</p>
|
|
<p>From January 2004 to December 2005</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>None declared</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample characteristics</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>77 cases</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD)</p>
|
|
<p>72.4+6.6 years</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Initial tPSA (ng/ml)</p>
|
|
<p>7.2+2.7 tPSA (ng/ml)</p>
|
|
<p>10.2+3.8</p>
|
|
<p>PSA density, ng/ml/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Mean 0.36+0.22ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>Persistent clinical</p>
|
|
<p>suspicion of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>An elevated PSA</p>
|
|
<p>in a range between 4 and 20 ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>%fPSA</p>
|
|
<p>%Free/tPSA was</p>
|
|
<p>calculated from dividing free PSA by tPSA</p>
|
|
<p>PSA doubling time</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRUS biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yilmaz (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study location</p>
|
|
<p>Turkey</p>
|
|
<p>Study setting</p>
|
|
<p>Hospital</p>
|
|
<p>Study dates between 2005 and 2011</p>
|
|
<p>Sources of funding</p>
|
|
<p>None declared</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sample size</p>
|
|
<p>605 participants</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age (SD) median age (IQR) -</p>
|
|
<p>65years (59-71)</p>
|
|
<p>PSA ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>6.3 (5.1-7.8)ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Mean prostate volume</p>
|
|
<p>49.9cm3 (36.2-69.1)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean fPSA</p>
|
|
<p>1.1 (IQR - 0.8-1.5)ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>At least one negative</p>
|
|
<p>TRUS biopsy</p>
|
|
<p>tPSA between 2.5ng/ml and 10.0ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>Negative digital rectaln examination (defined as benign)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>%fPSA</p>
|
|
<p>Different cut off points - 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic TRUS biopsy 12 core</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobchefig1"><div id="che.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Schematic%20depiction%20of%20original%20health%20economic%20model.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_chef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/chef1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Schematic depiction of original health economic model." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Schematic depiction of original health economic model</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobchetab5"><div id="che.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Baseline distribution of the modelled population based on previous diagnostic tests</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">MRI Likert score</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Prevalence of clinically significant PCa</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No. of previous negative biopsies</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Baseline distribution of the modelled population</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4" id="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No cancer</th><th headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4" id="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Clinically non-significant</th><th headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4" id="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Clinically significant</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1 or 2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">27.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">50.0%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">22.2%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">27.8%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">68.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">18.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">13.8%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">78.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">14.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">7.0%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">43.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">61.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">25.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">13.2%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">68.2%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">26.0%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">5.8%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">77.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">36.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">37.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">25.9%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">46.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">45.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">8.1%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">94.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">39.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20.2%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">40.4%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">61.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">28.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10.6%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">no MRI</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">58.2%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">59.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">26.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">13.5%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">68.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">27.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4.2%</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobchefig2"><div id="che.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20The%20prevalence%20of%20clinically%20significant%20and%20non-significant%20prostate%20cancer%20obtained%20from%20PROMIS.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_chef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/chef2.jpg" alt="Figure 2. The prevalence of clinically significant and non-significant prostate cancer obtained from PROMIS." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">The prevalence of clinically significant and non-significant prostate cancer obtained from PROMIS</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobchetab6"><div id="che.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Optimal follow-up strategies for different sub-populations, including the strategy where all patients are eligible to receive TPM</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Previous diagnostic tests</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Optimal strategy</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">MRI Likert score</th><th headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No. of negative biopsies</th><th headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20k/QALY</th><th headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">30k/QALY</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1 or 2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1 or 2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1 or 2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">3-yearly %free PSA; if ≤15% → mpMRI; if Likert ≥4 →TPM</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2-yearly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → mpMRI; if Likert ≥4 →TPM</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2-yearly %free PSA; if ≤15% → mpMRI; if Likert ≥4 →TPM</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2-yearly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → mpMRI; if Likert ≥4 →TPM</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2-yearly PSA; if density ≥0.15ng/ml/ml → TRUS</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">no MRI</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">no MRI</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TPM for all; no subsequent follow-up</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobchetab7"><div id="che.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Optimal follow-up strategies for different sub-populations, excluding TPM as part of any strategy</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Previous diagnostic tests</th><th id="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Optimal strategy</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">MRI Likert score</th><th headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No. of negative biopsies</th><th headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20k/QALY</th><th headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">30k/QALY</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1 or 2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TRUS for all; no subsequent follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6-monthly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → TRUS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1 or 2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Immediate TRUS for all; no subsequent follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1-yearly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → TRUS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1 or 2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">no screening</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2-yearly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → TRUS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2-yearly PSA; if density ≥0.15ng/ml/ml → TRUS</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1-yearly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → TRUS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2-yearly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → TRUS</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1-yearly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year →TRUS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1-yearly PSA; if density ≥0.15ng/ml/ml → TRUS</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6-monthly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → TRUS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2-yearly PSA; if density ≥0.15ng/ml/ml →TRUS</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1-yearly PSA; if density ≥0.15 ng/ml/ml → TRUS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6-monthly %free PSA; if ≤15% →TRUS</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6-monthly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → TRUS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2-yearly PSA; if density ≥0.15 ng/ml/ml → TRUS</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1-yearly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → TRUS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">no MRI</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1-yearly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → TRUS</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6-monthly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year →TRUS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">no MRI</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2-yearly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → mpMRI; if Likert ≥4 → TRUS</td><td headers="hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1-yearly PSA; if velocity ≥0.75 ng/ml/year → TRUS</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappatab1"><div id="che.appa.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ID</th><th id="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Field (based on <a href="http://www.prisma-statement.org/Extensions/Protocols.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PRISMA-P</a></th><th id="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Content</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">I</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review question</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">What is the most clinically- and cost-effective follow-up protocol for people who have a raised PSA, negative MRI and/ or negative biopsy?</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">II</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review question</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">III</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objective of the review</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>To identify studies reporting accuracy data for PSA measures that can help simulate strategies to follow-up people who have a raised PSA, negative MRI and/ or negative biopsy.</p>
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<p>No existing recommendations</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IV</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – population/disease/condition/issue/ domain</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have a raised PSA and negative MRI</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have a raised PSA and negative biopsy</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">V</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Tests</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Individual or repeated PSA tests and calculations derived from them (including tPSA, fPSA, %fPSA, PSAD)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Digital rectal examination</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MRI</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">VI</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference (gold) standard</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Biopsy (TRUS or TPM)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radical prostatectomy specimen</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical emergence of cancer (follow up at least 10 years)</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">VII</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes and prioritisation</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic accuracy
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity and specificity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Likelihood ratios</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">VIII</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – study design</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diagnostic cross-sectional studies</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systematic reviews of diagnostic cross-sectional studies</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IX</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other inclusion exclusion criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-English language papers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reviews</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unable to calculate 2x2 tables</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">X</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed sensitivity/sub-group analysis, or meta-regression</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Negative MRI</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Negative biopsy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Repeat biopsy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Biopsy naive</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XI</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Selection process – duplicate screening/selection/analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10% of the abstracts will be reviewed by two reviewers, with any disagreements resolved by discussion or, if necessary, a third independent reviewer. If meaningful disagreements are found between the different reviewers, a further 10% of the abstracts will be reviewed by two reviewers, with this process continued until agreement is achieved between the two reviewers. From this point, the remaining abstracts will be screened by a single reviewer.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XII</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data management (software)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See <a href="#che.appb">appendix B</a> below – section 1.3</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XIII</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Information sources – databases and dates</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See <a href="#che.appc">appendix C</a> of relevant chapter. No date limits will be used.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XIV</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify if an update</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>This is a new clinical area, no previous question in previous updates. Committee agreed to no date limits for this question.</p>
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<p><b>Original question</b>: New question, no original question in guideline/.</p>
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<p>
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<b>Recommendations that may be affected:</b>
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</p>
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<p>No existing recommendations.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XV</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Author contacts</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Guideline updates team, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (contact <a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="ku.gro.ecin@efeeko.mada" class="oemail">ku.gro.ecin@efeeko.mada</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XVI</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Highlight if amendment to previous protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 4.5 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/4-Developing-review-questions-and-planning-the-evidence-review#planning-the-evidence-review" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XVII</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy – for one database</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see <a href="#che.appc">appendix C</a> of relevant chapter</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XVIII</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data collection process – forms/duplicate</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A standardised evidence table format will be used, and published as <a href="#che.appe">appendix E</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#che.apph">H</a> (economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XIX</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data items – define all variables to be collected</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see evidence tables in <a href="#che.appe">appendix E</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#che.apph">H</a> (economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XX</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for assessing bias at outcome/study level</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See <a href="#che.appb">Appendix B</a> below – see section 1.4.1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XXI</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criteria for quantitative synthesis (where suitable)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See <a href="#che.appb">Appendix B</a> below</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XXII</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for analysis – combining studies and exploring (in)consistency</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See <a href="#che.appb">Appendix B</a> below – see section 1.4.2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XXIII</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-bias assessment – publication bias, selective reporting bias</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See <a href="#che.appb">Appendix B</a> below – see section 1.4.3 and 1.4.5</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XXIV</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Assessment of confidence in cumulative evidence</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See <a href="#che.appb">Appendix B</a> below - see section 1.4.3</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XXV</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rationale/context – Current management</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the introduction to the evidence review in the main file.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XXVI</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Describe contributions of authors and guarantor</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>A multidisciplinary committee will develop the guideline update. The committee was convened by the NICE Guideline Updates Team and chaired by Waqaar Shah in line with section 3 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>Staff from NICE will undertake systematic literature searches, appraise the evidence, conduct meta-analyses and cost-effectiveness analyses where appropriate, and draft the evidence review in collaboration with the committee. For details please see <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XXVII</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sources of funding/support</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The NICE Guideline Updates Team is an internal team within NICE.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XXVIII</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Name of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The NICE Guideline Updates Team is an internal team within NICE.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">XXIX</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roles of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The NICE Guideline Updates Team is an internal team within NICE.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappbtab1"><div id="che.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Interpretation of likelihood ratios</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of likelihood ratio</th><th id="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpretation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LR ≤ 0.1</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Very large</b> decrease in probability of disease</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.1 < LR ≤ 0.2</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Large</b> decrease in probability of disease</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.2 < LR ≤ 0.5</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Moderate</b> decrease in probability of disease</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.5 < LR ≤ 1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Slight</b> decrease in probability of disease</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.0 < LR < 2.0</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Slight</b> increase in probability of disease</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.0 ≤ LR < 5.0</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Moderate</b> increase in probability of disease</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.0 ≤ LR < 10.0</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Large</b> increase in probability of disease</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LR ≥ 10.0</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Very large</b> increase in probability of disease</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappbtab2"><div id="che.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Rationale for downgrading quality of evidence for diagnostic questions</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE criteria</th><th id="hd_h_che.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reasons for downgrading quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Not serious: If less than 33.3% of the weight in a meta-analysis came from studies at moderate or high risk of bias, the overall outcome was not downgraded.</p>
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<p>Serious: If greater than 33.3% of the weight in a meta-analysis came from studies at moderate or high risk of bias, the outcome was downgraded one level.</p>
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<p>Very serious: If greater than 33.3% of the weight in a meta-analysis came from studies at high risk of bias, the outcome was downgraded two levels.</p>
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<p>Outcomes meeting the criteria for downgrading above were not downgraded if there was evidence the effect size was not meaningfully different between studies at high and low risk of bias.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Not serious: If less than 33.3% of the weight in a meta-analysis came from partially indirect or indirect studies, the overall outcome was not downgraded.</p>
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<p>Serious: If greater than 33.3% of the weight in a meta-analysis came from partially indirect or indirect studies, the outcome was downgraded one level.</p>
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<p>Very serious: If greater than 33.3% of the weight in a meta-analysis came from indirect studies, the outcome was downgraded two levels.</p>
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<p>Outcomes meeting the criteria for downgrading above were not downgraded if there was evidence the effect size was not meaningfully different between direct and indirect studies.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Concerns about inconsistency of effects across studies, occurring when there is unexplained variability in the treatment effect demonstrated across studies (heterogeneity), after appropriate pre-specified subgroup analyses have been conducted. This was assessed using the I<sup>2</sup> statistic.</p>
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<p>N/A: Inconsistency was marked as not applicable if data on the outcome was only available from one study.</p>
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<p>Not serious: If the I<sup>2</sup> was less than 33.3%, the outcome was not downgraded.</p>
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<p>Serious: If the I<sup>2</sup> was between 33.3% and 66.7%, the outcome was downgraded one level.</p>
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<p>Very serious: If the I<sup>2</sup> was greater than 66.7%, the outcome was downgraded two levels.</p>
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<p>Outcomes meeting the criteria for downgrading above were not downgraded if there was evidence the effect size was not meaningfully different between studies with the smallest and largest effect sizes.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>If the 95% confidence interval for a positive likelihood ratio spanned 2, the outcome was downgraded one level, as the data were deemed to be consistent with a meaningful increase in risk and no meaningful predictive value. Similarly, negative likelihood ratios that spanned 0.5 led to downgrading for serious imprecision. Any likelihood ratios that spanned both 0.5 and 2 were downgraded twice, as suffering from very serious imprecision.</p>
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<p>Outcomes meeting the criteria for downgrading above were not downgraded if the confidence interval was sufficiently narrow that the upper and lower bounds would correspond to clinically equivalent scenarios.</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappctab1"><div id="che.appc.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appc.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to Present with Daily Update</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Prostate-Specific Antigen/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Prostate* specific antigen adj2 (rais* or high* or elevate* or rise* or increase*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (PSA adj2 (rais* or high* or elevate* or rise* or increase*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (Kallikrein or semenogelase or seminin or gamma seminoprotein or gammaseminoprotein or HK3).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 Prostate Health Index.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 PHI.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 or/1-6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 *Magnetic Resonance Imaging/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9 (magnet* adj2 (resonance* or imag* or scan* or spectroscop*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 (MR adj2 (resonance* or imag* or scan* or spectroscop*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 (Dynamic contrast* enhanc* adj2 (MR* or magnet*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 (contrast* adj2 (imag* or scan*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 ((MRI or MRSI or MP-MR* or MPMR*) adj4 prostat*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14 turbo spin echo*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 ((diffusion* or weight*) adj2 imag*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 ((DWI or DCE-MRI or T2W or TSE or T2-weighted MRI*) adj4 prostat*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 (Multi-parametric or multiparametric* or biparametric* or bi-parametric*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18 or/8-17</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 *biopsy/ or *image-guided biopsy/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20 ((transrectal* or trans-rectal* or transperineal* or trans-perineal*) adj2 (ultrasound* or biops*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21 ((saturat* or extend* or templat* or negative*) adj2 (ultrasound* or biops*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 ((TRUS or TRUSB) adj4 prostat*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 or/19-22</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 7 and 18</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25 7 and 23</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 or/24-25</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappctab2"><div id="che.appc.tab2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appc.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appc.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Filters presented below.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<b>McMaster Diagnosis studies</b>
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</p>
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<p>1. sensitiv:.mp. OR diagnos:.mp. OR di.fs.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<b>Prostate Diagnosis subheadings (OVID)</b>
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</p>
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<p>1. Prostate/dg or Prostatic Neoplasms/dg</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappctab3"><div id="che.appc.tab3" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appc.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">The MEDLINE economic evaluations and quality of life search filters are presented below. They were translated for use in the MEDLINE In-Process and Embase databases.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economic evaluations</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Economics/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 Economics, Dental/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9 exp Models, Economic/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 Markov Chains/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 Monte Carlo Method/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 Decision Trees/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 econom$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14 cba.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 cea.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 cua.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 markov$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18 (monte adj carlo).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 (decision adj3 (tree$ or analys$)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20 (cost or costs or costing$ or costly or costed).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21 (price$ or pricing$).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 budget$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 expenditure$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 (value adj3 (money or monetary)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25 (pharmacoeconomic$ or (pharmaco adj economic$)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 or/1-25</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 “Quality of Life”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 quality of life.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 “Value of Life”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 Quality-Adjusted Life Years/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 quality adjusted life.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 (qaly$ or qald$ or qale$ or qtime$).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 disability adjusted life.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 daly$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9 Health Status Indicators/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 (sf36 or sf 36 or short form 36 or shortform 36 or sf thirtysix or sf thirty six or shortform thirtysix or shortform thirty six or short form thirtysix or short form thirty six).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 (sf6 or sf 6 or short form 6 or shortform 6 or sf six or sfsix or shortform six or short form six).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 (sf12 or sf 12 or short form 12 or shortform 12 or sf twelve or sftwelve or shortform twelve or short form twelve).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 (sf16 or sf 16 or short form 16 or shortform 16 or sf sixteen or sfsixteen or shortform sixteen or short form sixteen).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14 (sf20 or sf 20 or short form 20 or shortform 20 or sf twenty or sftwenty or shortform twenty or short form twenty).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 (euroqol or euro qol or eq5d or eq 5d).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 (qol or hql or hqol or hrqol).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 (hye or hyes).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18 health$ year$ equivalent$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 utilit$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20 (hui or hui1 or hui2 or hui3).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21 disutili$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 rosser.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 quality of wellbeing.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 quality of well-being.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25 qwb.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 willingness to pay.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27 standard gamble$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28 time trade off.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29 time tradeoff.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30 tto.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab3_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31 or/1-30</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappctab4"><div id="che.appc.tab4" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appc.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to Present with Daily Update</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search Strategy:</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">------------------------------------------------------------</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Prostate-Specific Antigen/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Prostate* specific antigen adj2 (rais* or high* or elevate* or rise* or increase*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (PSA adj2 (rais* or high* or elevate* or rise* or increase*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (Kallikrein or semenogelase or seminin or gamma seminoprotein or gammaseminoprotein or HK3).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 Prostate Health Index.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 PHI.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 or/1-6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 *Magnetic Resonance Imaging/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9 (magnet* adj2 (resonance* or imag* or scan* or spectroscop*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 (MR adj2 (resonance* or imag* or scan* or spectroscop*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 (Dynamic contrast* enhanc* adj2 (MR* or magnet*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 (contrast* adj2 (imag* or scan*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 ((MRI or MRSI or MP-MR* or MPMR*) adj4 prostat*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14 turbo spin echo*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 ((diffusion* or weight*) adj2 imag*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 ((DWI or DCE-MRI or T2W or TSE or T2-weighted MRI*) adj4 prostat*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 (Multi-parametric or multiparametric* or biparametric* or bi-parametric*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18 or/8-17</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 *biopsy/ or *image-guided biopsy/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20 ((transrectal* or trans-rectal* or transperineal* or trans-perineal*) adj2 (ultrasound* or biops*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21 ((saturat* or extend* or templat* or negative*) adj2 (ultrasound* or biops*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 ((TRUS or TRUSB) adj4 prostat*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 or/19-22</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 7 and 18</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25 7 and 23</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 or/24-25</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappctab5"><div id="che.appc.tab5" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appc.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appc.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MEDLINE McMaster Diagnosis filter.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (sensitiv: or diagnos:).mp. or di.fs.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 Prostate/dg or Prostatic Neoplasms/dg</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 or/1-2</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappctab6"><div id="che.appc.tab6" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appc.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appc.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The MEDLINE economic evaluations and quality of life search filters are presented below. They were translated for use in the MEDLINE In-Process and Embase databases.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economic evaluations</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Economics/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 Economics, Dental/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9 exp Models, Economic/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 Markov Chains/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 Monte Carlo Method/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 Decision Trees/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 econom$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14 cba.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 cea.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 cua.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 markov$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18 (monte adj carlo).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 (decision adj3 (tree$ or analys$)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20 (cost or costs or costing$ or costly or costed).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21 (price$ or pricing$).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 budget$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 expenditure$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 (value adj3 (money or monetary)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25 (pharmacoeconomic$ or (pharmaco adj economic$)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 or/1-25</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 “Quality of Life”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 quality of life.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 “Value of Life”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 Quality-Adjusted Life Years/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 quality adjusted life.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 (qaly$ or qald$ or qale$ or qtime$).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 disability adjusted life.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 daly$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9 Health Status Indicators/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 (sf36 or sf 36 or short form 36 or shortform 36 or sf thirtysix or sf thirty six or shortform thirtysix or shortform thirty six or short form thirtysix or short form thirty six).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 (sf6 or sf 6 or short form 6 or shortform 6 or sf six or sfsix or shortform six or short form six).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 (sf12 or sf 12 or short form 12 or shortform 12 or sf twelve or sftwelve or shortform twelve or short form twelve).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 (sf16 or sf 16 or short form 16 or shortform 16 or sf sixteen or sfsixteen or shortform sixteen or short form sixteen).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14 (sf20 or sf 20 or short form 20 or shortform 20 or sf twenty or sftwenty or shortform twenty or short form twenty).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 (euroqol or euro qol or eq5d or eq 5d).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 (qol or hql or hqol or hrqol).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 (hye or hyes).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18 health$ year$ equivalent$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 utilit$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20 (hui or hui1 or hui2 or hui3).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21 disutili$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 rosser.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 quality of wellbeing.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 quality of well-being.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25 qwb.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 willingness to pay.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27 standard gamble$.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28 time trade off.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29 time tradeoff.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30 tto.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appc.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appc.tab6_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31 or/1-30</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappdfig1"><div id="che.appd.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20cheappdf1&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappdf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappdf1.jpg" alt="Image cheappdf1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappdfig2"><div id="che.appd.fig2" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20cheappdf2&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappdf2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappdf2.jpg" alt="Image cheappdf2" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig1"><div id="che.appf.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Prostate%20cancer%20antigen%203%20-%20Prostate%20cancer%20antigen%203%20cut%20off%2020%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff1.jpg" alt="Prostate cancer antigen 3 - Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 20 sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Prostate cancer antigen 3 - Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 20 sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig2"><div id="che.appf.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Prostate%20cancer%20antigen%203%20cut%20off%2020%20(Reference%20standard%20Biopsy).&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff2.jpg" alt="Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 20 (Reference standard Biopsy)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 20 (Reference standard Biopsy)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig3"><div id="che.appf.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Prostate%20cancer%20antigen%203%20cut%20off%2035%20(Reference%20standard%20Biopsy)%20sensitity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff3.jpg" alt="Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 35 (Reference standard Biopsy) sensitity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 35 (Reference standard Biopsy) sensitity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig4"><div id="che.appf.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Prostate%20cancer%20antigen%203%20cut%20off%2035%20(Reference%20standard%20Biopsy)%20positive%20and%20negative%20likelihood%20ratio.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff4.jpg" alt="Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 35 (Reference standard Biopsy) positive and negative likelihood ratio." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 35 (Reference standard Biopsy) positive and negative likelihood ratio</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig5"><div id="che.appf.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Prostate%20cancer%20antigen%203%20cut%20off%2050%20(Reference%20standard%20Biopsy)%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff5.jpg" alt="Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 50 (Reference standard Biopsy) sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Prostate cancer antigen 3 cut off 50 (Reference standard Biopsy) sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig6"><div id="che.appf.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Prostate%20cancer%20antigen%203%20threshold%20cut%20off%2050%20(Reference%20standard%20Biopsy)%20-%20Positive%20and%20Negative%20likelihood%20ratios.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff6.jpg" alt="Prostate cancer antigen 3 threshold cut off 50 (Reference standard Biopsy) - Positive and Negative likelihood ratios." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Prostate cancer antigen 3 threshold cut off 50 (Reference standard Biopsy) - Positive and Negative likelihood ratios</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig7"><div id="che.appf.fig7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Multiparametric%20MRI%20(score%20%022653)%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity%20Any%20cancer.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff7.jpg" alt="Multiparametric MRI (score ≥3) sensitivity and specificity Any cancer." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Multiparametric MRI (score ≥3) sensitivity and specificity Any cancer</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig8"><div id="che.appf.fig8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Multiparametric%20MRI%20(score%20%022653)%20positive%20and%20negative%20likelihood%20ratios%20Any%20cancer.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff8.jpg" alt="Multiparametric MRI (score ≥3) positive and negative likelihood ratios Any cancer." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Multiparametric MRI (score ≥3) positive and negative likelihood ratios Any cancer</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig9"><div id="che.appf.fig9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Multiparametric%20MRI%20(score%20%022653)%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity%20-%20clinically%20significant%20prostate%20cancer.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff9.jpg" alt="Multiparametric MRI (score ≥3) sensitivity and specificity - clinically significant prostate cancer." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Multiparametric MRI (score ≥3) sensitivity and specificity - clinically significant prostate cancer</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig10"><div id="che.appf.fig10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Multiparametric%20MRI%20(score%20%022653)%20poitive%20and%20negative%20likelhood%20ratio%20clinically%20significant%20cancer.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff10.jpg" alt="Multiparametric MRI (score ≥3) poitive and negative likelhood ratio clinically significant cancer." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Multiparametric MRI (score ≥3) poitive and negative likelhood ratio clinically significant cancer</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig11"><div id="che.appf.fig11" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Multiparametric%20MRI%20(score%20%022654)%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity%20-%20clinically%20significant%20cancer.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff11.jpg" alt="Multiparametric MRI (score ≥4) sensitivity and specificity - clinically significant cancer." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Multiparametric MRI (score ≥4) sensitivity and specificity - clinically significant cancer</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig12"><div id="che.appf.fig12" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Multiparametric%20MRI%20(score%20%022654)%20poitive%20and%20negative%20likelhood%20ratio%20%02013%20clinically%20significant%20cancer.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff12.jpg" alt="Multiparametric MRI (score ≥4) poitive and negative likelhood ratio – clinically significant cancer." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Multiparametric MRI (score ≥4) poitive and negative likelhood ratio – clinically significant cancer</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig13"><div id="che.appf.fig13" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%203.5-4.4ng%2Fml%20Sensitivity%20and%20Specificty.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff13.jpg" alt="Threshold 3.5-4.4ng/ml Sensitivity and Specificty." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 3.5-4.4ng/ml Sensitivity and Specificty</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig14"><div id="che.appf.fig14" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%203.5-4.4ng%2Fml%20Positive%20and%20Negative%20Likelihood%20ratios.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff14.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff14.jpg" alt="Threshold 3.5-4.4ng/ml Positive and Negative Likelihood ratios." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 3.5-4.4ng/ml Positive and Negative Likelihood ratios</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig15"><div id="che.appf.fig15" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%204.5-5.4ng%2Fml%20Sensitivity%20and%20Specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff15.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff15.jpg" alt="Threshold 4.5-5.4ng/ml Sensitivity and Specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 4.5-5.4ng/ml Sensitivity and Specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig16"><div id="che.appf.fig16" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%204.5-5.4ng%2Fml%20Positive%20and%20Negative%20Likelihood%20ratios.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff16.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff16.jpg" alt="Threshold 4.5-5.4ng/ml Positive and Negative Likelihood ratios." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 4.5-5.4ng/ml Positive and Negative Likelihood ratios</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig17"><div id="che.appf.fig17" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%205.5%20%02013%206.4ng%2Fml%20Sensitivity%20and%20Specificty.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff17.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff17.jpg" alt="Threshold 5.5 – 6.4ng/ml Sensitivity and Specificty." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 5.5 – 6.4ng/ml Sensitivity and Specificty</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig18"><div id="che.appf.fig18" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%205.5%20%02013%206.4ng%2Fml%20Likelihood%20ratios.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff18.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff18.jpg" alt="Threshold 5.5 – 6.4ng/ml Likelihood ratios." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 5.5 – 6.4ng/ml Likelihood ratios</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig19"><div id="che.appf.fig19" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%206.5%20-7.4ng%2Fml%20Sensitivity%20and%20Specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff19.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff19.jpg" alt="Threshold 6.5 -7.4ng/ml Sensitivity and Specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 6.5 -7.4ng/ml Sensitivity and Specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig20"><div id="che.appf.fig20" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%206.5%20-7.4ng%2Fml%20Likelihood%20ratios.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff20.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff20.jpg" alt="Threshold 6.5 -7.4ng/ml Likelihood ratios." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 6.5 -7.4ng/ml Likelihood ratios</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig21"><div id="che.appf.fig21" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%200.10ng%2Fml%2Fml%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff21.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff21.jpg" alt="Threshold 0.10ng/ml/ml sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 0.10ng/ml/ml sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig22"><div id="che.appf.fig22" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%2010ng%2Fml%2Fml%20positive%20and%20negative%20likelihood%20ratios.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff22.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff22.jpg" alt="Threshold 10ng/ml/ml positive and negative likelihood ratios." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 10ng/ml/ml positive and negative likelihood ratios</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig23"><div id="che.appf.fig23" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%20%022650.10ng%2Fml%2Fml%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff23.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff23.jpg" alt="Threshold ≥0.10ng/ml/ml sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold ≥0.10ng/ml/ml sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig24"><div id="che.appf.fig24" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%20%022650.10ng%2Fml%2Fml%20positive%20and%20negative%20likelihood%20ratios.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff24.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff24.jpg" alt="Threshold ≥0.10ng/ml/ml positive and negative likelihood ratios." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold ≥0.10ng/ml/ml positive and negative likelihood ratios</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig25"><div id="che.appf.fig25" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%20%0226515ng%2Fml%2Fml%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff25.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff25.jpg" alt="Threshold ≥15ng/ml/ml sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold ≥15ng/ml/ml sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig26"><div id="che.appf.fig26" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%20%0226515ng%2Fml%2Fcm3%20Negative%20and%20likelihood%20ratio.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff26.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff26.jpg" alt="Threshold ≥15ng/ml/cm3 Negative and likelihood ratio." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold ≥15ng/ml/cm<sup>3</sup> Negative and likelihood ratio</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig27"><div id="che.appf.fig27" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%20%0226530ng%2Fml%2Fcm3%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff27.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff27.jpg" alt="Threshold ≥30ng/ml/cm3 sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold ≥30ng/ml/cm<sup>3</sup> sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig28"><div id="che.appf.fig28" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%20%0226530ng%2Fml%2Fml%20negative%20and%20positive%20likelihood%20ratio.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff28.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff28.jpg" alt="Threshold ≥30ng/ml/ml negative and positive likelihood ratio." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold ≥30ng/ml/ml negative and positive likelihood ratio</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig29"><div id="che.appf.fig29" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%20%3C0.20ng%2Fml%2Fml%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff29.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff29.jpg" alt="Threshold <0.20ng/ml/ml sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold <0.20ng/ml/ml sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig30"><div id="che.appf.fig30" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%20%3C0.20ng%2Fmlml%20positive%20and%20negative%20likelihood%20ratio.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff30.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff30.jpg" alt="Threshold <0.20ng/mlml positive and negative likelihood ratio." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold <0.20ng/mlml positive and negative likelihood ratio</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig31"><div id="che.appf.fig31" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%200.75%20ng%2Fml%2Fyear%20-%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff31.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff31.jpg" alt="Threshold 0.75 ng/ml/year - sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 0.75 ng/ml/year - sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig32"><div id="che.appf.fig32" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%200.75%20ng%2Fml%2Fyear%20-%20Positive%20and%20Negative%20likelihood%20ratios.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff32.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff32.jpg" alt="Threshold 0.75 ng/ml/year - Positive and Negative likelihood ratios." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 0.75 ng/ml/year - Positive and Negative likelihood ratios</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig33"><div id="che.appf.fig33" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%2010%25%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff33.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff33.jpg" alt="Threshold 10% sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 10% sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig34"><div id="che.appf.fig34" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%20%3C10%25%20positive%20and%20negative%20likelihood%20ratios.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff34.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff34.jpg" alt="Threshold <10% positive and negative likelihood ratios." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold <10% positive and negative likelihood ratios</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig35"><div id="che.appf.fig35" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%2015%25%20Sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff35.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff35.jpg" alt="Threshold 15% Sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 15% Sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig36"><div id="che.appf.fig36" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%20%3C15%25%20positive%20and%20negative%20likelihood%20ratio.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff36.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff36.jpg" alt="Threshold <15% positive and negative likelihood ratio." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold <15% positive and negative likelihood ratio</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig37"><div id="che.appf.fig37" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%2020%25%20sensititvity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff37.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff37.jpg" alt="Threshold 20% sensititvity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 20% sensititvity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig38"><div id="che.appf.fig38" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%2020%25%20positive%20and%20negative%20likelihood%20ratios.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff38.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff38.jpg" alt="Threshold 20% positive and negative likelihood ratios." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 20% positive and negative likelihood ratios</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig39"><div id="che.appf.fig39" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%2025%25%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff39.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff39.jpg" alt="Threshold 25% sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 25% sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig40"><div id="che.appf.fig40" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%2025%25%20positive%20and%20negative%20likelihood%20ratio.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff40.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff40.jpg" alt="Threshold 25% positive and negative likelihood ratio." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 25% positive and negative likelihood ratio</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig41"><div id="che.appf.fig41" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%2030%25%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff41.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff41.jpg" alt="Threshold 30% sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 30% sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig42"><div id="che.appf.fig42" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Threshold%2030%25%20positive%20and%20negative%20likelihood%20ratio.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff42.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff42.jpg" alt="Threshold 30% positive and negative likelihood ratio." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Threshold 30% positive and negative likelihood ratio</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig43"><div id="che.appf.fig43" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Positive%20DRE%20-%20Sensitivity%20and%20specificity.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff43.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff43.jpg" alt="Positive DRE - Sensitivity and specificity." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Positive DRE - Sensitivity and specificity</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobcheappffig44"><div id="che.appf.fig44" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Positive%20DRE-%20Positive%20and%20negative%20likelihood%20ratios.&p=BOOKS&id=576980_cheappff44.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK576980/bin/cheappff44.jpg" alt="Positive DRE- Positive and negative likelihood ratios." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="title">Positive DRE- Positive and negative likelihood ratios</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappgtab1"><div id="che.appg.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Prostate cancer antigen 3 urinary assay</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appg.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study design</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate cancer antigen 3 urinary assay cut off 20- (reference standard: biopsy) analysis by person</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 Studies<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional studies Retrospective and Prospective</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2235</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.89 (0.82, 0.93)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.30 (0.24, 0.41)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>LR+ 1.26</p>
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<p>(1.16, 1.39)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>LR- 0.35</p>
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<p>(0.22, 0.38)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate cancer antigen 3 urinary assay threshold cut off 35 - (reference standard: biopsy) analysis by person</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 Studies<sup>5</sup>)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retrospective and Prospective Cross sectional studies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3828</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.71 (0.59, 0.81)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.57 (0.46, 0.66)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.64</p>
|
|
<p>(1.36, 1.99)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.52</p>
|
|
<p>(0.37, 0.68)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate cancer antigen 3 urinary assay threshold cut off 50 - (reference standard: biopsy) analysis by person</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 studies<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1806</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.65(0.53, 0.75)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.67 (0.57, 0.76)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 2.01</p>
|
|
<p>(1.53, 2.62)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.52</p>
|
|
<p>(0.38, 0.68)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab1_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Moderate risk of bias majority of study were assessed as moderate due to due to uncertainties surrounding patient section and time lapse between the index test and reference standard, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">The I2 was greater than 66.7%, downgraded twice</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab1_3"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses one end of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab1_4"><p class="no_margin">4. Auprich (2012); Barbera (2012); Merola (2015); Marks (2007); Pepe (2012); Pepe and Aragona (2011); Pepe and Aragona (2013); Remzi (2010); Scattoni (2013)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab1_5"><p class="no_margin">Aubin (2010); Auprich (2012); Barrbera (2012), Bollito (2012), Bussetto (2013), Goode (2013), Haese (2008), Kaufmann (2016), Marks (2007), Mereola (2015), Panebianco (2011), Pepe (2012), Pepe and Aragona (2011), Pepe and Aragona (2013), Porpiglia (2014), Remzi (2010), Wu (2012</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab1_6"><p class="no_margin">Auprich (2012), Barbera (2012), Bussetto (2013), Haese (2008, Kaufmann (2016), Marks (2007), Mereola (2015), Panebianco (2011), Pepe and Aragona (2011), Wu (2012</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappgtab2"><div id="che.appg.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Multiparametric MRI</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appg.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study design</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiparametric MRI score ≥3 - (reference standard: biopsy) analysis by person - any cancer</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Boesen (2018)</p>
|
|
<p>Lista (2015)</p>
|
|
<p>Tsivian (2016)</p>
|
|
<p>Simmons (2017)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.94 (0.91, 0.96)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.32 (0.24, 0.41)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.36</p>
|
|
<p>(1.23, 1.50)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.18</p>
|
|
<p>(0.11, 0.30)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiparametric MRI score ≥3 - (reference standard: biopsy) analysis by person - clinically significant cancer</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3 Studies</p>
|
|
<p>Boesen (2018)</p>
|
|
<p>Tsivian (2016)</p>
|
|
<p>Simmons (2017)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.97 (0.94, 0.99)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.28 (0.21, 0.36)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.34</p>
|
|
<p>(1.20, 1.49)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.10</p>
|
|
<p>(0.04, 0.23)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiparametric MRI score ≥4 - (reference standard: biopsy) analysis by person – clinically significant cancer</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2 Studies</p>
|
|
<p>Boesen (2018)</p>
|
|
<p>Simmons (2017)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross Sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">538</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.87 (0.71, 0.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.72 (0.65, 0.79)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 3.11</p>
|
|
<p>(2.12, 4.56)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.18</p>
|
|
<p>(0.07, 0.48)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiparametric MRI score 5 - (reference standard: biopsy) analysis by person – clinically significant cancer</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 study</p>
|
|
<p>Boesen (2018)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">249</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.57 (0.46, 0.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.97 (0.95, 0.98)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 16.3</p>
|
|
<p>(7.71, 34.5)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.45</p>
|
|
<p>(0.35, 0.57)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiparametric MRI score ≥3 - (reference standard: biopsy) analysis per lesion (UCL2)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 study</p>
|
|
<p>Abd Alazeez (2014)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">108 (regions of Interest)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.76 (0.60, 0.88)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.42 (0.31, 0.53)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.32</p>
|
|
<p>(1.01, 1.72)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.56</p>
|
|
<p>(0.29, 1.09)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab2_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">Moderate risk of bias majority of study were assessed as moderate due to due to uncertainties surrounding patient section and time lapse between the index test and reference standard, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab2_2"><p class="no_margin">The I<sup>2</sup> was greater than 66.7%, downgraded twice</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappgtab3"><div id="che.appg.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Total prostate specific antigen</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appg.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study design</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total prostate specific antigen (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 4ng/ml</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Goode (2013)</p>
|
|
<p>Remzi (2003), Scattoni (2003),</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,112</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.90 (0.78, 0.96)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.10 (0.03, 0.27)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.01</p>
|
|
<p>(0.94, 1.09)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.90</p>
|
|
<p>(0.40, 2.02)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total prostate specific antigen (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 5ng/ml</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Auprich (2012)</p>
|
|
<p>Remzi (2003), Okegawa (2003),</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.92 (0.86, 0.96)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.12 (0.10, 0.14)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.05</p>
|
|
<p>(1.00, 1.43)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.67</p>
|
|
<p>(0.37, 1.21)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total prostate specific antigen (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 6ng/ml</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Auprich (2012)</p>
|
|
<p>Ohigashi (2005)</p>
|
|
<p>Scattoni (2013)</p>
|
|
<p>Chen (2011)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">509</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.83 (0.75, 0.89)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.30 (0.13, 0.56)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.27</p>
|
|
<p>(0.97, 1.67)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.56</p>
|
|
<p>(0.31, 1.02)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total prostate specific antigen (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 7ng/ml</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Auprich (2012), Ohigashi (2005), Okegawa (2003)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">299</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.75 (0.65, 0.83)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.33 (0.27, 0.40)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.15</p>
|
|
<p>(0.96, 1.36)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.78</p>
|
|
<p>(0.51, 1.19)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total prostate specific antigen (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 8.5ng/ml</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 study</p>
|
|
<p>Ciatto (2008)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">355</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.30(0.19, 0.43)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.72(0.67, 0.77)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+1.07</p>
|
|
<p>(0.69, 1.66)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR-0.54</p>
|
|
<p>(0.18, 1.62)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Moderate risk of bias majority of studies (the study) were (was) assessed as moderate due to due to uncertainties surrounding patient section and time lapse between the index test and reference standard, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">The I<sup>2</sup> was greater than 66.7%, downgraded twice</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab3_3"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses both ends of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded twice</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab3_4"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses one end of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab3_5"><p class="no_margin">The I<sup>2</sup> was greater than 33.3%, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappgtab4"><div id="che.appg.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Prostate specific antigen Density</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appg.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study design</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen density (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 0.09ng/ml/ml (0.05-0.09ng/ml/ml)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>2 studies</p>
|
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<p>Okegawa (2003)</p>
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<p>Remzi (2003)</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.95 (0.89, 0.98)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.15 (0.12, 0.17)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>LR+ 1.11</p>
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<p>(1.06, 1.17)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>LR- 0.33</p>
|
|
<p>(0.14, 0.78)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen density (reference standard: biopsy) threshold ≥0.10ng/ml/ml (0.10-0.14ng/ml/ml)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>3 studies</p>
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<p>Michielsen (1998) Ohigashi (2005)</p>
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<p>Remzi (2003)</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,066</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.92 (0.86, 0.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.22 (0.19, 0.25)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>LR+ 1.17</p>
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<p>(1.09, 1.25)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>LR- 0.39</p>
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|
<p>(0.22, 0.68)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen density (reference standard: biopsy) threshold ≥0.15ng/ml/ml (0.15-0.20ng/ml/ml)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Wu (2012), Boesen (2018), Ohigashi (2005)</p>
|
|
<p>Keetch (1996)</p>
|
|
<p>Lista (2015)</p>
|
|
<p>Okegawa (2003)</p>
|
|
<p>Chen (2011)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,319</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.73 (0.64, 0.80)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.52 (0.42, 0.62)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.53</p>
|
|
<p>(1.31, 1.81)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.52</p>
|
|
<p>(0.42, 0.65)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen density (reference standard: biopsy) threshold ≥0.30ng/ml/ml (0.30-0.34ng/ml/ml)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Okada (2010)</p>
|
|
<p>Yuasa (2008),</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">267</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.66 (0.54, 0.76)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.76 (0.57, 0.88)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>LR+ 2.73</p>
|
|
<p>(1.26, 5.88)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>LR- 0.46</p>
|
|
<p>(0.31, 0.68)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen density (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 0.35ng/ml/ml</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 study</p>
|
|
<p>Shaida (2009)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.89 (0.66, 0.97)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.52 (0.38, 0.66)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+1.87</p>
|
|
<p>(1.34, 2.61)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.20</p>
|
|
<p>(0.05, 0.77))</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Moderate risk of bias majority of study were assessed as moderate due to due to uncertainties surrounding patient section and time lapse between the index test and reference standard, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">The I<sup>2</sup> was greater than 33.3%, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses one end of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappgtab5"><div id="che.appg.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Prostate specific antigen velocity</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appg.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study design</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen velocity (reference standard: biopsy) threshold ≥0.75ng/ml/year (0.75-0.80ng/ml/year)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>7 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Auprich (2012)</p>
|
|
<p>Ciatto (2008)</p>
|
|
<p>Chen (2011)</p>
|
|
<p>Keetch (1996)</p>
|
|
<p>Lista (2015)</p>
|
|
<p>Shaida (2009)</p>
|
|
<p>Yuasa (1998)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,364</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.69 (0.57, 0.79)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.56 (0.43, 0.68)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.57</p>
|
|
<p>(1.27,197)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.57</p>
|
|
<p>(0.43, 0.72))</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen velocity (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 0.28ng/ml/year</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 study</p>
|
|
<p>Auprich (2012)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">127</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.95 (0.84, 0.99)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.05 (0.02, 0.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.00</p>
|
|
<p>(0.93, 1.09)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.94</p>
|
|
<p>(0.18, 4.95)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen velocity (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 1.19ng/ml/year</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 study</p>
|
|
<p>Auprich (2012)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">127</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.75 (0.60, 0.86)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.42 (0.32, 0.53)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.30</p>
|
|
<p>(1.01, 1.67)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.59</p>
|
|
<p>(0.34, 1.05)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab5_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Moderate risk of bias majority of study were assessed as moderate due to due to uncertainties surrounding patient section and time lapse between the index test and reference standard, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">The I<sup>2</sup> was greater than 33.3%, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses one end of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappgtab6"><div id="che.appg.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Prostate specific antigen density of the transition zone</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appg.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study design</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen density of the transition zone (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 0.20ng/ml/ml</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>2 studies</p>
|
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<p>Remzi (2003)</p>
|
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<p>Okegawa (2003)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross- sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.95 (0.89, 0.98)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.21 (0.19, 0.24)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>LR+ 1.21</p>
|
|
<p>(1.15, 1.28)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>LR- 0.22</p>
|
|
<p>(0.09, 0.52)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen density of the transition zone (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 25 ng/ml/ml</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>2 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Ohigashi (2005)</p>
|
|
<p>Remzi (2003)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross- sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">978</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.91 (0.84, 0.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.23 (0.14, 0.35)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>LR+ 1.21</p>
|
|
<p>(1.13, 1.30)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.36</p>
|
|
<p>(0.19, 0.67)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab6_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Moderate risk of bias majority of studies (the study) were (was) assessed as moderate due to due to uncertainties surrounding patient section and time lapse between the index test and reference standard, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">The I<sup>2</sup> was greater than 33.3%, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab6_3"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses both ends of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded twice</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab6_4"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses one end of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappgtab7"><div id="che.appg.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Prostate health index</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appg.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study design</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 25</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 Study</p>
|
|
<p>Scattoni (2003)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross- sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.90 (0.73, 0.97)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.08 (0.03, 0.17)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+0.98</p>
|
|
<p>(0.85, 1.12)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 1.30</p>
|
|
<p>(0.33, 5.09)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 30</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 Study</p>
|
|
<p>Lazzeri (2012)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross- sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">222</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.90 (0.81, 0.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.25 (0.19, 0.33)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+1.20</p>
|
|
<p>(1.07, 1.36)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.39</p>
|
|
<p>(0.18, 0.83)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 35</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 Study</p>
|
|
<p>Scattoni (2003)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross- sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.80 (0.62, 0.91)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.48 (0.36, 0.60)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+1.53</p>
|
|
<p>(1.14, 2.05)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.42</p>
|
|
<p>(0.20, 0.90)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 40</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 Study</p>
|
|
<p>Lazzeri (2012)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross- sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">222</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.62 (0.50, 0.72)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.60 (0.52, 0.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+1.53</p>
|
|
<p>(1.18, 2.00)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.64</p>
|
|
<p>(0.46, 0.88)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 48.9</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 study</p>
|
|
<p>Porpiglia (2014)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross- sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">170</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.40 (0.28, 0.54)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.78 (0.70, 0.85)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.83</p>
|
|
<p>(1.14, 2.94)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.76</p>
|
|
<p>(0.60, 0.98)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 62</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 study</p>
|
|
<p>Lazzeri (2012)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross- sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">222</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.30 (0.20, 0.41)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.91 (0.85, 0.94)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 3.19</p>
|
|
<p>(1.73, 5.90)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR-0.78</p>
|
|
<p>(0.66, 0.91)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab7_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Moderate risk of bias majority of studies (the study) were (was) assessed as moderate due to due to uncertainties surrounding patient section and time lapse between the index test and reference standard, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses one end of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappgtab8"><div id="che.appg.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Prostate Health Index in MRI negative and biopsy naive population</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appg.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study design</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 25</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>1 Study</p>
|
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<p>Gnanapragasm (2016)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross- sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.97 (0.79, 1.00)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.11(0.05, 0.21)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>LR+ 1.08</p>
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<p>(0.97, 1.21)</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>LR-0.32</p>
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<p>(0.04, 2.48)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 30</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>1 Study</p>
|
|
<p>Gnanapragasm (2016)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross- sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.95 (0.82, 0.99)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.26(0.16, 0.40)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>LR+ 1.29</p>
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<p>(1.08, 1.54)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>LR- 0.18</p>
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<p>(0.04, 0.77)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 35</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 Study</p>
|
|
<p>Gnanapragasm (2016)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross- sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.94 (0.84, 0.98)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.43 (0.29, 0.58)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>LR+ 1.65</p>
|
|
<p>(1.26, 2.16)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.13</p>
|
|
<p>(0.04, 0.43)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index (reference standard: biopsy) threshold 40</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 Study</p>
|
|
<p>Gnanapragasm (2016)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross- sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.76 (0.65, 0.85)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>0.65</p>
|
|
<p>(0.46,0.81)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 2.21</p>
|
|
<p>(1.28, 3.81)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>LR- 0.36</p>
|
|
<p>(0.22, 0.60)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">Moderate risk of bias majority of studies (the study) were (was) assessed as moderate due to due to uncertainties surrounding patient section and time lapse between the index test and reference standard, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab8_2"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses one end of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab8_3"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses both ends of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded twice</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappgtab9"><div id="che.appg.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Percent free prostate specific antigen</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appg.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study design</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">% free Prostate specific antigen (reference standard: Biopsy) threshold 10% (5-9%)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>3 Studies</p>
|
|
<p>Lazzeri (2012)</p>
|
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<p>Murray (2016), Scattoni (2003),</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">481</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.51 (0.18, 0.82)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.67 (0.18, 0.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 1.69</p>
|
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<p>(0.89, 3.23)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.82</p>
|
|
<p>(0.73, 0.93)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">% free Prostate specific antigen (reference standard: Biopsy) threshold 15% (10-14%)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>7 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Ciatto (2008)</p>
|
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<p>Lista (2015)</p>
|
|
<p>Morgan (1996)</p>
|
|
<p>Murray (2016)</p>
|
|
<p>Pepe and Aragona (2011)</p>
|
|
<p>Scattoni (2013)</p>
|
|
<p>Yilmaz (2015)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,253</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.59 (0.40, 0.75)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.67 (0.47, 0.82)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+1.79</p>
|
|
<p>(1.37, 2.38)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR-0.62</p>
|
|
<p>(0.48, 0.76)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">% free Prostate specific antigen (reference standard: Biopsy) threshold 20% (15-19%)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Auprich (2012), Yilmaz (2015), Lazzeri (2012)</p>
|
|
<p>Pepe and Aragona (2011)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">720</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.67 (0.45, 0.84)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.52 (0.31, 0.72)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+1.37</p>
|
|
<p>(1.17, 1.62)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR-0.73</p>
|
|
<p>(0.60, 0.89)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">% free Prostate specific antigen (reference standard: Biopsy) threshold 25% (20-24%)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Auprich (2012)</p>
|
|
<p>Lazzeri (2012)</p>
|
|
<p>Ohigashi (2005)</p>
|
|
<p>Pepe and Aragona (2011)</p>
|
|
<p>Yilmaz (2015)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross Sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,038</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.86 (0.76, 0.93)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.28 (0.17, 0.42)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+1.21</p>
|
|
<p>(1.10, 1.36)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR-0.49</p>
|
|
<p>(0.35, 0.66)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">% free Prostate specific antigen (reference standard: Biopsy) threshold 30% (25-29%)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>5 Studies</p>
|
|
<p>Yilmaz (2015)</p>
|
|
<p>Chen (2011)</p>
|
|
<p>Haese (2008)</p>
|
|
<p>Okegawa (2003)</p>
|
|
<p>Ohigashi (2005)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross Sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,290</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.83 (0.72, 0.90)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.28 (0.17, 0.44)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+1.16</p>
|
|
<p>(1.05, 1.33)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR-0.63</p>
|
|
<p>(0.47, 0.82)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">% free Prostate specific antigen (reference standard: Biopsy) threshold 35% (30-34%)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 Study</p>
|
|
<p>Remzi 2003</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">820</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.95(0.88, 0.98)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.34 (0.30, 0.37)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+1.43</p>
|
|
<p>(1.34, 1.53)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR-0.14</p>
|
|
<p>(0.05, 0.38)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">% free Prostate specific antigen (reference standard: Biopsy) threshold 38%</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 Study</p>
|
|
<p>Remzi 2003</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">820</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.90 (0.82, 0.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.50 (0.47, 0.53)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+1.81</p>
|
|
<p>(1.64, 1.99)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR-0.19</p>
|
|
<p>(0.10,0.37)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab9_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">Moderate risk of bias majority of studies (the study) were (was) assessed as moderate due to due to uncertainties surrounding patient section and time lapse between the index test and reference standard, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab9_2"><p class="no_margin">The I<sup>2</sup> was greater than 66.7%, downgraded twice</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab9_3"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses both ends of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded twice</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab9_4"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses one end of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab9_5"><p class="no_margin">The I<sup>2</sup> was greater than 33.3%, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappgtab10"><div id="che.appg.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="title">PSA doubling time</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appg.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study design</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen doubling time (reference standard: biopsy) 24 months</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 study</p>
|
|
<p>Ciatto (2008)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">355</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.47 (0.35, 0.60)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.36 (0.31, 0.42)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 0.74</p>
|
|
<p>(0.56, 0.98)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 1.47</p>
|
|
<p>(1.01, 1.96)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen doubling time (reference standard: biopsy) 30 months</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 study</p>
|
|
<p>Shimbo (2009)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.37(0.21, 0.56)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.40 (0.14, 0.41)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 0.62</p>
|
|
<p>(0.36, 1.06)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 1.54</p>
|
|
<p>(1.01, 2.46)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen doubling time (reference standard: biopsy) 50 months</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 study</p>
|
|
<p>Shimbo (2009)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.30 (0.16, 0.49)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.42 (0.29, 0.56)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 0.51</p>
|
|
<p>(0.27, 0.96)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 1.68</p>
|
|
<p>(1.12, 2.52)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen doubling time (reference standard: biopsy) 70 months</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 study</p>
|
|
<p>Shimbo (2009)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.11 (0.04, 0.29)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.42 (0.29, 0.56)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+ 0.19</p>
|
|
<p>(0.06, 0.57)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 2.12</p>
|
|
<p>(1.49, 3.01)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab10_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab10_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab10_1"><p class="no_margin">Moderate risk of bias majority of study were assessed as moderate due to due to uncertainties surrounding patient section and time lapse between the index test and reference standard, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab10_2"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses one end of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappgtab11"><div id="che.appg.tab11" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Digital Rectal Examination</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appg.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appg.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study design</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sensitivity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Specificity (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_6 hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_7 hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_8 hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_9 hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_10 hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Digital rectal examination (reference standard: biopsy) Positive DRE (abnormal)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6 studies</p>
|
|
<p>Okada (2009), Wu (2012)</p>
|
|
<p>Bussetto (2013)</p>
|
|
<p>Porpiglia 2014</p>
|
|
<p>Lista (2015)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.23 (0.14. 0.35)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.89 (0.80, 0.94)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+2.07</p>
|
|
<p>(1.38, 3.03)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_6 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR- 0.87</p>
|
|
<p>(0.78, 0.93)</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_7 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_8 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_9 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_10 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_11 hd_b_che.appg.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab11_1"><p class="no_margin">Moderate risk of bias majority of study were assessed as moderate due to due to uncertainties surrounding patient section and time lapse between the index test and reference standard, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab11_2"><p class="no_margin">The I<sup>2</sup> was greater than 33.3%, downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="che.appg.tab11_3"><p class="no_margin">95% confidence interval for likelihood ratio crosses one end of a defined MID interval – (0.5, 2), downgraded once</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheapphtab1"><div id="che.apph.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.apph.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.apph.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Short Title</th><th id="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Title</th><th id="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abdalla (1998)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison of serum prostate-specific antigen levels and PSA density in African-American, white, and hispanic men without prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopsy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abdel-Khalek (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Is extended 11-core biopsy valuable in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients with intermediate serum prostate-specific antigen (4.1-10 ng/ml) and prior negative sextant biopsy?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abdi (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy for the detection of prostate cancer in patients with prior negative biopsy results</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Study does not contain any relevant index tests</p>
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<p>Study looked mp-MRI - targeted TRUS-B</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adam (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The role of the PCA3 assay in predicting prostate biopsy outcome in a South African setting</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ahyai (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The presence of prostate cancer on saturation biopsy can be accurately predicted</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Al (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Role of repeated biopsy of the prostate in predicting disease progression in patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Al-Ghazo (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasound-guided transrectal extended prostate biopsy: a prospective study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Allhoff (1993)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Efficient pathway for early detection of prostate cancer concluded from a 5-year prospective study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Amirrasouli (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Accurate cut-off point for free to total prostate-specific antigen ratio used to improve differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia in Iranian population</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Amsellem-Ouazana (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Negative prostatic biopsies in patients with a high risk of prostate cancer. Is the combination of endorectal MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) a useful tool? A preliminary study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anastasiadis (2006)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI-Guided Biopsy of the Prostate Increases Diagnostic Performance in Men with Elevated or Increasing PSA Levels after Previous Negative TRUS Biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Andriole (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The effect of dutasteride on the usefulness of prostate specific antigen for the diagnosis of high grade and clinically relevant prostate cancer in men with a previous negative biopsy: results from the REDUCE study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ankerst (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serial Percent Free Prostate Specific Antigen in Combination with Prostate Specific Antigen for Population Based Early Detection of Prostate Cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arai (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prospective evaluation of prostate specific antigen density and systematic biopsy for detecting prostate cancer in Japanese patients with normal rectal examinations and intermediate prostate specific antigen levels</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arsov (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Repeat transrectal ultrasound biopsies with additional targeted cores according to results of functional prostate MRI detects high-risk prostate cancer in patients with previous negative biopsy and increased PSA - a pilot study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">only patients with suspicious lesions went through with the biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arumainay agam (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiparametric MR imaging for detection of clinically significant prostate cancer: A validation cohort study with transperineal template prostate mapping as the reference standard</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aubin (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate cancer gene 3 score predicts prostate biopsy outcome in men receiving dutasteride for prevention of prostate cancer: Results from the REDUCE trial</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study not investigating prostate cancer</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ayyildiz (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serum proPSA as a marker for reducing repeated prostate biopsy numbers</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aziz (1993)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate-specific antigen and prostate volume: a meta-analysis of prostate cancer screening criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bakardzhiev (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Repeat transrectal prostate biopsies in diagnosing prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baltaci (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Use of percent free prostate-specific antigen density to improve the specificity for detecting prostate cancer in patients with normal rectal examinations and intermediate prostate-specific antigen levels</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Basillote (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Influence of prostate volume in the detection of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Benecchi (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A Novel Nomogram to Predict the Probability of Prostate Cancer on Repeat Biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Benecchi (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Optimal measure of PSA kinetics to identify prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Benecchi (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Evaluation of prostate specific antigen acceleration for prostate cancer diagnosis</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Beyersdorff (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Patients with a history of elevated prostate-specific antigen levels and negative transrectal US-guided quadrant or sextant biopsy results: value of MR imaging</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bhindi (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Creation and internal validation of a biopsy avoidance prediction tool to aid in the choice of diagnostic approach in patients with prostate cancer suspicion</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Boegemann (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The percentage of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) isoform [-2]proPSA and the Prostate Health Index improve the diagnostic accuracy for clinically relevant prostate cancer at initial and repeat biopsy compared with total PSA and percentage free PSA in men aged <=65 years</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Boesen (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A Prospective Comparison of Selective Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Fusion-Targeted and Systematic Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Biopsies for Detecting Prostate Cancer in Men Undergoing Repeated Biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI as the index test only suspicious lesions went through to biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bokhorst (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Positive predictive value of prostate biopsy indicated by prostate-specific-antigen-based prostate cancer screening: trends over time in a European randomized trial*</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borboroglu (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Extensive repeat transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy in patients with previous benign sextant biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borkowetz (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Assessment of tumour aggressiveness in tranperineal mri/ultrasound-fusion biopsy in comparison to transrectal systematic prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Boulos (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Should prostate-specific antigen or prostate-specific antigen density be used as the determining factor when deciding which prostates should undergo biopsy during prostate ultrasound</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brown (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reflex PCA3 messenger ribonucleic acid testing: validation of postbiopsy urine samples and correlation with prostate biopsy findings in ~2000 patients</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Busby (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Determining variables for repeat prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review article but not a systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Campos-Fernandes (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate Cancer Detection Rate in Patients with Repeated Extended 21-Sample Needle Biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Carver (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Race is not a predictor of prostate cancer detection on repeat prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Catalona (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serum free prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen density measurements for predicting cancer in men with prior negative prostatic biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study only sensitivity figures and cutoffs provided</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Celhay (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fluctuating prostate-specific antigen levels in patients with initial negative biopsy: should we be reassured?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chang (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Influence of Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen on the Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Targeted Biopsy versus Saturation Biopsy in Patients with Previous Negative Biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a relevant study design (diagnostic test accuracy) Case control design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cheikh (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Evaluation of T2-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in localizing prostate cancer before repeat biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chen (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age-Specific Cutoff Value for the Application of Percent Free Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) in Chinese Men with Serum PSA Levels of 4.0-10.0 ng/ml</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ciatto (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Predicting prostate biopsy outcome by findings at digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasonography, PSA, PSA density and free-to-total PSA ratio in a population-based screening setting</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ciatto (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Predictors of random sextant biopsy outcome in screened men with PSA > 4 ng/mL and a negative sextant biopsy at previous screening. Experience in a population-based screening program in Florence</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ciatto (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Free to total PSA ratio is not a reliable predictor of prostate biopsy outcome</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cirillo (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of endorectal MRI and MRS in patients with elevated prostate-specific antigen levels and previous negative biopsies to localize peripheral zone tumours</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Collins (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Free prostate-specific antigen ‘in the field’: a useful adjunct to standard clinical practice</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comet-Batlle (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The value of endorectal MRI in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cookson (1995)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The lack of predictive value of prostate specific antigen density in the detection of prostate cancer in patients with normal rectal examinations and intermediate prostate specific antigen levels</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costa (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosis of relevant prostate cancer using supplementary cores from magnetic resonance imaging-prompted areas following multiple failed biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costa (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An initial negative round of targeted biopsies in men with highly suspicious multiparametric magnetic resonance findings does not exclude clinically significant prostate cancer-Preliminary experience</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crawford (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic performance of PCA3 to detect prostate cancer in men with increased prostate specific antigen: A prospective study of 1,962 cases</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dason (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Biopsy of Suspected Anterior Prostate Cancers Identified by Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Pilot Study of a Novel Technique</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">De La Taille (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical evaluation of the PCA3 assay in guiding initial biopsy decisions</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">De Luca (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Histological chronic prostatitis and high-grade prostate intra-epithelial neoplasia do not influence urinary prostate cancer gene 3 score</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study not investigating prostate cancer Histological chronic prostatitis and high-grade prostate intra-epithelial neoplasia</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">De Luca (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison of prostate cancer gene 3 score, prostate health index and percentage free prostate-specific antigen for differentiating histological inflammation from prostate cancer and other non-neoplastic alterations of the prostate at initial Biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">De Luca (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index and prostate cancer gene 3 score but not percent-free Prostate Specific Antigen have a predictive role in differentiating histological prostatitis from PCa and other nonneoplastic lesions (BPH and HG-PIN) at repeat biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not investigating prostate cancer</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">De Luca (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pathological patterns of prostate biopsy in men with fluctuations of prostate cancer gene 3 score: a preliminary report</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">De Visschere (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">What kind of prostate cancers do we miss on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Deliktas (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">What should be the prostate specific antigen threshold for prostate biopsy?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Deliveliotis (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsies of the transitional zone of the prostate: Should it be done on a routine basis, when and why?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Deras (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PCA3: a molecular urine assay for predicting prostate biopsy outcome</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dincel (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prospective evaluation of prostate specific antigen (PSA), PSA density, free-to-total PSA ratio and a new formula (prostate malignancy index) for detecting prostate cancer and preventing negative biopsies in patients with normal rectal examinations and intermediate PSA levels</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Djavan (1998)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen density of the transition zone for early detection of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Djavan (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combination and multivariate analysis of PSA-based parameters for prostate cancer prediction</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants prostate cancer/prostate biopsy history unclear/unknown</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Djavan (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PSA, PSA density, PSA density of transition zone, free/total PSA ratio, and PSA velocity for early detection of prostate cancer in men with serum PSA 2.5 to 4.0 ng/mL</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Djavan (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total and transition zone prostate volume and age: how do they affect the utility of PSA-based diagnostic parameters for early prostate cancer detection?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Djavan (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Optimal predictors of prostate cancer on repeat prostate biopsy: a prospective study of 1,051 men</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Djavan (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pathological features of prostate cancer detected on initial and repeat prostate biopsy: results of the prospective European Prostate Cancer Detection study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Djavan (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complexed prostate-specific antigen, complexed prostate-specific antigen density of total and transition zone, complexed/total prostate-specific antigen ratio, free-to-total prostate-specific antigen ratio, density of total and transition zone prostate-specific antigen: results of the prospective multicenter European trial</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Djavan (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Are repeat biopsies required in men with PSA levels < or =4 ng/ml? A Multiinstitutional Prospective European Study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Druskin (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate mri prior to radical prostatectomy: Effects on nerve sparing and pathological margin status</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a relevant study design (diagnostic test accuracy)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Durand (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">What information can a PCA3 urine test provide in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review article but not a systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Durkan (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elevated serum prostate specific antigen levels in conjunction with an initial prostatic biopsy negative for carcinoma: who should undergo a repeat biopsy?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Durmus (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI-guided biopsy of the prostate: Correlation between the cancer detection rate and the number of previous negative TRUS biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dwivedi (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A positive magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging with negative initial biopsy may predict future detection of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study Not a relevant study design (diagnostic test accuracy)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eggener (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Predictors of subsequent prostate cancer in men with a prostate specific antigen of 2.6 to 4.0 ng/ml and an initially negative biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">el-Galley (1995)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Normal range prostate-specific antigen versus age-specific prostate-specific antigen in screening prostate adenocarcinoma</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elshafei (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The utility of PSA velocity in prediction of prostate cancer and high grade cancer after an initially negative prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Feneley (1995)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Post-operative serial prostate-specific antigen and transrectal ultrasound for staging incidental carcinoma of the prostate</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study population already have prostate cancer</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ferro (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Predicting prostate biopsy outcome: Prostate health index (phi) and prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) are useful biomarkers</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fiamegos (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serum testosterone as a biomarker for second prostatic biopsy in men with negative first biopsy for prostatic cancer and PSA>4ng/mL, or with PIN biopsy result</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Filella (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The influence of prostate volume in prostate health index performance in patients with total PSA lower than 10 mug/L</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Filella (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical utility of %p2PSA and prostate health index in the detection of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study population already have prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>mixed population some participants had a dignosis of cancer</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fleshner (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prevalence and predictors of a positive repeat transrectal ultrasound guided needle biopsy of the prostate</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Foo (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The detection rate of prostate cancer using Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) in Sabah</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unable to source article</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Freedland (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison of preoperative prostate specific antigen density and prostate specific antigen for predicting recurrence after radical prostatectomy: results from the search data base</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study population already have prostate cancer</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Friedl (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate-specific Antigen Parameters and Prostate Health Index Enhance Prostate Cancer Prediction With the In-bore 3-T Magnetic Resonance Imaging-guided Transrectal Targeted Prostate Biopsy After Negative 12-Core Biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study does not contain any relevant index tests</p>
|
|
<p>In bore MRI</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fujita (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostatic inflammation detected in initial biopsy specimens and urinary Pyuria are predictors of negative repeat prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Futterer (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Can Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer Be Detected with Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging? A Systematic Review of the Literature</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic Review - relevant articles already included in this review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Galasso (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PCA3: A new tool to diagnose prostate cancer (PCa) and a guidance in biopsy decisions. Preliminary report of the UrOP study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ganie (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endorectal coil MRI and MR-spectroscopic imaging in patients with elevated serum prostate specific antigen with negative trus transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gann (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk factors for prostate cancer detection after a negative biopsy: A novel multivariable longitudinal approach</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Garcia-Cruz (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low testosterone level predicts prostate cancer in re-biopsy in patients with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gerstenbluth (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The accuracy of the increased prostate specific antigen level (greater than or equal to 20 ng./ml.) in predicting prostate cancer: is biopsy always required?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">only a subset of study population ended up having a repeat biopsy, and of these 2x2 tables could not be calculated</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Giulianelli (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Saturation biopsy technique increase the capacity to diagnose adenocarcinoma of prostate in patients with PSA < 10 ng/ml, after a first negative biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gnanapragasam (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Prostate Health Index adds predictive value to multi-parametric MRI in detecting significant prostate cancers in a repeat biopsy population</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study population already have prostate cancer</p>
|
|
<p>Some participants had a previous diagnosis of prostate cancer</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Goode (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Use of PCA3 in detecting prostate cancer in initial and repeat prostate biopsy patients</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Goto (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Budget Impact Model for the Use of PCA3 Urine Testing in Prostate Cancer Screening</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health economics paper</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gregorio (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison between PSA density, free PSA percentage and PSA density in the transition zone in the detection of prostate cancer in patients with serum PSA between 4 and 10 ng/mL</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard in study does not match that specified in protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Grey (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS) scoring in a transperineal prostate biopsy setting</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification and also people on active surveillance</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Guazzoni (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) isoform p2PSA significantly improves the prediction of prostate cancer at initial extended prostate biopsies in patients with total PSA between 2.0 and 10 ng/ml: results of a prospective study in a clinical setting</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Habchi (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for predicting biopsy results in first or repeat biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Haffner (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Role of magnetic resonance imaging before initial biopsy: Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging-targeted and systematic biopsy for significant prostate cancer detection</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hambrock (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic resonance imaging guided prostate biopsy in men with repeat negative biopsies and increased prostate specific antigen</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hansen (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multicentre evaluation of targeted and systematic biopsies using magnetic resonance and ultrasound image-fusion guided transperineal prostate biopsy in patients with a previous negative biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duplicate reference</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hansen (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multicentre evaluation of targeted and systematic biopsies using magnetic resonance and ultrasound image-fusion guided transperineal prostate biopsy in patients with a previous negative biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hara (2006)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total and free prostate-specific antigen indexes in prostate cancer screening: value and limitation for Japanese populations</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Haroun (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Utility of free prostate specific antigen serum level and its related parameters in the diagnosis of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hayek (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The necessity of a second prostate biopsy cannot be predicted by PSA or PSA derivatives (density or free:total ratio) in men with prior negative prostatic biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">only a subset of study population ended up having a repeat biopsy, and of these 2x2 tables could not be calculated</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Heldwein (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Antibiotics and observation have a similar impact on asymptomatic patients with a raised PSA</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard in study does not match that specified in protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Henderson (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The role of PCA3 testing in patients with a raised prostate-specific antigen level after Greenlight photoselective vaporization of the prostate</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hessels (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The use of PCA3 in the diagnosis of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review article but not a systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Heyns (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serum prostate-specific antigen as surrogate for the histological diagnosis of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unable to source article</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hoeks (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Three-Tesla magnetic resonance-guided prostate biopsy in men with increased prostate-specific antigen and repeated, negative, random, systematic, transrectal ultrasound biopsies: detection of clinically significant prostate cancers</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hoffmann (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic Performance of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Fusion Targeted Biopsy to Detect Significant Prostate Cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hong (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Impact of prior biopsy scheme on pathologic features of cancers detected on repeat biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Horninger (1998)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Improvement of specificity in PSA-based screening by using PSA-transition zone density and percent free PSA in addition to total PSA levels</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Igerc (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The value of 18F-choline PET/CT in patients with elevated PSA-level and negative prostate needle biopsy for localisation of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Irani (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary/serum prostate-specific antigen ratio: comparison with free/total serum prostate-specific antigen ratio in improving prostate cancer detection</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ishioka (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer using a deep neural networks algorithm in prebiopsy multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Issa (2006)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The value of digital rectal examination as a predictor of prostate cancer diagnosis among United States Veterans referred for prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Itatani (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Negative predictive value of multiparametric MRI for prostate cancer detection: outcome of 5-year follow-up in men with negative findings on initial MRI studies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ito (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The diagnostic accuracy of the age-adjusted and prostate volume-adjusted biopsy method in males with prostate specific antigen levels of 4.1-10.0 ng/mL</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jang (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Repeat targeted prostate biopsy under guidance of multiparametric MRI-correlated real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound for patients with previous negative biopsy and elevated prostate-specific antigen: A prospective study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard in study does not match that specified in protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Janjua (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The predictive value of percent free PSA using a Chiron assay in patients with a PSA of 4-10 ng/ml and a previous negative prostatic biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Javali (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging-directed transrectal ultrasound biopsy increases prostate cancer detection in men with prostate-specific antigen between 4-10 ng/mL and normal digital rectal examination</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jeong (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Percent Free Prostate Specific Antigen Does Not Enhance the Specificity of Total Prostate Specific Antigen for the Detection of Prostate Cancer in Korean Men 50 to 65 Years Old: A Prospective Multicenter Study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jimenez (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Role of 18F-Choline PET/CT in guiding biopsy in patients with risen PSA levels and previous negative biopsy for prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jimenez (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Role of 18F-Choline PET/CT in guiding biopsy in patients with risen PSA levels and previous negative biopsy for prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Johnston (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">INNOVATE: A prospective cohort study combining serum and urinary biomarkers with novel diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction and characterization of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study does not contain any relevant index tests</p>
|
|
<p>Reference standard in study does not match that specified in protocol</p>
|
|
<p>Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jue (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Re-examining Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) Density: Defining the Optimal PSA Range and Patients for Using PSA Density to Predict Prostate Cancer Using Extended Template Biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Karademir (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate volumes derived from MRI and volume-adjusted serum prostate-specific antigen: Correlation with Gleason score of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kato (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Analysis of repeated 24-core saturation prostate biopsy: Inverse association between asymptomatic histological inflammation and prostate cancer detection</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kaufmann (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Direct comparison of targeted MRI-guided biopsy with systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy in patients with previous negative prostate biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Keetch (1994)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serial prostatic biopsies in men with persistently elevated serum prostate specific antigen values</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Keetch (1995)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostatic transition zone biopsies in men with previous negative biopsies and persistently elevated serum prostate specific antigen values</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kefi (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Predictive value of the international prostate symptom score for positive prostate needle biopsy in the low-intermediate prostate-specific antigen range</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kesch (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multicentre comparison of target and systematic biopsies using magnetic resonance and ultrasound image-fusion guided transperineal prostate biopsy in patients with a previous negative biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Khan (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Can prostate specific antigen derivatives and pathological parameters predict significant change in expectant management criteria for prostate cancer?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study population already have prostate cancer</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Khang (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Differences in postoperative pathological outcomes between prostate cancers diagnosed at initial and repeat biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kim (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Prostate Cancer Detection Rate on the Second Prostate Biopsy according to Prostate-Specific Antigen Trend</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kim (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Association between obesity, prostate-specific antigen level and prostate-specific antigen density in men with a negative prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kitagawa (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Simple Risk Stratification to Detect Prostate Cancer with High Gleason Score in Repeat Biopsies in a Population Screening Follow-up Study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Koca (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Significance of atypical small acinar proliferation and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kosarek (2018)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Initial series of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-fusion targeted prostate biopsy using the first transperineal targeted platform available in the USA</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kravchick (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 to 10 years’ follow-up of 573 patients with elevated prostate-specific antigen (>4 ng/mL) or/and suspected rectal examination: biopsies protocol and follow-up guides</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kroenig (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic Accuracy of Robot-Guided, Software Based Transperineal MRI/TRUS Fusion Biopsy of the Prostate in a High Risk Population of Previously Biopsy Negative Men</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kubota (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The potential role of prebiopsy magnetic resonance imaging combined with prostate-specific antigen density in the detection of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kumar (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Correction of prostate-specific antigen velocity for variation may improve prediction of cancer following prostate repeat biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lai (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cognitive MRI-TRUS fusion-targeted prostate biopsy according to PI-RADS classification in patients with prior negative systematic biopsy results</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Langer (1996)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Strategy for repeat biopsy of patients with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia detected by prostate needle biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lawrentschuk (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The role of magnetic resonance imaging in targeting prostate cancer in patients with previous negative biopsies and elevated prostate-specific antigen levels</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a peer-reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lazzeri (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serum isoform [-2]proPSA derivatives significantly improve prediction of prostate cancer at initial biopsy in a total PSA range of 2-10 ng/ml: A multicentric european study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lazzeri (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical performance of prostate health index in men with tPSA>10ng/ml: Results from a multicentric European study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee (1992)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Predicted prostate specific antigen results using transrectal ultrasound gland volume. Differentiation of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Using a saturation biopsy scheme increases cancer detection during repeat biopsy in men with high-grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Percentage of free prostate-specific antigen: implications in modern extended scheme prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Utility of percent free prostate-specific antigen in repeat prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsy in men with previously negative prostate biopsy results</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Visually estimated MRI targeted prostate biopsy could improve the detection of significant prostate cancer in patients with a PSA level <10 ng/mL</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indications for a second prostate biopsy in patients suspected with prostate cancer after an initial negative prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Letran (1998)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The effect of prostate volume on the yield of needle biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Letran (1998)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Repeat ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsy: use of free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio in predicting prostatic carcinoma</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study comparing 2 methods of measuring PSA Dianon and Hybritech</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Li (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potential benefit of transrectal saturation prostate biopsy as an initial biopsy strategy: Decreased likelihood of finding significant cancer on future biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lian (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Assessment of free-hand transperineal targeted prostate biopsy using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasound fusion in Chinese men with prior negative biopsy and elevated prostate-specific antigen</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Liu (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Role of PSA-related variables in improving positive ratio of biopsy of prostate cancer within serum PSA gray zone</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lopez-Corona (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A nomogram for predicting a positive repeat prostate biopsy in patients with a previous negative biopsy session</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lu (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Negative Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Prostate Predicts Absence of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer on 12-Core Template Prostate Biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lughezzani (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multicenter European external validation of a prostate health index-based nomogram for predicting prostate cancer at extended biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Luo (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The PCA3 test for guiding repeat biopsy of prostate cancer and its cut-off score: A systematic review and meta-analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lynn (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparative analysis of the role of prostate specific antigen parameters in clinical practice</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants prostate cancer/prostate biopsy history unclear/unknown</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Matsui (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The use of artificial neural network analysis to improve the predictive accuracy of prostate biopsy in the Japanese population</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study does not contain any relevant index tests</p>
|
|
<p>Reference standard in study does not match that specified in protocol</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">McMahon (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging in the evaluation of patients with prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review article but not a systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mearini (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Evaluation of prostate-specific antigen isoform p2PSA and its derivates, %p2PSA, prostate health index and prostate dimension-adjusted related index in the detection of prostate cancer at first biopsy: An exploratory, prospective study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Men (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Detection of prostatic carcinoma: the role of TRUS, TRUS guided biopsy, digital rectal examination, PSA and PSA density</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mendhiratta (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prebiopsy MRI and MRI-ultrasound Fusion-targeted Prostate Biopsy in Men with Previous Negative Biopsies: Impact on Repeat Biopsy Strategies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Merdan (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Assessment of long-term outcomes associated with urinary prostate cancer antigen 3 and TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion at repeat biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mian (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Predictors of cancer in repeat extended multisite prostate biopsy in men with previous negative extended multisite biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moore (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Image-guided prostate biopsy using magnetic resonance imaging-derived targets: a systematic review</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moreira (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Association of prostate-specific antigen doubling time and cancer in men undergoing repeat prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moreira (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baseline prostate inflammation is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat prostate biopsy: Results from the REDUCE study</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Not a relevant study design (diagnostic test accuracy)</p>
|
|
<p>Randomised control trial withb half the participants recceiving medication that reduces prostate specific antigen</p>
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|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Morgan (1996)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prospective use of free PSA to avoid repeat prostate biopsies in men with elevated total PSA</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Morgan (1996)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prospective use of free prostate-specific antigen to avoid repeat prostate biopsies in men with elevated total prostate-specific antigen</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Morote (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison of percent free prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen density as methods to enhance prostate specific antigen specificity in early prostate cancer detection in men with normal rectal examination and prostate specific antigen between 4.1 and 10 ng./ml</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moul (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age adjusted prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen velocity cut points in prostate cancer screening</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moussa (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting a positive repeat prostate biopsy in patients with a previous negative biopsy session in the era of extended prostate sampling</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Validation study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Murphy (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI-directed cognitive fusion-guided biopsy of the anterior prostate tumors</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Na (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate health index significantly reduced unnecessary prostate biopsies in patients with PSA 2-10 ng/mL and PSA >10 ng/mL: Results from a Multicenter Study in China</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nafie (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Transperineal template prostate biopsies in men with raised PSA despite two previous sets of negative TRUS-guided prostate biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Naya (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Can volume measurement of the prostate enhance the performance of complexed prostate-specific antigen?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study population already have prostate cancer</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ng (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate cancer detection with digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen, transrectal ultrasonography and biopsy in clinical urological practice</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nicholson (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the PROGENSA prostate cancer antigen 3 assay and the Prostate Health Index in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: a systematic review and economic evaluation</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Noguchi (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Necessity of repeat biopsies in men for suspected prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nordstrom (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A population-based study on the association between educational length, prostate-specific antigen testing and use of prostate biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Reference standard in study does not match that specified in protocol</p>
|
|
<p>Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Novara (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Detection rate and factors predictive the presence of prostate cancer in patients undergoing ultrasonography-guided transperineal saturation biopsies of the prostate</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nyberg (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PCA3 as a diagnostic marker for prostate cancer: a validation study on a Swedish patient population</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ochiai (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate cancer gene 3 urine assay for prostate cancer in Japanese men undergoing prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ochiai (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical utility of the prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) urine assay in Japanese men undergoing prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ohi (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic significance of PSA density adjusted by transition zone volume in males with PSA levels between 2 and 4ng/ml</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Okada (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Correlation of histological inflammation in needle biopsy specimens with serum prostate-specific antigen levels in men with negative biopsy for prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Okegawa (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison of two investigative assays for the complexed prostate-specific antigen in total prostate-specific antigen between 4.1 and 10.0 ng/mL</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Okegawa (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparisons of the various combinations of free, complexed, and total prostate-specific antigen for the detection of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ong (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Transperineal biopsy prostate cancer detection in first biopsy and repeat biopsy after negative transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy: The Victorian Transperineal Biopsy Collaboration experience</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Osredkar (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The performance of proPSA and prostate health index tumor markers in prostate cancer diagnosis</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Panebianco (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Role of magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ([1H]MRSI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) in identifying prostate cancer foci in patients with negative biopsy and high levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Not a relevant study design (diagnostic test accuracy)</p>
|
|
<p>Randomised controlled trial</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Panebianco (2018)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Negative Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Prostate Cancer: What’s Next?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Park (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Predictors of prostate cancer on repeat transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Park (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinicopathologic differences between prostate cancers detected during initial and repeat transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy in Korea</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Park (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison of re-biopsy with preceded MRI and re-biopsy without preceded MRI in patients with previous negative biopsy and persistently high PSA</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Not a relevant study design (diagnostic test accuracy)</p>
|
|
<p>Case control design</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Parsons (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complexed prostate specific antigen (PSA) reduces unnecessary prostate biopsies in the 2.6-4.0 ng/mL range of total PSA</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Patel (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Parasagittal biopsies add minimal information in repeat saturation prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pepe (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Saturation prostate needle biopsy and prostate cancer detection at initial and repeat evaluation</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pepe (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Is quantitative histologic examination useful to predict nonorgan-confined prostate cancer when saturation biopsy is performed?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pepe (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Can Sonovue targeted biopsy replace extended or saturation biopsy in prostate cancer diagnosis? Our experience at primary and repeat biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pepe (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate cancer detection after one or more negative extended needle biopsy: Results of a multicenter case-findings protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pepe (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Does an inflammatory pattern at primary biopsy suggest a lower risk for prostate cancer at repeated saturation prostate biopsy?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pepe (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Detection rate of anterior prostate cancer in 226 patients submitted to initial and repeat transperineal biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pepe (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Can 3-Tesla pelvic phased-array multiparametric MRI avoid unnecessary repeat prostate biopsy in patients with PSA < 10 ng/mL?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pepe (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anterior prostate biopsy at initial and repeat evaluation: is it useful to detect significant prostate cancer?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</p>
|
|
<p>some prticipants were biopsy naive</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pepe (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiparametric MRI Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) accuracy in diagnosing clinically significant prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Philip (2006)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance of peripheral biopsies in maximising the detection of early prostate cancer in repeat 12-core biopsy protocols</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a relevant study design (diagnostic test accuracy)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Philip (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate cancer diagnosis: should patients with prostate specific antigen >10ng/mL have stratified prostate biopsy protocols?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pinsky (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Repeat prostate biopsy in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duplicate reference</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pinsky (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Repeat prostate biopsy in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed studies with other cancers</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ploussard (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) urine test in men with previous negative biopsies: Does free-to-total prostate-specific antigen ratio influence the performance of the PCA3 score in predicting positive biopsies?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ploussard (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of repeat biopsy and prostate cancer detection after an initial extended negative biopsy: Longitudinal follow-up from a prospective trial</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ploussard (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Does PCA3 really help urologists?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review article but not a systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pokorny (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prospective study of diagnostic accuracy comparing prostate cancer detection by transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy versus magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with subsequent MR-guided biopsy in men without previous prostate biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ponholzer (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetic resonance imaging guided prostate biopsy in men with repeat negative biopsies and increased prostate specific antigen</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Portalez (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prospective comparison of T2w-MRI and dynamic-contrast-enhanced MRI, 3D-MR spectroscopic imaging or diffusion-weighted MRI in repeat TRUS-guided biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2 study compared different elements of MRI</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pourmand (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preventing Unnecessary Invasive Cancer-Diagnostic Tests: Changing the Cut-off Points</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prando (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostatic biopsy directed with endorectal MR spectroscopic imaging findings in patients with elevated prostate specific antigen levels and prior negative biopsy findings: early experience</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prestigiacomo (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Can free and total prostate specific antigen and prostatic volume distinguish between men with negative and positive systematic ultrasound guided prostate biopsies?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study population already have prostate cancer</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quentin (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Evaluation of a structured report of functional prostate magnetic resonance imaging in patients with suspicion for prostate cancer or under active surveillance</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rabets (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate cancer detection with office based saturation biopsy in a repeat biopsy population</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Radtke (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combined Clinical Parameters and Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Advanced Risk Modeling of Prostate Cancer-Patient-tailored Risk Stratification Can Reduce Unnecessary Biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ramos (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PCA3 sensitivity and specificity for prostate cancer detection in patients with abnormal PSA and/or suspicious digital rectal examination. First Latin American experience</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ravery (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic value of ten systematic TRUS-guided prostate biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reissigl (1996)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Usefulness of the ratio free/total prostate-specific antigen in addition to total PSA levels in prostate cancer screening</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reljic (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic value of age specific prostate specific antigen in prostate cancer patients</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Remzi (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Can total and transition zone volume of the prostate determine whether to perform a repeat biopsy?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Remzi (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Can power doppler enhanced transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy improve prostate cancer detection on first and repeat prostate biopsy?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roberts (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen abnormalities at the time of prostate biopsy and biopsy outcomes, 1980 to 1997</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rochester (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Development and validation of risk score for predicting positive repeat prostate biopsy in patients with a previous negative biopsy in a UK population</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study does not contain any relevant index tests</p>
|
|
<p>study is a validation study of a risk score including a number of variables including age, psa and DRE</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roehrborn (1996)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic yield of repeated transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies stratified by specific histopathologic diagnoses and prostate specific antigen levels</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roethke (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI-guided prostate biopsy detects clinically significant cancer: analysis of a cohort of 100 patients after previous negative TRUS biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roobol (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No reason for immediate repeat sextant biopsy after negative initial sextant biopsy in men with PSA level of 4.0 ng/mL or greater (ERSPC, Rotterdam)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Not a relevant study design (diagnostic test accuracy)</p>
|
|
<p>Randomised control trial</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roobol (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The value of different screening tests in predicting prostate biopsy outcome in screening for prostate cancer data from a multicenter study (ERSPC)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard in study does not match that specified in protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roobol (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The value of different screening tests in predicting prostate biopsy outcome in screening for prostate cancer data from a multicenter study (ERSPC)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duplicate reference</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roobol (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Performance of the prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) gene and prostate-specific antigen in prescreened men: exploring the value of PCA3 for a first-line diagnostic test</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roobol (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Performance of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) and prostate-specific antigen in prescreened men: Reproducibility and detection characteristics for prostate cancer patients with high PCA3 scores (>=100)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roobol (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Performance of the prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) gene and prostate-specific antigen in prescreened men: exploring the value of PCA3 for a first-line diagnostic test</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Duplicate reference</p>
|
|
<p>Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roobol (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Performance of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) and prostate-specific antigen in Prescreened men: reproducibility and detection characteristics for prostate cancer patients with high PCA3 scores (? 100)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duplicate reference</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rosenkrantz (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Targeted Biopsy in Patients with a Prior Negative Biopsy: A Consensus Statement by AUA and SAR</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review article but not a systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rovner (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Transurethral biopsy of the prostate for persistently elevated or increasing prostate specific antigen following multiple negative transrectal biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rubens (1996)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical evaluation of prostate biopsy parameters: gland volume and elevated prostate-specific antigen level</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</p>
|
|
<p>Only 5 patients had repeat biopsy</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ruffion (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PCA3 and PCA3-based nomograms improve diagnostic accuracy in patients undergoing first prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ryden (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prevalence of prostate cancer at different levels of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and different free: Total PSA ratios in a consecutive series of men referred for prostate biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants prostate cancer/prostate biopsy history unclear/unknown</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ryu (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Predictive factors of prostate cancer at repeat biopsy in patients with an initial diagnosis of atypical small acinar proliferation of the prostate</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">popilation diagnosed with ASAP</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Saema (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PSA density and prostate cancer detection</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unable to source article</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Salami (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">In patients with a previous negative prostate biopsy and a suspicious lesion on magnetic resonance imaging, is a 12-core biopsy still necessary in addition to a targeted biopsy?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Saleem (1998)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Factors predicting cancer detection in biopsy of the prostatic fossa after radical prostatectomy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Satkunasivam (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Human kallikrein-2 gene and protein expression predicts prostate cancer at repeat biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Satoh (2006)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Is interval from an initial biopsy a significant predictor of prostate cancer at repeat biopsies?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Scattoni (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The optimal rebiopsy prostatic scheme depends on patient clinical characteristics: Results of a recursive partitioning analysis based on a 24-core systematic scheme</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schilling (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Prostate Cancer gene 3 assay: indications for use in clinical practice</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Case series</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schimmoller (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI-guided in-bore biopsy: Differences between prostate cancer detection and localization in primary and secondary biopsy settings</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study does not contain any relevant index tests</p>
|
|
<p>in-bore biopsy</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schouten (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Location of Prostate Cancers Determined by Multiparametric and MRI-Guided Biopsy in Patients With Elevated Prostate-Specific Antigen Level and at Least One Negative Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard in study does not match that specified in protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sciarra (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging for detecting prostate cancer foci in men with prior negative biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</p>
|
|
<p>Ramdomised control trial</p>
|
|
<p>MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Segaran (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The ability of free to total prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific antigen density to detect clinically significant prostate cancer in men undergoing transperineal template biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serdar (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic approach to prostate cancer using total prostate specific antigen-based parameters together</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study population already have prostate cancer</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Servian (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Significance of Proliferative Inflammatory Atrophy in Negative Prostatic Biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shappell (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PCA3 urine mRNA testing for prostate carcinoma: patterns of use by community urologists and assay performance in reference laboratory setting</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</p>
|
|
<p>Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shinohara (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Management of an increasing prostate-specific antigen level after negative prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review article but not a systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shoji (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Manually controlled targeted prostate biopsy with real-time fusion imaging of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and transrectal ultrasound: An early experience</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Siddiqui (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison of MR/ultrasound fusion-guided biopsy with ultrasound-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Duplicate reference</p>
|
|
<p>Biopsy naive participants</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Siegrist (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PCA3 permutation increases the prostate biopsy yield</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Singh (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Repeating the measurement of prostate-specific antigen in symptomatic men can avoid unnecessary prostatic biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Singh (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Patient selection determines the prostate cancer yield of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging-guided transrectal biopsies in a closed 3-Tesla scanner</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sonn (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of targeted prostate biopsy using magnetic resonance-ultrasound fusion in men with prior negative biopsy and elevated prostate-specific antigen</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Spajic (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate cancer detection in repeat extended prostate biopsy in men with previous negative biopsy findings</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Spyropoulos (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate Cancer Predictive Simulation Modelling, Assessing the Risk Technique (PCP-SMART): Introduction and Initial Clinical Efficacy Evaluation Data Presentation of a Simple Novel Mathematical Simulation Modelling Method, Devised to Predict the Outcome of Prostate Biopsy on an Individual Basis</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stamatiou (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Impact of additional sampling in the TRUS-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stephan (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The ratio of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to prostate volume (PSA density) as a parameter to improve the detection of prostate carcinoma in PSA values in the range of < 4 ng/mL</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants prostate cancer/prostate biopsy history unclear/unknown</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Steuber (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Association of free-prostate specific antigen subfractions and human glandular kallikrein 2 with volume of benign and malignant prostatic tissue</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroumbakis (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical significance of repeat sextant biopsies in prostate cancer patients</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Su (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dichotomous estimation of prostate volume: a diagnostic study of the accuracy of the digital rectal examination</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tamsel (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Transrectal ultrasound in detecting prostate cancer compared with serum total prostate-specific antigen levels</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study for total prostate specific antigen levels</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tan (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate cancers diagnosed at repeat biopsy are smaller and less likely to be high grade</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tan (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">In-bore 3-T MR-guided transrectal targeted prostate biopsy: Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2-based diagnostic performance for detection of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tang (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Transition zone PSA density improves the prostate cancer detection rate both in PSA 4.0-10.0 and 10.1-20.0 ng/ml in Chinese men</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tarcan (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Evaluation of prostate specific antigen density and transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsies in 100 consecutive patients with a negative digital rectal examination and intermediate serum prostate specific antigen levels</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Teoh (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The performance characteristics of prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific antigen density in Chinese men</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Testa (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Accuracy of MRI/MRSI-based transrectal ultrasound biopsy in peripheral and transition zones of the prostate gland in patients with prior negative biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thompson (2006)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Assessing prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thompson (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prediction of prostate cancer for patients receiving finasteride: Results from the prostate cancer prevention trial</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thompson (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The performance of prostate specific antigen for predicting prostate cancer is maintained after a prior negative prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duplicate reference</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thompson (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy in prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review article but not a systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tijani (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The role of the percentage free PSA in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in Blacks: Findings in indigenous West African men using TRUS guided biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy naive participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tombal (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical judgment versus biomarker prostate cancer gene 3: which is best when determining the need for repeat prostate biopsy?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a relevant study design (diagnostic test accuracy)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tosoian (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate Health Index density improves detection of clinically significant prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tosoian (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Use of the Prostate Health Index for detection of prostate cancer: results from a large academic practice</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Truong (2018)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multi-institutional nomogram predicting benign prostate pathology on magnetic resonance/ultrasound fusion biopsy in men with a prior negative 12-core systematic biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tsao (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combining prostrate-specific antigen and Gleason score increases the diagnostic power of endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer pathological stage</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study population already have prostate cancer</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uemura (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effectiveness of percent free prostate specific antigen as a predictor of prostate cancer detection on repeat biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a relevant study design (diagnostic test accuracy)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ukimura (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Role of PSA and its indices in determining the need for repeat prostate biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The thresolds used for the index tests are not clear</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Van Poppel (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The relationship between Prostate CAncer gene 3 (PCA3) and prostate cancer significance</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vickers (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prostate specific antigen velocity does not aid prostate cancer detection in men with prior negative biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vourganti (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound fusion biopsy detect prostate cancer in patients with prior negative transrectal ultrasound biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</p>
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<p>Unclear on how positive or negative results were classified</p>
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|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Walz (2006)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High incidence of prostate cancer detected by saturation biopsy after previous negative biopsy series</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wang (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Determination of the Role of Negative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Prostate in Clinical Practice: Is Biopsy Still Necessary?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Mixed population - biopy naive and repeat biopsy or diagnosed with prostate cancer with no stratification</p>
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<p>As well as patien ton active surveillance</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Washino (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combination of prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS) score and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density predicts biopsy outcome in prostate biopsy naive patients</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wei (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Can urinary PCA3 supplement PSA in the early detection of prostate cancer?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a relevant study design (diagnostic test accuracy) Randomised control trial</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wetter (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Three-dimensional 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the prostate in clinical practice: technique and results in patients with elevated prostate-specific antigen and negative or no previous prostate biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yamamoto (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Management of men with a suspicion of prostate cancer after negative initial prostate biopsy results</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yeniyol (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The relation of prostate biopsy results and ratio of free to total PSA in patients with a total PSA between 4-20 ng/mL</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yu (1998)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The usefulness of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density in patients with intermediate serum PSA level in a country with low incidence of prostate cancer</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yu (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Performance of the Prostate Health Index in predicting prostate biopsy outcomes among men with a negative digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yuen (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical, biochemical and pathological features of initial and repeat transrectal ultrasonography prostate biopsy positive patients</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yuen (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endorectal magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for the detection of tumor foci in men with prior negative transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI protocol not satisfying the following criteria - dynamic constrast- enhanced, diffussion weighted, at least 1.5Tesla magnetic, Bvalue of at least 800s/mm2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yun (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Is histological prostate inflammation in an initial prostate biopsy a predictor of prostate cancer on repeat biopsy?</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not possible to calculate a 2x2 table from data presented in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zhang (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of prostate cancer in patients with previous negative biopsies and elevated prostate-specific antigen levels: a meta-analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic Review - relevant articles already included in this review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zhao (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Developing a follow-up strategy for patients with PSA ranging from 4 to 10 ng/ml via a new model to reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a relevant study design (diagnostic test accuracy)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zheng (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) density in detecting prostate cancer in Chinese men with PSA levels of 4-10 ng/mL</td><td headers="hd_h_che.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants were biopsy /MRI naive candidates</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappatab2"><div id="che.appa.tab2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appa.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Short Title</th><th id="hd_h_che.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Title</th><th id="hd_h_che.appa.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blute (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Addressing the need for repeat prostate biopsy: new technology and approaches</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appa.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not economic evaluation</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappjtab1"><div id="che.appj.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Question</th><th id="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">What is the most suitable surveillance protocol for people who active surveillance is appropriate for, as assessed by multiparametric MRI and biopsy, when there are no clinical concerns during follow-up</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People on active surveillance</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Active surveillance protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparator</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other surveillance protocols</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Prostate cancer specific mortality</p>
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<p>Prostate cancer related morbidity</p>
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<p>Clinical progression/ ‘late’ diagnosis of progression</p>
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<p>Quality of life</p>
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<p>Patient reported outcomes</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT/Prospective cohort study</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_che.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potential criterion</th><th headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_che.appj.tab1_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Explanation</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to patients, service users or the population</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab1_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is a variation in how follow up protocols across the country and these have not been evaluated to understand their effectiveness. The role of both primary and secondary care is not clear.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab1_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current guidance is based on consensus</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab1_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limited evidence base</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab1_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No additional equality issues are envisaged relating to this study over and above those applying generally to vulnerable groups of people.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Feasibility</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab1_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is a large enough population on active surveillance to make studies in this area feasible</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappjtab2"><div id="che.appj.tab2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appj.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Question</th><th id="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">In patients with negative MRI (Likert score 1 or 2), what is the next best diagnostic investigation to rule out clinically significant prostate cancer?</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People with negative MRI (Likert score 1 or 2)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index tests</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Any test given within 6 months of MRI to further exclude clinically significant prostate cancer.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Sensitivity</p>
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<p>Specificity</p>
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<p>Positive and negative likelihood ratios</p>
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<p>QoL outcomes</p>
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<p>Adverse events</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic cross sectional studies</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_che.appj.tab2_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potential criterion</th><th headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_che.appj.tab2_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Explanation</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab2_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to patients, service users or the population</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab2_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The evidence shows that about 20% of men with a Likert score 1 or 2 on MRI may have clinically significant cancer. Since the new pathway discourages biopsy in men with negative MRI, the research will help formulate a pathway that these people may follow to identify any missed clinically significant cancer</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab2_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab2_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current guidance on the follow-up protocol for men with negative is not evidence based as this is a new population as a result as the new pathway.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab2_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab2_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limited evidence as this population is relatively new</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab2_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab2_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No additional equality issues are envisaged relating to this study over and above those applying generally to vulnerable groups of people.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab2_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Feasibility</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab2_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A large enough number of people receive a MRI of the prostate to make this study feasible.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobcheappjtab3"><div id="che.appj.tab3" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK576980/table/che.appj.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__che.appj.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Question</th><th id="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">What is the diagnostic accuracy of transperineal mapping biopsy versus transperineal non mapping biopsy in the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer?</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People suspected of cancer (biopsy naïve or repeat biopsy)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index test</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Transperineal non mapping biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">References</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Transperineal mapping biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Sensitivity</p>
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<p>Specificity</p>
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<p>Positive and Negative Likelihood ratios</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic cross sectional studies</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_che.appj.tab3_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potential criterion</th><th headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_che.appj.tab3_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Explanation</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab3_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to patients, service users or the population</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab3_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>The committee explained that a number of providers across the country use the transperineal route for biopsy rather than the transrectal route, however transperineal biopsy can be a mapping biopsy where a large number of samples are taken from around the prostate (currently considered the ‘gold standard’ diagnostic test) or a non-mapping biopsy where a smaller number of samples are taken in a more focussed way (for example guided by MRI). The diagnostic accuracy of the non-mapping method is not known.</p>
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<p>Transperineal mapping biopsy is more resource intensive than non-mand the NHS is not equipped to perform a large number of these.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab3_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab3_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This research will enable NICE guideline to be more specific about which biopsy is most appropriate in which situation.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab3_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab3_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The current evidence base suggests that transperineal template biopsy is the most accurate diagnostic tool for prostate cancer. It is unknown how non-mapping transperineal biopsy compares to this.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab3_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab3_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No additional equality issues are envisaged relating to this study over and above those applying generally to vulnerable groups of people.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_che.appj.tab3_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Feasibility</td><td headers="hd_h_che.appj.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_che.appj.tab3_1_1_6_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is a large enough population of people with locally advanced prostate cancer, carrying out a trial in this area should be feasible</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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