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preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style"><div class="fm-sec bkr_bottom_sep"><div class="bkr_thumb"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng203er13-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Evidence reviews for cystatin C based equations to estimate GFR in adults, children and young people" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK574725_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence reviews for cystatin C based equations to estimate GFR in adults, children and young people</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Chronic kidney disease</div><p><b>Evidence review M</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 203</i></p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2021 Aug</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-4233-6</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2021.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1"><h2 id="_niceng203er13_s1_">Cystatin C based equations to estimated GFR</h2><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question</h3><p>What is the accuracy of cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR as a measurement of kidney function in adults, children and young people?</p><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.1"><h4>1.1.1. Introduction</h4><p>The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is equal to the sum of the filtration rates in all of the functioning nephrons and is the best index of overall kidney function. Knowledge of GFR is essential for the diagnosis and management of CKD, with a normal GFR being approximately 100 ml/min/1.73 m2.</p><p>The gold standard methods of assessing GFR require measurement of an ideal filtration marker, typically using markers such inulin, 51Cr-EDTA, 99mTc-DTPA, 125I-iothalamate and iohexol. However, gold standard methods of assessing GFR are technically demanding, expensive, time-consuming and unsuitable for widespread identification of CKD in the ‘at risk’ population. Estimates of GFR can be obtained using serum creatinine, which is a universally available endogenous test of kidney function. Various equations have been constructed that allow conversion of serum creatinine levels (sometimes along with demographic information such as age and sex) to GFR.</p><p>More recently, plasma cystatin-C has been introduced as an alternative endogenous marker. Cystatin C is a 13 kDa cationic protein produced by all nucleated cells and plasma cystatin C concentrations are chiefly determined by GFR. Previous NICE guidance reviewed the evidence for cystatin C equations for adults and recommended that an eGFR measurement using cystatin C should be considered to confirm or rule out CKD in people with an eGFR (according to a creatinine-based equation) of 45-59 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, sustained for at least 90 days, without proteinuria or other markers of kidney disease. Additionally, NICE recommended that whenever a request for serum cystatin C measurement is made, clinical laboratories should report an estimate of GFR using the CKD-EPI equation. However, this guideline did not look at evidence for children and young people and new cystatin-based eGFR equations have been evaluated in adults, children and young people since this guideline was published and therefore that was the main aim of this review.</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.2"><h4>1.1.2. Summary of the protocol</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er13tab1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er13tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO table for the accuracy of cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er13.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO table for the accuracy of cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.3"><h4>1.1.3. Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng203er13.appa">Appendix A</a> and the methods section in <a href="#niceng203er13.appb">Appendix B</a>.</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/about/who-we-are/policies-and-procedures" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE’s conflicts of interest policy</a>.</p><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.3.1"><h5>Protocol deviation</h5><p>Due to limited data for the outcomes specified in the review protocol, the committee agreed that the included outcomes should be expanded to include P values. P values refer to the percentage of participants with an index test value (eGFR score) sufficiently close to their score on the reference standard (mGFR). P values below P50 were deemed useful for decision making and data were found for P10, P15 and P30 (referring to the percentage of the total sample who had an index test score within 10%, 15% and 30% of their reference standard score, respectively).</p><p>Studies have demonstrated that eGFR equations have different levels of accuracy when applied to different ethnic groups. In the previous NICE guideline, studies were excluded if they contained a population of participants considerably different from the UK (for example, studies conducted in China only including Chinese participants). The committee agreed that these studies should also be excluded from the present review.</p><p>GRADE was not used in this review because imprecision could not be evaluated using P10, P15, P30 and AUC as minimal clinically important differences could not be used for these accuracy values.</p></div></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.4"><h4>1.1.4. Diagnostic evidence</h4><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.4.1"><h5>1.1.4.1. Included studies</h5><p>A systematic literature search for diagnostic cross-sectional studies and systematic reviews of diagnostic cross-sectional studies was conducted for this review. This returned 2,694 references (see <a href="#niceng203er13.appc">Appendix C</a> for literature search strategy). Based on title and abstract screening against the review protocol, 2,610 references were excluded, and 84 references were ordered for screening based on their full texts.</p><p>Of the 84 references screened as full texts, only 5 cross sectional studies met the inclusion criteria specified in the review protocol for this question (<a href="#niceng203er13.appa">Appendix A</a>) and therefore a decision was made to include cohort studies. Nine cohort studies were found (7 retrospective and 2 prospective) bringing the total number of included papers to 14. The clinical evidence study selection is presented as a diagram in <u>0</u>.</p><p>A second set of searches was conducted at the end of the guideline development process for all updated review questions using the original search strategies, to capture papers published whilst the guideline was being developed. This search returned 238 references for this review question, these were screened on title and abstract. Four references were ordered for full text screening. None of these references were included based on their relevance to the review protocol (<a href="#niceng203er13.appa">Appendix A</a>).</p><p>See <a href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.rl.r1">section 1.1.12 References – included studies</a> for a list of references of included studies.</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.4.2"><h5>1.1.4.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>See <a href="#niceng203er13.appk">Appendix K</a> for a list of excluded studies with the primary reason for exclusion.</p></div></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.5"><h4>1.1.5. Summary of studies included in the diagnostic evidence</h4><p>A summary of the studies included in this review can be found in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er13tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab2">Table 2</a> and a summary of the different cystatin c-equations can be found in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er13tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab3">Table 3</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er13tab2"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er13tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in this review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er13.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in this review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng203er13.appe">Appendix E</a> for full evidence tables.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er13tab3"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er13tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Summary of cystatin-c equations." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er13.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of cystatin-c equations. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.6"><h4>1.1.6. Summary of the diagnostic evidence</h4><p><a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er13tab4" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab4">Table 4</a> was considered to be the most appropriate way to summarise the evidence and as a result, evidence statements have not been written for this evidence. None of the included studies could be combined to produce a pooled effect estimate. Therefore, results are presented per study.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er13tab4"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er13tab4" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Summary of the diagnostic evidence by equation, population and outcomes." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er13.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of the diagnostic evidence by equation, population and outcomes. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng203er13.appg">Appendix G</a> for full GRADE tables for likelihood ratio outcomes.</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.7"><h4>1.1.7. Economic evidence</h4><p>A systematic review was conducted to identify economic evaluations for this review question. The search returned 338 records which were sifted against the review protocol and 337 records were excluded based on title and abstract. One record was included after the full text review. Additionally, modelling was undertaken for this review question in the 2014 update of the NICE CKD guideline. This review question was not prioritised for modelling in the 2020 update of the guideline, so this analysis has not been updated. The results of this 2014 model have therefore been included in the guideline in the same way as those from a published journal article.</p><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.7.1"><h5>1.1.7.1. Included studies</h5><p>A summary of the studies included in the cost-effective review is given below. Detailed information on the studies from the review can be found in <a href="#niceng203er13.appi">Appendix I</a>, and the study selection is described in <a href="#niceng203er13.apph">Appendix H</a>.</p><p>In the 2014 update of the NICE CKD guideline it was decided that this review question was important to model. However, in the current update it was decided that the model would not be updated. This is due to the difficulty of modelling the consequences of inaccurate eGFR measurements, and the fact this question was regarded as being of lower priority than the questions on phosphate binders and referral to secondary care. The model in 2014 showed that using eGFR<sub>cystatin C</sub> was cost saving as it reduces the number of false positives identified compared to using creatinine alone, and this was part of the justification for why the committee decided to introduce the test to the recommendations at that time. However, the 2014 recommendations were tested in a 2017 publication which found that they were not cost saving. The 2014 model also included sensitivity and specificity data that was excluded in the current review, (either due to the population not fitting the current protocol, or it not being clear that the population had CKD). This reduces the confidence in the results of the 2014 analysis, as there is less confidence in the inputs into the model, since we no longer believe the clinical data used are fully applicable. The full model is in <b>Error! Reference source not found.</b>.</p><p>One subsequently published study by <a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref17">Shardlow et al (2017)</a>. compared different testing and monitoring approaches. Even though it was a cost consequence (rather than cost-utility) analysis it was included due to it being similar to the analysis done for the 2014 update, and was specifically conducted to estimate the impact of implementing the 2014 NICE recommendations. This study disagreed with the model from the 2014 guideline and found that the cost of monitoring would increase by £23 per person (£25.39 in 2020 prices) if cystatin C-based equations were used. It also found that in an elderly population eGFR<sub>cystatin C</sub> resulted in a greater number of patients being reclassified to a more severe CKD category.</p><p>The 2017 model was conducted to assess the effect of the introduction of the 2014 recommendations. The two models have different populations with the 2014 study using suspected CKD and CKD-EPI<sub>creat</sub> eGFR 45-59 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and ACR <3; the 2017 study required two results of CKD-EPI<sub>creat</sub> eGFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> 90 days apart. The two studies also had different sources for the diagnostics accuracy data, with 2014 from multiple sources including unpublished data for the over 75-year olds, 2017 used cohort data from 32 Derbyshire GP practices. The 2017 study found that using eGFR<sub>cystatin C</sub> is not cost saving and therefore should not be recommended for use in general practice. The 2017 study found that the cost saving from the reduced numbers diagnosed with CKD was outweighed by the increase costs in monitoring.</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.7.2"><h5>1.1.7.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>There were no excluded studies for this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.8"><h4>1.1.8. Summary of included economic evidence</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er13tab5"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er13tab5" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="National Clinical Guideline Centre 2014." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er13.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab5">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">National Clinical Guideline Centre 2014. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er13tab6"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er13tab6" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Shardlow 2017 ." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er13.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab6">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Shardlow 2017
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. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.9"><h4>1.1.9. Economic model</h4><p>No original health economic modelling was done for this review question in the 2020 update of the guideline.</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.10"><h4>1.1.10. The committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.10.1"><h5>1.1.10.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>Cystatin-C equations to estimate GFR (eGFR) have the potential to be used to diagnose people with CKD without those people having to undergo more rigorous and invasive methods of measuring GFR. It is important that any measurement of GFR is accurate and does not produce too many false negative or false positive results.</p><p>False positive results would result in a person without CKD receiving a diagnosis and undergoing unnecessary treatment. False negative results would result in a person being incorrectly told that they do not have CKD, which would result in them not receiving needed treatment.</p><p>It is also important that the estimate of GFR obtained using cystatin-c equations is sufficiently close to the measured GFR value to ensure that people with CKD receive accurate staging. This is particularly important when cystatin-c measures are combined with creatinine-based measures to stratify the stage of CKD. For example, the equation may correctly identify someone with CKD but may give a value indicative of having early stage disease when their measured GFR suggests later stage disease.</p><p>The committee valued sensitivity (and negative likelihood ratios which are most affected by sensitivity) over specificity (and positive likelihood ratios) as it is more important that people with CKD do not go underdiagnosed. However, sensitivity and specificity were only reported by 2 studies. P30 was reported by almost all studies, fewer studies reported P15, P10 and AUC. Minimal clinically important differences could not be used for these accuracy values which made harder to use them for decision making.</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.10.2"><h5>1.1.10.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The committee agreed that there were serious limitations with the quality of the evidence available and this was a primary driver in their decision to no longer recommend that cystatin-c equations be considered during diagnosis of CKD. Previous recommendations were also based on very limited evidence. See the section of ‘<a href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.10.3">benefits and harms</a>’ for a discussion about the committee decision for no longer recommending cystatin-c equations.</p><p>The risk of bias associated with the studies was mainly moderate due to being retrospective studies, having an important time difference between cystatin-c and reference standard measurements, and having selection bias.</p><p>Selection bias was seen in several retrospective studies in which all people with cystatin-c on record were included in the analysis, this has the potential for selection bias if cystatin-c is not routinely measured during diagnosis of CKD in the participating centre(s) as the included participants would have had certain clinical features which warranted measurement of cystatin-c. Studies with any issues were downgraded.</p><p>Most studies rely on the use of P30 values to measure the diagnostic accuracy of the cystatin-c equations. A P30 value informs the percentage of participants with an eGFR within 30% of their mGFR value. This measure is of limited usefulness as a 30% deviation from the mGFR is still a potentially large difference. Additionally, it does not inform as to whether the actual estimated value is above or below the measured value and does not inform of the risk of false negative and false positive results.</p><p>Relatively few studies reported P10 and P15 values. These measures are more suitable for assessing eGFR as they allow for a smaller margin of error. Several equations were identified as having P10-15 values of over 50%. However, there was remaining uncertainty surrounding these equations due to evidence coming from single studies, with small to moderate sample sizes. Additionally, it is unclear how much variance there was for those participants with eGFR that was more than 10-15% different from their mGFR, it is therefore possible that using these equations in practice would result in a large number of participants receiving inaccurate estimates.</p><p>Some studies assessed the sensitivity and specificity of cystatin-c equations. As GFR is continuous, the estimates had to be dichotomised, with GFR estimates of 60 or less being positive and those over 60 being negative. These data were reported for the simple cystatin-c equation however evidence from P30 values for this equation suggested that it was not sufficiently accurate.</p><p>Finally, meta-analysis of the data was not possible. There were 12 different cystatin-c equations evaluated across 12 different studies. There were only a limited number of equations with data from multiple studies and among these, differences in study design (retrospective or prospective cohort studies, or cross-sectional studies) or population (children/young people, adults or the elderly) meant that it was unsuitable to combine the data in meta-analysis.</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.10.3"><h5>1.1.10.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>The committee noted that the recommendations in the previous guideline were based on very limited evidence and agreed that these recommendations have seen little implementation in everyday practice, noting the uncertainty surrounding their evidence and the costs associated with these tests and added complexity of laboratory processes as potential reasons for this.</p><p>The evidence used in the previous guideline was from studies with limitations on populations (CKD population could not be separated from overall cohort; suspected or confirmed CKD was not a requirement for inclusion into the study) and study design (derivation study without external validation). These studies were not included in the update of the evidence because of these limitations (see <a href="#niceng203er13.appl">Appendix L</a> for more details on reasons for excluding these studies: <a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.appl.ref30" rid="niceng203er13.appl.ref30">Inker 2012</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.appl.ref33" rid="niceng203er13.appl.ref33">Kilbride 2013</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.appl.ref54" rid="niceng203er13.appl.ref54">Schaeffner 2012</a>).</p><p>The committee agreed that the quality of the evidence meant that they could not be confident in the accuracy of cystatin-c based estimates of GFR. In particular, most studies relied on P30 values to measure diagnostic accuracy, which allows to an unacceptable degree of variation between the estimated and measured values, particularly in the lower stages of disease. Results showed that P30 values ranged from 6 to 100%, P15 values were around 50% and P10 values were from 21 to 60%. P values also do not inform whether the eGFR was an overestimate or an underestimate. This is important clinically as it means that there is uncertainty as to the risk posed by these equations for producing false positive and false negative results, particularly when used in people with lower stage kidney disease. Results showed that AUC values were 0.9 and higher which is considered to be outstanding. However, having only AUC values lacks clinical interpretability because AUC represents the performance of cystatin-c across all GFR thresholds and there was very limited evidence on sensitivity and specificity which reports on specific clinical thresholds (for example, GFR ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>). The committee also highlighted that cystatin-c has not been widely used in clinical practice and that not longer recommending its use would not have an impact on daily practice where creatinine is used to estimate GFR.</p><p>The lack of meta-analysis meant that each equation typically relied on evidence from a single study, many of which had small sample sizes. There are now numerous different cystatin-c based equations, for which there is uncertain diagnostic accuracy.</p><p>The committee agreed that the issues in the evidence meant that there is remaining uncertainty surrounding the risks associated with using these equations in the diagnostic pathway and they should not be recommended as a result. Further research is needed to determine whether or not these equations are useful and so the committee made a research recommendation (see <a href="#niceng203er13.appm">Appendix M</a>).</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.10.4"><h5>1.1.10.4. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>The committee noted that the evidence was contradictory (with the modelling from the 2014 guideline suggesting using cystatin equations would be cost-effective, whilst the Shardlow study suggested it would increase costs) and therefore it was difficult to feel confident in making a recommendation. Both studies were rated as being of a similar quality, with different limitations. The committee agreed it was not appropriate to regard false negatives as having no adverse consequences, as was done in the 2014 modelling. In contrast, the committee agreed that the population in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref17">Shardlow 2017</a> did not fully fit the review question as it contained patients with an eGFR of less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, whilst the recommendations were only for it to be used in people with an eGFR between 45 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The committee also agreed that evaluating cystatin equations using a single data point is not fully relevant, as many patients in the real world get more than one test. The committee noted that the majority of laboratories do not measure GFR using cystatin-c at present, and therefore keeping the recommendation would still represent a change in practice, as it has not been widely adopted. Stopping measuring GFR using cystatin-c may reduce resource use from the few laboratories that do measure GFR using cystatin-c. The committee agreed that it was not possible to make any recommendations in this area and that it was appropriate to remove the recommendation made in 2014.</p></div></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.11"><h4>1.1.11. Recommendations supported by this evidence review</h4><p>This evidence review supports the research recommendation on the diagnostic accuracy of cystatin C equations (see <a href="#niceng203er13.appm">Appendix M</a> for further details about the research recommendation). No recommendations were made from this evidence review.</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.rl.r1"><h4>1.1.12. References – included studies</h4><ul class="simple-list"><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.rl.r1.1"><h5>1.1.12.1. Diagnostic</h5><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref1">Bevc, Sebastjan, Hojs, Nina, Hojs, Radovan
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et al. (2017) Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Elderly Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Comparison of Three Novel Sophisticated Equations and Simple Cystatin C Equation. Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy
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21(2): 126–132 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28296256" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28296256</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref2">Bevc, Sebastjan, Hojs, Radovan, Ekart, Robert
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et al. (2012) Simple cystatin C formula compared to serum creatinine-based formulas for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in patients with mildly to moderately impaired kidney function. Kidney & blood pressure research
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35(6): 649–54 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23095576" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23095576</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref3">Bevc, Sebastjan, Hojs, Radovan, Ekart, Robert
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et al. (2011) Simple cystatin C formula compared to sophisticated CKD-EPI formulas for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in the elderly. Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy
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15(3): 261–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21624073" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21624073</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref4">Deng, F., Finer, G., Haymond, S.
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et al. (2015) Applicability of estimating glomerular filtration rate equations in pediatric patients: Comparison with a measured glomerular filtration rate by iohexol clearance. Translational Research
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165(3): 437–445 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4346435/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4346435</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25445208" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25445208</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref5">Du, Yue, Sun, Ting-Ting, Hou, Ling
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et al. (2015) Applicability of various estimation formulas to assess renal function in Chinese children. World journal of pediatrics : WJP
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11(4): 346–51 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25447632" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25447632</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref6">Fan, Li, Inker, Lesley A, Rossert, Jerome
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et al. (2014) Glomerular filtration rate estimation using cystatin C alone or combined with creatinine as a confirmatory test. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
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29(6): 1195–203 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4471437/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4471437</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24449101" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24449101</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref7">Hari, Pankaj, Ramakrishnan, Lakshmy, Gupta, Ruby
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et al. (2014) Cystatin C-based glomerular filtration rate estimating equations in early chronic kidney disease. Indian pediatrics
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51(4): 273–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24825263" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24825263</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref8">Hojs, R, Bevc, S, Ekart, R
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et al. (2011) Kidney function estimating equations in patients with chronic kidney disease. International journal of clinical practice
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65(4): 458–64 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21401834" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21401834</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref9">Hojs, Radovan, Bevc, Sebastjan, Ekart, Robert
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et al. (2010) Serum cystatin C-based formulas for prediction of glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephron. Clinical practice
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114(2): c118–26 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19887832" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19887832</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref10">Inker, Lesley A, Levey, Andrew S, Tighiouart, Hocine
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et al. (2018) Performance of glomerular filtration rate estimating equations in a community-based sample of Blacks and Whites: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
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33(3): 417–425 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6018782/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6018782</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28505377" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28505377</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref11">Lemoine, Sandrine, Panaye, Marine, Pelletier, Caroline
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et al. (2016) Cystatin C-Creatinine Based Glomerular Filtration Rate Equation in Obese Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Impact of Deindexation and Gender. American journal of nephrology
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44(1): 63–70 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27400282" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27400282</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref12">Ng, Derek K, Schwartz, George J, Schneider, Michael F
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et al. (2018) Combination of pediatric and adult formulas yield valid glomerular filtration rate estimates in young adults with a history of pediatric chronic kidney disease. Kidney international
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94(1): 170–177 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6015546/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6015546</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29735307" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29735307</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref13">Salvador, C.L., Tondel, C., Rowe, A.D.
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et al. (2019) Estimating glomerular filtration rate in children: evaluation of creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations. Pediatric Nephrology
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34(2): 301–311 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30171354" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30171354</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref14">Teo, Boon Wee, Xu, Hui, Wang, Danhua
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et al. (2012) Estimating glomerular filtration rates by use of both cystatin C and standardized serum creatinine avoids ethnicity coefficients in Asian patients with chronic kidney disease. Clinical chemistry
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58(2): 450–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22205693" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22205693</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref15">Werner, Karin, Pihlsgard, Mats, Elmstahl, Solve
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et al. (2017) Combining Cystatin C and Creatinine Yields a Reliable Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimation in Older Adults in Contrast to beta-Trace Protein and beta2-Microglobulin. Nephron
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137(1): 29–37 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28407629" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28407629</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref16">White, Christine A, Allen, Celine M, Akbari, Ayub
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et al. (2019) Comparison of the new and traditional CKD-EPI GFR estimation equations with urinary inulin clearance: A study of equation performance. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry
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488: 189–195 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30445029" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30445029</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div><div id="niceng203er13.s1.1.rl.r1.2"><h5>1.1.12.2. Economic</h5><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref17">Shardlow, Adam, McIntyre, Natasha J, Fraser, Simon D. S
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et al. (2017) The clinical utility and cost impact of cystatin C measurement in the diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease: A primary care cohort study. PLoS Med
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14(10): e1002400. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5634538/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5634538</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29016597" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29016597</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div></ul></div></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng203er13.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="niceng203er13.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Review protocol for the accuracy of cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR as a measurement of kidney function in adults, children and young people?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 343K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Methods</h3><p id="niceng203er13.appb.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-appb-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Diagnostic test accuracy evidence</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 288K)</span></p><p id="niceng203er13.appb.et2"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-appb-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Health economics</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 153K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Literature search strategies</h3><div id="niceng203er13.appc.s1"><h4>Background to the search</h4><p>A NICE information specialist conducted the literature searches for the evidence review. The searches were originally run between the 27<sup>th</sup> to the 30<sup>th</sup> of September 2019 and updated on the 2<sup>nd</sup> of September 2020. This search report is compliant with the requirements of <a href="https://osf.io/2rgfa/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PRISMA-S</a>.</p><p>The principal search strategy was developed in MEDLINE (Ovid interface) and adapted, as appropriate, for use in the other sources listed in the protocol, taking into account their size, search functionality and subject coverage.</p><p>The MEDLINE strategy below was quality assured (QA) by trained NICE information specialist. All translated search strategies were peer reviewed to ensure their accuracy. Both procedures were adapted from the <a href="https://www.cadth.ca/resources/finding-evidence/press" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">2016 PRESS Checklist</a>.</p><p>The search results were managed in EPPI-Reviewer v5. Duplicates were removed in EPPI-R5 using a two-step process. First, automated deduplication is performed using a high-value algorithm. Second, manual deduplication is used to assess ‘low-probability’ matches. All decisions made for the review can be accessed via the deduplication history.</p><p>English language limits were applied in adherence to standard NICE practice and the review protocol.</p><p>Limits to exclude conferences in Embase were applied in adherence to standard NICE practice and the review protocol.</p><p>The limit to remove animal studies in the searches was the standard NICE practice, which has been adapted from: Dickersin, K., Scherer, R., & Lefebvre, C. (1994). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.309.6964.1286" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Systematic Reviews: Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews</a>. <em>BMJ</em>, 309(6964), 1286 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2541778/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2541778</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7718048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7718048</span></a>].</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appc.s2"><h4>Clinical searches</h4><p id="niceng203er13.appc.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-appc-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (406K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appc.s3"><h4>Cost-effectiveness searches</h4><p id="niceng203er13.appc.et2"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-appc-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (330K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng203er13.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Diagnostic evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng203er13.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (147K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Diagnostic evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng203er13.appe.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-appe-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (681K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appf"><h3>Appendix F. Forest plots</h3><p>None of the included studies could be combined to produce a pooled effect estimate.</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appg"><h3>Appendix G. GRADE tables</h3><p>GRADE tables were not used for P values and AUC.</p><p id="niceng203er13.appg.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-appg-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Likelihood ratio outcomes</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 156K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er13.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Economic evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng203er13.apph.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-apph-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (135K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Economic evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng203er13.appi.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-appi-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (268K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Health economic model</h3><p>No health economic modelling was undertaken for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appk"><h3>Appendix K. 2014 Health economic model</h3><p>The model described below was developed in 2014 for the update of the CKD guideline conducted then. This review question was not prioritised for modelling in the 2020 update of the guideline, so this analysis has not been updated. The results of this 2014 model have therefore been included in the guideline in the same way as those from a published journal article. (see <a href="#niceng203er13.appi">Appendix I</a>).</p><p id="niceng203er13.appk.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-appk-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Cost-effectiveness analysis: cystatin C testing in the diagnosis of CKD</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 664K)</span></p><div id="niceng203er13.appk.rl.r1"><h4>References</h4><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.appk.ref1">Inker
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LA, Schmid
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CH, Tighiouart
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H, Eckfeldt
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JH, Feldman
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HI, Greene
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T
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et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012; 367(1):20–29 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4398023/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4398023</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22762315" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22762315</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.appk.ref2">Kilbride
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HS, Stevens
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PE, Eaglestone
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G, Knight
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S, Carter
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JL, Delaney
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MP
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et al. Accuracy of the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) Study and CKD-EPI (CKD Epidemiology Collaboration) Equations for Estimation of GFR in the Elderly. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2013; 61(1):57–66 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22889713" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22889713</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er13.appk.ref3">Inker
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LA, Fan
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L, Okparavero
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AA, Gudnason
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V, Eriksdottir
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G, Andresdottir
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MB
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et al. Comparing cystatin C and creatinine for estimating measured GFR and CKD prevalence in a community based sample of the elderly. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2013; 24:164A</div></p></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng203er13.appl"><h3>Appendix L. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng203er13.appl.s1"><h4>Diagnostic studies</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er13appltab1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.appl.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er13appltab1" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13appltab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.appl.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.appl.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er13.appl.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.appl.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13appltab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">- Derivation study without external validation results are only available for the models derived in this study. Although this study did test existing equations, these were only used to inform their model and results were not presented</p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er13.appm"><h3>Appendix M. Research recommendations – full details</h3><div id="niceng203er13.appm.s1"><h4>M.1.1. Research recommendation</h4><p>What is the diagnostic accuracy of cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR as a measurement of kidney function in adults, children and young people in the UK?</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appm.s2"><h4>M.1.2. Why this is important</h4><p>The committee agreed that there were serious limitations with the quality of the available evidence and that previous recommendations were also based on very limited evidence. Therefore, the committee decided to no longer recommend that cystatin-c equations be considered during diagnosis of CKD. This meant that there was remaining uncertainty surrounding the risks associated with using these equations in the diagnostic pathway. Further research is needed to determine whether or not these equations are useful.</p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appm.s3"><h4>M.1.3. Rationale for research recommendation</h4><p id="niceng203er13.appm.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-appm-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (190K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er13.appm.s4"><h4>M.1.4. Modified PICO table</h4><p id="niceng203er13.appm.et2"><a href="/books/NBK574725/bin/niceng203er13-appm-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (199K)</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Evidence reviews underpinning research recommendation on the diagnostic accuracy of cystatin C equations in the NICE guideline</p><p>These evidence reviews were developed by NICE Guideline Updates Team</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2021.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK574725</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34672494" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">34672494</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er13tab1"><div id="niceng203er13.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO table for the accuracy of cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er13.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng203er13.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng203er13.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults, children and young people with suspected or diagnosed chronic kidney disease (GFR categories G1-G5).</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng203er13.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index test</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng203er13.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Different Cystatin-C equations to estimate GFR</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng203er13.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng203er13.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Measured GFR (urinary or plasma clearance of inulin, iohexol, iothalamate, para aminohippurate [PAH], diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid [DTPA] or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA]).</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng203er13.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng203er13.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Likelihood ratios</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specificity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PPV</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>NPV</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>AUC</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Percentage of participants with index tests values within 10, 15 or 30% (P10, P15, P30) of the reference standard.</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er13tab2"><div id="niceng203er13.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in this review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er13.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Equation name (s)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Reference standard</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias Indirectness<sup>1</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref3" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref3">Bevc 2011</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retrospective cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>317</p>
|
|
<p>Suspected or established renal dysfunction</p>
|
|
<p>≥ 65 years old</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Simple cystatin-c</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EDTA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Moderate</p>
|
|
<p>Partially applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref2" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref2">Bevc 2012</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retrospective cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>255</p>
|
|
<p>GFR 30-89 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>≥18 years old</p>
|
|
<p>*patients were referred for EDTA due to suspected or established renal dysfunction, only those in the above GFR range were included.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Simple cystatin-c</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EDTA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Moderate</p>
|
|
<p>Directly applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref1" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref1">Bevc 2017</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retrospective cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>106</p>
|
|
<p>≥18 years old</p>
|
|
<p>Suspected or established renal dysfunction</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CKD-EPI 1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EDTA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Moderate</p>
|
|
<p>Partially applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref4" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref4">Deng 2015</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retrospective cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>81</p>
|
|
<p>Possible renal dysfunction</p>
|
|
<p><18 years of age</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Modified Schwartz (using CysC instead of SCr – see <b>Error! Reference source not found.</b>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Iohexol</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Moderate</p>
|
|
<p>Partially applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref7" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref7">Hari 2014</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>42</p>
|
|
<p>Diagnosed CKD</p>
|
|
<p><18 years of age</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hari</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DTPA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Moderate</p>
|
|
<p>Directly applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref9">Hojs 2010</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retrospective cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>592</p>
|
|
<p>≥18 years old</p>
|
|
<p>*patients were referred for EDTA due to suspected or established renal dysfunction, only those with CKD were included for analysis.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Grubb</p>
|
|
<p>Hojs</p>
|
|
<p>Hoek</p>
|
|
<p>Larsson</p>
|
|
<p>Simple cystatin-c</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EDTA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Moderate</p>
|
|
<p>Directly applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref8" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref8">Hojs 2011</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retrospective cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>764</p>
|
|
<p>≥18 years old</p>
|
|
<p>*patients were referred for EDTA due to suspected or established renal dysfunction, only those with CKD were included for analysis.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hojs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EDTA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Moderate</p>
|
|
<p>Directly applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref10">Inker 2018</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Retrospective cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>294</p>
|
|
<p>Adults</p>
|
|
<p>*GFR was measured in an ancillary study within the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a community-based cohort of older black and white adults (MESA-Kidney)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CKD-EPI 4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clearance of iohexol</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Moderate</p>
|
|
<p>Directly applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref11" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref11">Lemoine 2016</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>166</p>
|
|
<p>Suspected or established renal dysfunction</p>
|
|
<p>Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CKD-EPI 4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Insulin or iohexol clearance</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Moderate</p>
|
|
<p>Partially applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref12" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref12">Ng 2018</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prospective cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>187</p>
|
|
<p>>18 years</p>
|
|
<p>Young adults with CKD</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CKD-EPI 4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clearance of iohexol</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Moderate</p>
|
|
<p>Directly applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref13" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref13">Salvador 2019</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>96</p>
|
|
<p><18 years of age</p>
|
|
<p>CKD</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Modified Schwartz (using CysC instead of SCr – see <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er13tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng203er13tab3">Table 3</a>)</p>
|
|
<p>CAPA</p>
|
|
<p>FAS</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Iohexol</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Low</p>
|
|
<p>Directly applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref14" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref14">Teo 2012</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>232</p>
|
|
<p>>21 years of age</p>
|
|
<p>Stable CKD, with a GFR of 10-90 ml/min.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>CKD-EPI 2</p>
|
|
<p>CKD-EPI 3</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DTPA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Low</p>
|
|
<p>Directly applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref15" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref15">Werner 2017</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prospective cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>126</p>
|
|
<p>≥70 years of age</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>CKD-EPI 4</p>
|
|
<p>FAS</p>
|
|
<p>CAPA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Insulin or iohexol clearance</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Low</p>
|
|
<p>Partially applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref16" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref16">White 2019</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>86</p>
|
|
<p>≥18 years of age</p>
|
|
<p>Stable CKD</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CKD-EPI 4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Insulin or iohexol clearance</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Low</p>
|
|
<p>Directly applicable</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er13.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">see <a href="#niceng203er13.appe">Appendix E</a> for full details of risk of bias and indirectness</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er13tab3"><div id="niceng203er13.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Summary of cystatin-c equations</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er13.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Equation name</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Equation formula</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of studies assessed in</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Populations assessed in</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CAPA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">130 × (ScysC<sup>−1.069</sup>) × (age<sup>−0.117</sup>) −7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Children</p>
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<p>Adults (70+ only)</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CKD-EPI 1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>133 × (ScysC/0.8)<sup>−1.328</sup> × 0.996<sup>Age</sup> (× 0.932 if female)</p>
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<p>*One studies also applied the following adjustment in people with serum cystatin levels of 0.8 or less:</p>
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<p>133 × (ScysC/0.8)<sup>−1.328</sup> × 0.996<sup>Age</sup> (× 0.932 if female)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults (70+ only)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CKD-EPI 2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.7 × (−0.105 + 1.13 × ScysC)<sup>−1.19</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CKD-EPI 3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">127.7 × (−0.105 + 1.13 × ScysC)<sup>−1.17</sup> × age<sup>−0.13</sup> (×0.91 if female) (×1.06 if African-American)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CKD-EPI 4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>133×min (Scys/0.8, 1)<sup>−0.499</sup> × max(Scys/0.8, 1) <sup>−0.328</sup> × 0.996<sup>Age</sup> (×0932 if female).</p>
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<p>min indicates the minimum of cys/0.8 or 1, and max the maximum of cys/0.8 or 1.</p>
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<p>Two studies applied the following adjustment for the maximum of cys/0.8 or 1: max(Scys/0.8, 1) <sup>−1.328</sup></p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Adults (all)</p>
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<p>Adults (70+ only)</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FAS</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>107.3/(ScysC/0.82)</p>
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<p>If over 40: 107.3/(ScysC/0.82) × 0.988<sup>(age-40)</sup></p>
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<p>If over 70: 107.3/(ScysC/0.95) × 0.988<sup>(age-40)</sup></p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Children</p>
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<p>Adults (70+ only)</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Grubb</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89.12 × ScysC<sup>−1.1675</sup> (× 1.384 if <14)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Adults (all)</p>
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<p>Children</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hari</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">96.9 – 30.4 × ScysC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hoek</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">−4.32 + (80.35 × 1/ScysC)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults (all)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hojs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90.63 × ScysC<sup>−1.192</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults (all)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Larsson</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.24 × ScysC<sup>−1.2623</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults (all)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schwartz</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(70.69 × ScysC)<sup>−0.931</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Simple Cys-C equation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100/ScysC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Adults (all)</p>
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<p>Adults (65+)</p>
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<p>Adults (70+)</p>
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<p>Children</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er13tab4"><div id="niceng203er13.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Summary of the diagnostic evidence by equation, population and outcomes</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er13.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Equation</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Likelihood ratio (95% CI)S</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">AUC</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">P10</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">P15</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">P30</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of evidence (Risk of bias)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">CAPA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children with CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">96</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">126</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with a GFR <45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90.2%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">CKD-EPI 1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">106</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.94</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">CKD-EPI 2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">232</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">CKD-EPI 3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">232</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="17" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">CKD-EPI 4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black and white adults</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">294</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black and white female adults</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">140</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black and white male adults</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">154</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black adults</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">139</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89.2%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black female adults</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black male adults</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">White adults</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">155</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">White female adults</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">White male adults</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">91.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Young adults with CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">187</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults With CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with a GFR of <30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with a GFR of 30-59</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with a GFR of ≥60</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">166</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">126</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">92.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with a GFR <45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">FAS</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children with CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">96</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">126</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with a GFR <45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Grubb</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">592</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.98</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">234</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Hari</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children with GFR category G2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">92.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Hoek</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">592</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.98</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">234</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="8" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Hojs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">592</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.98</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">764</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.98</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">234</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with GFR category G1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">116</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with GFR category G2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">131</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with GFR category G3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">191</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.0%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with GFR category G4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">211</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with GFR category G5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">115</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.0%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Larsson</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">592</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.98</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">234</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.0%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Schwartz</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children with CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">96</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90.0%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children with suspected renal dysfunction</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.0%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="18" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Simple cystatin C equation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">592</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.98</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">255</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+: 7.00 (4.09, 11.99) Large increase probability of GFR ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>LR-: 0.22 (0.16, 0.30) Moderate decrease probability of GFR ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.91</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">764</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.98</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with suspected or confirmed CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">234</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.0%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">317</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LR+: LR+: 21.76 (5.59, 84.73) Very large increase probability of GFR ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>LR-: 0.15 (0.11, 0.21) Large decrease probability of GFR ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.98</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">106</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.94</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with GFR category G1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">116</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86.2%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with GFR category G1 1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.0%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with GFR category G2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">104</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">131</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with GFR category G2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with GFR category G3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">151</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">191</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with GFR category G3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.4%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with GFR category G4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">211</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with GFR category G4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">113</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with GFR category G5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">115</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.0%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elderly adults with GFR category G5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">LR+: positive likelihood ratio; LR-: negative likelihood ratio</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er13tab5"><div id="niceng203er13.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="title">National Clinical Guideline Centre 2014</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er13.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Costs<sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Percentage correct</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<b>National Clinical Guideline Centre 2014</b>
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</p>
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<p>Cost effectiveness analysis</p>
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<p>NHS perspective</p>
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<p>Decision Tree</p>
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<p>One-year time horizon</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat</sub>:no further testing, diagnosed as CKD stage 3a</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Cys</sub>: eGFR is re-calculated using serum cystatin C and the CKD-EPIcys equation</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Create-cys</sub>: eGFR is re-calculated using serum cystatin C and serum creatinine and the combined CKD-EPI equation</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Age 75+</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat</sub>: £57.39</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Cys</sub>: £47.27</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat-cys</sub>: £51.40</p>
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<p>Age<75 No hypertension</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat</sub>: £57.39</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Cys</sub>: £42.26</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat-cys</sub>: £49.13</p>
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<p>Age<75 hypertension</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat</sub>: £65.15</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Cys</sub>: £44.14</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat-cys</sub>: £48.76</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Age 75+</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat</sub>: 79.8</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Cys</sub>: 76.6</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat-cys</sub>: 80.5</p>
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<p>Age<75 No hypertension</p>
|
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat</sub>: 67</p>
|
|
<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Cys</sub>: 75</p>
|
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat-cys</sub>: 81</p>
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<p>Age<75 hypertension</p>
|
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat</sub>: 70</p>
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Cys</sub>: 79</p>
|
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<p>CKD-EPI<sub>Creat-cys</sub>: 79</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was done around the input parameter point estimates. Prices were kept deterministic. When changing drug and management costs to 5 years rather than 1 year, it increased the costs but CKD-EPI<sub>cys</sub> was still the most cost-effective result. Other sensitivity analyses did not have a large effect.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er13.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Costs inflated from sterling 2014 to sterling 2020 using the EPPI Centre cost converter accessed 22/10/2020, inflation factor 1.11.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er13tab6"><div id="niceng203er13.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="title">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref17">Shardlow 2017</a>
|
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</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er13.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Costs differences<sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Total increase per patient</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
|
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er13.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng203er13.s1.1.ref17">Shardlow 2017</a>
|
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</p>
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<p>Cost consequence analysis</p>
|
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<p>NHS perspective</p>
|
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<p>5-year time horizon</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Implementing cystatin C testing and 12 months of monitoring using eGFR<sub>cystatin C</sub></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£14,180.11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£25.39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No sensitivity analysis was done</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially Applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Implementing cystatin C testing and 12 months of monitoring using eGFR<sub>creatinine and cystatin C</sub></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">£3,561.87</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">£8.83</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er13.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Costs inflated from sterling 2015 to sterling 2020 using the EPPI Centre cost converter accessed 22/10/2020, inflation factor 1.10.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er13appltab1"><div id="niceng203er13.appl.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574725/table/niceng203er13.appl.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er13.appl.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Andersen, Trine Borup, Jodal, Lars, Boegsted, Martin
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et al. (2012) GFR prediction from cystatin C and creatinine in children: effect of including body cell mass. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
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59(1): 50–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22037490" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22037490</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Could not separate CKD population from overall cohort</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Andersen, Trine Borup, Jodal, Lars, Erlandsen, Erland J
|
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et al. (2013) Detecting reduced renal function in children: comparison of GFR-models and serum markers. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
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28(1): 83–92 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22945867" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22945867</span></a>]
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>- Derivation study without external validation</p>
|
|
<p>results are only available for the models derived in this study. Although this study did test existing equations, these were only used to inform their model and results were not presented</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Aydin, Funda, Budak, Evrim Surer, Demirelli, Serkan
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et al. (2015) Comparison of Cystatin C and beta-Trace Protein Versus 99mTc-DTPA Plasma Sampling in Determining Glomerular Filtration Rate in Chronic Renal Disease. Journal of nuclear medicine technology
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43(3): 206–13 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26111707" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26111707</span></a>]
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes are not reported in a format meeting the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Bacchetta, Justine, Cochat, Pierre, Rognant, Nicolas
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et al. (2011) Which creatinine and cystatin C equations can be reliably used in children?. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN
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6(3): 552–60 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3082413/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3082413</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21115623" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21115623</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>- Could not separate CKD population from overall cohort</p>
|
|
<p>population consisted of >10% renal transplant patients.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Barr, Elizabeth Lm, Maple-Brown, Louise J, Barzi, Federica
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et al. (2017) Comparison of creatinine and cystatin C based eGFR in the estimation of glomerular filtration rate in Indigenous Australians: The eGFR Study. Clinical biochemistry
|
|
50(6): 301–308 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27894952" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27894952</span></a>]
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Berg, Ulla B, Nyman, Ulf, Back, Rune
|
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et al. (2015) New standardized cystatin C and creatinine GFR equations in children validated with inulin clearance. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
|
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30(8): 1317–26 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25903639" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25903639</span></a>]
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Could not separate CKD population from overall cohort</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Bevc, Sebastjan, Hojs, Nina, Knehtl, Masa
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et al. (2019) Cystatin C as a predictor of mortality in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease. The aging male : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male
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22(1): 62–67 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29912597" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29912597</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcome to be predicted do not match that specified in the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bjork, Jonas, Back, Sten Erik, Ebert, Natalie
|
|
et al. (2018) GFR estimation based on standardized creatinine and cystatin C: a European multicenter analysis in older adults. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
|
|
56(3): 422–435 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28985182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28985182</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Participants were not required to have suspected or confirmed CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bjork, Jonas, Grubb, Anders, Larsson, Anders
|
|
et al. (2015) Accuracy of GFR estimating equations combining standardized cystatin C and creatinine assays: a cross-sectional study in Sweden. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
|
|
53(3): 403–14 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25274955" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25274955</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Internal validation study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bukabau, J.B., Yayo, E., Gnionsahe, A.
|
|
et al. (2019) Performance of creatinine- or cystatin C-based equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate in sub-Saharan African populations. Kidney International
|
|
95(5): 1181–1189 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30910379" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30910379</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Could not separate CKD population from overall cohort</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Cha, Ran-Hui, Lee, Chung Sik, Lim, Youn-Hee
|
|
et al. (2010) Clinical usefulness of serum cystatin C and the pertinent estimation of glomerular filtration rate based on cystatin C. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)
|
|
15(8): 768–76 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21175963" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21175963</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Chi, Xiao-Hua, Li, Gui-Ping, Wang, Quan-Shi
|
|
et al. (2017) CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C glomerular filtration rate estimation equation seems more suitable for Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease than other equations. BMC nephrology
|
|
18(1): 226 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5504640/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5504640</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28693441" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28693441</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Corrao, A M, Lisi, G, Di Pasqua, G
|
|
et al. (2006) Serum cystatin C as a reliable marker of changes in glomerular filtration rate in children with urinary tract malformations. The Journal of urology
|
|
175(1): 303–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16406933" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16406933</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Dart, A B, McGavock, J, Sharma, A
|
|
et al. (2019) Estimating glomerular filtration rate in youth with obesity and type 2 diabetes: the iCARE study equation. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
|
|
34(9): 1565–1574 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31049718" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31049718</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Unclear whether participants were suspected of CKD</p>
|
|
<p>Validation cohort were 26 youth with BMI >85th percentile without diabetes</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
den Bakker, Emil, Gemke, Reinoud, van Wijk, Joanna A E
|
|
et al. (2018) Combining GFR estimates from cystatin C and creatinine-what is the optimal mix?. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
|
|
33(9): 1553–1563 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29774462" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29774462</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Could not separate CKD population from overall cohort</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Donmez, Osman, Korkmaz, Huseyin Anil, Yildiz, Nalan
|
|
et al. (2015) Comparison of serum cystatin C and creatinine levels in determining glomerular filtration rate in children with stage I to III chronic renal disease. Renal failure
|
|
37(5): 784–90 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25707515" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25707515</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- 2×2 not reported / calculable</p>
|
|
<p>P15/30 also not available</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Du, Yue, Sun, Ting-Ting, Hou, Ling
|
|
et al. (2015) Applicability of various estimation formulas to assess renal function in Chinese children. World journal of pediatrics : WJP
|
|
11(4): 346–51 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25447632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25447632</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fan, Li, Inker, Lesley A, Rossert, Jerome
|
|
et al. (2014) Glomerular filtration rate estimation using cystatin C alone or combined with creatinine as a confirmatory test. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|
|
29(6): 1195–203 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4471437/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4471437</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24449101" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24449101</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Feng, Jia-fu, Qiu, Ling, Zhang, Lin
|
|
et al. (2013) Multicenter study of creatinine- and/or cystatin C-based equations for estimation of glomerular filtration rates in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease. PloS one
|
|
8(3): e57240 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3602457/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3602457</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23526939" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23526939</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Filler, G., Foster, J., Acker, A.
|
|
et al. (2005) The Cockcroft-Gault formula should not be used in children. Kidney International
|
|
67(6): 2321–2324 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15882274" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15882274</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Could not separate CKD population from overall cohort</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Filler, G, Priem, F, Vollmer, I
|
|
et al. (1999) Diagnostic sensitivity of serum cystatin for impaired glomerular filtration rate. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
|
|
13(6): 501–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10452278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10452278</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Filler, Guido and Lepage, Nathalie (2003) Should the Schwartz formula for estimation of GFR be replaced by cystatin C formula?. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
|
|
18(10): 981–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920638" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12920638</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- 2×2 not reported / calculable</p>
|
|
<p>p30 also not reported</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Gabutti, Luca, Ferrari, Nicola, Mombelli, Giorgio
|
|
et al. (2004) Does cystatin C improve the precision of Cockcroft and Gault’s creatinine clearance estimation?. Journal of nephrology
|
|
17(5): 673–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15593034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15593034</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Reference standard in study does not match that specified in protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Gotoh, Y., Uemura, O., Ishikura, K.
|
|
et al. (2018) Validation of estimated glomerular filtration rate equations for Japanese children. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
|
|
22(4): 931–937 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29372471" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29372471</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Grubb, A, Bjork, J, Lindstrom, V
|
|
et al. (2005) A cystatin C-based formula without anthropometric variables estimates glomerular filtration rate better than creatinine clearance using the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation
|
|
65(2): 15362 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16025838" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16025838</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Derivation study without external validation</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Guan, Changjie, Liang, Ming, Liu, Riguang
|
|
et al. (2018) Assessment of creatinine and cystatin C-based eGFR equations in Chinese older adults with chronic kidney disease. International urology and nephrology
|
|
50(12): 2229–2238 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29948865" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29948865</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Assessment tool do not match that specified in the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>only compared Cystatin and creatinine combined equations</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Guo, Xiuzhi, Qin, Yan, Zheng, Ke
|
|
et al. (2014) Improved glomerular filtration rate estimation using new equations combined with standardized cystatin C and creatinine in Chinese adult chronic kidney disease patients. Clinical biochemistry
|
|
47(1314): 1220–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24886770" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24886770</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hojs, R, Bevc, S, Ekart, R
|
|
et al. (2008) Serum cystatin C-based equation compared to serum creatinine-based equations for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clinical nephrology
|
|
70(1): 10–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18793543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18793543</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Derivation study without external validation</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Huang, Shih-Han S, Macnab, Jennifer J, Sontrop, Jessica M
|
|
et al. (2011) Performance of the creatinine-based and the cystatin C-based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations in a heterogenous sample of patients referred for nuclear GFR testing. Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine
|
|
157(6): 357–67 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21575920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21575920</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Participants were not required to have suspected or confirmed CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng203er13.appl.ref30"></a>Inker, Lesley A, Schmid, Christopher H, Tighiouart, Hocine
|
|
et al. (2012) Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. The New England journal of medicine
|
|
367(1): 20–9 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4398023/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4398023</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22762315" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22762315</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- 2×2 not reported / calculable</p>
|
|
<p>P30 available</p>
|
|
<p>- Could not separate CKD population from overall cohort</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Jeong, Tae-Dong, Lee, Woochang, Yun, Yeo-Min
|
|
et al. (2016) Development and validation of the Korean version of CKD-EPI equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Clinical biochemistry
|
|
49(9): 713–719 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26968101" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26968101</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Could not separate CKD population from overall cohort</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Jonsson, A-S, Flodin, M, Hansson, L-O
|
|
et al. (2007) Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRCystC) from serum cystatin C shows strong agreement with iohexol clearance in patients with low GFR. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation
|
|
67(8): 801–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17852801" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17852801</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Derivation study without external validation</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng203er13.appl.ref33"></a>Kilbride, Hannah S, Stevens, Paul E, Eaglestone, Gillian
|
|
et al. (2013) Accuracy of the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) study and CKD-EPI (CKD Epidemiology Collaboration) equations for estimation of GFR in the elderly. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|
|
61(1): 57–66 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22889713" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22889713</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>- Unclear whether participants had CKD</p>
|
|
<p>although subgroup analyses included people with GFR <60, suspected or confirmed CKD was not a requirement for inclusion into the study</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kumaresan, R. and Giri, P. (2012) A comparison between serum Creatinine and cystatin C-based formulae: Estimating glomerular filtration rate in chronic kidney disease patients. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
|
|
5(suppl1): 42–44
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- 2×2 not reported / calculable</p>
|
|
<p>P30 not available</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lamb, Edmund J, Brettell, Elizabeth A, Cockwell, Paul
|
|
et al. (2014) The eGFR-C study: accuracy of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation using creatinine and cystatin C and albuminuria for monitoring disease progression in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease--prospective longitudinal study in a multiethnic population. BMC nephrology
|
|
15: 13 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3898236/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3898236</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24423077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24423077</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- methods/rationale only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Levey
|
|
AS, Coresh
|
|
J, Greene
|
|
T
|
|
et al. (2006) Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Annals of internal medicine
|
|
145(4): 247–254 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16908915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16908915</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Li, Hai-xia, Xu, Guo-bin, Wang, Xue-jing
|
|
et al. (2010) Diagnostic accuracy of various glomerular filtration rates estimating equations in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes. Chinese medical journal
|
|
123(6): 745–51 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20368098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20368098</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Liu, Xun, Ma, Huijuan, Huang, Hui
|
|
et al. (2013) Is the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine-cystatin C equation useful for glomerular filtration rate estimation in the elderly?. Clinical interventions in aging
|
|
8: 1387–91 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3797613/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3797613</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24143084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24143084</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Luis-Lima, S., Escamilla-Cabrera, B., Negrin-Mena, N.
|
|
et al. (2019) Chronic kidney disease staging with cystatin C or creatinine-based formulas: Flipping the coin. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
|
|
34(2): 287–294 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29762739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29762739</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Could not separate CKD population from overall cohort</p>
|
|
<p>most of the participants were not recruited due to suspected or confirmed CKD. Additionally, the study include renal transplant and pre-dialysis patients</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Major, R.W.; Shepherd, D.; Brunskill, N.J. (2018) Reclassification of chronic kidney disease stage, eligibility for cystatin-c and its associated costs in a UK primary care cohort. Nephron
|
|
139(1): 39–46 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29566373" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29566373</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Assessment tool do not match that specified in the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>Cystatin-C equation not evaluated</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Masaebi, F., Looha, M.A., Wang, Z.
|
|
et al. (2020) Evaluation of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and cystatin C in early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in the absence of the Gold Standard. Galen Medical Journal
|
|
9: e1698 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8343785/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8343785</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34466571" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34466571</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mohammed, R.A.-A., El-Shazely, A., Haridy, M.A.M.A.
|
|
et al. (2019) Diagnostic values of serum cystatin C and urinary fetuin-A as early biochemical markers in predicting diabetic nephropathy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences
|
|
10(6): 237–244
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mousavinasab, N. and Jalalzadeh, M. (2017) A comparison of estimated GFRs based on formulas of serum cystatin C and serum creatinine. Nephro-Urology Monthly
|
|
9(3): e46569
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- 2×2 not reported / calculable</p>
|
|
<p>P30 also not reported</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Narvaez-Sanchez, Raul, Gonzalez, Luz, Salamanca, Alba
|
|
et al. (2008) Cystatin C could be a replacement to serum creatinine for diagnosing and monitoring kidney function in children. Clinical biochemistry
|
|
41(78): 498–503 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18280806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18280806</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Assessment tool do not match that specified in the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>serum cystatin only (no equation used)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Neirynck, Nathalie, Eloot, Sunny, Glorieux, Griet
|
|
et al. (2012) Estimated glomerular filtration rate is a poor predictor of the concentration of middle molecular weight uremic solutes in chronic kidney disease. PloS one
|
|
7(8): e44201 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3432070/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3432070</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22952928" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22952928</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Reference standard in study does not match that specified in protocol</p>
|
|
<p>reference standard was based on eGFR</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ng, Derek K, Schwartz, George J, Warady, Bradley A
|
|
et al. (2017) Relationships of Measured Iohexol GFR and Estimated GFR With CKD-Related Biomarkers in Children and Adolescents. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|
|
70(3): 397–405 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5572310/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5572310</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28549535" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28549535</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Assessment tool do not match that specified in the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>only looked at an equation which contained both Creatinine and Cystatin C</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Padala
|
|
S, Tighiouart
|
|
H, Inker
|
|
LA
|
|
et al. (2012) Accuracy of a GFR estimating equation over time in people with a wide range of kidney function. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|
|
60(2): 217–224 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3399947/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3399947</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22495467" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22495467</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Derivation study without external validation the study used data from derivation studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Pei, Xiao-Hua, He, Juan, Liu, Qiao
|
|
et al. (2012) Evaluation of serum creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate in a Chinese population. Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology
|
|
46(3): 223–31 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22376289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22376289</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Participants were not required to have suspected or confirmed CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Pei, Xiaohua, Bao, Lihua, Xu, Zhaoqiang
|
|
et al. (2013) Diagnostic value of cystatin C and glomerular filtration rate formulae in Chinese nonelderly and elderly populations. Journal of nephrology
|
|
26(3): 476–84 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22878979" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22878979</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ramanathan, K. and Padmanabhan, G. (2017) Comparison of chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equations with other accepted equations for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in Indian chronic kidney disease patients. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science
|
|
16(2): 238–244
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Rowe, C., Sitch, A.J., Barratt, J.
|
|
et al. (2019) Biological variation of measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney International
|
|
96(2): 429–435 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31084924" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31084924</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- 2×2 not reported / calculable</p>
|
|
<p>P30 calculation also not possible.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Salek, T. and Palicka, V. (2014) Comparison of creatinine clearance and estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease. Klinicka Biochemie a Metabolismus
|
|
22(3): 123–126
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Reference standard in study does not match that specified in protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Scarr, D., Bjornstad, P., Lovblom, L.E.
|
|
et al. (2019) Estimating GFR by Serum Creatinine, Cystatin C, and beta2-Microglobulin in Older Adults: Results From the Canadian Study of Longevity in Type 1 Diabetes. Kidney International Reports
|
|
4(6): 786–796 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6551543/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6551543</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31194091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31194091</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Participants were not required to have suspected or confirmed CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng203er13.appl.ref54"></a>Schaeffner, Elke S, Ebert, Natalie, Delanaye, Pierre
|
|
et al. (2012) Two novel equations to estimate kidney function in persons aged 70 years or older. Annals of internal medicine
|
|
157(7): 471–81 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23027318" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23027318</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Derivation study without external validation</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Serezlija, Elma; Serdarevic, Nafija; Begic, Lejla (2017) The Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on the Serum Cystatin C and Creatinine Values. Clinical laboratory
|
|
63(7): 1099–1106 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28792695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28792695</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Unclear whether participants had CKD</p>
|
|
<p>participants were recruited based on GFR but subgroup analysis according to level of GFR is not available.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Shardlow, Adam, McIntyre, Natasha J, Fraser, Simon D S
|
|
et al. (2017) The clinical utility and cost impact of cystatin C measurement in the diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease: A primary care cohort study. PLoS medicine
|
|
14(10): e1002400 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5634538/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5634538</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29016597" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29016597</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Reference standard in study does not match that specified in protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sharma, Ajay P, Yasin, Abeer, Garg, Amit X
|
|
et al. (2011) Diagnostic accuracy of cystatin C-based eGFR equations at different GFR levels in children. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN
|
|
6(7): 1599–608 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21700821" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21700821</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Stevens
|
|
LA, Claybon
|
|
MA, Schmid
|
|
CH
|
|
et al. (2011) Evaluation of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation for estimating the glomerular filtration rate in multiple ethnicities. Kidney international
|
|
79(5): 555–562 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4220293/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4220293</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21107446" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21107446</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Participants were not required to have suspected or confirmed CKD</p>
|
|
<p>Datasets included around 15% of participants who were kidney donors (without CKD), additionally, of the participants with CKD in the external validation set, 29% were transplant recipients.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sun, Yanhong, Jiang, Tang, Zeng, Zhijie
|
|
et al. (2010) Performance evaluation of a particle-enhanced turbidimetric cystatin C assay using the Abbott Aeroset analyser and assessment of cystatin C-based equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate in chronic kidney disease. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|
|
25(5): 1489–96 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20037185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20037185</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Trimarchi, Hernan, Muryan, Alexis, Martino, Diana
|
|
et al. (2012) Creatinine- vs. cystatin C-based equations compared with 99mTcDTPA scintigraphy to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic kidney disease. Journal of nephrology
|
|
25(6): 1003–15 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22322818" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22322818</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Data not reported in a format specified in the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Trimarchi, Hernan, Muryan, Alexis, Toscano, Agostina
|
|
et al. (2014) Proteinuria, (99m) Tc-DTPA Scintigraphy, Creatinine-, Cystatin- and Combined-Based Equations in the Assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease. ISRN nephrology
|
|
2014: 430247 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4045439/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4045439</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24977136" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24977136</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes are not reported in a format meeting the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Uemura, Osamu, Nagai, Takuhito, Ishikura, Kenji
|
|
et al. (2014) Cystatin C-based equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate in Japanese children and adolescents. Clinical and experimental nephrology
|
|
18(5): 718–25 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24253614" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24253614</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Outcomes are not reported in a format meeting the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>p30 / 2×2 table are only available for the derived tool (which did not undergo any validation in this study).</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
van Deventer, Hendrick E, Paiker, Janice E, Katz, Ivor J
|
|
et al. (2011) A comparison of cystatin C- and creatinine-based prediction equations for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate in black South Africans. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|
|
26(5): 1553–8 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3108353/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3108353</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20961892" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20961892</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Vega, Almudena, Garcia de Vinuesa, Soledad, Goicoechea, Marian
|
|
et al. (2014) Evaluation of methods based on creatinine and cystatin C to estimate glomerular filtration rate in chronic kidney disease. International urology and nephrology
|
|
46(6): 1161–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24265040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24265040</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- 2×2 not reported / calculable</p>
|
|
<p>not all participants underwent the index tests so 2×2 table is not possible. P50 value is available but no P30.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Xun
|
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L, Cheng
|
|
W, Hua
|
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T
|
|
et al. (2010) Assessing glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in elderly Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD): a comparison of various predictive equations. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics
|
|
51(1): 13–20 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19615764" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19615764</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Yang, M., Zou, Y., Lu, T.
|
|
et al. (2019) Revised Equations to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate from Serum Creatinine and Cystatin C in China. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research
|
|
44(4): 553–564 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31256154" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31256154</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Yang, Min, Xu, Guang, Ling, Lilu
|
|
et al. (2017) Performance of the creatinine and cystatin C-based equations for estimation of GFR in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease. Clinical and experimental nephrology
|
|
21(2): 236–246 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27125433" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27125433</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Yang, S.-K., Liu, J., Zhang, X.-M.
|
|
et al. (2016) Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum Cystatin C for the Evaluation of Renal Dysfunction in Diabetic Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis
|
|
20(6): 579–587 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27921376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27921376</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study does not contain any relevant index tests</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ye, Xiaoshuang, Liu, Xun, Song, Dan
|
|
et al. (2016) Estimating glomerular filtration rate by serum creatinine or/and cystatin C equations: An analysis of multi-centre Chinese subjects. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)
|
|
21(5): 372–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26427030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26427030</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Participants were not required to have suspected or confirmed CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ye, Xiaoshuang, Wei, Lu, Pei, Xiaohua
|
|
et al. (2014) Application of creatinine- and/or cystatin C-based glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in elderly Chinese. Clinical interventions in aging
|
|
9: 1539–49 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4166349/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4166349</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25246780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25246780</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Could not separate CKD population from overall cohort</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Yong, Zhenzhu, Li, Fen, Pei, Xiaohua
|
|
et al. (2019) A comparison between 2017 FAS and 2012 CKD-EPI equations: a multi-center validation study in Chinese adult population. International urology and nephrology
|
|
51(1): 139–146 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30357600" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30357600</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Participants were not required to have suspected or confirmed CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Zappitelli, Michael, Parvex, Paloma, Joseph, Lawrence
|
|
et al. (2006) Derivation and validation of cystatin C-based prediction equations for GFR in children. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|
|
48(2): 221–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16860187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16860187</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Could not separate CKD population from overall cohort</p>
|
|
<p>contained all children undergoing iothalamate GFR testing, unclear how many had CKD or reason for testing (so suspected CKD cannot be confirmed either)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Zhang, Min, Chen, Yunshuang, Tang, Li
|
|
et al. (2014) Applicability of chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equations in a Chinese population. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|
|
29(3): 580–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24335503" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24335503</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Zou, L.-X., Sun, L., Nicholas, S.B.
|
|
et al. (2020) Comparison of bias and accuracy using cystatin C and creatinine in CKD-EPI equations for GFR estimation. European Journal of Internal Medicine [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32522444" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32522444</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er13.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population did not meet that specified by the protocol</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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