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class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK574721_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence reviews for interventions to lower proteinuria</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Chronic kidney disease</div><p><b>Evidence review H</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 203</i></p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2021 Aug</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-4233-6</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2021.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1"><h2 id="_niceng203er8_s1_">Interventions to lower proteinuria</h2><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question</h3><p>For adults, children and young people with suspected or diagnosed chronic kidney disease (CKD), what is the effect of interventions to lower proteinuria?</p><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.1"><h4>1.1.1. Introduction</h4><p>The NICE guideline on chronic kidney disease in adults: assessment and management (NICE guideline CG182) was reviewed in 2017 as part of NICE’s routine surveillance programme to determine whether new evidence was available that could alter current recommendations. The decision was to update the guideline. Therefore, the proposed update went through a scoping process. During scoping, it was decided to add a new review question to investigate the effect of interventions to lower proteinuria in adults, children and young people with suspected or diagnosed CKD and proteinuria or albuminuria.</p><p>The aim of this review is to assess the effect of interventions to lower proteinuria in adults, children and young people with CKD. This review identified randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that fulfilled the conditions specified in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab1">Table 1</a>. For full details of the review protocol, see <a href="#niceng203er8.appa">Appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.2"><h4>1.1.2. Summary of the protocol</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO table for interventions to lower proteinuria." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO table for interventions to lower proteinuria. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.3"><h4>1.1.3. Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng203er8.appa">Appendix A</a> and the methods in <a href="#niceng203er8.appb">Appendix B</a>.</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/about/who-we-are/policies-and-procedures" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE’s conflicts of interest policy</a>.</p><p>The following methods were specific for this review:
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<ol><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The evidence was analysed by class of medication because it was assumed that medications within a class would have similar mechanisms of action and similar pharmaceutical effects.
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<ol class="lower-alpha"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood pressure medications (6 classes):
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<ol class="lower-roman"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>aldosterone antagonists</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>angiotensin receptor blockers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>calcium channel blockers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>direct renin inhibitors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>diuretics</div></li></ol></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood glucose medications (4 classes)
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<ol class="lower-roman"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>dipeptidyl peptidase‑4 inhibitors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>thiazolidinediones</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>insulin</div></li></ol></div></li></ol></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A network meta-analysis was not undertaken for this analysis because of the heterogeneity of the included papers (populations, underlying conditions, length of follow up etc) in 2021. Pairwise meta-analysis was done when studies reported on the same comparison and it was considered feasible to combine.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thresholds were agreed with the committee to identify studies including participants with proteinuria or albuminuria:
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<ol class="lower-alpha"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Proteinuria
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<ol class="lower-roman"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>urinary protein:creatinine ratio >15 mg/mmol (>150 mg/g)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>urinary protein 24 h >150 mg/24 h</div></li></ol></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Albuminuria
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<ol class="lower-roman"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>urinary albumin:creatinine ratio >3 mg/mmol (30 mg/g)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>urinary albumin 24 h >30 mg/24 h</div></li></ol></div></li></ol></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some studies reported protein:creatinine ratio and albumin:creatinine ratio as mg/g, but the committee highlighted that mg/mmol is the preferred unit of measure in the UK. Therefore, any data on protein:creatinine ratio and albumin:creatinine ratio reported as mg/g were converted to the preferred measure mg/mmol multiplying by 0.113 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref167" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref167">KDIGO 2013</a>; some of the conversions were rounded to the closest proteinuria or albuminuria threshold [see bullet point 3 above]). This was done to make outcomes comparable and because mg/mmol is the preferred metric in the UK.</div></li></ol></p></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.4"><h4>1.1.4. Effectiveness evidence</h4><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.4.1"><h5>1.1.4.1. Included studies</h5><p>A systematic search was carried out to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews of RCTs, which found 6,046 references (see <a href="#niceng203er8.appc">appendix C</a> for the literature search strategy). Evidence identified from systematic reviews (34 RCTs) was also reviewed. In total, 6,080 references were identified for screening at title and abstract level with 5,904 excluded at this level. Full texts were ordered to be screened for 176 references.</p><p>In total 31 RCTs were included based on their relevance to the review protocol (<a href="#niceng203er8.appa">Appendix A</a>). The clinical evidence study selection is presented as a PRISMA diagram in <a href="#niceng203er8.appd">Appendix D</a>.</p><p>A second set of searches was conducted at the end of the guideline development process for all updated review questions using the original search strategies, to capture papers published whilst the guideline was being developed. This search returned 316 references for this review question and 2 additional references which were published after the date of the search were identified by a member of the guideline committee which was considered to be relevant for the update, 318 references were screened on title and abstract. Ten references were ordered for full text screening. None of these references were included based on their relevance to the review protocol (<a href="#niceng203er8.appa">Appendix A</a>).</p><p>See <a href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.1.rl.r1">section 1.1.10.1 Effectiveness</a> for a list of references for included studies.</p></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.4.2"><h5>1.1.4.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>See <a href="#niceng203er8.appl">Appendix L</a> for a list of excluded studies with reasons for exclusion and bibliographic reference.</p></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.5"><h4>1.1.5. Summary of studies included in the effectiveness evidence</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab2"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in the effectiveness evidence." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the effectiveness evidence. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng203er8.appe">Appendix E</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.6"><h4>1.1.6. Summary of the effectiveness evidence</h4><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.6.1"><h5>1.1.6.1. Adults with type 2 diabetes</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab3"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Aldosterone antagonist vs Placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Aldosterone antagonist vs Placebo. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab4"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab4" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. ARB vs Placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ARB vs Placebo. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab5"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab5" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. CCB vs Placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">CCB vs Placebo. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab6"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab6" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. ACE-I vs ARB." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ACE-I vs ARB. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab7"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab7" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 7. ARB vs Aldosterone antagonist." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab7">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ARB vs Aldosterone antagonist. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab8"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 8" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab8" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab8/?report=previmg" alt="Table 8. ARB vs CCB." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab8">Table 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ARB vs CCB. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab9"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 9" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab9" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab9"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab9/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab9/?report=previmg" alt="Table 9. Gliptin vs Placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab9">Table 9</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Gliptin vs Placebo. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab10"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 10" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab10" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab10"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab10/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab10/?report=previmg" alt="Table 10. Thiazolidinedione vs Placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab10">Table 10</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Thiazolidinedione vs Placebo. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab11"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 11" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab11" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab11"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab11/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab11/?report=previmg" alt="Table 11. SGLT2 inhibitor vs placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab11"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab11">Table 11</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">SGLT2 inhibitor vs placebo. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab12"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 12" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab12" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab12"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab12/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab12/?report=previmg" alt="Table 12. SGLT2 inhibitor + gliptin vs SGLT2 inhibitor." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab12"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab12">Table 12</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">SGLT2 inhibitor + gliptin vs SGLT2 inhibitor. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab13"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 13" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab13" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab13"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab13/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab13/?report=previmg" alt="Table 13. Exercise vs No intervention." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab13"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab13">Table 13</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Exercise vs No intervention. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab14"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 14" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab14" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab14"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab14/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab14/?report=previmg" alt="Table 14. Exercise vs Diet." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab14"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab14">Table 14</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Exercise vs Diet. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab15"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 15" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab15" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab15"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab15/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab15/?report=previmg" alt="Table 15. ACE-I + ARB vs ARB." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab15"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab15">Table 15</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ACE-I + ARB vs ARB. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab16"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 16" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab16" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab16"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab16/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab16/?report=previmg" alt="Table 16. ACE-I + ARB vs ACE-I." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab16"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab16">Table 16</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ACE-I + ARB vs ACE-I. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.6.2"><h5>1.1.6.2. Adults without type 2 diabetes</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab17"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 17" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab17" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab17"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab17/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab17/?report=previmg" alt="Table 17. ACE-I vs placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab17"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab17">Table 17</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ACE-I vs placebo. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab18"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 18" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab18" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab18"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab18/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab18/?report=previmg" alt="Table 18. Aldosterone antagonist vs placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab18"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab18">Table 18</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Aldosterone antagonist vs placebo. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab19"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 19" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab19" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab19"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab19/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab19/?report=previmg" alt="Table 19. ARB vs placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab19"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab19">Table 19</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ARB vs placebo. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab20"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 20" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab20" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab20"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab20/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab20/?report=previmg" alt="Table 20. ARB vs control (usual antihypertensive therapy except ACE inhibitors and ARBs)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab20"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab20">Table 20</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ARB vs control (usual antihypertensive therapy except ACE inhibitors and ARBs). </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab21"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab21/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 21" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab21" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab21"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab21/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab21/?report=previmg" alt="Table 21. ACE-I vs ARB." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab21"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab21/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab21">Table 21</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ACE-I vs ARB. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab22"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab22/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 22" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab22" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab22"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab22/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab22/?report=previmg" alt="Table 22. ARB vs CCB." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab22"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab22/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab22">Table 22</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ARB vs CCB. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab23"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab23/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 23" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab23" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab23"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab23/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab23/?report=previmg" alt="Table 23. Subcutaneous insulin infusion vs Conventional insulin." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab23"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab23/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab23">Table 23</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Subcutaneous insulin infusion vs Conventional insulin. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab24"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab24/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 24" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab24" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab24"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab24/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab24/?report=previmg" alt="Table 24. ACE-I + ARB vs ARB." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab24"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab24/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab24">Table 24</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ACE-I + ARB vs ARB. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab25"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab25/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 25" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab25" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab25"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab25/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab25/?report=previmg" alt="Table 25. ACE-I + ARB vs ACE-I." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab25"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab25/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab25">Table 25</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ACE-I + ARB vs ACE-I. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab26"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab26/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 26" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab26" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab26"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab26/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab26/?report=previmg" alt="Table 26. ARB + CCB vs ARB." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab26"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab26/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab26">Table 26</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ARB + CCB vs ARB. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab27"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab27/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 27" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab27" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab27"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab27/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab27/?report=previmg" alt="Table 27. ARB + Diuretic vs ARB." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab27"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab27/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab27">Table 27</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">ARB + Diuretic vs ARB. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab28"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab28/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 28" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab28" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab28"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab28/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab28/?report=previmg" alt="Table 28. Spironolactone + conventional therapy vs Conventional therapy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab28"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab28/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab28">Table 28</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Spironolactone + conventional therapy vs Conventional therapy. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng203er8.appg">Appendix G</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7"><h4>1.1.7. Economic evidence</h4><p>A systematic review was conducted to identify economic evaluations for this review question. The search returned 3,143 records which were sifted against the review protocol. Of these publications 3,109 were excluded based on title and abstract. On full paper inspection 10 studies were found to be duplicates and 21 did not to meet the inclusion criteria. Due to the number publications assessing the cost-effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy in people with kidney disease, inclusion was restricted to cost-utility analyses from OECD countries comparing interventions to lower proteinuria. For analyses of diet interventions, the criteria for inclusion was broadened as there was less evidence available. Fourteen published economic analyses were included in the evidence synthesis, 12 assessing the cost-effectiveness of antihypertensive agents and 2 on diet interventions. A further paper was identified during consultation resulting in 15 studies included in the evidence review.</p><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.1"><h5>1.1.7.1. Included studies</h5><p>A summary of the studies included in the cost-effectiveness review is given below. Detailed information on the studies identified from the review can be found in <a href="#niceng203er8.appi">Appendix I</a>, quality assessment in <a href="#niceng203er8.appj">Appendix J</a>, and the study selection is described in <a href="#niceng203er8.apph">Appendix H</a>.</p><p>Nine studies (including one conducted in the UK from an NHS perspective) looked at the timing of antihypertensive therapy, and in particular screening for moderately increased albuminuria (also called microalbuminuria) and subsequent treatment (in the general population, in people with hypertension, or in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes) with no screening and either no treatment unless someone presents with a clinical indication, or with treating all included participants, without any prior screening. Although this review question was not specific to screening interventions, cost effectiveness analyses of programmes consisting of screening followed by treatment to lower proteinuria were still included. The committee agreed this was a reasonable approach as programmes deemed cost-effective after consideration of screening cost and consequences of false diagnoses, were likely to be cost-effective in a population with confirmed proteinuria.</p><p>The evidence consistently showed that screening followed by treatment (and hence also treatment in people already identified without additional screening costs) is highly likely to be cost effective in people with hypertension or diabetes (both type 1 and type 2), and treatment (most commonly an ACE inhibitor) for all people with diabetes, without initially screening for microalbuminuria is likely to be more cost-effective than either screening or incidental detection.</p><p>One cost-utility analysis comparing ACE inhibitors to antihypertensives not acting on the renin-angiotensin system (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref33" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref33">Adarkwah 2013</a>) found ACE inhibitors to be dominant, which supports their use in people with advanced kidney disease.</p><p>The 2 studies analysing the cost-effectiveness of diet interventions are only partially applicable and have very serious methodological limitations, having reduced value to inform recommendations.</p><p>One cost effectiveness study analysed the effect of canagliflozin (an SGLT2) on patients with both CKD and Type 2 diabetes. This study found that canagliflozin was cost saving from an NHS healthcare perspective.</p><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.2"><h5>Timing of antihypertensive therapy</h5><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.2.1"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref37" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref37">Farmer 2014</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab29"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab29/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab29" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab29"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab29/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab29/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab29"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab29/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab29">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Farmer 2014
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Systematic review and cost utility analysis</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.2.2"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref31" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref31">Adarkwah 2011a</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab30"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab30/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab30" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab30"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab30/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab30/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab30"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab30/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab30">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Adarkwah 2011
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People aged 50 with diabetes mellitus</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.2.3"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref32" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref32">Adarkwah 2011b</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab31"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab31/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab31" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab31"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab31/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab31/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab31"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab31/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab31">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Adarkwah 2011
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People aged 44 with advanced renal insufficiency, proteinuria and hypertension</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.2.4"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref39" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref39">Hoerger 2010</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab32"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab32/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab32" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab32"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab32/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab32/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab32"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab32/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab32">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Hoerger 2010
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Cost utility analysis</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.2.5"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref39" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref39">Howard 2010</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab33"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab33/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab33" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab33"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab33/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab33/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab33"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab33/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab33">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Howard 2010
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Cost utility analysis</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.2.6"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref36" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref36">Dong 2004</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab34"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab34/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab34" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab34"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab34/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab34/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab34"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab34/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab34">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Dong 2004
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People with type 1 diabetes</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.2.7"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref34" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref34">Boulware 2003</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab35"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab35/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab35" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab35"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab35/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab35/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab35"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab35/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab35">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Boulware 2003
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Cost utility analysis</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.2.8"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref38" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref38">Golan 1999</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab36"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab36/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab36" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab36"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab36/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab36/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab36"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab36/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab36">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Golan 1999
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Cost utility analysis</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.2.9"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref41" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref41">Kiberd 1998</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab37"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab37/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab37" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab37"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab37/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab37/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab37"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab37/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab37">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cost utility analysis People with type 1 diabetes</p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.3"><h5>Comparison of antihypertensive therapies</h5><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.3.1"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref33" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref33">Adarkwah 2013</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab38"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab38/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab38" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab38"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab38/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab38/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab38"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab38/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab38">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Adarkwah 2013
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People with advanced renal disease</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.3.2"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref35" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref35">Delea 2009</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab39"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab39/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab39" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab39"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab39/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab39/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab39"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab39/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab39">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Delea (2009)
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People with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.3.3"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref43" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref43">Smith 2004</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab40"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab40/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab40" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab40"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab40/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab40/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab40"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab40/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab40">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Smith 2004
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Cost utility analysis</p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.4"><h5>Diet interventions</h5><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.4.1"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref45" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref45">You 2015</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab41"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab41/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab41" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab41"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab41/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab41/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab41"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab41">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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You 2015
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Cost utility analysis</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.4.2"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref42" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref42">Mennini 2014</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab42"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab42/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab42" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab42"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab42/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab42/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab42"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab42/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab42">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Mennini 2014
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Cost utility analysis</p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.5"><h5>SGLT2</h5><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.5.1"><h5>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref44" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref44">Willis 2020</a>
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</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8tab43"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab43/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8tab43" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab43"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab43/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab43/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.tab43"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab43/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8tab43">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">
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Willis 2020
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Cost effectiveness analysis</p></div></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.7.6"><h5>1.1.7.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>A list of studies excluded at full text from the cost-effectiveness review can be found in <a href="#niceng203er8.appl">Appendix L</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.8"><h4>1.1.8. The committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.8.1"><h5>1.1.8.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee agreed that the key outcomes for adults, children and young people with suspected or diagnosed CKD and proteinuria or albuminuria were mortality (all-cause and cardiovascular), CKD progression (occurrence of end stage kidney disease), morbidity (non-fatal cardiovascular events), and hospitalisation (as an adverse outcome). Health-related quality of life was a key outcome but only reported by 1 RCT. Other morbidities and adverse outcomes were also important outcomes, but shortage of evidence on these outcomes made harder to use them for decision making. The committee agreed that reducing proteinuria would have an effect on the key outcomes (reducing chronic kidney disease progression and reducing cardiovascular risk). The committee also discussed the implications of recommending blood pressure medications for the reduction of proteinuria or albuminuria and agreed that blood pressure control is more important than reduction of proteinuria or albuminuria. The committee also highlighted that there is an increased risk for acute kidney injury when prescribing ACE-I and ARB together. Most of the outcomes were reported by the included studies apart from advancement of renal bone disease, vascular calcification, and anaemia which are listed in the protocol as specific morbidities.</p></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.8.2"><h5>1.1.8.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>Overall, the quality of the evidence varied from high to very low (most of the studies were of low and very low quality), with the main reasons for downgrading being due to imprecision of the evidence on the relative effectiveness of different medications to lower proteinuria or albuminuria and due to risk of bias of included RCTs. In most of the comparisons, imprecision was considered to be serious or very serious. Most of the comparisons were reported by single studies and 14 of the 32 included studies had sample sizes of 100 participants or fewer. Risk of bias for some of the included RCTs was due to lack of detailed reporting of the randomisation process, lack of information on the type of analysis (intention-to-treat or per-protocol analysis), and lack of reporting that protocols were pre-registered.</p><p>None of the included RCTs reported evidence for endothelin antagonists and dietary interventions (NaCl, protein) as interventions to reduce proteinuria or albuminuria. There were 2 RCTs reporting exercise interventions, 6 RCTs reported diabetes medications and the rest of the RCTs reported blood pressure medications. The committee did not make specific research recommendations on endothelin antagonists, dietary (NaCl, protein) or exercise interventions. because they were aware of ongoing trials targeting these areas, and did not think that they were priority areas for research. Evidence on these interventions is expected to be found in the future, if any, with further updates of this review question. The evidence was analysed by class of medication (see <a href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.3">1.1.3 Methods</a> and ).</p><p>There were 2 RCTs reporting on aliskiren (direct renin inhibitor) but the committee agreed to exclude both RCTs from the evidence for this review because of the restricted use in people with CKD in the UK (see <a href="https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/aliskiren.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">British National Formulary</a>).The committee also noted that aliskiren is not widely use in clinical practice.</p><p>Pairwise analysis was sub-grouped within class by drug to investigate any potential intra-class effect. The committee looked at these subgroups and concluded that there was no intra-class effect on any of the interventions.</p><p>None of the included studies reported results for children and young people.</p></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.8.3"><h5>1.1.8.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>The committee discussed the evidence for adults with type 2 diabetes separately from the evidence for adults without diabetes. The committee also noted that not all studies were specific for adults with high blood pressure but many of the study participants had hypertension and most of the evidence was for blood pressure medications. The committee also discussed the implications of recommending blood pressure medications for the reduction of proteinuria or albuminuria and agreed that blood pressure control is more important than reduction of proteinuria or albuminuria and made sure that there were no contradictions when recommending blood pressure medications for blood pressure control or for reduction of proteinuria or albuminuria.</p><p>The committee highlighted that in their experience, adults with CKD might not want to have more medications prescribed if they have high levels of proteinuria or albuminuria and they are not already taking the medications recommended here. The committee noted that adults with CKD and diabetes have their albumin levels revised/screened annually as set out in the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QoF) system. The committee acknowledged that testing albuminuria might be an implementation issue.</p><p>The committee agreed to replace the recommendation for the use of ‘a low-cost renin–angiotensin system antagonist’ for the use of ‘ACE inhibitor or ARB’ because the evidence was strongest for these 2 medications and it is more helpful to have the specific classes in the recommendation and because the evidence showed a class effect. It was agreed to remove the text referring to the cost of medications because both ACE inhibitors and ARBs are low cost renin–angiotensin system antagonists.</p><p>The committee agreed that it was important to monitor CKD progression in adults, children and young people who were taking medications to lower proteinuria and made specific recommendations for each age group to highlight and refer back to recommendations on frequency of monitoring and recommendations on referral criteria for specialist assessment.</p><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.8.3.1"><h5>1.1.8.3.1. Adults with type 2 diabetes</h5><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.8.3.1.1"><h5>Blood pressure medications</h5><p>The committee discussed the evidence for blood pressure medications in adults with type 2 diabetes and noted that there was a clinically meaningful risk reduction for end stage kidney disease, and first hospitalisation for heart failure with ARBs compared to placebo:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>End stage kidney disease (RR 0.79 [95% CI 0.67, 0.92], 3.4 years follow-up, low quality of evidence, losartan and irbesartan [ARB])</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>First hospitalisation for heart failure (RR 0.72 [95% CI 0.56, 0.93], 3.4 years follow-up, low quality of evidence, losartan [ARB])</div></li></ul></p><p>The committee noted that the evidence could not differentiate the effect of ACE-I compared to ARB in adults with type 2 diabetes on the following outcomes: reduction of proteinuria, end stage kidney disease, all-cause mortality, CV mortality, non-fatal CV events, adverse events (hypotension), and hospitalisation. There was no evidence comparing ACE-I with placebo in this population but there was evidence showing a reduction of end stage renal disease with ACE-I compared to placebo in adults without type 2 diabetes. Based on this evidence and the thresholds for ACR in the previous version of the guideline, the committee agreed to recommend both ACE inhibitors and ARBs for adults with type 2 diabetes and proteinuria or albuminuria (ACR ≥3 mg/mmol) and for adults with ACR ≥70 mg/mmol with or without hypertension or cardiovascular disease. The 2014 guideline recommended ACE-I or ARB to adults with CKD and proteinuria with or without hypertension or cardiovascular disease at the same thresholds based on economic evaluations which showed that ACE-I or ARB were cost saving compared to placebo in this population.</p><p>The committee also discussed the evidence for harms from combined treatments and noted that there was a clinically meaningful increased risk for acute kidney injury with ACE-I (lisinopril) and ARB (losartan) prescribed together compared to ARB (losartan) prescribed alone (RR 1.62 [95% CI 1.25, 2.1], 2.2 years follow-up, low quality of evidence). Therefore, the committee agreed that this evidence was in line with the 2014 recommendation of ‘do not offer a combination of renin-angiotensin system antagonists to people with CKD’.</p><p>The committee also noted that there was some evidence for blood pressure medications showing a clinically meaningful effect at reducing proteinuria or albuminuria at 2 years. However, the committee agreed that long-term outcomes (such as CKD progression and mortality) were the key outcomes to make recommendations of interventions to lower proteinuria or albuminuria. Therefore, data on reducing proteinuria or albuminuria was not used to make recommendations.</p><p>There were studies reporting on other interventions which did not show an effect on most of the outcomes when compared to placebo (spironolactone [aldosterone antagonist], amlodipine [CCB]) or between different interventions (losartan [ARB] compared to spironolactone; irbesartan [ARB ] compared to amlodipine [CCB]) or the effect was on the reduction of albuminuria or proteinuria (spironolactone compared to placebo; irbesartan compared to amlodipine).</p></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.8.3.1.2"><h5>SGLT2 inhibitors</h5><p>The committee discussed the evidence for diabetes medications and noted that there was a clinically meaningful risk reduction for end stage kidney disease, all-cause mortality and hospitalisation for heart failure with canagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor) compared to placebo:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>End stage kidney disease in adults with ACR ≥30 mg/mmol (HR 0.68 [95% CI 0.54, 0.86], 2.6 years follow-up, moderate quality of evidence)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality in adults with macroalbuminuria (HR 0.63 [95% CI 0.43, 0.92], 6 years follow-up, high quality of evidence)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hospitalisation for heart failure in adults with ACR ≥30 mg/mmol (HR 0.61 [95% CI 0.47, 0.80], median 2.6 years follow-up, moderate quality of evidence</div></li></ul></p><p>There was evidence showing an increased risk for hypoglycaemia with gliptins compared to placebo (RR 2.35 [95% CI 1.16, 4.77], 6 months follow-up, moderate quality of evidence).</p><p>The committee agreed that evidence on canagliflozin was robust, showed an effect on key outcomes and the quality was high to moderate which meant that SGLT2 inhibitors could be recommended as a class of medications to lower proteinuria. The committee also agreed that this recommendation was for adults with ACR 30 mg/mmol or more because the risk of dying was lowest in adults with macroalbuminuria (ACR >30 mg/mmol).</p><p>The committee noted that the RCTs reporting on SGLT2 inhibitors used different thresholds of proteinuria to recruit participants:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref24" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref24">Neuen, 2019</a> (n=2266, canagliflozin, CANVAS trial): 3 to 30 mg/mmol</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref24" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref24">Neuen, 2019</a> (n=760, canagliflozin, CANVAS trial): ≥30 mg/mmol</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref25" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref25">Perkovic, 2019</a> (n=4401, canagliflozin, CREDENCE trial): >30 to 500 mg/mmol</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref26" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref26">Pollock, 2019</a> (n=461, dapagliflozin, DELIGHT trial): 3 to 350 mg/mmol</div></li></ul></p><p>Most of these studies included participants with CKD based on their eGFR levels apart from <a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref24" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref24">Neuen 2019</a> which included participants with microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria irrespective of their eGFR levels.</p><p>Overall, the committee agreed that a threshold of ≥30 mg/mmol was a sensible threshold that broadly represented the inclusion criteria of the trials and was consistent with other recommendations in the guideline. The committee discussed the small increases in serum phosphate with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors which is not a significant issue.</p><p>The committee cautioned that SGLT2 inhibitors are not suitable for everyone and should only be used within their marketing authorisation. The committee highlighted that people taking these drugs should also have monitoring, in line with the advice in the BNF. Volume depletion was a particular issue of concern for the committee, as this may cause falls for people with frailty.</p><p>There were studies reporting on other interventions which did not show an effect on most of the outcomes when compared to placebo (pioglitazone [thiazolidinedione]) or between different interventions (dapagliflozin [SGLT2] + saxagliptin [gliptin] compared to dapagliflozin; exercise compared to no intervention or to diet).</p></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.8.3.2"><h5>1.1.8.3.2. Adults without type 2 diabetes</h5><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.8.3.2.1"><h5>Blood pressure medications</h5><p>The committee discussed the evidence for blood pressure medications and noted that there was a clinically meaningful risk reduction for end stage kidney disease with ACE-I compared to placebo (RR 0.59 [95% CI 0.43, 0.83], up to 6 years follow-up, very low quality). The committee also noted that most of the evidence for blood pressure medications showed a clinically meaningful effect at reducing proteinuria or albuminuria at different time points ranging from 3 months to 3 years. However, the committee agreed that long-term outcomes (such as CKD progression and mortality) were the key outcomes to make recommendations for interventions to lower proteinuria or albuminuria. Based on this evidence and evidence from adults with type 2 diabetes, the committee agreed to recommend ARBs and ACE-I for adults without type 2 or type 1 diabetes and proteinuria or albuminuria (ACR ≥30 mg/mmol) who have hypertension.</p><p>There were studies reporting on other interventions which did not show an effect on most of the outcomes when compared to placebo (eplerenone [aldosterone antagonist]) or between different interventions (losartan [ARB] compared to amlodipine [CCB]) or the effect was on the reduction of albuminuria or proteinuria (eplerenone compared to placebo; losartan compared to amlodipine; losartan + hydrochlorothiazide (diuretic) compared to losartan; spironolactone [aldosterone antagonist] + conventional therapy [ACE-I, ARB or diuretic] compared to conventional therapy).</p></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.8.3.2.2"><h5>Adults aged over 75 years</h5><p>The committee highlighted that most of the studies did not include adults aged over 75 years. The committee agreed that clinical expertise would have to guide decisions on how to treat proteinuria or albuminuria in adults aged over 75 years as no evidence was found for this group. The committee noted that multimorbidity and frailty are important characteristics to take into account when prescribing medications to reduce proteinuria/albuminuria in adults aged over 75 years and that health professionals might choose to discuss treatment with a specialist if appropriate. Therefore, a new recommendation was made which refers to the NICE guideline on medicines optimisation and to seek specialist advice if needed.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.8.4"><h5>1.1.8.4. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>The committee noted there was robust evidence (including evidence from the UK) that screening for proteinuria followed by treatment in those identified was cost effective in people with hypertension or diabetes (both type 1 and type 2). They agreed that screening was not within the scope of this question, but that such a screening strategy could only be cost effective if treatment was also cost effective, and therefore this provided evidence to support the recommendations made for the use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in this population. The majority of the cost effectiveness evidence was for treatment with ACE inhibitors, but there was a study that also considered ARBs. Further, the committee noted that there was no evidence of differences in clinical effectiveness between the two classes, and the prices of both are low, so were confident treatment with either class of drugs would be cost effective.</p><p>The committee noted there was not equivalent cost effectiveness evidence for people without either hypertension or diabetes. However, they noted that there was clinical evidence that the treatments were also effective in this group and were therefore confident that the treatments would still be cost effective, in particular given the higher threshold for treatment specified in people without hypertension or diabetes.</p><p>The committee agreed the 2 studies looking at cost-effectiveness of diet interventions were of low quality, and in the absence of strong clinical evidence in this area either, agreed it was not possible to make any recommendations in this area.</p><p>The committee noted that there was one recently published cost-effectiveness study for SGLT2 inhibitors; the limited amount of evidence is likely due to all the licences until recently containing contraindications for people with CKD. The cost effectiveness analysis found that canagliflozin was cost saving and while the committee noted the limitations with the study, they felt that it was likely to be a cost-effective treatment and a recommendation for SGLT2 inhibitors should be introduced. They also noted that it was not practical to conduct original cost-effectiveness modelling within this guideline, as to appropriately model this would involve modelling both renal and diabetes outcomes, including modelling of future intensification of diabetes treatments, which was not practical within this guideline. They agreed that such modelling was more appropriate to undertake within an update of the diabetes guideline, particularly as many people in this population would develop diabetes first, and therefore already be on a diabetes treatment pathway before CKD is diagnosed.</p><p>The committed noted there were already a number of published technology appraisals on SGLT2 inhibitors, demonstrating them to be cost-effective for certain indications (in populations without CKD). In particular, these TAs find SGLT2s to be cost-effective first-line in people where metformin, sulfonylurea and pioglitazone are not appropriate, or as part of dual and triple therapies in people where earlier lines of therapy are not sufficient. These appraisals were mostly conducted before the publications of recent large RCTs directly looking at cardiovascular events and mortality, and were therefore based on extrapolations from intermediate endpoints (in particular HbA1c). The committee noted the impact of their recommendations would be to bring forward the potential use of these drugs to an earlier point in time for some patients (specifically those who develop CKD and proteinuria before the point they would meet the criteria for an SGLT2 based solely on their diabetes).</p><p>The committee noted that the doses of SGLT2 inhibitors used in people with diabetes and CKD are lower than in people without renal impairment, and the committee would not expect the drugs to have the same benefits for blood glucose control as in people with diabetes but without CKD. However, with benefits on proteinuria and overall kidney outcomes, they were confident that the overall clinical benefit in people with diabetic kidney disease would be as large as the benefits estimated in the technology appraisals for people with diabetes but not CKD. The committee were therefore confident that, with a at least as large a benefit for a similar cost, it is appropriate that these drugs are available earlier for people with diabetes and CKD, and that this would represent a cost-effective use of NHS resources.</p><p>The committee noted that two of the drugs from the class (canagliflozin and dapagliflozin) now had positive RCTs for this indication, and trials in other SGLT2 inhibitors were ongoing. They therefore felt it was appropriate to make a class level recommendation, to cover any future SGLT2 inhibitors which might get a similar license extension to cover people with diabetes and CKD.</p></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.8.5"><h5>1.1.8.5. Other factors the committee took into account</h5><p>The committee highlighted that an ongoing trial (EMPA-KIDNEY) may provide additional evidence about SGLT2 inhibitors. EMPA-KIDNEY is a randomised controlled trial testing the effects of empagliflozin 10mg versus placebo on kidney disease progression endpoints and cardiovascular death among patients at risk of progressive chronic kidney disease. This information has been passed to the NICE Surveillance team to follow-up publication of the trial.</p></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.9"><h4>1.1.9. Recommendations supported by this evidence review</h4><p>This evidence review supports recommendations 1.6.5 – 1.6.11.</p></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.rl.r1"><h4>1.1.10. References – included studies</h4><ul class="simple-list"><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.1.rl.r1"><h5>1.1.10.1. Effectiveness</h5><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref1">Ameen; Kashif, M.A.; Sumreen (2016) To compare anti-albumin urea effects of valsartan alone with combination of valsartan and amlodipine in patients of chronic kidney disease. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
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32(3): 613–616 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4928409/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4928409</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27375700" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27375700</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref2">Ando, Katsuyuki, Ohtsu, Hiroshi, Uchida, Shunya
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et al (2014) Anti-albuminuric effect of the aldosterone blocker eplerenone in non-diabetic hypertensive patients with albuminuria: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology
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2(12): 944–53 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25466242" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25466242</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref3">Anonymous (1997) Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia). Lancet (London, England)
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349(9069): 1857–63 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9217756" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9217756</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref4">Bianchi, S; Bigazzi, R; Campese, V M (2006) Long-term effects of spironolactone on proteinuria and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney international
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70(12): 2116–23 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17035949" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17035949</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref5">Brenner, B M, Cooper, M E, de Zeeuw, D
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et al (2001) Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. The New England journal of medicine
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345(12): 861–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11565518" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11565518</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref6">Ciavarella, A, Vannini, P, Flammini, M
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et al (1985) Effect of long-term near-normoglycemia on the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabete & metabolisme
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11(1): 3–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3884404" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3884404</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref7">Fried, Linda F, Emanuele, Nicholas, Zhang, Jane H
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et al (2013) Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. The New England journal of medicine
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369(20): 1892–903 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24206457" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24206457</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref8">Fujisaki, Kiichiro, Tsuruya, Kazuhiko, Nakano, Toshiaki
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et al (2014) Impact of combined losartan/hydrochlorothiazide on proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension
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37(11): 993–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24965167" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24965167</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref9">Groop, P.-H., Cooper, M.E., Perkovic, V.
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19(11): 1610–1619 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5655723/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5655723</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28636754" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28636754</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref10">Iino, Yasuhiko, Hayashi, Matsuhiko, Kawamura, Tetsuya
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7(3): 221–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14586719" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14586719</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref11">Kanjanabuch, T., Sukhato, W., Katavetin, P.
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92(5): 611–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19459520" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19459520</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref14">Lee, Yu-Ji, Cho, Seong, Kim, Sung Rok
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et al (2009) Addition of angiotensin receptor blockade or mineralocorticoid antagonism to maximal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
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380(24): 2295–2306 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30990260" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30990260</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref26">Pollock, C., Stefansson, B., Reyner, D.
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7(6): 429–441 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30992195" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30992195</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref27">Praga, Manuel, Andrade, Carlos Fernandez, Luno, Jose
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et al (2003) Antiproteinuric efficacy of losartan in comparison with amlodipine in non-diabetic proteinuric renal diseases: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
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18(9): 1806–13 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12937228" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12937228</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref28">Ruggenenti, P, Perna, A, Gherardi, G
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et al (1999) Renoprotective properties of ACE-inhibition in non-diabetic nephropathies with non-nephrotic proteinuria. Lancet (London, England)
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354(9176): 359–64 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10437863" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10437863</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref29">Saglimbene, Valeria, Palmer, Suetonia C, Ruospo, Marinella
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29(12): 2890–2899 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6287867/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6287867</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30420421" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30420421</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref30">van den Meiracker, Anton H, Baggen, Rini Ga, Pauli, Sacha
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et al (2006) Spironolactone in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Effects on proteinuria, blood pressure and renal function. Journal of hypertension
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24(11): 2285–92 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17053552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17053552</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.2.rl.r1"><h5>1.1.10.2. Economic</h5><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref31">Adarkwah
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CC, Gandjour
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A, Akkerman
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CC, Gandjour
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A, (2011b) Cost-effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in nondiabetic advanced renal disease. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2011 Apr;11(2):215–23. doi: 10.1586/erp.11.18. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21476823" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21476823</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1586/erp.11.18" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref33">Adarkwah
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CC, Gandjour
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A, Akkerman
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M
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et al (2013) To treat or not to treat? Cost-effectiveness of ace inhibitors in non-diabetic advanced renal disease: a Dutch perspective. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research
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37: 168–180 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23689440" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23689440</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref34">Boulware
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LE, Jaar
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BG, Brancati
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FL
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et al (2003) Screening for proteinuria in US adults: a cost-effectiveness analysis. JAMA
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23: 3101–3114 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14679273" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14679273</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref35">Delea
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TE, Sofrygin
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et al (2009) Cost-effectiveness of aliskiren in type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
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20: 2205–13 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2754109/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2754109</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19762496" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19762496</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref36">Dong
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FB, Sorensen
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SW, Manninen
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DL
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22(15): 1015–1027 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15449965" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15449965</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref37">Farmer
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AJ, Stevens
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R, Hirst
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et al (2014) Optimal strategies for identifying kidney disease in diabetes: Properties of screening tests, progression of renal dysfunction and impact of treatment - Systematic review and modelling of progression and cost-effectiveness. Health Technology Assessment
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18(14): 1–127 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4781444/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4781444</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24576414" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24576414</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref38">Golan
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L, Birkmeyer
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JD and Welch
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HG (1999) The cost-effectiveness of treating all patients with type 2 diabetes with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Annals of Internal Medicine
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BA and Jindal
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KK (1998) Routine treatment of insulin-dependent diabetic patients with ACE inhibitors to prevent renal failure: an economic evaluation. American Journal of Kidney Diseases
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31: 49–54 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9428451" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9428451</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref42">Mennini
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FS, Russo
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24: 313–21 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25167997" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25167997</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref43">Smith
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DG, Nguyen
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AB, Peak
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CN
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12: 313–28 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7843731/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7843731</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33263893" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33263893</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref45">You
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53; Fig 1.8. <a href="http://www.usrds.org/2006/pdf/01_ckd_06.pdf" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.usrds.org/2006/pdf/01_ckd_06<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.pdf</a>. Accessed July 30, 2009</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref160">US Renal Data System (2007) Annual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States, Bethesda, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases US Renal Data System. USRDS 2006 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2006:208; Fig 11.3. <a href="http://www.usrds.org/2006/pdf/01_ckd_06.pdf" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.usrds.org/2006/pdf/01_ckd_06<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.pdf</a> Accessed July 30,2009</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref161">Viberti
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G, Wheeldon
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NM, for the MicroAlbuminuria Reduction with VALsartan (MARVAL) Study Investigators (2002) Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a blood pressure-independent effect. Circulation
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106: 672–78 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12163426" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12163426</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref162">Walters
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DP, Gatling
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AC
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et al (1994) Mortality in diabetic subjects: an eleven-year follow-up of a community-based population. Diabet Med
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JH, Dong
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AS (1995) Bimodal distribution of the incidence rate of microalbuminuria according to duration of IDDM. JAm Soc Nephrol
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6:457 (abstract)</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref164">Weng
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SC, Tarng
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DC, Chen
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et al (2014) CKDBHPDH investigators. Estimated glomerular filtration rate decline is a better risk factor for outcomes of systemic disease-related nephropathy than for outcomes of primary renal diseases. PLoS ONE
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9: e92881 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3973643/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3973643</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24695125" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24695125</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref165">World Health Organization (2008) Life Tables for WHO Member States. Available at: <a href="http://apps.who.int/whois/database/life_tables/life_tables.cfm" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://apps<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.who.int/whois<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/database/life_tables/life_tables<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.cfm</a> Accessed April 9 2008</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref166">Zoccali
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C, Mallamaci
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F, Parlongo
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S
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et al (2002) Plasma norepinephrine predicts survival and incident cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal disease. Circulation
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105: 1354–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11901048" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11901048</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div><div id="niceng203er8.s1.1.4.rl.r1"><h5>1.1.10.4. Other</h5><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref167">Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney inter., Suppl. 2013; 3: 1–150.</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref168">Norman
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GR, Sloan
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JA, Wyrwich
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KW (2003) Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life: the remarkable universality of half a standard deviation. Med Care. 2003 May;41(5):582–92. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12719681" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12719681</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref169">Pergola
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PE, Pecoits-Filho
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R, Winkelmayer
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WC, et al (2019) Economic Burden and Health-Related Quality of Life Associated with Current Treatments for Anaemia in Patients with CKD not on Dialysis: A Systematic Review. Pharmacoecon Open. 2019 Apr
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9 [Epub ahead of print] [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6861396/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6861396</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30968369" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30968369</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div></ul></div></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng203er8.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="niceng203er8.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Review protocol for 2.3 For adults, children and young people with suspected or diagnosed CKD, what is the effect of interventions to lower proteinuria?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 317K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er8.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Methods</h3><div id="niceng203er8.appb.s1"><h4>Evidence synthesis and meta-analyses of pair-wise data</h4><p>Where possible, meta-analyses were conducted to combine the results of quantitative studies for each outcome. For continuous outcomes analysed as mean differences, where change from baseline data were reported in the trials and were accompanied by a measure of spread (for example standard deviation), these were extracted and used in the meta-analysis. Where measures of spread for change from baseline values were not reported, the corresponding values at study end were used and were combined with change from baseline values to produce summary estimates of effect. These studies were assessed to ensure that baseline values were balanced across the treatment groups; if there were significant differences at baseline these studies were not included in any meta-analysis and were reported separately. For continuous outcomes analysed as standardised mean differences, where only baseline and final time point values were available, change from baseline standard deviations were estimated, assuming a correlation coefficient of 0.5. In cases where SMDs were used they were back converted to a single scale to aid interpretation by the committee where possible.</p></div><div id="niceng203er8.appb.s2"><h4>Evidence of effectiveness of interventions</h4><p id="niceng203er8.appb.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appb-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (234K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er8.appb.s3"><h4>Health economics</h4><p id="niceng203er8.appb.et2"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appb-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (165K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Literature search strategies</h3><p id="niceng203er8.appc.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appc-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">The effectiveness of interventions to lower proteinuria in adults, children and young people with suspected or diagnosed CKD</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 481K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er8.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Effectiveness evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng203er8.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (171K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er8.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Effectiveness evidence – evidence tables and risk of bias</h3><p id="niceng203er8.appe.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appe-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (1.2M)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er8.appf"><h3>Appendix F. Forest plots</h3><p>
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<b>Scales for forest plot outcomes</b>
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</p><p>Mean difference – higher value (above zero) favours comparator; apart from health-related quality of life (lower value (below zero) favours comparator)</p><p>Relative Risk - higher value (above 1) favours comparator</p><p id="niceng203er8.appf.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appf-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Adults with type 2 diabetes</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 294K)</span></p><p id="niceng203er8.appf.et2"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appf-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Adults without type 2 diabetes</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 327K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er8.appg"><h3>Appendix G. GRADE</h3><p id="niceng203er8.appg.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appg-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Adults with type 2 diabetes</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 530K)</span></p><p id="niceng203er8.appg.et2"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appg-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Adults without type 2 diabetes</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 412K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er8.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Economic evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng203er8.apph.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-apph-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (172K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er8.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Economic evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng203er8.appi.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appi-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Timing of antihypertensive therapy</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 420K)</span></p><p id="niceng203er8.appi.et2"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appi-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Comparison of antihypertensive therapies</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 254K)</span></p><p id="niceng203er8.appi.et3"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appi-et3.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Diet interventions</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 240K)</span></p><p id="niceng203er8.appi.et4"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appi-et4.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">SGLT2</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 164K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er8.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Economic evaluation checklists</h3><p id="niceng203er8.appj.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appj-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Timing of antihypertensive therapy</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 413K)</span></p><p id="niceng203er8.appj.et2"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appj-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Comparison of antihypertensive therapies</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 234K)</span></p><p id="niceng203er8.appj.et3"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appj-et3.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Diet interventions</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 202K)</span></p><p id="niceng203er8.appj.et4"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appj-et4.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">SGLT2</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 177K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng203er8.appk"><h3>Appendix K. Health economic model</h3><p>No health economic modelling was undertaken for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng203er8.appl"><h3>Appendix L. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng203er8.appl.s1"><h4>Effectiveness studies</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng203er8appltab1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.appl.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng203er8appltab1" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8appltab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.appl.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.appl.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng203er8.appl.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.appl.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng203er8appltab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria [Albuminuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng203er8.appl.s2"><h4>Economic studies</h4><p id="niceng203er8.appl.et1"><a href="/books/NBK574721/bin/niceng203er8-appl-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (261K)</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Evidence reviews underpinning recommendations 1.6.5 to 1.6.10 and research recommendations in the NICE guideline</p><p>These evidence reviews were developed by the Guideline Updates Team</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2021.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK574721</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34672504" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">34672504</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab1"><div id="niceng203er8.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO table for interventions to lower proteinuria</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Adults, children and young people with suspected or diagnosed chronic kidney disease stages 1 to 5 and proteinuria or albuminuria.</p>
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<p>Exclusion:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>people receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>people with acute kidney injury combined with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>people receiving palliative care.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interventions to lower proteinuria
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood pressure medication</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes medication</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weight loss/Exercise</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dietary interventions (NaCl, protein)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Endothelin antagonists</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparator</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No intervention</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Placebo</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other intervention in class to lower proteinuria (for diabetes and blood pressure medication)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other interclass intervention</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcome</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Over the follow up of the study:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>CKD progression: occurrence of end stage kidney disease (ESRD or ESKD as reported by the study)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality (all-cause and cardiovascular)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specific morbidity:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>fractures,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>advancement of renal bone disease,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>vascular calcification,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cardiovascular impact,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>anaemia</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health-related quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse outcome:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>AKI,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>drug specific (hypotension/falls, hypoglycaemia, hospitalisation)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab2"><div id="niceng203er8.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the effectiveness evidence</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Author, year, sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Follow-up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Intervention</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Comparator</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcome</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Adults with type 2 diabetes</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aldosterone antagonist compared to placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref23" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref23">Mehdi, 2009</a>
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</p>
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<p>N=81</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
|
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<b>Diabetes</b>
|
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</p>
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<p>Type 2 around 85%</p>
|
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<p>
|
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<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
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<p>diabetic nephropathy</p>
|
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<p>
|
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<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
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<p>Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/mmol</p>
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<p>(300 mg/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
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<p>
|
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<b>Age</b>
|
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</p>
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<p>20 to 65 years</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in albuminuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: cardiovascular</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse outcome: hospitalisation</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref30" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref30">van den Meiracker, 2006</a>
|
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</p>
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<p>N=59</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>
|
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<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
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<p>Type 2</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Diabetic nephropathy</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
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<p>Urinary albumin excretion >300 mg/24 h or urinary albumin/creatinine ratio >20 mg/mmol</p>
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<p>
|
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<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
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<p>20 to 80 years</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in albuminuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ARB compared to placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref5" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref5">Brenner, 2001</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=1513</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Nephropathy</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion ≥0.5 g/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>31 to 70 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.4 years (range 2.3 to 4.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Losartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in albuminuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>CKD progression: occurrence of end stage kidney disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: all cause</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Morbidity: non-fatal CV events</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse outcome: hospitalisation</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref18" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref18">Lewis, 2001</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=1715</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Diabetic nephropathy</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion at least 900 mg/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>30 to 70 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Irbesartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>CKD progression: occurrence of end stage kidney disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: all cause</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref23" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref23">Mehdi, 2009</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=81</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Losartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_9_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CCB compared to placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref18" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref18">Lewis, 2001</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=1715</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Amlodipine (CCB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE-I compared to ARB</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref13" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref13">Krairittichai, 2009</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=80</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Diabetic nephropathy</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein/creatinine ratio >50 mg/mmol (0.5 g/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Adults</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Enalapril (ACE-I)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Telmisartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref29" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref29">Saglimbene, 2018</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=1287</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2 around 95%</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>moderate albuminuria (urinary albumin/creatinine ratio 3 to 29 mg/mmol (30–299 mg/g)<sup>a</sup> or severe albuminuria (urinary albumin/creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/mmol (300 mg/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>≥18 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.7 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE inhibitor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ARB</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>CKD progression: occurrence of end stage kidney disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: all cause</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: cardiovascular</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Morbidity: non-fatal CV events</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse outcome: hospitalisation; hypotension</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_14_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ARB compared to aldosterone antagonist</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref23" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref23">Mehdi, 2009</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=81</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Losartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_16_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ARB compared to CCB</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref18" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref18">Lewis, 2001</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=1715</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Irbesartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Amlodipine (CCB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_18_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gliptin compared to placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref9">Groop, 2017</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=360</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>eGFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio 3 to 300 mg/mmol (30 to 3000 mg/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>18 to 80 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Linagliptin (gliptin)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in albuminuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: all cause</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse outcome: hypoglycaemia</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_20_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thiazolidinedione compared to placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_20_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref11" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref11">Kanjanabuch, 2009</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=41</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_20_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Biopsy-proven immunoglobulin A nephropathy</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion ≥0.5 g/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Adults</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_20_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_20_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pioglitazone (thiazolidinedi one)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_20_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_20_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SGLT2 inhibitor compared to placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref24" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref24">Neuen, 2019</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=3026</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>microalbuminuria (urinary albumin/creatinine ratio 3 to 30 mg/mmol (30 to <300 mg/g)<sup>a</sup>, macroalbuminuria (urinary albumin/creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/mmol (300 mg/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>≥30 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Canagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: all cause</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref25" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref25">Perkovic, 2019</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=4401</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>eGFR 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio >30 to 500 mg/mmol (300 to 5000 mg/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>≥30 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.6 years (range 0.02 to 4.53)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Canagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>CKD progression: occurrence of end stage kidney disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: all cause</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: cardiovascular</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse outcome: hospitalisation ; acute kidney injury</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref26" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref26">Pollock, 2019</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=461</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>eGFR 20 to 80 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio 3 to 350 mg/mmol (30 to 3500 mg/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>≥18 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dapagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in albuminuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: all cause</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse outcome: hypoglycaemia</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_26_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SGLT2 inhibitor + gliptin compared to SGLT2 inhibitor</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref26" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref26">Pollock, 2019</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=461</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dapagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor) plus Saxagliptin (gliptin)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dapagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_28_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exercise compared to no intervention</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref16" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref16">Leehey, 2009</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=13</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>stage 2-4 CKD (eGFR 15-90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein/creatinine ratio >20 mg/mmol (200 mg/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Adults</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exercise</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No intervention (patients did not participate in any exercise training)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in albuminuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_30_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exercise compared to diet</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_30_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref15" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref15">Leehey, 2016</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=36</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_30_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>CKD stages 2–4 (eGFR 15 to 90 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein/creatinine ratio >20 mg/mmol (200 mg/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Adults</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_30_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_30_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exercise plus Diet</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_30_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diet-Alone</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_30_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health-related quality of life</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE-I + ARB compared to ARB</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref7" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref7">Fried, 2013</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=1448</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>eGFR 30.0 to 89.9 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/mmol (300 mg/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Adults</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.2 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Losartan (ARB) plus Lisinopril (ACE-I)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Losartan (ARB) plus Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in albuminuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>CKD progression: occurrence of end stage kidney disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: all cause</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Morbidity: non-fatal CV events</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse outcome: acute kidney injury</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref29" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref29">Saglimbene, 2018</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=1287</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.7 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE inhibitor plus ARB</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ARB</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_35_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE-I + ARB compared to ACE-I</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref29" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref29">Saglimbene, 2018</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=1287</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.7 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE inhibitor plus ARB</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE inhibitor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Adults without type 2 diabetes</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE-I compared to placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>GISEN group, 1997</p>
|
|
<p>N=166</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>creatinine clearance 20-70 mL/min per 1.73m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion >1 g/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>18 to 70 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ramipril (ACE-I)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>CKD progression: occurrence of end stage kidney disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: all cause</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: cardiovascular</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Morbidity: non-fatal CV events</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref17">Lewis, 1993</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=409</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 1</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Diabetic nephropathy</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion ≥500 mg/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>18 to 49 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Captopril (ACE-I)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>CKD progression: occurrence of end stage kidney disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: all cause</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref28" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref28">Ruggenenti, 1999</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=186</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>chronic nephropathy</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion ≥1 g/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>18 to 70 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ramipril (ACE-I)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_37_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>CKD progression: occurrence of end stage kidney disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: cardiovascular</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_42_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aldosterone antagonist compared to placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref2" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref2">Ando, 2014b</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=336</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>eGFR ≥50 mL/min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio 3 to 59 mg/mmol (30–599 mg/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>20 to 79 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eplerenone (aldosterone antagonist)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in albuminuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: all cause</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Morbidity: non-fatal CV events</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_44_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ARB compared to placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_44_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref19" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref19">Li, 2006</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=109</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_44_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Biopsy-confirmed immunoglobulin A nephropathy</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion ≥1 g/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>≥18 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_44_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_44_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Valsartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_44_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_44_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Morbidity: non-fatal CV events</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_46_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ARB compared to control</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref14" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref14">Lee, 2011</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=32</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Chronic non-diabetic CKD</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein/creatinine ratio 40 to 200 mg/mmol (0.4 to 2.0 g/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>20 to 65 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Losartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Control (usual antihypertensive therapy except ACE inhibitors and ARBs)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in albuminuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE-I compared to ARB</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref20" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref20">Luño, 2002</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=46</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>eGFR >50 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion >2 g/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>18 to 80 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lisinopril (ACE-I)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Candesartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref21" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref21">Matsuda, 2003a</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=52</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Immunoglobulin A nephropathy; membranous nephropathy; focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ; and proliferative glomerulonephritis</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion >0.3 g/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Adults</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE-I</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ARB</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref22" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref22">Matsuda, 2003b</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=62</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Underlying renal diseases: proliferative glomerulonephritis, membranous nephropathy, or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion >0.5 g/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Adults</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Perindopril (ACE-I)</p>
|
|
<p>Or</p>
|
|
<p>Trandolapril (ACE-I)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Candesartan (ARB)</p>
|
|
<p>Or</p>
|
|
<p>Losartan (ARB)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_48_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ARB compared to CCB</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref10">Iino, 2003</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=93</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>serum creatinine ≥1.5 and <3.0 mg/dl in men of body weight 60 kg or more, and ≥1.3 and < 3.0 mg/dl in females or males of body weight <60 kg</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion ≥0.5 g/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>20 to 75 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Losartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Amlodipine (CCB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Morbidity: non-fatal CV events</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref27" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref27">Praga, 2003</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=97</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>chronic proteinuric nephropathy of non-diabetic cause</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion >1.5 g/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>≥18 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.5 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Losartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Amlodipine (CCB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_52_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_55_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Subcutaneous insulin infusion compared to conventional insulin</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref6">Ciavarella, 1985</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=10</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Type 1</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Diabetic nephropathy</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion >0.5 g/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Adults</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Subcutaneous insulin infusion</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conventional insulin</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in albuminuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_57_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE-I + ARB compared to ARB</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref20" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref20">Luño, 2002</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=46</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Candesartan (ARB) plus</p>
|
|
<p>Lisinopril (ACE-I)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Candesartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE-I + ARB compared to ACE-I</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref12" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref12">Kanno, 2006</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=90</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>chronic renal insufficiency</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein excretion >1.0 g/24 h</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>35 to 79 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Candesartan (ARB) plus ACE Inhibitor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE Inhibitors</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref20" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref20">Luño, 2002</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=46</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Candesartan (ARB) plus</p>
|
|
<p>Lisinopril (ACE-I)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lisinopril (ACE-I)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See above</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_62_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ARB + CCB compared to ARB</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_62_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref1" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref1">Ameen, 2016</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=140</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_62_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>No details of CKD stage</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio >3.5 mg/mmol</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>20 to 70 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_62_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_62_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Valsartan (ARB) and Amlodipine (ACE-I)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_62_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Valsartan (ARB)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_62_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in albuminuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_64_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ARB + diuretic compared to ARB</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_64_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref8" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref8">Fujisaki, 2014</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=102</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_64_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>eGFR ≥15 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein/creatinine ratio 30 mg/mmol (300 mg/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>20 to 74 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_64_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_64_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Losartan plus Hydrochlorot hiazide</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_64_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Losartan</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_64_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_66_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Spironolactone + conventional therapy compared to conventional therapy</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_66_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref4" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref4">Bianchi, 2006</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>N=165</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_66_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CKD</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>eGFR 34 to 116 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>; clinical diagnosis of idiopathic chronic glomerulonephritis based on the presence of proteinuria (urinary protein/creatinine ratio >1.0 g/g) and no evidence of systemic diseases</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Proteinuria</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Urinary protein/creatinine ratio 100 to 390 mg/mmol (1.0 to 3.9 g/g)<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Age</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Adults</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_66_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_66_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conventional therapy plus spironolactone</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_66_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conventional therapy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab2_1_1_66_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduction in proteinuria</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">Original measure before conversion to mg/mmol (mg/g multiply by 0.113 to convert to mg/mmol; if needed, g/g was converted to mg/g multiplying g/g by 1000)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">ACE-I: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CV: cardiovascular</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab3"><div id="niceng203er8.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Aldosterone antagonist vs Placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Aldosterone antagonist</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Placebo</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect<sup>a</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mean percentage change) - Spironolactone vs placebo (type 2 diabetes) (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 27.1 lower (58.75 lower to 4.55 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mean percentage change) - Spironolactone vs placebo (at least 85% type 2 diabetes) (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 29.13 lower (58.10 to 0.16 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-fatal CV events - Spironolactone vs placebo (85% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/27</p>
|
|
<p>(22.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/27</p>
|
|
<p>(3.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 6 (0.77 to 46.55)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospitalisation - Spironolactone vs placebo (85% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/27</p>
|
|
<p>(22.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/27</p>
|
|
<p>(3.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 6 (0.77 to 46.55)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab4"><div id="niceng203er8.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">ARB vs Placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Placebo</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24 h) - Irbesartan vs placebo (type 2 diabetes) (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">579</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">569</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.8 lower (1.18 to 0.42 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mean percentage change) - Losartan vs placebo (85% type 2 diabetes) (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 13.6 lower (70.73 lower to 43.53 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>219/1330</p>
|
|
<p>(16.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>279/1331</p>
|
|
<p>(21%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.79 (0.67 to 0.92)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease - Losartan vs placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>147/751</p>
|
|
<p>(19.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>194/762</p>
|
|
<p>(25.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.77 (0.64 to 0.93)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_9_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease - Irbesartan vs placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>72/579</p>
|
|
<p>(12.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>85/569</p>
|
|
<p>(14.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.83 (0.62 to 1.11)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_11_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>233/1330</p>
|
|
<p>(17.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>233/1331</p>
|
|
<p>(17.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.0 (0.85 to 1.18)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No meaningful difference</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_13_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - Losartan vs placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>158/751</p>
|
|
<p>(21%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>155/762</p>
|
|
<p>(20.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.03 (0.85 to 1.26)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_15_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - Irbesartan vs placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>75/579</p>
|
|
<p>(13%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>78/569</p>
|
|
<p>(13.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.94 (0.7 to 1.27)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_17_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-fatal CV events - Losartan vs placebo (at least 85% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>52/777</p>
|
|
<p>(6.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>69/789</p>
|
|
<p>(8.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.77 (0.54 to 1.08)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_19_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospitalisation - Losartan vs placebo (at least 85% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>91/777</p>
|
|
<p>(11.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>128/789</p>
|
|
<p>(16.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.72 (0.56 to 0.93)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab5"><div id="niceng203er8.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">CCB vs Placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">CCB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Placebo</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24 h) - Amlodipine vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes) (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">567</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">569</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.2 higher (0.23 lower to 0.63 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No meaningful difference</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease - Amlodipine vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>85/567</p>
|
|
<p>(15%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>78/569</p>
|
|
<p>(13.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.09 (0.82 to 1.45)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - Amlodipine vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>66/567</p>
|
|
<p>(11.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>74/569</p>
|
|
<p>(13%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.9 (0.66 to 1.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab6"><div id="niceng203er8.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">ACE-I vs ARB</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ACE-I</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Enalapril vs Telmisartan (type 2 diabetes), 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 46.33 higher (34.76 lower to 127.42 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Enalapril vs Telmisartan (type 2 diabetes), 6 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 74.58 higher (6.72 lower to 155.88 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease - ACE-I vs ARB (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/413</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/414</p>
|
|
<p>(0.48%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.01 (0.61 to 14.81)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - ACE-I vs ARB (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>15/413</p>
|
|
<p>(3.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20/414</p>
|
|
<p>(4.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.75 (0.39 to 1.45)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_9_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CV mortality - ACE-I vs ARB (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/413</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7/414</p>
|
|
<p>(1.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.86 (0.29 to 2.53)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_11_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-fatal CV events - ACE-I vs ARB (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/413</p>
|
|
<p>(1.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/414</p>
|
|
<p>(1.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.34 (0.47 to 3.82)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_13_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adverse events (hypotension) - ACE-I vs ARB (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/413</p>
|
|
<p>(0.73%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/414</p>
|
|
<p>(0.48%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.5 (0.25 to 8.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_15_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospitalisation - ACE-I vs ARB (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>25/413</p>
|
|
<p>(6.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20/414</p>
|
|
<p>(4.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.25 (0.71 to 2.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab7"><div id="niceng203er8.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">ARB vs Aldosterone antagonist</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Aldosterone antagonist</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mean percentage change) - Losartan vs Spironolactone (85% type 2 diabetes) (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 13.4 higher (28.72 lower to 55.52 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-fatal CV events - Losartan vs Spironolactone (85% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/26</p>
|
|
<p>(7.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/27</p>
|
|
<p>(22.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.35 (0.08 to 1.56)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospitalisation - Losartan vs Spironolactone (85% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/26</p>
|
|
<p>(7.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/27</p>
|
|
<p>(22.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.35 (0.08 to 1.56)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab8"><div id="niceng203er8.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">ARB vs CCB</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">CCB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24 h) - Irbesartan vs Amlodipine (type 2 diabetes) (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">579</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">567</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 1 lower (1.28 to 0.72 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease - Irbesartan vs Amlodipine (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>71/579</p>
|
|
<p>(12.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>91/567</p>
|
|
<p>(16%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.76 (0.57 to 1.02)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - Irbesartan vs Amlodipine (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>78/579</p>
|
|
<p>(13.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>73/567</p>
|
|
<p>(12.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.05 (0.78 to 1.41)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab9"><div id="niceng203er8.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Gliptin vs Placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Gliptin</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Placebo</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mean percentage change) - Linagliptin vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes) (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">182</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">178</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 5.9 lower (15.03 lower to 3.23 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No meaningful difference</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypoglycaemia - Linagliptin vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>24/182</p>
|
|
<p>(13.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10/178</p>
|
|
<p>(5.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.35 (1.16 to 4.77)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab10"><div id="niceng203er8.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Thiazolidinedione vs Placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Thiazolidinedione</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Placebo</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24 h) - Pioglitazone vs Placebo (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 1 lower (2.04 lower to 0.04 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab10_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab11"><div id="niceng203er8.tab11" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">SGLT2 inhibitor vs placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">SGLT2 inhibitor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Placebo</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin excretion (g/24 h) - Dapagliflozin vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes) (Better indicated by lower values [MID 71.44])</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">108</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 19.7 lower (56.39 lower to 16.99 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No meaningful difference</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease - Canagliflozin vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>116/2202</p>
|
|
<p>(5.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>165/2199</p>
|
|
<p>(7.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HR 0.68 (0.54 to 0.86)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>169/2347</p>
|
|
<p>(7.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>201/2347</p>
|
|
<p>(8.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.84 (0.69 to 1.02)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - Dapagliflozin vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/145</p>
|
|
<p>(0.69%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/148</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.06 (0.13 to 74.55)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_9_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - Canagliflozin vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>168/2202</p>
|
|
<p>(7.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>201/2199</p>
|
|
<p>(9.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.83 (0.69 to 1.02)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_11_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - Canagliflozin vs Placebo, microalbuminuria: urinary albumin/creatinine ratio 3 to 30 mg/mmol</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.5 patients with an event per 1000 patient-years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.9 patients with an event per 1000 patient-years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HR 1.00 (0.74 to 1.34)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_13_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - Canagliflozin vs Placebo, macroalbuminuria: urinary albumin/creatinine ratio >30 mg/mmol</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.3 patients with an event per 1000 patient-years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.5 patients with an event per 1000 patient-years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HR 0.63 (0.43, 0.92)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_15_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CV mortality - Canagliflozin vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>110/2202</p>
|
|
<p>(5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>140/2199</p>
|
|
<p>(6.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HR 0.78 (0.61 to 1)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_17_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CV mortality - Canagliflozin vs Placebo, microalbuminuria: urinary albumin/creatinine ratio 3 to 30 mg/mmol</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.0 patients with an event per 1000 patient-years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.8 patients with an event per 1000 patient-years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HR 0.98 (0.69 to 1.41)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_19_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CV mortality - Canagliflozin vs Placebo, macroalbuminuria: urinary albumin/creatinine ratio >30 mg/mmol</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.3 patients with an event per 1000 patient-years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.6 patients with an event per 1000 patient-years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HR 0.70 (0.45 to 1.07)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_21_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acute kidney injury - Canagliflozin vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>86/2200</p>
|
|
<p>(3.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>98/2197</p>
|
|
<p>(4.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HR 0.85 (0.64 to 1.13)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_23_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor hypoglycaemia - Dapagliflozin vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>35/145</p>
|
|
<p>(24.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>29/148</p>
|
|
<p>(19.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.23 (0.8 to 1.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_25_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospitalisation - Canagliflozin vs Placebo (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>89/2202</p>
|
|
<p>(4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>141/2199</p>
|
|
<p>(6.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HR 0.61 (0.47 to 0.80)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab11_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab11_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab12"><div id="niceng203er8.tab12" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">SGLT2 inhibitor + gliptin vs SGLT2 inhibitor</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab12_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">SGLT2 inhibitor + gliptin</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">SGLT2 inhibitor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin excretion (mcg/min) - Dapagliflozin + Saxagliptin vs Dapagliflozin (type 2 diabetes) (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">107</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">108</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 19.6 lower (48.4 lower to 9.2 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No meaningful difference</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - Dapagliflozin + Saxagliptin vs Dapagliflozin (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/152</p>
|
|
<p>(0.66%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/145</p>
|
|
<p>(0.69%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.95 (0.06 to 15.11)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor hypoglycaemia - Dapagliflozin + Saxagliptin vs Dapagliflozin (type 2 diabetes))</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>50/152</p>
|
|
<p>(32.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>35/145</p>
|
|
<p>(24.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.36 (0.94 to 1.97)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Any serious adverse events of hypoglycaemia - Dapagliflozin + Saxagliptin vs Dapagliflozin (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/152</p>
|
|
<p>(1.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/145</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 4.77 (0.23 to 98.54)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab12_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab12_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab13"><div id="niceng203er8.tab13" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Exercise vs No intervention</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab13_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Exercise</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No intervention</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Exercise vs No intervention (type 2 diabetes) (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 12.66 lower (68.94 lower to 43.62 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Exercise vs No intervention (type 2 diabetes) (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 9.83 lower (52.64 lower to 32.97 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab13_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab14"><div id="niceng203er8.tab14" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Exercise vs Diet</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab14_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Exercise</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Diet</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health-related quality of life - SF-36 PCS - Exercise vs Diet (type 2 diabetes), 3 months (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.5 higher (6.66 lower to 7.66 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health-related quality of life - SF-36 PCS - Exercise vs Diet (type 2 diabetes), 12 months (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.9 higher (4.62 lower to 8.42 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health-related quality of life - SF-36 MCS - Exercise vs Diet (type 2 diabetes), 3 months (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 6.1 higher (0.94 lower to 13.14 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health-related quality of life - SF-36 MCS - Exercise vs Diet (type 2 diabetes), 12 months (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 3.8 higher (3.66 lower to 11.26 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab14_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab14_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab15"><div id="niceng203er8.tab15" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">ACE-I + ARB vs ARB</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab15_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ACE-I + ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease (at least 95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>31/1140</p>
|
|
<p>(2.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>45/1138</p>
|
|
<p>(4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.69 (0.44 to 1.08)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease - Losartan + Lisinopril vs Losartan (at least 95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>27/724</p>
|
|
<p>(3.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>43/724</p>
|
|
<p>(5.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.63 (0.39 to 1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease - ACE-I + ARB vs ARB (at least 95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/416</p>
|
|
<p>(0.96%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/414</p>
|
|
<p>(0.48%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.99 (0.37 to 10.81)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - ACE-I + ARB vs ARB (at least 95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>81/1140</p>
|
|
<p>(7.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>80/1138</p>
|
|
<p>(7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.01 (0.75 to 1.36)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_9_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - Losartan + Lisinopril vs Losartan (at least 95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>63/724</p>
|
|
<p>(8.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>60/724</p>
|
|
<p>(8.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.05 (0.75 to 1.47)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_11_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - ACE-I + ARB vs ARB (at least 95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>18/416</p>
|
|
<p>(4.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20/414</p>
|
|
<p>(4.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.9 (0.48 to 1.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_13_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CV mortality - ACE-I + ARB vs ARB (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/416</p>
|
|
<p>(0.96%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7/414</p>
|
|
<p>(1.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.57 (0.17 to 1.93)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_15_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-fatal CV events (at least 95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>149/1140</p>
|
|
<p>(13.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>142/1138</p>
|
|
<p>(12.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.39 (0.58 to 3.37)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_17_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-fatal CV events - Losartan + Lisinopril vs Losartan (at least 95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>134/724</p>
|
|
<p>(18.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>136/724</p>
|
|
<p>(18.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.99 (0.79 to 1.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_19_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-fatal CV events - ACE-I + ARB vs ARB (at least 95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>15/416</p>
|
|
<p>(3.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/414</p>
|
|
<p>(1.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.49 (0.97 to 6.35)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_21_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acute kidney injury - Losartan + Lisinopril vs Losartan (type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>130/724</p>
|
|
<p>(18%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>80/724</p>
|
|
<p>(11%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.62 (1.25 to 2.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_23_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypotension - ACE-I + ARB vs ARB (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/416</p>
|
|
<p>(0.48%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/414</p>
|
|
<p>(0.48%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1 (0.14 to 7.03)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_25_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospitalisation - ACE-I + ARB vs ARB (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>34/416</p>
|
|
<p>(8.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20/414</p>
|
|
<p>(4.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.69 (0.99 to 2.89)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab15_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab15_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab16"><div id="niceng203er8.tab16" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">ACE-I + ARB vs ACE-I</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab16_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ACE-I + ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ACE-I</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease - ACE-I + ARB vs ACE-I (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/416</p>
|
|
<p>(0.96%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/413</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.66 (0.19 to 2.33)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - ACE-I + ARB vs ACE-I (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>18/416</p>
|
|
<p>(4.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>15/413</p>
|
|
<p>(3.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.19 (0.61 to 2.33)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CV mortality - ACE-I + ARB vs ACE-I (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/416</p>
|
|
<p>(0.96%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/413</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.66 (0.19 to 2.33)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-fatal CV events - ACE-I + ARB vs ACE-I (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>15/416</p>
|
|
<p>(3.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/413</p>
|
|
<p>(1.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.86 (0.8 to 4.34)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_9_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypotension - ACE-I + ARB vs ACE-I (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/416</p>
|
|
<p>(0.48%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/413</p>
|
|
<p>(0.73%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.66 (0.11 to 3.94)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_11_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospitalisation - ACE-I + ARB vs ACE-I (95% type 2 diabetes)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>34/416</p>
|
|
<p>(8.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>25/413</p>
|
|
<p>(6.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.35 (0.82 to 2.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab16_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab16_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab17"><div id="niceng203er8.tab17" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">ACE-I vs placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab17_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ACE-I</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Placebo</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>46/384</p>
|
|
<p>(12%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>78/377</p>
|
|
<p>(20.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.59 (0.43 to 0.83)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease – Ramipril vs Placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>26/177</p>
|
|
<p>(14.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>47/175</p>
|
|
<p>(26.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.57 (0.37 to 0.87)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">End stage kidney disease - Captopril vs Placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20/207</p>
|
|
<p>(9.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>31/202</p>
|
|
<p>(15.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.63 (0.37 to 1.07)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10/285</p>
|
|
<p>(3.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>15/290</p>
|
|
<p>(5.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.66 (0.3 to 1.44)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_9_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - Ramipril vs Placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/78</p>
|
|
<p>(2.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/88</p>
|
|
<p>(1.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.26 (0.21 to 24.41)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_11_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality - Captopril vs Placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/207</p>
|
|
<p>(3.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>14/202</p>
|
|
<p>(6.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.56 (0.24 to 1.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_13_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CV mortality - Ramipril vs Placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/177</p>
|
|
<p>(1.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/175</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.99 (0.32 to 28.32)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_15_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-fatal CV events - Ramipril vs Placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/177</p>
|
|
<p>(3.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/175</p>
|
|
<p>(3.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.02 (0.34 to 3.05)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab17_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab17_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab18"><div id="niceng203er8.tab18" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">Aldosterone antagonist vs placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab18_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Aldosterone antagonist</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Placebo</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mean percentage change) - Eplerenone vs Placebo (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">158</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">146</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 27.6 lower (47.72 to 7.48 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality – Eplerenone vs Placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/169</p>
|
|
<p>(0.59%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/163</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.89 (0.12 to 70.53)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-fatal CV events – Eplerenone vs Placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/169</p>
|
|
<p>(0.59%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/163</p>
|
|
<p>(0.61%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.96 (0.06 to 15.29)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab18_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab18_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab19"><div id="niceng203er8.tab19" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 19</span><span class="title">ARB vs placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab19_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Placebo</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin excretion (g/24 h) – Valsartan vs Placebo, 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.54 lower (1.12 lower to 0.04 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin excretion (g/24 h) - Valsartan vs Placebo, 6 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.81 lower (1.43 to 0.19 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin excretion (g/24 h) - Valsartan vs Placebo, 12 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.16 lower (0.72 lower to 0.4 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No meaningful difference</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin excretion (g/24 h) - Valsartan vs Placebo, 1.5 years (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.22 lower (0.76 lower to 0.32 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No meaningful difference</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_9_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin excretion (g/24 h) - Valsartan vs Placebo, 2 years (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.19 lower (0.75 lower to 0.37 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No meaningful difference</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_11_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-fatal CV events - Valsartan vs Placebo</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/54</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/55</p>
|
|
<p>(1.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.34 (0.01 to 8.15)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab19_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab19_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab20"><div id="niceng203er8.tab20" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 20</span><span class="title">ARB vs control (usual antihypertensive therapy except ACE inhibitors and ARBs)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab20_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Urinary protein creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Losartan, 12 months [MID 0.02] (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">MD 40.00 lower (79.41 to 0.59 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Urinary protein creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Losartan, 24 months [MID 0.03] (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">MD 30.00 lower (65.23 lower to 5.23 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Urinary albumin creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Losartan, 12 months [MID 0.02] (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">MD 30.00 lower (67.67 lower to 7.67 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Urinary albumin creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Losartan, 24 months [MID 0.03] (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">MD 30.00 lower (67.79 lower to 7.79 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab20_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab21"><div id="niceng203er8.tab21" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 21</span><span class="title">ACE-I vs ARB</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab21/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab21_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ACE-I</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
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<p>Effect size</p>
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<p>(95% CI)</p>
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</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Lisinopril vs Candesartan, 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 66.67 higher (12.68 to 120.66 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Lisinopril vs Candesartan, 6 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 4.52 higher (49.67 lower to 58.71 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24h), Mean percentage reduction from baseline - ACE-I vs ARB (moderate proteinuria 1.1 to 6.9 g/24h), 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 21 higher (15.49 to 26.51 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_7_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24h), Mean percentage reduction from baseline - ACE-I vs ARB (moderate proteinuria 1.1 to 6.9 g/24h), 11 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 13 higher (8 to 18 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_9_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24h), Mean percentage reduction from baseline - Perindopril vs Candesartan, 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 4 higher (0.42 to 7.58 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_11_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24h), Mean percentage reduction from baseline - Perindopril vs Losartan, 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 30 higher (26.61 to 33.39 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_13_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24h), Mean percentage reduction from baseline - Trandolapril vs Candesartan, 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 1 lower (4.58 lower to 2.58 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_15_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24h), Mean percentage reduction from baseline - Trandolapril vs Losartan, 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 25 higher (21.61 to 28.39 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_17_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24h), Mean percentage reduction from baseline - Perindopril vs Candesartan, 22 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 11 higher (6.73 to 15.27 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_19_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24h), Mean percentage reduction from baseline - Perindopril vs Losartan, 22 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 24 higher (19.92 to 28.08 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_21_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24h), Mean percentage reduction from baseline - Trandolapril vs Candesartan, 22 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 4 higher (0.27 lower to 8.27 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_23_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24h), Mean percentage reduction from baseline - Trandolapril vs Losartan, 22 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 17 higher (12.92 to 21.08 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab21_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab21_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab22"><div id="niceng203er8.tab22" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 22</span><span class="title">ARB vs CCB</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab22/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab22_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">CCB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24 h) - Losartan vs Amlodipine, 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 27.38 lower (50.22 to 4.54 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24 h) - Losartan vs Amlodipine (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.7 lower (2.47 to 0.93 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-fatal CV events - Losartan vs Amlodipine</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>1/47</p>
|
|
<p>(2.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>0/46</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.94 (0.12 to 70.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab22_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab22_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab23"><div id="niceng203er8.tab23" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 23</span><span class="title">Subcutaneous insulin infusion vs Conventional insulin</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab23/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab23_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Subcutaneous insulin infusion</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Conventional insulin</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
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<p>Effect size</p>
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<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin excretion (mcg/min) - Type 1 diabetes (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 195 lower (1353.56 lower to 963.56 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab23_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab23_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab24"><div id="niceng203er8.tab24" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 24</span><span class="title">ACE-I + ARB vs ARB</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab24/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab24_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ACE-I + ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
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<p>Relative</p>
|
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<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Candesartan + Lisinopril vs Candesartan, 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 29.38 lower (72.27 lower to 13.51 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Could not differentiate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Candesartan + Lisinopril vs Candesartan, 6 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 111.87 lower (153.34 to 70.40) lower</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab24_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab24_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab25"><div id="niceng203er8.tab25" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 25</span><span class="title">ACE-I + ARB vs ACE-I</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab25/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab25_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ACE-I + ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ACE-I</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein excretion (g/24 h) - Candesartan + ACE-I vs ACE-I (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.83 lower (0.89 to 0.77 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Candesartan + Lisinopril vs Lisinopril, 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 96.05 lower (148.35 to 43.75 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Candesartan + Lisinopril vs Lisinopril, 6 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 116.39 lower (166.48 to 66.30 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab25_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab25_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab26"><div id="niceng203er8.tab26" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 26</span><span class="title">ARB + CCB vs ARB</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab26/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab26_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB + CCB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Valsartan + Amlodipine vs Valsartan</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 9.83 lower (12.58 to 7.08 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab26_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab27"><div id="niceng203er8.tab27" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 27</span><span class="title">ARB + Diuretic vs ARB</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab27/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab27_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB + Diuretic</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">ARB</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Losartan vs losartan + Hydrochlorothiazide, 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.08 lower (0.12 to 0.05 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Losartan vs losartan + Hydrochlorothiazide, 6 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.06 lower (0.10 to 0.03 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab27_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab28"><div id="niceng203er8.tab28" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 28</span><span class="title">Spironolactone + conventional therapy vs Conventional therapy</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab28/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab28_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Spironolactone + conventional therapy</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Conventional therapy</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Effect size</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Interpretation of effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Spironolactone + conventional therapy vs Conventional therapy, 3 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 91.53 lower (113.75 to 69.31 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_3_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Spironolactone + conventional therapy vs Conventional therapy, 6 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 106.22 lower (128.44 to 84.00 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_5_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) - Spironolactone + conventional therapy vs Conventional therapy, 12 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 149.16 lower (172.24 to 126.08 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng203er8.tab28_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab28_1"><p class="no_margin">No meaningful difference: 95% CI completely between MIDs; Could not differentiate: 95% CI are not completely between MIDs and crossing line of no effect; Effect: statistically significant and point estimate >MID; There is an effect, but it is less than the defined MID: statistically significant and point estimate <MID</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab29"><div id="niceng203er8.tab29" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab29/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab29_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators<sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs differences<sup>2</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QALY differences</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="10" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref37" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref37">Farmer 2014</a>
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</p>
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<p>Systematic review and cost utility analysis</p>
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<p>NHS perspective</p>
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<p>Individual patient simulation</p>
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<p>Live time horizon</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_5" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Type 1 diabetes model (frequency of screening)</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_6" rowspan="10" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Univariate sensitivity analyses were conducted using the upper and lower levels of the confidence intervals for test cost, ACR progression, CVD and utility.</p>
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<p>In both models, the results were sensitive to ACR progression, producing ICERs in excess of £40,000/QALY.</p>
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<p>
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<u>Type 1 diabetes</u>
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</p>
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<p>Annual screening had a 25% probability of being cost saving and an 80% probability of being cost-effective at a threshold below £30,000/QALY.</p>
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<p>
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<u>Type 2 diabetes</u>
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</p>
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<p>Annual screening had 97% probability of being cost-effective at a threshold below £30,000/QALY.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_7" rowspan="10" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_8" rowspan="10" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1-year versus 2-year</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,837</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£11,203/QALY</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2-year versus 3-year</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,222</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,766/QALY</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3-year versus 4-year</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£672</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,943/QALY</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4-year versus 5-year</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£337</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.08</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4,215/QALY</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_5" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Type 2 diabetes model (frequency of screening)</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1-year versus 2-year</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£244</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£707/QALY</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2-year versus 3-year</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£131</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£575/QALY</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3-year versus 4-year</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£82</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£386/QALY</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5-year versus 6-year</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.09</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£890/QALY</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab29_1"><p class="no_margin">Comparators consisted of different frequencies of screening for albuminuria in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. ACE inhibitor therapy was offered to people testing positive for micro/macroalbuminuria.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab29_2"><p class="no_margin">Costs inflated from sterling 2011 to sterling 2020 using the EPPI Centre cost converter accessed 23/01/2020, inflation factor 0.857.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab30"><div id="niceng203er8.tab30" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab30/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab30_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators<sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>2</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effects</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref32" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref32">Adarkwah 2011</a>
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</p>
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<p>People aged 50 with diabetes mellitus</p>
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<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
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<p>Dutch health system perspective</p>
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<p>Lifetime horizon</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE inhibitor at time of type 2 diabetes diagnosis (treat all)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">€98,421 (£94,742)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.63</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominates</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_6" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>The most influential parameters in univariate sensitivity analysis were the baseline risk of progression from micro- to macroalbuminuria, the effect of ACE inhibition in preventing microalbuminuria and the discount rate.</p>
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<p>When assuming a lower baseline risk of having macroalbuminuria, intervention 2 becomes dominant.</p>
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<p>Compared to intervention 2, treating all patient has a 70% probability of producing savings.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_7" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_8" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE inhibitor if microalbuminuria</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">€101,140 (£97,359)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE inhibitor if macroalbuminuria</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">€110,777 (£106,636)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab30_1"><p class="no_margin">Normoalbuminuria – excretion <30 mg/day; microalbuminuria – excretion 30 to 300 mg/day; macroalbuminuria – excretion >300 mg/day; ESRD – treated with dialysis of renal transplant.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab30_2"><p class="no_margin">Euros 2010 converted to sterling 2019 using the <a href="https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/costconversion/default.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">EPPI Centre cost converter</a> (accessed 11/12/2019), conversion factor 1.04.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab31"><div id="niceng203er8.tab31" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab31/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab31_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effects</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref31" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref31">Adarkwah 2011</a>
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</p>
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<p>People aged 44 with advanced renal insufficiency, proteinuria and hypertension</p>
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<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
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<p>German health system perspective</p>
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<p>Lifetime horizon</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE inhibitor (treat all)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">€172,676 (£177,233.60)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominates</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_6" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All univariate sensitivity analyses showed that an ACE inhibitor is dominant.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_7" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_8" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No ACE inhibitor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">€205,200 (£210,616.03)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.77</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab31_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab31_1"><p class="no_margin">Euros 2011 converted to sterling 2019 using the <a href="https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/costconversion/default.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">EPPI Centre cost converter</a> (accessed 30/10/2020), conversion factor 1.14.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab32"><div id="niceng203er8.tab32" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab32/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab32_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>2</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QALYs</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER<sup>3</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_1" rowspan="21" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref39" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref39">Hoerger 2010</a>
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</p>
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<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
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<p>People aged >30 years</p>
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<p>US health system</p>
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<p>Lifetime horizon</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Total population screening</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_6" rowspan="21" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Univariate sensitivity analysis used a (+ −)25% variation on the rate of albuminuria, treatment adherence, costs of screening and discount rate, these being the most influential parameters in the model. This did not substantially change the conclusions of the analysis in the total population with annual screening being more effective and more expensive than usual care at over $55,000/QALY (£48,816/QALY).</p>
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<p>Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was not conducted.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_7" rowspan="21" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_8" rowspan="21" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: age 50 y only</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$146,400 (£129,940)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.682</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Usual care<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$146,500 (£130,029)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.685</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$33,333 (£29,586)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: 10 y</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$146,700 (£130,206)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.690</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$40,000 (£35,503)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: 5 y</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$146,800 (£130,295)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.691</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$100,000 (£88,757)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: 2 y</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$147,200 (£130,650)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.693</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$200,000 (£177,513)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: 1 y</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$147,900 (£131,271)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.695</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$350,000 (£310,649)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Screening people with diabetes</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: age 50 y only</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$179,400 (£159,230 )</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.078</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: 10 y</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$180,100 (£159,851)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.119</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$17,073 (£15,154)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Usual care<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$180,300 (£160,028)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.128</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: 5 y</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$180,300 (£160,028)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.135</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$12,500 (£11,095)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: 2 y</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$180,500 (£160,206)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.143</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$25,000 (£22,189)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: 1 y</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$181,000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.146</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$166,667 (£147,928)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Screening people with hypertension</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: age 50 y only</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$148,500 (£131,804)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.177</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Usual care<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$148,600 (£131,892)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.171</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: 10 y</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$148,700 (£131,981)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.185</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$25,000 (£22,189)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: 5 y</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$148,800 (£132,070)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.189</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$25,000 (£22,189)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: 2 y</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$149,200 (£132,425)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.191</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$200,000 (£177,513)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Universal: 1 y</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$149,800 (£132,958)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.189</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab32_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab32_1"><p class="no_margin">Usual care assumed annual screening rates of 22% for people with diabetes, 2% for people with hypertension, 23% for people with both and 0% for people with neither.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab32_2"><p class="no_margin">US dollars 2006 converted to sterling 2020 using the <a href="https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/costconversion/default.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">EPPI Centre cost converter</a> (accessed 28/01/2020), conversion factor 1.127.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab32_3"><p class="no_margin">In the original publication results were presented for each strategy compared to usual care in turn. Author also reported results using no treatment and no screening as the common comparator. These were not presented by the analyst as they were found not to be representative of the UK context were some degree of screening and treatment is in place. Analyst calculated full incremental analyses for the different populations considered in the study.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab33"><div id="niceng203er8.tab33" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab33/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab33_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators<sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>3</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effects</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_1" rowspan="14" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref40" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref40">Howard 2010</a>
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</p>
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<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
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<p>People aged >25 years with sub-optimally managed diabetes, hypertension and proteinuria</p>
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<p>Australian healthcare provider perspective</p>
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<p>Lifetime horizon</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>“Treatment” model: Improved management in people with known risk factors</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Probability cost effective<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_7" rowspan="14" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_8" rowspan="14" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1. Intensive glycaemic control in people with known type 2 diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$40,144 (£23,530)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.942</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominant</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">85%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1. Standard care</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$40,277 (£23,608)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.867</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2. Addition of ACE inhibitor in people with known type 2 diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$37,781 (£22,145)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.111</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominant</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">88%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2. Standard care</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$38,606 (£22,629)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.987</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3. Intensive blood pressure control in people with known hypertension</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$39,716 (£23,279)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.070</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$2,588/QALY (£1,517/QALY</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">82%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3. Standard care</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$39,364 (£23,073)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.934</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">“<b>Screening” model: Primary care screening for CKD risk factors</b><sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>4. Screening for diabetes and intensive glycaemic control in</p>
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<p>known and screen-detected people with type 2 diabetes</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$17,832 (£10,452)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.798</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$13,866/QALY (£8,128/QALY)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">57%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4. Standard care</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$16,487 (£9,664)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.701</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5. Screening for hypertension and intensive hypertension control in known and screen-detected people with hypertension</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$14,061 (£8,242)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.947</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$491/QALY (£288/QALY)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5. Standard care</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$14,004 (8,208)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.831</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6. Screening for proteinuria and addition of ACE inhibitor in people with known diabetes and screen-detected proteinuria</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$16,974 (£9,949)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.763</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$4,781/QALY (£2,803/QALY)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6. Standard care</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$16,821 (£9,860)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.731</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab33_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab33_1"><p class="no_margin">All strategies compared to standard care. Dominant means intervention if both cheaper and more effective than standard care.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab33_2"><p class="no_margin">Screening was assumed to occur annually in a primary care setting, being offered to individuals aged 50 to 69 years.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab33_3"><p class="no_margin">Australian dollars 2008 converted to sterling 2019 using the <a href="https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/costconversion/default.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">EPPI Centre cost converter</a> (accessed 17/12/2019), conversion factor 1.71</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab33_4"><p class="no_margin">Probability of interventions being cost effectiveness at a $50,000/QALY (£29,307/QALY) threshold</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab34"><div id="niceng203er8.tab34" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab34/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab34_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>2</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effects</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref36" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref36">Dong 2004</a>
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</p>
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<p>People with type 1 diabetes</p>
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<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
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<p>US single payer perspective</p>
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<p>Lifetime horizon</p>
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<p>Individual patient simulation</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE inhibitor 1 year after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (Early)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$130,460 (£136,558)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.456</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$27,192 (£28,463)/QALY</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_6" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Increasing the age at diagnosis and decreasing the level of HbA1c would raise the ICER but did not change conclusions of the analysis. This was explored in bivariate scenario analysis. For people diagnosed at age 20 and with HbA1c of 9%, the early ACE inhibitor intervention was associated with an ICER of $13, 814 (£14,460)/QALY. For those diagnosed at 30 years with HbA1c of 7% Early administration of ACE inhibitors was priced at $32,972 (£34,513)/QALY.</p>
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<p>Univariate sensitivity analyses used alternative discount rate, cost and accuracy of the screening test, efficacy and costs of ACE inhibition. The results were particularly sensitive to ACE inhibitor efficacy. A relative risk reduction of 10% (instead of 24%) gives an ICER of $75,276 (£78,794) per QALY. A relative risk reduction of 50% originated an ICER of $8,814 (£9,226) per QALY.</p>
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<p>The results were overall robust to one-way sensitivity analysis.</p>
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<p>Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was not conducted.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_7" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_8" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Annual screening for microalbuminuria<sup>1</sup>
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<b>+</b> ACE inhibitor (Standard)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$127,768 (£133,740)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.357</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab34_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab34_1"><p class="no_margin">Details of albuminuria screening were not provided by the author, sensitivity and specificity assumed to be 100%.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab34_2"><p class="no_margin">US dollars 1999 converted to sterling 2020 using the EPPI Centre cost converter (accessed 22/01/2020), conversion factor 0.955</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab35"><div id="niceng203er8.tab35" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab35/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab35_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>2</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QALYs</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER<sup>3</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_1" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref34" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref34">Boulware 2003</a>
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</p>
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<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
|
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<p>US adults aged 50</p>
|
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<p>Societal perspective</p>
|
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<p>Lifetime horizon</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_5" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>People without hypertension or diabetes</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_6" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Results were not sensitive to starting age for screening.</p>
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<p>Screening less frequently was associated with lower ICERs, $120,727 (£124,657) if done every 5 years and $80,700 (£83,327) if done every 10 years.</p>
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<p>Screening was associated with a 1.5% probability of being cost-effective at a threshold of less than $50,000 (£51,628) per QALY.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_7" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_8" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Screening + ACE inhibitor or ARB<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$13,745 (£14,192)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.461</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$280,000 (£289,114)/QALY</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No screening</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$13,129 (£13,556)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.459</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_5" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>People with hypertension</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_6" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Screening was cost-effective irrespectively of the age at which screening was started (range 30 to 70 years). After the age of 40, screening was associated with a cost of $18,589 (£19,194) per QALY, decreasing thereafter.</p>
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<p>The screening strategy remained cost-effective with less frequent screening produced lower ICERs.</p>
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<p>Screening was associated with a 50.3% probability of being cost-effective at a threshold less than $50,000 (£51,628) per QALY).</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Screening + ACE inhibitor or ARB<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$23,927 (£24,706)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.241</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$18,594 (£19,999)/QALY</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No screening</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$23,451 (£24,214)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.215</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab35_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab35_1"><p class="no_margin">Initial screening for proteinuria consisted of a urine dipstick. Positive results were followed by a second physician appointment to assess protein levels using albumin to creatinine ratio or timed urine specimens in addition to serum creatinine level and eGFR. Screening occurred annually until age 75, development of ESRD or death.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab35_2"><p class="no_margin">US dollars 2002 converted to sterling 2020 using the EPPI Centre cost converter (accessed 22/01/2020), conversion factor 0.968.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab35_3"><p class="no_margin">The author assumed an ICERs below $50,000/QALY (£51,628/QALY) to be highly favourable, between $50,000 and $100,000/QALY (£103,255/QALY) moderately favourable and greater than $100,000/QALY unfavourable</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab36"><div id="niceng203er8.tab36" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab36/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab36_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effects</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref38" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref38">Golan 1999</a>
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</p>
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<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
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<p>50-year-old people with type 2 diabetes</p>
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<p>Lifetime horizon</p>
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<p>US Societal perspective</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Treat all with ACE inhibitor (no screening)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$15,240 (£15,874)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.82 QALYs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$7500/QALY (£7,812/QALY)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_6" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>In univariate sensitivity analysis the ICER was sensitive to age at diagnosis of diabetes, drug costs, effectiveness and quality of life associated with ACE inhibitor.</p>
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<p>This did not change the overall conclusions of the analysis.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_7" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_8" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE inhibitor if microalbuminuria</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$14,940 (£15,562)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.78 QALYs</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE inhibitor if gross proteinuria</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$19,520 (£20,333)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.59 QALYs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab36_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab36_1"><p class="no_margin">Normoalbuminuria – excretion < 30 mg/day; microalbuminuria – excretion 30 to 100 mg/day; gross proteinuria – excretion > 300 mg/day</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab36_2"><p class="no_margin">US dollars 1998 converted to sterling 2019 using the <a href="https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/costconversion/default.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">EPPI Centre cost converter</a> (accessed 17/12/2019), conversion factor 0.96</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab37"><div id="niceng203er8.tab37" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab37/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab37_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>3</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effects</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
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<p>People with type 1 diabetes</p>
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<p>US third party</p>
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<p>60-year time horizon</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Intervention 1:</b> Current recommendations (annual screening for microalbuminuria plus ACE inhibitor)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$29,350 (£32,646)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_6" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>The analysis was robust to univariate sensitivity analyses.</p>
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<p>No probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_7" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_8" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Intervention 2:</b> Routine treatment of all people 5 years after diagnosis of diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$29,180 (£32,457)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominates</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Intervention 3:</b> Treat people at high risk 5 years after diagnosis of diabetes and screen people at low risk and treat with ACE inhibitor accordingly<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$29,236 (£32,520)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab37_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab37_1"><p class="no_margin">Screening in people with diagnosis of diabetes for more than 5 years and treatment with the equivalent to captopril 25 mg 3 times a day if 2 of 3 tests were positive (>20 mcg/min or 30 mg albumin/g creatinine)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab37_2"><p class="no_margin">People with low risk were screened for hypertension and macroproteinuria (dipstick >0.3 g/L or positive albustick confirmed with >3000 mg/day or >200 mcg/min proteinuria)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab37_3"><p class="no_margin">US dollars 1995 converted to sterling 2020 using the EPPI Centre cost converter (accessed 14/01/2020), conversion factor 0.90</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab38"><div id="niceng203er8.tab38" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab38/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab38_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effects</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref33" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref33">Adarkwah 2013</a>
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</p>
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<p>People with advanced renal disease</p>
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<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
|
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<p>Dutch health system perspective</p>
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<p>Lifetime horizon</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACE inhibitor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">€183, 535 (£176,674)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.66</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominates</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_6" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Parameters with largest impact in univariate sensitivity analysis were the effectiveness of ACE inhibitor, cost of ESRD and discount rate. The conclusions of the analysis did not change when these were varied.</p>
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<p>The probability of producing savings was 83%.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_7" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_8" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No treatment (Antihypertensives not acting on the renin-angiotensin-system)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">€220,942 (£212,683)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab38_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab38_1"><p class="no_margin">Euros 2010 converted to sterling 2019 using the <a href="https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/costconversion/default.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">EPPI Centre cost converter</a> (accessed 11/12/2019), conversion factor 1.04.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab39"><div id="niceng203er8.tab39" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab39/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab39_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effects</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref35" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref35">Delea (2009)</a>
|
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</p>
|
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<p>People with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
|
|
<p>US health system</p>
|
|
<p>Lifetime horizon</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aliskiren 300 mg/day plus losartan 100 mg/day</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$64,746 (£53,849)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.9775 QALYs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$30,527/QALY (£25,390/QALY)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_6" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>In univariate sensitivity analysis the results were sensitive to the duration of effect and price of aliskiren but the intervention remained cost-effective at the $50,000 to $100,000/QALY (£41,585 to £83,170/QALY) threshold.</p>
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<p>Interventions 1 had a 60% probability of being cost-effective at a $50,000/QALY threshold and a 72% probability of being cost-effective at a threshold of $100,000.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_7" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_8" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Losartan 100 mg/day</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$61,794 (£51,394)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab39_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.8808 QALYs</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab39_1"><p class="no_margin">US dollars 2008 converted to sterling 2019 using the <a href="https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/costconversion/default.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">EPPI Centre cost converter</a> (accessed 17/12/2019), conversion factor 1.20.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab40"><div id="niceng203er8.tab40" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab40/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab40_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QALYs</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref43" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref43">Smith 2004</a>
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</p>
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<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
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<p>People with type 2 diabetes</p>
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<p>US third party perspective</p>
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<p>8-year time horizon, 3-month cycles</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Valsartan</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$92,058 (£92,231)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.390</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dominates</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_6" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>The results were robust to univariate sensitivity analyses on discount rate, health state costs, and medication costs</p>
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<p>Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was not conducted.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_7" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_8" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Amlodipine</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$124,470 (£124,703)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.835</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab40_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab40_1"><p class="no_margin">US dollars 1995 converted to sterling 2020 using the EPPI Centre cost converter (accessed 15/01/2020), conversion factor 0.998</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab41"><div id="niceng203er8.tab41" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab41/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab41_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>4</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QALYs</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER<sup>5</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref45" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref45">You 2015</a>
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|
</p>
|
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<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
|
|
<p>People with CKD stage 4<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>Taiwanese health system</p>
|
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<p>10-year time horizon</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low protein diet<sup>2</sup> + supplementation with ketoanalogues<sup>3</sup> in people with CKD stage 4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$564,637 (£430,741)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.926</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominates</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_6" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The analysis was robust to univariate sensitivity analysis of the treatment efficacy parameter.</p>
|
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<p>Probabilistic sensitivity analysis used 10,000 iterations of each of the model’s parameters using a triangular distribution. This analysis suggested a statistically significant difference in cost and QALYs between comparators.</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_7" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_8" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low protein diet and watchful waiting (CKD stage 4) + supplementation with ketoanalogues if CKD stage 5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">$914,236 (£697,437)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.787</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab41_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab41_1"><p class="no_margin">CKD stage 4 defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 15 – 29 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and CKD stage 5 defined as eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab41_2"><p class="no_margin">Defined as a protein intake of ≤ 0.6 g/kg/day</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab41_3"><p class="no_margin">Combination of essential amino acids and essential amino acid analogues</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab41_4"><p class="no_margin">US dollars 2015 converted to sterling 2020 using the <a href="https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/costconversion/default.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">EPPI Centre cost converter</a> (accessed 27/01/2020), conversion factor 1.311.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab41_5"><p class="no_margin">The analysis used the threshold for cost-effectiveness defined by the World Health Organisation, 3-fold the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In Taiwan this value was calculated as US $20,726 (£15,811)</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab42"><div id="niceng203er8.tab42" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab42/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab42_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>2</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QALYs</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref42" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref42">Mennini 2014</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Cost utility analysis</p>
|
|
<p>People with CKD stage 4 or 5</p>
|
|
<p>Italian NHS 2,3,5 and 10-year time horizon</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low protein diet<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">€55,109 (£56,391)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominates</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_6" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The analysis was robust to univariate analysis of discount rates, transition probability to ESRD, probability of death from ESRD, utility parameters, cost of dialysis and cost of diet.</p>
|
|
<p>In probabilistic sensitivity analysis the very low protein diet had 100% probability of being cost-effective (dominant).</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_7" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_8" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderately low protein diet<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">€65,483 (£67,007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.77</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab42_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab42_1"><p class="no_margin">Low protein diet defined as 0.6 g/kg/day; very low protein diet defined as 0.3 g/kg/day.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab42_2"><p class="no_margin">Euros 2014 converted to sterling 2020 using the <a href="https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/costconversion/default.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">EPPI Centre cost converter</a> (accessed 27/01/2020), conversion factor 0.977.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8tab43"><div id="niceng203er8.tab43" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.tab43/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.tab43_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs<sup>2</sup></th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QALYs</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ICER</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uncertainty</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>
|
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng203er8.s1.1.ref44" rid="niceng203er8.s1.1.ref44">Willis 2020</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Cost effectiveness analysis</p>
|
|
<p>People with CKD and</p>
|
|
<p>Type 2 diabetes</p>
|
|
<p>England NHS</p>
|
|
<p>10-year time horizon</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Canagliflozin and Standard of Care<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£32,950</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.73</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominates</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_6" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The analysis was robust to differing time horizons, differing hazard ratios. However, if the eGFR evolves at the same rate then the ICER is £20,921.</p>
|
|
<p>In probabilistic sensitivity analysis found that at a £0 threshold it is 96% likely that canagliflozin is cost effective which rises to 99% at a £30,000 threshold.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_7" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly applicable</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_8" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard of Care<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£37,656</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.tab43_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominated</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng203er8.tab43_1"><p class="no_margin">Standard of Care includes the maximum tolerated dose of a renin-angiotensin-aladosterone system inhibitor.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng203er8appltab1"><div id="niceng203er8.appl.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK574721/table/niceng203er8.appl.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng203er8.appl.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference</th><th id="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Aart-van der Beek, A.B.V., Clegg, L.E., Penland, R.C.
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et al. (2020) Effect of once-weekly exenatide on eGFR slope depends on baseline renal risk: a post-hoc analysis of the EXSCEL trial. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7756541/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7756541</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32803900" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32803900</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
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<p>[Albuminuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Abbott, K; Smith, A; Bakris, G L (1996) Effects of dihydropyridine calcium antagonists on albuminuria in patients with diabetes. Journal of clinical pharmacology
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36(3): 274–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8690823" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8690823</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Abe, Masanori, Maruyama, Noriaki, Suzuki, Hiroko
|
|
et al. (2013) L/N-type calcium channel blocker cilnidipine reduces plasma aldosterone, albuminuria, and urinary liver-type fatty acid binding protein in patients with chronic kidney disease. Heart and vessels
|
|
28(4): 480–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22914905" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22914905</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Cilnidipine (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Abe, Masanori, Okada, Kazuyoshi, Maruyama, Noriaki
|
|
et al. (2011) Benidipine reduces albuminuria and plasma aldosterone in mild-to-moderate stage chronic kidney disease with albuminuria. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension
|
|
34(2): 268–73 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21124330" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21124330</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Secondary publication of an included study that does not provide any additional relevant information</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Abe, Masanori, Okada, Kazuyoshi, Suzuki, Hiroko
|
|
et al. (2013) T/L-type calcium channel blocker reduces the composite ranking of relative risk according to new KDIGO guidelines in patients with chronic kidney disease. BMC nephrology
|
|
14: 135 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3703301/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3703301</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23815742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23815742</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Benidipine (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Agarwal, R (2001) Add-on angiotensin receptor blockade with maximized ACE inhibition. Kidney international
|
|
59(6): 2282–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11380832" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11380832</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Data reported only in graph]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Agha, Adnan, Amer, Wasim, Anwar, Eram
|
|
et al. (2009) Reduction of microalbuminuria by using losartan in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia
|
|
20(3): 429–35 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19414946" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19414946</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Not a relevant study design</p>
|
|
<p>[Non-randomised study]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Amara, Alieu B, Sharma, Asheesh, Alexander, John L
|
|
et al. (2010) Randomized controlled trial: lisinopril reduces proteinuria, ammonia, and renal polypeptide tubular catabolism in patients with chronic allograft nephropathy. Transplantation
|
|
89(1): 104–14 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20061926" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20061926</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</p>
|
|
<p>[Participants were receiving renal replacement therapy (renal transplant))]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Anand, Inder S, Bishu, Kalkidan, Rector, Thomas S
|
|
et al. (2009) Proteinuria, chronic kidney disease, and the effect of an angiotensin receptor blocker in addition to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. Circulation
|
|
120(16): 1577–84 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19805651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19805651</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Proteinuria was measured via dipstick urinalysis]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ando, Katsuyuki, Nitta, Kosaku, Rakugi, Hiromi
|
|
et al. (2014) Comparison of the antialbuminuric effects of benidipine and hydrochlorothiazide in Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) inhibitor-treated hypertensive patients with albuminuria: the COSMO-CKD (COmbination Strategy on Renal Function of Benidipine or Diuretics TreatMent with RAS inhibitOrs in a Chronic Kidney Disease Hypertensive Population) study. International journal of medical sciences
|
|
11(9): 897–904 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4081312/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4081312</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25013370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25013370</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Benidipine (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Andress, Dennis L, Coll, Blai, Pritchett, Yili
|
|
et al. (2012) Clinical efficacy of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist, atrasentan, in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Life sciences
|
|
91(1314): 739–42 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22326504" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22326504</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Secondary publication of an included study that does not provide any additional relevant information</p>
|
|
<p>[Kohan 2011]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Anonymous. (2005) ACE inhibitors beneficial in diabetics. South African Family Practice
|
|
47(1): 18
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Antlanger, Marlies, Bernhofer, Sebastian, Kovarik, Johannes J
|
|
et al. (2017) Effects of direct renin inhibition versus angiotensin II receptor blockade on angiotensin profiles in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Annals of medicine
|
|
49(6): 525–533 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28358246" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28358246</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Aliskiren (BNF license highly limiting in CKD)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Aranda, Pedro, Segura, Julian, Ruilope, Luis M
|
|
et al. (2005) Long-term renoprotective effects of standard versus high doses of telmisartan in hypertensive nondiabetic nephropathies. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|
|
46(6): 1074–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16310573" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16310573</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Dosing RCT]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Atmaca, Aysegul and Gedik, Olcay (2006) Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and their combination on microalbuminuria in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Advances in Therapy
|
|
23(4): 615–622 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17050503" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17050503</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or su spected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Baba, S (2001) Nifedipine and enalapril equally reduce the progression of nephropathy in hypertensive type 2 diabetics. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
|
|
54(3): 191–201 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11689274" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11689274</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Baek, Seon Ha, Kim, Sejoong, Kim, Dong Ki
|
|
et al. (2014) A low-salt diet increases the estimated net endogenous acid production in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease patients treated with angiotensin receptor blockade. Nephron. Clinical practice
|
|
128(34): 407–13 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25531146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25531146</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Education]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bakris, George L., Slataper, Richard, Vicknair, Nancy
|
|
et al. (1994) ACE inhibitor mediated reductions in renal size and microalbuminuria in normotensive, diabetic subjects. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications
|
|
8(1): 2–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8167383" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8167383</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[microalbuminuria was not reported by arm]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bakris, George L, Agarwal, Rajiv, Chan, Juliana C
|
|
et al. (2015) Effect of Finerenone on Albuminuria in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA
|
|
314(9): 884–94 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26325557" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26325557</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Finerenone (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bakris, George L, Weir, Matthew R, Secic, Michelle
|
|
et al. (2004) Differential effects of calcium antagonist subclasses on markers of nephropathy progression. Kidney international
|
|
65(6): 1991–2002 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15149313" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15149313</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Proteinuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bakris, George, Burgess, Ellen, Weir, Matthew
|
|
et al. (2008) Telmisartan is more effective than losartan in reducing proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney international
|
|
74(3): 364–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18496508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18496508</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Comparator in study does not match that specified in protocol [Intra-class comparison between ARBs]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Balamuthusamy, Saravanan, Srinivasan, Lavanya, Verma, Meenakshi
|
|
et al. (2008) Renin angiotensin system blockade and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and proteinuria: a meta-analysis. American heart journal
|
|
155(5): 791–805 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18440325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18440325</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Proteinuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Barnett, A H (2005) Preventing renal complications in diabetic patients: the Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan And enalaprIL (DETAIL) study. Acta diabetologica
|
|
42suppl1: 42–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15868119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15868119</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Not a relevant study design</p>
|
|
<p>[Review]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Berger, Elke D, Bader, Birgit D, Ebert, Carola
|
|
et al. (2002) Reduction of proteinuria; combined effects of receptor blockade and low dose angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Journal of hypertension
|
|
20(4): 739–743 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11910311" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11910311</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Not a relevant study design</p>
|
|
<p>[intra-individual study]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bilic, Marija, Munjas-Samarin, Radenka, Ljubanovic, Danica
|
|
et al. (2011) Effects of ramipril and valsartan on proteinuria and renal function in patients with nondiabetic proteinuria. Collegium antropologicum
|
|
35(4): 1061–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22397239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22397239</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Mean 24-hour protein excretion reported without standard deviations, standard errors, or confidence intervals]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Boesby, Lene, Elung-Jensen, Thomas, Klausen, Tobias Wirenfeldt
|
|
et al. (2011) Moderate antiproteinuric effect of add-on aldosterone blockade with eplerenone in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. A randomized cross-over study. PloS one
|
|
6(11): e26904 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3208556/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3208556</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22073219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22073219</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bohlen, L; de Courten, M; Weidmann, P (1994) Comparative study of the effect of ACE-inhibitors and other antihypertensive agents on proteinuria in diabetic patients. American journal of hypertension
|
|
7(9pt2): 84s–92s [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7818841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7818841</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Not a relevant study design</p>
|
|
<p>[Uncontrolled studies were included]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bolignano, Davide and Zoccali, Carmine (2013) Effects of weight loss on renal function in obese CKD patients: a systematic review. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|
|
28suppl4: iv82–98 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24092846" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24092846</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Not a relevant study design</p>
|
|
<p>[Non-randomised studies were included]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bomback, Andrew S, Kshirsagar, Abhijit V, Amamoo, M Ahinee
|
|
et al. (2008) Change in proteinuria after adding aldosterone blockers to ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in CKD: a systematic review. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|
|
51(2): 199–211 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18215698" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18215698</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Not a relevant study design</p>
|
|
<p>[Non-randomised controlled trials were included]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Burgess, E., Muirhead, N., De Cotret, P.R.
|
|
et al. (2009) Supramaximal dose of candesartan in proteinuric renal disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
|
|
20(4): 893–900 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2663827/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2663827</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19211712" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19211712</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Dosing RCT]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Chaturvedi, Nish (1997) Randomised placebo-controlled trial of lisinopril in normotensive patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria. The Lancet
|
|
349(9068): 1787–1792 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9269212" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9269212</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Cheng, I.K.P., Fang, G.X., Wong, M.C.
|
|
et al. (1998) A randomized prospective comparison of nadolol, captopril with or without ticlopidine on disease progression in IgA nephropathy. Nephrology
|
|
4(12): 19–26
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Data reported only in graph]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Cherney, David Z I, Dekkers, Claire C J, Barbour, Sean J
|
|
et al. (2020) Effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on proteinuria in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease (DIAMOND): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology
|
|
8(7): 582–593 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32559474" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32559474</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ciavarella, A, Di Mizio, G, Stefoni, S
|
|
et al. (1987) Reduced albuminuria after dietary protein restriction in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with clinical nephropathy. Diabetes care
|
|
10(4): 407–13 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3622197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3622197</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a relevant outcome</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Cohen, D.; Dodds, R.; Viberti, G. (1987) Effect of protein restriction in insulin dependent diabetics at risk of nephropathy. British Medical Journal
|
|
294(6575): 795–798 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1245861/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1245861</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3105747" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3105747</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[urinary albumin excretion rate in a timed overnight sample was 15-200 mcg/min on three successive occasions during a six week run in period.]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Coleman, C.I., Weeda, E.R., Kharat, A.
|
|
et al. (2019) Impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers on renal and mortality outcomes in people with Type 2 diabetes and proteinuria. Diabetic Medicine [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31407377" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31407377</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Systematic review used as source of primary studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Cooper, M.E., Rosenstock, J., Kadowaki, T.
|
|
et al. (2020) Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes of linagliptin treatment in older people with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease: A prespecified subgroup analysis of the randomized, placebo-controlled CARMELINA trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
|
|
22(7): 1062–1073 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7317902/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7317902</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32037653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32037653</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Around 20% of participants had urinary albumin:creatinine ratio <30 mg/g at baseline]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Crepaldi, G, Carta, Q, Deferrari, G
|
|
et al. (1998) Effects of lisinopril and nifedipine on the progression to overt albuminuria in IDDM patients with incipient nephropathy and normal blood pressure. The Italian Microalbuminuria Study Group in IDDM. Diabetes care
|
|
21(1): 104–10 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9538979" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9538979</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[albumin excretion rate between 20 and 200 mcg/min from 3 timed overnight urine collections]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Crowe, Alexander V, Howse, Matthew, Vinjamuri, Sobhan
|
|
et al. (2003) The antiproteinuric effect of losartan is systemic blood pressure dependent. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|
|
18(10): 2160–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13679496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 13679496</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Dosing RCT]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Dalla Vestra, M, Pozza, G, Mosca, A
|
|
et al. (2004) Effect of lercanidipine compared with ramipril on albumin excretion rate in hypertensive Type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria: DIAL study (diabete, ipertensione, albuminuria, lercanidipina). Diabetes, nutrition & metabolism
|
|
17(5): 259–266 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16295047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16295047</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
De Cesaris, R, Ranieri, G, Andriani, A
|
|
et al. (1996) Effects of benazepril and nicardipine on microalbuminuria in normotensive and hypertensive patients with diabetes. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics
|
|
60(4): 472–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8873695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8873695</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Benazepril (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
de Zeeuw, Dick, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Parving, Hans-Henrik
|
|
et al. (2004) Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: lessons from RENAAL. Kidney international
|
|
65(6): 2309–20 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15149345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15149345</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Secondary publication of an included study that does not provide any additional relevant information</p>
|
|
<p>[RENAAL trial]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Demarie, B.K. and Bakris, G.L. (1990) Effects of different calcium antagonists on proteinuria associated with diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine
|
|
113(12): 987–988 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2240922" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2240922</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Number of participants per arm in the initial period was not reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Dhaun, Neeraj, MacIntyre, Iain M, Kerr, Debbie
|
|
et al. (2011) Selective endothelin-A receptor antagonism reduces proteinuria, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness in chronic proteinuric kidney disease. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)
|
|
57(4): 772–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21357275" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21357275</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Dhaun, Neeraj, Macintyre, Iain M, Melville, Vanessa
|
|
et al. (2009) Blood pressure-independent reduction in proteinuria and arterial stiffness after acute endothelin-a receptor antagonism in chronic kidney disease. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)
|
|
54(1): 113–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19506099" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19506099</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[BQ-123 Clinalfa]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Dhaun, Neeraj, Yuzugulen, Jale, Kimmitt, Robert A
|
|
et al. (2015) Plasma pro-endothelin-1 peptide concentrations rise in chronic kidney disease and following selective endothelin A receptor antagonism. Journal of the American Heart Association
|
|
4(3): e001624 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4392442/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4392442</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25801761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25801761</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Secondary publication of an included study that does not provide any additional relevant information</p>
|
|
<p>[Dhaun 2011]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Douglas, Janice G and Agodoa, Lawrence (2003) ACE inhibition is effective and renoprotective in hypertensive nephrosclerosis: the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) trial. Kidney international. Supplement: 74–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12864879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12864879</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Proteinuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ecder, T, Chapman, A B, Brosnahan, G M
|
|
et al. (2000) Effect of antihypertensive therapy on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in hypertensive patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|
|
35(3): 427–32 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10692268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10692268</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Albuminuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Erley, CM, Komini, E, Nicaeus, T
|
|
et al. (1994) The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on proteinuria in chronic glomerulonephritis. Deutsche medizinische wochenschrift (1946)
|
|
119(4): 89–95 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8299527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8299527</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study not reported in English</p>
|
|
<p>[German]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Esnault, V.L.M., Brown, E.A., Apetrei, E.
|
|
et al. (2008) The effects of amlodipine and enalapril on renal function in adults with hypertension and nondiabetic nephropathies: A 3-year, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clinical Therapeutics
|
|
30(3): 482–498 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18405787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18405787</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a relevant outcome</p>
|
|
<p>[Relevant outcomes were not reported in the subgroup of participants with proteinuria >1 g/d]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Esnault, Vincent L M, Ekhlas, Amr, Delcroix, Catherine
|
|
et al. (2005) Diuretic and enhanced sodium restriction results in improved antiproteinuric response to RAS blocking agents. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
|
|
16(2): 474–81 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15615822" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15615822</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Esnault, Vincent L M, Ekhlas, Amr, Nguyen, Jean-Michel
|
|
et al. (2010) Diuretic uptitration with half dose combined ACEI + ARB better decreases proteinuria than combined ACEI + ARB uptitration. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|
|
25(7): 2218–24 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20106824" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20106824</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fogari, R, Zoppi, A, Corradi, L
|
|
et al. (1999) Long-term effects of ramipril and nitrendipine on albuminuria in hypertensive patients with type II diabetes and impaired renal function. Journal of human hypertension
|
|
13(1): 47–53 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9928752" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9928752</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Nitrendipine (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fogari, R, Zoppi, A, Pasotti, C
|
|
et al. (1995) Comparative effects of ramipril and nitrendipine on albuminuria in hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and impaired renal function. Journal of human hypertension
|
|
9(2): 131–135 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7752175" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7752175</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Nitrendipine (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fogari, Roberto, Corradi, Luca, Zoppi, Annalisa
|
|
et al. (2007) Addition of Manidipine Improves the Antiproteinuric Effect of Candesartan in Hypertensive Patients With Type II Diabetes and Microalbuminuria:. ajh
|
|
20(10): 1092–1096 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17903693" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17903693</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fogari, Roberto, Derosa, Giuseppe, Zoppi, Annalisa
|
|
et al. (2014) Comparative effect of canrenone or hydrochlorothiazide addition to valsartan/amlodipine combination on urinary albumin excretion in well-controlled type 2 diabetic hypertensive patients with microalbuminuria. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
|
|
15(4): 453–459 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24410484" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24410484</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Canrenone (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fogari, Roberto, Mugellini, Amedeo, Zoppi, Annalisa
|
|
et al. (2005) Effect of successful hypertension control by manidipine or lisinopril on albuminuria and left ventricular mass in diabetic hypertensive patients with microalbuminuria. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
|
|
61(7): 483–490 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16021438" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16021438</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fogari, Roberto, Preti, Paola, Zoppi, Annalisa
|
|
et al. (2002) Effects of amlodipine fosinopril combination on microalbuminuria in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. American Journal of Hypertension
|
|
15(12): 1042–1049 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12460699" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12460699</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fogari, Roberto, Zoppi, A., Malamani, G. D.
|
|
et al. (1997) Effects of Amlodipine vs Enalapril on Microalbuminuria in Hypertensive Patients with Type II Diabetes. Clinical Drug Investigation
|
|
13(1): 42–49
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fogari, Roberto, Zoppi, Annalisa, Corradi, Luca
|
|
et al. (2000) Long-term effects of amlodipine versus fosinopril on microalbuminuria in elderly hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current Therapeutic Research
|
|
61(3): 163–173
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Galle, J., Schwedhelm, E., Pinnetti, S.
|
|
et al. (2008) Antiproteinuric effects of angiotensin receptor blockers: Telmisartan versus valsartan in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overt nephropathy. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
|
|
23(10): 3174–3183 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18450829" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18450829</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Comparator in study does not match that specified in protocol [Intra-class comparison between ARBs]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Gant, Christina M, Laverman, Gozewijn D, Vogt, Liffert
|
|
et al. (2017) Renoprotective RAAS inhibition does not affect the association between worse renal function and higher plasma aldosterone levels. BMC nephrology
|
|
18(1): 370 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5738866/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5738866</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29262813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29262813</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Garg, Jay P, Ellis, Renee, Elliott, William J
|
|
et al. (2005) Angiotensin receptor blockade and arterial compliance in chronic kidney disease: a pilot study. American journal of nephrology
|
|
25(4): 393–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16088080" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16088080</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a relevant outcome</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Greene, T., Tighiouart, H., Gansevoort, R.T.
|
|
et al. (2019) Change in albuminuria as a surrogate endpoint for progression of kidney disease: a meta-analysis of treatment effects in randomised clinical trials. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology
|
|
7(2): 128–139 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30635226" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30635226</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Results were not reported by intervention]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hase, M., Babazono, T., Ujihara, N.
|
|
et al. (2013) Comparison of spironolactone and trichlormethiazide as add-on therapy to renin-angiotensin blockade for reduction of albuminuria in diabetic patients. Journal of Diabetes Investigation
|
|
4(3): 316–319 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4015670/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4015670</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24843672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24843672</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Trichlormethiazide (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hayashi, Koichi; Kumagai, Hiroo; Saruta, Takao (2003) Effect of efonidipine and ACE inhibitors on proteinuria in human hypertension with renal impairment. American journal of hypertension
|
|
16(2): 116–22 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12559677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12559677</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Efonidipine (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hebert, L A, Bain, R P, Verme, D
|
|
et al. (1994) Remission of nephrotic range proteinuria in type I diabetes. Collaborative Study Group. Kidney international
|
|
46(6): 1688–93 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7700028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7700028</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a relevant outcome</p>
|
|
<p>[Remission of proteinuria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Heerspink, Hiddo J L, Parving, Hans-Henrik, Andress, Dennis L
|
|
et al. (2019) Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (London, England)
|
|
393(10184): 1937–1947 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30995972" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30995972</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Atrasentan (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Heerspink, Hiddo J.L., Stefánsson, Bergur V., Correa-Rotter, Ricardo
|
|
et al. (2020) Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. New England Journal of Medicine
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study will be included in a proposed TA</p>
|
|
<p>[TA on dapagliflozin for treating chronic kidney disease]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hollenberg, N.K., Parving, H.-H., Viberti, G.
|
|
et al. (2007) Albuminuria response to very high-dose valsartan in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Hypertension
|
|
25(9): 1921–1926 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17762658" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17762658</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Urinary albumin excretion rate between 20 and 700 mcg/min at the time of randomisation]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Horita, Yoshio, Tadokoro, Masato, Taura, Koichi
|
|
et al. (2004) Low-dose combination therapy with temocapril and losartan reduces proteinuria in normotensive patients with immunoglobulin a nephropathy. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension
|
|
27(12): 963–970 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15894837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15894837</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Temocapril (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hou, Fan Fan, Xie, Di, Zhang, Xun
|
|
et al. (2007) Renoprotection of Optimal Antiproteinuric Doses (ROAD) Study: a randomized controlled study of benazepril and losartan in chronic renal insufficiency. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
|
|
18(6): 1889–98 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17494885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17494885</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Data reported only in graph]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Huang, Rongzhong, Feng, Yuxing, Wang, Ying
|
|
et al. (2017) Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Antihypertensive Agents for Adult Diabetic Patients with Microalbuminuric Kidney Disease: A Network Meta-Analysis. PloS one
|
|
12(1): e0168582 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5207630/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5207630</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28045910" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28045910</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Systematic review used as source of primary studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Iino, Yasuhiko, Hayashi, Matsuhiko, Kawamura, Tetsuya
|
|
et al. (2004) Renoprotective effect of losartan in comparison to amlodipine in patients with chronic kidney disease and hypertension--a report of the Japanese Losartan Therapy Intended for the Global Renal Protection in Hypertensive Patients (JLIGHT) study. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension
|
|
27(1): 21–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15055252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15055252</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Data reported only in graph]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Janssen, J J, Gans, R O, van der Meulen, J
|
|
et al. (1998) Comparison between the effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on proteinuria in nondiabetic renal failure: a double-blind, randomized prospective study. American journal of hypertension
|
|
11(9): 1074–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9752892" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9752892</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Data reported only in graph]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Katayama, Shigehiro, Kikkawa, Ryuichi, Isogai, Syo
|
|
et al. (2002) Effect of captopril or imidapril on the progression of diabetic nephropathy in Japanese with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled study (JAPAN-IDDM). Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
|
|
55(2): 113–121 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11796177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11796177</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspect ed CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kim, M.-J., Song, J.H., Suh, J.H.
|
|
et al. (2003) Additive antiproteinuric effect of combination therapy with ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor antagonist: Differential short-term response between IgA nephropathy and diabetic nephropathy. Yonsei Medical Journal
|
|
44(3): 463–472 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12833584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12833584</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kim-Mitsuyama, Shokei, Soejima, Hirofumi, Yasuda, Osamu
|
|
et al. (2018) Cardiovascular and renal protective role of angiotensin blockade in hypertension with advanced CKD: a subgroup analysis of ATTEMPT-CVD randomized trial. Scientific reports
|
|
8(1): 3150 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5816600/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5816600</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29453374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29453374</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[mixed population G3b and/or A3]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kincaid-Smith, Priscilla; Fairley, Kenneth; Packham, David (2002) Randomized controlled crossover study of the effect on proteinuria and blood pressure of adding an angiotensin II receptor antagonist to an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in normotensive patients with chronic renal disease and proteinuria. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|
|
17(4): 597–601 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11917051</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Knoll, Greg A, Fergusson, Dean, Chasse, Michael
|
|
et al. (2016) Ramipril versus placebo in kidney transplant patients with proteinuria: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology
|
|
4(4): 318–26 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26608067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26608067</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</p>
|
|
<p>[Participants were receiving renal replacement therapy (kidney transplant)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kohan, D.E., Pritchett, Y., Molitch, M.
|
|
et al. (2011) Addition of atrasentan to renin-angiotensin system blockade reduces albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
|
|
22(4): 763–772 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3065231/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3065231</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21372210" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21372210</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Atrasentan (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kohan, Donald E, Lambers Heerspink, Hiddo J, Coll, Blai
|
|
et al. (2015) Predictors of Atrasentan-Associated Fluid Retention and Change in Albuminuria in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN
|
|
10(9): 1568–74 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4559498/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4559498</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26153128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26153128</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[UACR reported as median]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kojima, Masayoshi, Ohashi, Masuo, Dohi, Yasuaki
|
|
et al. (2013) Titration of telmisartan, but not addition of amlodipine, reduces urine albumin in diabetic patients treated with telmisartan-diuretic. Journal of hypertension
|
|
31(1): 186–191 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23047595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23047595</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Trichlormethiazide (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kowey, Peter R, Dickson, Tania Z, Zhang, Zhongxin
|
|
et al. (2005) Losartan and end-organ protection--lessons from the RENAAL study. Clinical cardiology
|
|
28(3): 136–42 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6654430/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6654430</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15813620" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15813620</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Secondary publication of an included study that does not provide any additional relevant information</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kshirsagar, A V, Joy, M S, Hogan, S L
|
|
et al. (2000) Effect of ACE inhibitors in diabetic and nondiabetic chronic renal disease: a systematic overview of randomized placebo-controlled trials. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|
|
35(4): 695–707 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10739792" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10739792</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Systematic review used as source of primary studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kunz, Regina, Friedrich, Chris, Wolbers, Marcel
|
|
et al. (2008) Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system on proteinuria in renal disease. Annals of internal medicine
|
|
148(1): 30–48 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17984482" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17984482</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Some RCTs were included based on creatinine levels]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kwakernaak, Arjan J, Waanders, Femke, Slagman, Maartje C J
|
|
et al. (2013) Sodium restriction on top of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade increases circulating levels of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline in chronic kidney disease patients. Journal of hypertension
|
|
31(12): 2425–32 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24029871" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24029871</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lea, Janice, Greene, Tom, Hebert, Lee
|
|
et al. (2005) The relationship between magnitude of proteinuria reduction and risk of end-stage renal disease: results of the African American study of kidney disease and hypertension. Archives of internal medicine
|
|
165(8): 947–53 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15851648" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15851648</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Proteinuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lewis, E J, Hunsicker, L G, Rodby, R A
|
|
et al. (2001) A clinical trial in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|
|
38(4suppl1): 191–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11576953" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11576953</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a relevant outcome</p>
|
|
<p>[The outcome was correlation between baseline 24 hour urine protein and baseline characteristics]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lizakowski, Slawomir, Tylicki, Leszek, Renke, Marcin
|
|
et al. (2012) Effect of aliskiren on proteinuria in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a double-blind, crossover, randomised, controlled trial. International urology and nephrology
|
|
44(6): 1763–70 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3510412/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3510412</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23326865" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23326865</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lizakowski, Slawomir, Tylicki, Leszek, Rutkowski, Przemyslaw
|
|
et al. (2013) Safety of enhanced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition with aliskiren in nondiabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej
|
|
123(5): 221–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23615633" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23615633</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lubrano, Riccardo, Soscia, Francesca, Elli, Marco
|
|
et al. (2006) Renal and cardiovascular effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor plus angiotensin II receptor antagonist therapy in children with proteinuria. Pediatrics
|
|
118(3): e833–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16923922" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16923922</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
MacKinnon, M., Shurraw, S., Akbari, A.
|
|
et al. (2006) Combination Therapy With an Angiotensin Receptor Blocker and an ACE Inhibitor in Proteinuric Renal Disease: A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety Data. American Journal of Kidney Diseases
|
|
48(1): 8–20 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16797382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16797382</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Systematic review used as source of primary studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Maione, Ausilia, Navaneethan, Sankar D, Graziano, Giusi
|
|
et al. (2011) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and combined therapy in patients with micro- and macroalbuminuria and other cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|
|
26(9): 2827–47 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21372254" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21372254</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Albuminuria values were not reported as one of the inclusion criteria of the RCTs]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Makhlough, A., Kashi, Z., Akha, O.
|
|
et al. (2014) Effect of spironolactone on diabetic nephropathy compared to the combination of spironolactone and losartan. Nephro-Urology Monthly
|
|
6(1): e12148 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3968951/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3968951</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24719811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24719811</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[urinary albumin to creatinine ratio of 20 - 200 mg/g]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Makino, Hirofumi, Haneda, Masakazu, Babazono, Tetsuya
|
|
et al. (2007) Prevention of Transition From Incipient to Overt Nephropathy With Telmisartan in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care
|
|
30(6): 1577 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17389334" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17389334</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a relevant outcome</p>
|
|
<p>[Transition rates to overt nephropathy; reduced urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio at final observation without baseline data.]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mann, J.F.E., Fonseca, V.A., Poulter, N.R.
|
|
et al. (2020) Safety of liraglutide in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
|
|
15(4): 465–473 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7133133/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7133133</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32132141" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32132141</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Albuminuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Marre, M., Chatellier, G., Leblanc, H.
|
|
et al. (1988) Prevention of diabetic nephropathy with enalapril in normotensive diabetics with microalbuminuria. British Medical Journal
|
|
297(6656): 1092 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1834866/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1834866</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2848604" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2848604</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Marre, Michel, Lievre, Michel, Chatellier, Gilles
|
|
et al. (2004) Effects of low dose ramipril on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and raised excretion of urinary albumin: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial (the DIABHYCAR study). BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 328(7438): 495 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC351842/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC351842</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14960504" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14960504</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[urinary albumin excretion ≥20 mg/l in two successive random urine samples]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Maschio, G, Alberti, D, Locatelli, F
|
|
et al. (1999) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and kidney protection: the AIPRI trial. The ACE Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency (AIPRI) Study Group. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
|
|
33suppl1: 16–3 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10028949" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10028949</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Proteinuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Matos, J P S, de Lourdes Rodrigues, M, Ismerim, VL
|
|
et al. (2005) Effects of dual blockade of the renin angiotensin system in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Clinical nephrology
|
|
64(3): 180–189 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16175942" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16175942</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Matsuba, I., Kawata, T., Iemitsu, K.
|
|
et al. (2020) Effects of ipragliflozin on the development and progression of kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: An analysis from a multicenter prospective intervention study. Journal of Diabetes Investigation [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7477528/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7477528</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32149469" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32149469</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Albuminuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
McGuire, Darren K., Shih, Weichung J., Cosentino, Francesco
|
|
et al. (2020) Association of SGLT2 Inhibitors With Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7542529/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7542529</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33031522" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33031522</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Proteinuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mishima, E.; Haruna, Y.; Arima, H. (2019) Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in hypertensive adults with non-diabetic CKD with or without proteinuria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension
|
|
42(4): 469–482 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30948820" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30948820</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Proteinuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Morales, E., Caro, J., Gutierrez, E.
|
|
et al. (2015) Diverse diuretics regimens differentially enhance the antialbuminuric effect of renin-angi in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney International
|
|
88(6): 1434–1441 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26308670" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26308670</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Morales, E., Huerta, A., Gutierrez, E.
|
|
et al. (2009) The antiproteinuric effect of the blockage of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in obese patients. Which treatment option is the most effective?. Nefrologia
|
|
29(5): 421–429 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19820754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19820754</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Morales, E, Gutiérrez, E, Caro, J
|
|
et al. (2015) Beneficial long-term effect of aldosterone antagonist added to a traditional blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system among patients with obesity and proteinuria. Nefrologia
|
|
35(6): 554–561 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26519114" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26519114</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Not a relevant study design</p>
|
|
<p>[Prospective cohort study]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Muirhead, Norman, Feagan, Brian F., Mahon, Jeffrey
|
|
et al. (1999) The effects of valsartan and captopril on reducing microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled trial. Current Therapeutic Research
|
|
60(12): 650–660
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[albuminuria 20 to 300 mcg/min]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ohishi, Mitsuru, Takeya, Yasushi, Tatara, Yuji
|
|
et al. (2010) Strong suppression of the renin-angiotensin system has a renal-protective effect in hypertensive patients: high-dose ARB with ACE inhibitor (Hawaii) study. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension
|
|
33(11): 1150–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20703230" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20703230</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Parving, Hans-Henrik, Lehnert, Hendrik, Bröchner-Mortensen, Jens
|
|
et al. (2001) The Effect of Irbesartan on the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine
|
|
345(12): 870–878 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11565519" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11565519</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Albumin excretion rate 20 to 200 mcg/min]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Perkovic, V., Toto, R., Cooper, M.E.
|
|
et al. (2020) Effects of linagliptin on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in people with normal and reduced kidney function: Secondary analysis of the carmelina randomized trial. Diabetes Care
|
|
43(8): 1803–1812 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7372065/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7372065</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32444457" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32444457</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[20% of participants had urinary albumin:creatinine ratio <30 mg/g at baseline]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Pérez-Maraver, Manuel, Carrera, Maria José, Micaló, Teresa
|
|
et al. (2005) Renoprotective effect of diltiazem in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria despite ACE inhibitor treatment. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
|
|
70(1): 13–19 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16126118" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16126118</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ravid, M, Lang, R, Rachmani, R
|
|
et al. (1996) Long-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A 7-year follow-up study. Archives of internal medicine
|
|
156(3): 286–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8572838" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8572838</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ravid, Mordchai, Savin, Hilel, Jutrin, Itzhak
|
|
et al. (1993) Long-Term Stabilizing Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on Plasma Creatinine and on Proteinuria in Normotensive Type II Diabetic Patients. AIM
|
|
118(8): 577–581 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8452322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8452322</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Macia, Manuel; Ruggenenti, Piero (2006) Prevention and treatment of diabetic renal disease in type 2 diabetes: the BENEDICT study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
|
|
17(4suppl2): 90–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16565256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16565256</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Review article but not a systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Rodby, R A, Rohde, R D, Clarke, W R
|
|
et al. (2000) The Irbesartan type II diabetic nephropathy trial: study design and baseline patient characteristics. For the Collaborative Study Group. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|
|
15(4): 487–97 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10727543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10727543</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Secondary publication of an included study that does not provide any additional relevant information</p>
|
|
<p>[Lewis 2001]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Rosenstock, Julio, Perkovic, Vlado, Johansen, Odd Erik
|
|
et al. (2019) Effect of Linagliptin vs Placebo on Major Cardiovascular Events in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and High Cardiovascular and Renal Risk: The CARMELINA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA
|
|
321(1): 69–79 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6583576/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6583576</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30418475" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30418475</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[20% of participants had urinary albumin:creatinine ratio <30 mg/g at baseline]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Rosman, J B and ter Wee, P M (1989) Relationship between proteinuria and response to low protein diets early in chronic renal failure. Blood purification
|
|
7(1): 52–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2645924" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2645924</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Proteinuria reported as median]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Rossing, Kasper, Christensen, Per K., Jensen, Berit R.
|
|
et al. (2002) Dual Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes Care
|
|
25(1): 95 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11772908" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11772908</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ruggenenti, P., Perna, A., Benini, R.
|
|
et al. (1999) In chronic nephropathies prolonged ACE inhibition can induce remission: Dynamics of time-dependent changes in GFR. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
|
|
10(5): 997–1006 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10232685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10232685</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Secondary publication of an included study that does not provide any additional relevant information</p>
|
|
<p>[GISEN group 1997]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ruggenenti, P, Perna, A, Gherardi, G
|
|
et al. (1998) Renal function and requirement for dialysis in chronic nephropathy patients on long-term ramipril: REIN follow-up trial. Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia (GISEN). Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy. Lancet (London, England)
|
|
352(9136): 1252–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9788454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9788454</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Secondary publication of an included study that does not provide any additional relevant information</p>
|
|
<p>[GISEN group 1997]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ruggenenti, P, Perna, A, Mosconi, L
|
|
et al. (1997) Proteinuria predicts end-stage renal failure in non-diabetic chronic nephropathies. The “Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia” (GISEN). Kidney international. Supplement 63: 54–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9407422" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9407422</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a relevant outcome</p>
|
|
<p>[GFR and kidney survival per tertile of baseline 24 h urine protein ]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ruilope, L M, Aldigier, J C, Ponticelli, C
|
|
et al. (2000) Safety of the combination of valsartan and benazepril in patients with chronic renal disease. European Group for the Investigation of Valsartan in Chronic Renal Disease. Journal of hypertension
|
|
18(1): 89–95 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10678548" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10678548</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Duplicate reference</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ruilope, L.M., Aldigier, J.C., Ponticelli, C.
|
|
et al. (2000) Safety of the combination of valsartan and benazepril in patients with chronic renal disease. Journal of Hypertension
|
|
18(1): 89–95 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10678548" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10678548</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Proteinuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Rutkowski, Przemyslaw, Tylicki, Leszek, Renke, Marcin
|
|
et al. (2004) Low-dose dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in patients with primary glomerulonephritis. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|
|
43(2): 260–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14750091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14750091</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sato, Atsuhisa; Hayashi, Koichi; Saruta, Takao (2005) Antiproteinuric effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in patients with chronic renal disease. American journal of hypertension
|
|
18(1): 44–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15691616" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15691616</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Not a relevant study design</p>
|
|
<p>[Before-after study]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sato, Atsuhisa, Tabata, Mitsuhisa, Hayashi, Koichi
|
|
et al. (2003) Effects of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist candesartan, compared with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, on the urinary excretion of albumin and type IV collagen in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
|
|
7(3): 215–220 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14586718" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14586718</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Not a relevant study design</p>
|
|
<p>[Non-randomised study]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Schnack, Ch., Capek, M., Banyai, M.
|
|
et al. (1994) Long-term treatment with nifedipine reduces urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate in normotensive type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Acta Diabetologica
|
|
31(1): 14–18 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8043891" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8043891</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Scholtes, R.A., van Raalte, D.H., Correa-Rotter, R.
|
|
et al. (2020) The effects of dapagliflozin on cardio-renal risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without renin-angiotensin system inhibitor treatment: a post hoc analysis. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
|
|
22(4): 549–556 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7078964/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7078964</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31742881" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31742881</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Aim of study does not match protocol</p>
|
|
<p>[Lowering proteinuria was not the aim of the trials in this pooled analysis]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Segura, Julián, Praga, Manuel, Campo, Carlos
|
|
et al. (2003) Combination is better than monotherapy with ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor antagonist at recommended doses. Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
|
|
4(1): 43–47 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12692753" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12692753</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Benazepril (not available in the UK)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sengul, Ahmet M., Altuntas, Yüksel, Kürklü, Akın
|
|
et al. (2006) Beneficial effect of lisinopril plus telmisartan in patients with type 2 diabetes, microalbuminuria and hypertension. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
|
|
71(2): 210–219 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16112244" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16112244</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Shahinfar, Shahnaz, Dickson, Tania Z, Ahmed, Tultul
|
|
et al. (2002) Losartan in patients with type 2 diabetes and proteinuria: observations from the RENAAL Study. Kidney international. Supplement: 64–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12410858" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12410858</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Secondary publication of an included study that does not provide any additional relevant information</p>
|
|
<p>[Brenner 2001]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Slagman, Maartje C J, Nguyen, Tri Q, Waanders, Femke
|
|
et al. (2011) Effects of antiproteinuric intervention on elevated connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN-2) plasma and urine levels in nondiabetic nephropathy. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN
|
|
6(8): 1845–50 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3359537/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3359537</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21784839" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21784839</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Slagman, Maartje C J, Waanders, Femke, Vogt, Liffert
|
|
et al. (2012) Elevated N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels predict an enhanced anti-hypertensive and anti-proteinuric benefit of dietary sodium restriction and diuretics, but not angiotensin receptor blockade, in proteinuric renal patients. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|
|
27(3): 983–90 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21862455" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21862455</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Secondary publication of an included study that does not provide any additional relevant information</p>
|
|
<p>[Slagman 2011]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Song, J.H., Cha, S.H., Lee, H.J.
|
|
et al. (2006) Effect of low-dose dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system on urinary TGF-beta in type 2 diabetic patients with advanced kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
|
|
21(3): 683–689 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16330466" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16330466</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Song, J.H., Lee, S.W., Suh, J.H.
|
|
et al. (2003) The effects of dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system on urinary protein and transforming growth factor-beta excretion in 2 groups of patients with IgA and diabetic nephropathy. Clinical Nephrology
|
|
60(5): 318–326 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14640237" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14640237</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Takahara, S., Moriyama, T., Kokado, Y.
|
|
et al. (2002) Randomized prospective study of effects of benazepril in renal transplantation: An analysis of safety and efficacy. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
|
|
6(4): 242–247
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</p>
|
|
<p>[Post-transplant patients]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Takebayashi, Kohzo, Matsumoto, Sachiko, Aso, Yoshimasa
|
|
et al. (2006) Aldosterone Blockade Attenuates Urinary Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Complicated by Diabetic Nephropathy. jcem
|
|
91(6): 2214–2217 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16569732" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16569732</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio reported as geometric means (interquartile range, 25th and 75 th percentiles)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tang, S.C.W., Chan, K.W., Ip, D.K.M.
|
|
et al. (2020) Direct Renin Inhibition in Non-diabetic chronic Kidney disease (DRINK): a prospective randomized trial. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32617578" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32617578</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Proteinuria/albuminuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tang, Sydney C W, Lin, Miao, Tam, Sidney
|
|
et al. (2012) Aliskiren combined with losartan in immunoglobulin A nephropathy: an open-labeled pilot study. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|
|
27(2): 613–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21680850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21680850</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Not a relevant study design</p>
|
|
<p>[Before-after study]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Titan, S M, M Vieira, J
|
|
Jr, Dominguez, W V
|
|
et al. (2011) ACEI and ARB combination therapy in patients with macroalbuminuric diabetic nephropathy and low socioeconomic level: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Clinical nephrology
|
|
76(4): 273–83 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21955862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21955862</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Urinary protein excretion (g/24 h) reported as median and interquartile range]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Trachtman, H., Nelson, P., Adler, S.
|
|
et al. (2018) DUET: A phase 2 study evaluating the efficacy and safety of sparsentan in patients with FSGS. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
|
|
29(11): 2745–2754 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6218860/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6218860</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30361325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30361325</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Aim of study does not match protocol</p>
|
|
<p>[Dose-escalation study]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tylicki, L, Renke, M, Rutkowski, P
|
|
et al. (2008) Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with high-dose angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor for nephroprotection: an open, controlled, randomized study. Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology
|
|
42(4): 381–388 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19230172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19230172</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tylicki, Leszek, Lizakowski, Slawomir, Rutkowski, Przemyslaw
|
|
et al. (2012) The enhanced renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system pharmacological blockade--which is the best?. Kidney & blood pressure research
|
|
36(1): 335–43 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23235363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23235363</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tylicki, Leszek, Rutkowski, Przemyslaw, Renke, Marcin
|
|
et al. (2008) Triple pharmacological blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in nondiabetic CKD: an open-label crossover randomized controlled trial. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|
|
52(3): 486–93 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18423812" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18423812</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tütüncü, N. B.; Gürlek, A.; Gedik, O. (2001) Efficacy of ACE inhibitors and ATII receptor blockers in patients with microalbuminuria: a prospective study. Acta Diabetologica
|
|
38(4): 157–161 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11855793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11855793</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Uzu, Takashi, Araki, Shin-Ichi, Kashiwagi, Atsunori
|
|
et al. (2016) Comparative Effects of Direct Renin Inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on Albuminuria in Hypertensive Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. A Randomized Controlled Trial. PloS one
|
|
11(12): e0164936 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5198982/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5198982</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28033332" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28033332</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Aliskiren (BNF license highly limiting in CKD)]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Viberti, Giancarlo, Mogensen, Carl Erik, Groop, Leif C.
|
|
et al. (1994) Effect of Captopril on Progression to Clinical Proteinuria in Patients With Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus and Microalbuminuria. JAMA
|
|
271(4): 275–279 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8295285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8295285</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Waanders, Femke, Vaidya, Vishal S, van Goor, Harry
|
|
et al. (2009) Effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition, dietary sodium restriction, and/or diuretics on urinary kidney injury molecule 1 excretion in nondiabetic proteinuric kidney disease: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|
|
53(1): 16–25 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3298772/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3298772</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18823687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18823687</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Data not reported in an extractable format</p>
|
|
<p>[Crossover trial without parallel data reported]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wang, Kanran, Hu, Jinbo, Luo, Ting
|
|
et al. (2018) Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers on All-Cause Mortality and Renal Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes and Albuminuria: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Kidney & blood pressure research
|
|
43(3): 768–779 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29794446" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29794446</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[urine albumin excretion rate 20–199 mcg/min was also used to define microalbuminuria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wanner, C., Inzucchi, S.E., Zinman, B.
|
|
et al. (2020) Consistent Effects of Empagliflozin on Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes Irrespective of Diabetic Kidney Disease Categories - Insights from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32744354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32744354</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Albuminuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wanner, Christoph, Lachin, John M, Inzucchi, Silvio E
|
|
et al. (2018) Empagliflozin and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Established Cardiovascular Disease, and Chronic Kidney Disease. Circulation
|
|
137(2): 119–129 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28904068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28904068</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with proteinuria or albuminuria</p>
|
|
<p>[Albuminuria was not an inclusion criteria]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Webb, Nicholas J A, Shahinfar, Shahnaz, Wells, Thomas G
|
|
et al. (2012) Losartan and enalapril are comparable in reducing proteinuria in children. Kidney international
|
|
82(7): 819–26 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22739977" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22739977</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</p>
|
|
<p>[Not all participants had CKD or suspected CKD]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Weil, E.
|
|
Jennifer, Fufaa, Gudeta, Jones, Lois
|
|
I.
|
|
et al. (2013) Effect of Losartan on Prevention and Progression of Early Diabetic Nephropathy in American Indians With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes
|
|
62(9): 3224 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3749332/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3749332</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23545707" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23545707</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Does not contain a population of people with CKD or suspected CKD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Weir, M.R., McCullough, P.A., Buse, J.B.
|
|
et al. (2020) Renal and Cardiovascular Effects of Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: Perspectives on the Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation Trial Results. American Journal of Nephrology
|
|
51(4): 276–288 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32172239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32172239</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Review article but not a systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Xie, Di, Hou, Fan Fan, Fu, Bi Ling
|
|
et al. (2011) High level of proteinuria during treatment with renin-angiotensin inhibitors is a strong predictor of renal outcome in nondiabetic kidney disease. Journal of clinical pharmacology
|
|
51(7): 1025–34 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20978279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20978279</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Secondary publication of an included study that does not provide any additional relevant information</p>
|
|
<p>[Hou 2007]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Yang, Pingping, Zou, Honghong, Xiao, Bufan
|
|
et al. (2018) Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Therapies in IgA Nephropathy: A Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Kidney international reports
|
|
3(4): 794–803 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6035132/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6035132</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29989013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29989013</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</p>
|
|
<p>[Network meta-analysis also including steroids, urokinase and tonsillectomy]</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Zimering, M.B., Zhang, J.H., Guarino, P.D.
|
|
et al. (2014) Endothelial cell autoantibodies in predicting declining renal function, end-stage renal disease, or death in adult type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Frontiers in Endocrinology
|
|
5(aug): 128 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4127944/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4127944</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25157242" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25157242</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng203er8.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Secondary publication of an included study that does not provide any additional relevant information</p>
|
|
<p>[Fried 2013]</p>
|
|
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