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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2025. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="All GeneReviews" href="/books/n/gene/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-gene-lrg.png" alt="Cover of GeneReviews®" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>GeneReviews<sup>®</sup> [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK573219_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK573219_dtls__"><div>Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors.</div><div>Seattle (WA): <a href="http://www.washington.edu" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">University of Washington, Seattle</a>; 1993-2025.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/gene/">GeneReviews by Title</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/gene/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search GeneReviews" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search GeneReviews" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form><div><ul class="inline_list"><li><a href="/books/n/gene/advanced/">GeneReviews Advanced Search</a></li><li style="margin-left:.5em"><a href="/books/n/gene/helpadvsearch/">Help</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/gene/prion/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/gene/glut1/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK573219_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome Overview</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Beata S Lipska-Ziętkiewicz</span>, MD, PhD.</p><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK573219_ai__" style="border:0;text-decoration:none">Author Information and Affiliations</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK573219_ai__"><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Beata S Lipska-Ziętkiewicz</span>, MD, PhD<div class="affiliation small">Center for Rare Diseases;<br />Department of Biology and Medical Genetics<br />Clinical Genetics Unit<br />Medical University of Gdańsk<br />Gdańsk, Poland<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="lp.ude.demug@akspil.b" class="oemail">lp.ude.demug@akspil.b</a></div></div></div></div><p class="small">Initial Posting: <span itemprop="datePublished">August 26, 2021</span>.</p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 20 minutes</em></p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="srns-ov.Summary" itemprop="description"><h2 id="_srns-ov_Summary_">Summary</h2><p>The purpose of this overview is to:</p><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Describe the <a href="#srns-ov.Clinical_Characteristics_of_Gene">clinical characteristics</a> of genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome;</p></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Review the <a href="#srns-ov.Causes_of_Genetic_SteroidResista">genes known to be associated</a> with genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome;</p></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Provide an <a href="#srns-ov.Evaluation_Strategies_to_Identif">evaluation strategy</a> to identify the cause of genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> (when possible);</p></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Review <a href="#srns-ov.Phenocopies_of_Genetic_SteroidRe">phenocopies</a> of genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome;</p></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Review <a href="#srns-ov.Management_of_Genetic_SteroidRes">management</a> of genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome;</p></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Inform <a href="#srns-ov.Risk_Assessment_and_Surveillance">risk assessment and surveillance of at-risk relatives</a> for early detection and treatment of genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.</p></dd></dl>
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</div><div id="srns-ov.Clinical_Characteristics_of_Gene"><h2 id="_srns-ov_Clinical_Characteristics_of_Gene_">1. Clinical Characteristics of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome</h2><p>The initial manifestation of nephrotic syndrome is severe proteinuria defined as presence of the following [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.trautmann.2020.1529">Trautmann et al 2020</a>]:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) ≥200 mg/mmol (2 mg/mg) in the first morning void; OR 24-h urine sample ≥1000 mg/m<sup>2</sup>/day corresponding to 3+ or 4+ by urine dipstick</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin <30 g/L)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Edema</div></li></ul><p>About 85% of nephrotic syndrome is steroid sensitive (SSNS), defined as complete remission of proteinuria following glucocorticoid treatment. SSNS will not be discussed further in this overview.</p><p>About 15% of nephrotic syndrome is steroid resistant (SRNS), defined as proteinuria that does not remit within four to six weeks of glucocorticoid treatment. About 50% of individuals with SRNS achieve sustained remission with intensified immunosuppressive treatment, whereas the rest have multi-drug resistance and progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and eventually to kidney failure.</p><p><b>Non-genetic SRNS</b> is defined as SRNS that is not caused by alterations in a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/gene/">gene</a> known to be associated with SRNS. In contrast to genetic SRNS, non-genetic SRNS has been postulated (but not yet confirmed) to be immune mediated and associated with circulating permeability factor(s) in the plasma.</p><p>Although most non-genetic SRNS is steroid resistant at the onset, a few individuals may initially respond to standard steroid therapy but subsequently demonstrate secondary steroid resistance. About 70% of individuals with non-genetic SRNS experience rapid post-transplantation recurrence of nephrotic syndrome in the graft [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.mason.2020.983">Mason et al 2020</a>].</p><p><b>Genetic SRNS</b> is defined as SRNS caused by a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> (or pathogenic variants) in a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/gene/">gene</a> that affects the establishment and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. The glomerular filtration barrier comprises podocytes, the glomerular basement membrane, and fenestrated endothelial cells. All genetic SRNS can be corrected with kidney transplantation.</p><p>In SRNS, about 30% of individuals with childhood-onset disease and 10%-15% of individuals with adult-onset disease have an underlying genetic alteration in one of the roughly 60 genes associated with genetic SRNS (see <a href="#srns-ov.Causes_of_Genetic_SteroidResista">Section 2</a>). Genetic SRNS can be either <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/syndromic/">syndromic</a> (when associated with additional signs and symptoms) (see <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTsyndromicgeneticsrnsgenesa">Table 1</a>) or nonsyndromic (when not associated with other manifestations) (see <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTnonsyndromicgeneticsrnsgene">Table 2</a>).</p></div><div id="srns-ov.Causes_of_Genetic_SteroidResista"><h2 id="_srns-ov_Causes_of_Genetic_SteroidResista_">2. Causes of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome</h2><p><a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTsyndromicgeneticsrnsgenesa">Tables 1</a> and <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTnonsyndromicgeneticsrnsgene">2</a> (adapted from <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6311200/table/Tab1/?report=objectonly" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Table 1</a> in <a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.preston.2019.195">Preston et al [2019]</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7316686/table/Tab3/?report=objectonly" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Table 3</a> in <a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.trautmann.2020.1529">Trautmann et al [2020]</a>) summarize the genes known to be associated with genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS).</p><p><a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTsyndromicgeneticsrnsgenesa">Table 1</a> lists genes associated with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/syndromic/">syndromic</a> genetic SRNS and <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTnonsyndromicgeneticsrnsgene">Table 2</a> lists genes associated with nonsyndromic genetic SRNS.</p><p>Identification of a genetic SRNS can be particularly useful in individuals with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/syndromic/">syndromic</a> genetic SRNS (see <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTsyndromicgeneticsrnsgenesa">Table 1</a>) in which relevant extrarenal features may escape clinical detection or may arise later in the course of disease, such as hearing loss (associated with <a href="/books/n/gene/alport/">Alport syndrome</a> and <a href="/books/n/gene/coq10-def/">primary coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> deficiency</a>)<i>;</i> Wilms tumor, gonadoblastoma, or gonadal dysgenesis (with <a href="/books/n/gene/wt1-dis/"><i>WT1</i> disorder</a>); or chronic motor and sensory polyneuropathy (associated with <i>INF2</i>-related <a href="/books/n/gene/cmt/">Charcot-Marie-Tooth hereditary neuropathy</a>).</p><p>Note: The following genes are listed in both <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTsyndromicgeneticsrnsgenesa">Table 1</a> and <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTnonsyndromicgeneticsrnsgene">Table 2</a> because they can be associated with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/syndromic/">syndromic</a> genetic SRNS or with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/isolated/">isolated</a>, or apparently isolated, genetic SRNS: <i>COL4A3/4/5</i>, <i>COQ8B</i> (<i>ADCK4</i>), <i>CRB2</i>, <i>INF2</i>, <i>LMX1B,</i> and <i>WT1</i>. Some individuals who present with an apparently isolated renal <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/phenotype/">phenotype</a> may have extrarenal manifestations that are not appreciated until further clinical evaluation is prompted by the identification of a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> (or pathogenic variants) in a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/gene/">gene</a> known to be associated with syndromic genetic SRNS [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.knoers.2022.239">Knoers et al 2022</a>].</p><div id="srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Syndromic Genetic SRNS: Genes and Clinical Features</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gene(s) <sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">MOI</th><th id="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Syndrome / Features in Addition to SRNS</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>ALG1</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">ALG1-CDG: microcephaly, neurologic involvement (seizures, neurologic deterioration, cerebral or cerebellar atrophy), skeletal, cardiac, hepatic, gastrointestinal, endocrine, coagulation abnormalities (See <a href="/books/n/gene/cdg/">Congenital Disorder of N-Linked Glycosylation</a>.)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>ARHGDIA</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Seizures & cortical blindness (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/615244" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">615244</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>AVIL</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Microcephaly, short stature, retinal dystrophy, cataracts, deafness, & DD (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/618594" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">618594</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>CD151</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Pretibial bullous skin lesions, SNHL, bilateral lacrimal duct stenosis, nail dystrophy, & thalassemia minor (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/609057" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">609057</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>COL4A3</i> <sup>2</sup><br /><i>COL4A4</i> <sup>2</sup><br /><i>COL4A5</i> <sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">XL<br />AR<br />AD<br />Digenic</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/alport/">Alport syndrome</a>: ocular abnormalities (anterior lenticonus, corneal & retinal lesions), SNHL, leiomyomas (if large deletions include <i>COL4A6</i>) <sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>COQ2</i><br /><i>COQ6</i><br /><i>COQ8B</i> <sup>2</sup> (<i>ADCK4</i>)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/coq10-def/">Primary coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> deficiency</a>: neurologic involvement (encephalomyopathy, ataxia, seizures), DD, cognitive impairment, SNHL</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>CRB2</i> <sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Prenatal-onset ventriculomegaly, seizures, renal corticomedullary cysts, cardiac & <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/congenital/">congenital</a> defects (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/219730" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">219730</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>DGKE</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">See footnote 4.</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<a href="/books/n/gene/mpgn/">C3 glomerulopathy</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>E2F3</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">ID (whole-<a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/gene/">gene</a> <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/deletion/">deletion</a>) (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/600427" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">600427</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>FAT1</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Neurologic involvement; <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/dysmorphic/">dysmorphic</a> features, colobomatous microphthalmia, renal tubular ectasia, hematuria <sup>5</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>INF2</i> <sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Peripheral neuropathy (distal muscle atrophy & weakness), SNHL (See <a href="/books/n/gene/cmt/">CMT Overview</a>.)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>ITGA3</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Epidermolysis bullosa, <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/congenital/">congenital</a> interstitial lung disease (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/614748" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">614748</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>ITGB4</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<a href="/books/n/gene/eb-pa/">Epidermolysis bullosa w/pyloric atresia</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>LAGE3</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">XL</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Galloway-Mowat syndrome 2: facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, CNS involvement (structural brain anomalies, seizures), optic nerve atrophy, DD, cognitive impairment, skeletal abnormalities, hiatus hernia (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/301006" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">301006</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>LAMB2</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Pierson syndrome: ocular malformations (microcoria, cataracts, other lens or retinal abnormalities); neonatal hypotonia, DD, cognitive impairment (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/609049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">609049</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>LMX1B</i> <sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/nail-ps/">Nail-patella syndrome</a>: limb & pelvic abnormalities (absent or hypoplastic patella, elbow abnormalities, iliac horns), absent or dystrophic nails & distal digital abnormalities, eye abnormalities including glaucoma</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>MAFB</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/duane/">Duane syndrome</a>: a non-progressive limited horizontal eye movement accompanied by globe retraction</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>MAGI2</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">± neurologic impairment (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/617609" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">617609</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>MT-TL1</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mat</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/melas/">MELAS</a>: neurologic involvement (encephalomyopathy, seizures, stroke-like episodes), exercise intolerance, SNHL, retinopathy, diabetes mellitus, hypoparathyroidism, lactic acidosis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>MYH9</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/myh9/"><i>MYH9</i>-related disease</a>: hematologic features present from birth consisting of platelet macrocytosis, thrombocytopenia, & aggregates of the MYH9 protein in the cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes. Most affected individuals develop ≥1 additional extrahematologic manifestations including SNHL, kidney disease, presenile cataracts, &/or ↑ liver enzymes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>NUP107</i> <sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Galloway-Mowat syndrome 7: facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, CNS involvement (structural brain anomalies, seizures), optic nerve atrophy, DD, cognitive impairment, skeletal abnormalities, hiatus hernia (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/618348" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">618348</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>NUP85</i> <sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">ID, short stature, microscopic hematuria (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/618176" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">618176</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>NUP205</i> <sup>6, 7</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Aortic abnormalities <sup>6, 7</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>NXF5</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">XL</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Heart block disorder <sup>8</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>OSGEP</i>
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<br />
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<i>TP53RK</i>
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<br />
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<i>TPRKB</i>
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<br />
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<i>WDR73</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Galloway-Mowat syndrome 3: Facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, CNS involvement (structural brain anomalies, seizures), optic nerve atrophy, DD, cognitive impairment, skeletal abnormalities, hiatus hernia (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/phenotypicSeries/PS251300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PS251300</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>PAX2</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/papr/"><i>PAX2</i> disorder</a>: eye abnormalities (retinal coloboma, optic disc dysplasia), <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/congenital/">congenital</a> anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, renal cysts, renal dysplasia/hypoplasia</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>PDSS2</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/coq10-def/">Primary coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> deficiency</a>: neurologic involvement (encephalomyopathy, ataxia, seizures), DD, cognitive impairment), SNHL</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>PMM2</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/cdg-1a/">PMM2-CDG</a>: microcephaly, neurologic involvement (seizures, neurologic deterioration, cerebral or cerebellar atrophy); skeletal, cardiac, hepatic, gastrointestinal, endocrine, coagulation abnormalities</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>SCARB2</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/amrf/">Action myoclonus – renal failure syndrome</a>: Neurologic symptoms (tremor, action myoclonus, tonic-clonic seizures, later ataxia & dysarthria), sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy, SNHL, dilated cardiomyopathy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>SGPL1</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/sgpl1/">Sphingosine phosphate lyase insufficiency syndrome</a>: varying combinations of primary adrenal insufficiency (± mineralocorticoid deficiency), testicular insufficiency, ichthyosis, neurologic involvement (DD, seizures, ataxia), immunodeficiency, skeletal abnormalities</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>SMARCAL1</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/siod/">Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia</a>: spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia resulting in short stature; T-cell deficiency</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>WT1</i> <sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/wt1-dis/"><i>WT1 </i>disorder</a>: disorders of testicular development (± abnormalities of external genitalia &/or müllerian structures) & Wilms tumor; <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/congenital/">congenital</a> anomalies of kidney & urinary tract, diaphragmatic hernia</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">AD = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a>; AR = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a>; CDG = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/congenital/">congenital</a> disorder of glycosylation; CKD = chronic kidney disease; CMT = Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; CNS = central nervous system; DD = developmental delay; ID = intellectual disability; Mat = maternal; MELAS = <i>m</i>itochondrial <i>e</i>ncephalomyopathy, <i>l</i>actic <i>a</i>cidosis, and <i>s</i>troke-like episodes; MOI = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/mode-of-inheritance/">mode of inheritance</a>; SNHL = sensorineural hearing loss; SRNS = steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; XL = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/x-linked/">X-linked</a></p></div></dd><dt>1. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.1.1"><p class="no_margin">Genes are listed alphabetically</p></div></dd><dt>2. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.1.2"><p class="no_margin">Also associated with nonsyndromic SRNS</p></div></dd><dt>3. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.1.3"><p class="no_margin">
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.nozu.2017.733">Nozu et al [2017]</a>
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</p></div></dd><dt>4. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.1.4"><p class="no_margin">C3 glomerulopathy is a complex genetic disorder that is rarely inherited in a simple mendelian fashion. Multiple affected persons within a single nuclear family are reported only occasionally, with both <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a> and <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a> inheritance being described.</p></div></dd><dt>5. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.1.5"><p class="no_margin">
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.lahrouchi.2019.1180">Lahrouchi et al [2019]</a>
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</p></div></dd><dt>6. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.1.6"><p class="no_margin">
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.lipskazi_tkiewicz.2019.890">Lipska-Ziętkiewicz & Schaefer [2019]</a>
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</p></div></dd><dt>7. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.1.7"><p class="no_margin">Preliminary data suggest that <i>NUP205</i> may also be associated with nonsyndromic genetic SRNS [Author, unpublished data].</p></div></dd><dt>8. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.1.8"><p class="no_margin">
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.esposito.2013.3654">Esposito et al [2013]</a>
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</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Nonsyndromic Genetic SRNS: Genes and Distinguishing Clinical Features</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gene <sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">MOI</th><th id="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">% of All<br />Nonsyndromic<br />SRNS</th><th id="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Typical Age at Onset of SRNS</th><th id="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>ACTN4</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">~1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Usually late (adult)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/603278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">603278</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>ANKFY1</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/607927" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">607927</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>ANLN</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mainly late (adult)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/616032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">616032</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>APOL1</i>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Risk <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/allele/">allele</a></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No data <sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">↑ susceptibility in African Americans, Hispanic Americans, & persons of African descent</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/612551" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">612551</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>ARHGAP24</i>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mainly late (adult)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/610586" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">610586</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>CD2AP</i>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD/AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood & adult</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/607832" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">607832</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>COL4A3</i> <sup>3</sup><br /><i>COL4A4</i> <sup>3</sup><br /><i>COL4A5</i>
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<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">XL<br />AR<br />AD<br />Digenic</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">~10%-30% (esp if onset in/after 2nd decade)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mainly late (adolescent & adult)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.gast.2016.961">Gast et al [2016]</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>COQ8B</i> <sup>3</sup><br /><i>(ADCK4)</i></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3%-5%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood & adult</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/615573" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">615573</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>CRB2</i> <sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/609720" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">609720</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>GAPVD1</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/611714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">611714</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>INF2</i> <sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mainly late (adolescent & adult)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/613237" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">613237</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>LAMA5</i>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/601033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">601033</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>LMX1B</i> <sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3%-5% (esp if onset in/after 2nd decade)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mainly late (adolescent & adult)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/256020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">256020</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>MYO1E</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/614131" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">614131</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>NPHS1</i>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10%-20% (≤50% in CNS)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">CNS (Finnish type) or childhood SRNS</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/602716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">602716</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
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<i>NPHS2</i>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20%-30% (≤40% in CNS)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">CNS or childhood & adult SRNS</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/600995" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">600995</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>NUP133</i> <sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/607613" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">607613</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>NUP160</i> <sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/618178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">618178</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>NUP93</i> <sup>4, 5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/616892" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">616892</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
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<i>PLCE1</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">CNS or childhood SNRS</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/610725" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">610725</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>PTPRO</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/614196" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">614196</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
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<i>TBC1D8B</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">XL</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/301028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">301028</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>TRPC6</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood & adult</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/603965" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">603965</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
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<i>TTC21B</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood & adult</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<a href="/books/n/gene/nephron-ov/">Nephronophthisis</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><i>WT1</i> <sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10%-20%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">CNS or childhood & adult SRNS</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<a href="/books/n/gene/wt1-dis/">WT1 Disorder</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>XPO5</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><1%</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Childhood</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/607845" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">607845</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">AD = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a>; AR = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a>; CNS = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/congenital/">congenital</a> nephrotic syndrome; MOI = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/mode-of-inheritance/">mode of inheritance</a>; SRNS = steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; XL = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/x-linked/">X-linked</a></p></div></dd><dt>1. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.2.1"><p class="no_margin">Genes are listed alphabetically</p></div></dd><dt>2. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.2.2"><p class="no_margin">13% of African Americans have the <i>APOL1</i> high-risk <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/genotype/">genotype</a> (2 risk alleles) and these individuals have a 3- to 30-fold increased risk of various forms of kidney disease; the frequency in individuals of European ancestry is unknown [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.friedman.2020.323">Friedman & Pollak 2020</a>].</p></div></dd><dt>3. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.2.3"><p class="no_margin">Also associated with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/syndromic/">syndromic</a> genetic SRNS.</p></div></dd><dt>4. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.2.4"><p class="no_margin">
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<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.lipskazi_tkiewicz.2019.890">Lipska-Ziętkiewicz & Schaefer [2019]</a>
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</p></div></dd><dt>5. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.2.5"><p class="no_margin">Preliminary data suggest that <i>NUP93</i> may also be associated with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/syndromic/">syndromic</a> genetic SRNS [Author, unpublished data].</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="srns-ov.Nomenclature"><h3>Nomenclature</h3><p>Genetic SRNS may also be referred to as "hereditary SRNS" or "monogenic SRNS."</p><p>Nonsyndromic genetic SRNS may also be referred to as "hereditary podocytopathy/glomerulopathy." Glomerulopathy is the preferred term as a subset of individuals with a hereditary podocytopathy never receive steroids, and, thus, their renal disease cannot be classified as steroid resistant.</p><p>In the context of genetic SRNS, use of the terms "<a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/idiopathic/">idiopathic</a> SRNS" and "primary SRNS" is controversial as these terms may imply absence of molecularly confirmed diagnosis.</p></div></div><div id="srns-ov.Evaluation_Strategies_to_Identif"><h2 id="_srns-ov_Evaluation_Strategies_to_Identif_">3. Evaluation Strategies to Identify the Cause of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in a Proband</h2><p>Establishing a specific cause of genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome usually involves a medical history, physical examination, laboratory testing, family history, and <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/genomic/">genomic</a>/genetic testing.</p><p>The age at first disease manifestation and the rate of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression will strongly depend on the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/gene/">gene</a> affected and the type of causative <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Variants in <i>LAMB2</i>, <i>NPHS1</i>, <i>NPHS2</i>, and <i>WT1</i> account for >80% of all <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/congenital/">congenital</a> nephrotic syndrome. See <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTsyndromicgeneticsrnsgenesa">Tables 1</a> and <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTnonsyndromicgeneticsrnsgene">2</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Variants in <i>INF2</i>, <i>TRPC6</i>, and the genes encoding collagen IV (<i>COL4A3</i>, <i>COL4A4</i>, and <i>COL4A5</i>) are the leading causes of adult-onset SRNS.</div></li></ul><p><b>Medical history.</b> A detailed medical history for renal and extrarenal manifestations should be obtained wherever possible. Possible extrarenal manifestation(s) in individuals with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/syndromic/">syndromic</a> genetic SRNS are included <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTsyndromicgeneticsrnsgenesa">Table 1</a>.</p><p><b>Physical examination.</b> Clinical examination should be performed to identify the possible extrarenal manifestations of <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/syndromic/">syndromic</a> genetic SRNS (<a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTsyndromicgeneticsrnsgenesa">Table 1</a>).</p><p><b>Family history.</b> A three-generation family history should be taken, with attention to parental <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/consanguinity/">consanguinity</a> and to relatives with manifestations of SRNS or other renal disease with their age at onset, clinical course (including response to medications), renal function, and documentation of relevant findings through direct examination or review of medical records (including results of <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/molecular-genetic-testing/">molecular genetic testing</a> and/or kidney biopsy). Absence of a family history of such findings does not preclude the possibility of genetic SRNS.</p><p><b>Molecular genetic testing</b> can include a combination of <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/gene/">gene</a>-targeted testing (single-gene testing or <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/multigene-panel/">multigene panel</a>) and comprehensive <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/genomic/">genomic</a> testing (<a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/exome-sequencing/">exome sequencing</a>). Gene-targeted testing requires the clinician to hypothesize which gene(s) are likely involved, whereas genomic testing does not.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Single-<a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/gene/">gene</a> testing</b> can be considered if clinical findings and/or family history indicate that pathogenic variants in a particular gene associated with genetic <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/syndromic/">syndromic</a> SRNS are most likely (see <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTsyndromicgeneticsrnsgenesa">Table 1</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>A <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/multigene-panel/">multigene panel</a></b> that includes some or all of the genes listed in <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTsyndromicgeneticsrnsgenesa">Tables 1</a> and <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.nonsyndromic_genetic_srns_gene/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTnonsyndromicgeneticsrnsgene">2</a> is most likely to identify the genetic cause of the condition while limiting identification of variants of <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/uncertain-significance/">uncertain significance</a> and pathogenic variants in genes that do not explain the underlying <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/phenotype/">phenotype</a>. Note: (1) The genes included in the panel and the diagnostic <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/sensitivity/">sensitivity</a> of the testing used for each <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/gene/">gene</a> vary by laboratory and are likely to change over time. (2) Some multigene panels may include genes not associated with the condition discussed in this <i>GeneReview</i>. Some panels may not include newly discovered and/or rare genes associated with genetic SRNS. (3) In some laboratories, panel options may include a custom laboratory-designed panel and/or custom phenotype-focused <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/exome/">exome</a> analysis that includes genes specified by the clinician. (4) Methods used in a panel may include <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/sequence-analysis/">sequence analysis</a>, <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/deletion-duplication-analysis/">deletion/duplication analysis</a>, and/or other non-sequencing-based tests.</div><div class="half_rhythm">For an introduction to multigene panels click <a href="/books/n/gene/app5/#app5.Multigene_Panels">here</a>. More detailed information for clinicians ordering genetic tests can be found <a href="/books/n/gene/app5/#app5.Multigene_Panels_FAQs">here</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Comprehensive</b>
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<b><a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/genomic/">genomic</a> testing</b> (which does not require the clinician to determine which <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/gene/">gene</a>[s] are likely involved) may be considered. <b>Exome sequencing</b> is most commonly used; <b><a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/genome-sequencing/">genome sequencing</a></b> is also possible.</div><div class="half_rhythm">For an introduction to comprehensive <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/genomic/">genomic</a> testing click <a href="/books/n/gene/app5/#app5.Comprehensive_Genomic_Testing">here</a>. More detailed information for clinicians ordering genomic testing can be found <a href="/books/n/gene/app5/#app5.Comprehensive_Genomic_Testing_1">here</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="srns-ov.Phenocopies_of_Genetic_SteroidRe"><h2 id="_srns-ov_Phenocopies_of_Genetic_SteroidRe_">4. Phenocopies of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome</h2><div id="srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Phenocopies of Genetic SRNS Usually Presenting As Persistent Proteinuria</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gene <sup>1</sup></th><th id="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">MOI</th><th id="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Syndrome/Phenotype</th><th id="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Additional Features</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="row" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>CFH</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD<br />Polygenic</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/husa/">Genetic atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome</a> (aHUS)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Thrombocytopenia <sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Complex <sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<a href="/books/n/gene/mpgn/">C3 glomerulopathy</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>CLCN5</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">XL</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/books/n/gene/dent/">Dent disease 1</a>: ± hypercalciuria & nephrolithiasis</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">LMW proteinuria. Other features may incl rickets or osteomalacia, growth restriction/short stature.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>CUBN</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Albuminuria, megaloblastic anemia ± epilepsy (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/618884" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">618884</a>) <sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome 1 (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/261100" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">261100</a>), intestinal malabsorption of vitamin B<sub>12</sub>), LMW proteinuria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>FN1</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Fibronectin glomerulopathy (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/601894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">601894</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Proteinuria, type IV renal tubular acidosis, microscopic hematuria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>LCAT</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Norum disease (Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency) (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/245900" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">245900</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Corneal opacities, target cell hemolytic anemia, proteinuria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>LMNA</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AD</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Familial partial lipodystrophy (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/151660" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">151660</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Abnormal subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution, diabetes mellitus, hypertension</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>MMACHC</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cobalamin C deficiency (See <a href="/books/n/gene/cbl/">Disorders of Intracellular Cobalamin Metabolism</a>.)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">TMA, neurologic involvement; cytopenia; thromboembolism</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>NEU1</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Neuraminidase deficiency (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/256550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">256550</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Progressively severe mucopolysaccharidosis-like <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/phenotype/">phenotype</a> (coarse facies, dysostosis multiplex, hepatosplenomegaly), progressive neurologic degeneration, childhood nephrotic syndrome, macular cherry-red spots, & DD/ID.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>NPHP4</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Isolated <a href="/books/n/gene/nephron-ov/">nephronophthisis</a> (NPH)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">~80%-90% of persons w/NPH <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/phenotype/">phenotype</a> have no extrarenal features.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>OCRL</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">XL</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<a href="/books/n/gene/dent/">Dent disease 2</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Proximal tubule dysfunction & LMW proteinuria, assoc w/hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, & progressive kidney failure</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<i>ZMPSTE24</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">AR</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mandibuloacral dysplasia (OMIM <a href="https://omim.org/entry/608612" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">608612</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_srns-ov.T.phenocopies_of_genetic_srns_us_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Generalized lipoatrophy, postnatal growth restriction, <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/dysmorphic/">dysmorphic</a> features, mandibular & clavicular hypoplasia, other skeletal & dental abnormalities, restrictive dermopathy</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">AD = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a>; AR = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a>; CKD = chronic kidney disease; DD = developmental delay; ID = intellectual disability; LMW = low-molecular-weight; MOI = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/mode-of-inheritance/">mode of inheritance</a>; SRNS = steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; TMA = thrombotic microangiopathy; XL = <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/x-linked/">X-linked</a></p></div></dd><dt>1. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.3.1"><p class="no_margin">Genes are listed alphabetically</p></div></dd><dt>2. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.3.2"><p class="no_margin">Simultaneous kidney & liver transplantation in young children w/<i>CFH</i>-aHUS may correct the genetic defect & prevent disease recurrence.</p></div></dd><dt>3. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.3.3"><p class="no_margin">C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is a complex genetic disorder that is rarely inherited in a simple mendelian fashion. In most persons with C3G, inheritance is complex and incompletely understood. For these reasons, <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/recurrence-risk/">recurrence risk</a> to family members is not known but likely very low.</p></div></dd><dt>4. </dt><dd><div id="srns-ov.TF.3.4"><p class="no_margin">C-terminal variants associate with chronic proteinuria and normal renal function [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.bedin.2020.335">Bedin et al 2020</a>].</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div id="srns-ov.Management_of_Genetic_SteroidRes"><h2 id="_srns-ov_Management_of_Genetic_SteroidRes_">5. Management of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome</h2><p>In 2020 the International Pediatric Nephrology Association developed comprehensive clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of SRNS in children [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.trautmann.2020.1529">Trautmann et al 2020</a>].</p><p>See also the detailed genetic and clinical guidelines for management of <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/congenital/">congenital</a> nephrotic syndrome [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.lipskazi_tkiewicz.2020.1368">Lipska-Ziętkiewicz et al 2020</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.boyer.2021.277">Boyer et al 2021</a>].</p><p>Once the diagnosis of SRNS is established, ineffective prednisolone/prednisone treatment should be avoided. Instead affected individuals should be treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) to reduce proteinuria.</p><p>While recent recommendations also suggest withholding calcineurin inhibitors and other immunosuppressive agents in individuals with evidence for genetic SRNS, the final decision should be made on an individual basis (for details see <a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.trautmann.2020.1529">Trautmann et al [2020]</a>).</p><p>Clinical management also includes the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prompt detection and treatment of hypertension</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cautious use of diuretics, vitamin D, and thyroid hormone substitution</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conservative management of chronic kidney disease (CKD)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Kidney replacement therapy including preemptive transplantation in selected disorders (e.g., <a href="/books/n/gene/wt1-dis/"><i>WT1</i> disorder</a>).</div></li></ul></div><div id="srns-ov.Risk_Assessment_and_Surveillance"><h2 id="_srns-ov_Risk_Assessment_and_Surveillance_">6. Risk Assessment and Surveillance of At-Risk Relatives for Early Detection and Treatment of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome</h2><p>
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<i>Genetic counseling is the process of providing individuals and families with
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information on the nature, mode(s) of inheritance, and implications of genetic disorders to help them
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make informed medical and personal decisions. The following section deals with genetic
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risk assessment and the use of family history and genetic testing to clarify genetic
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status for family members; it is not meant to address all personal, cultural, or
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ethical issues that may arise or to substitute for consultation with a genetics
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professional</i>. —ED.</p><p>Screening of asymptomatic first-degree family members (see <a href="#srns-ov.Surveillance_of_AtRisk_Relatives">Surveillance for At-Risk Relatives</a>) of an individual with genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) can allow early detection of genetic SRNS, inform the indication for and frequency of subsequent screening, facilitate prompt initiation of treatment, and thereby improve long-term outcome [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.trautmann.2020.1529">Trautmann et al 2020</a>].</p><p>Clarification of the genetic status of first-degree family members can also help to identify potential organ donors. (Note: Molecular genetic testing for the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/familial/">familial</a> <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> is obligatory for genetic SRNS with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a> transmission and in certain entities with significant intra- and <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/interfamilial-variability/">interfamilial variability</a> and reduced or age-dependent <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/penetrance/">penetrance</a> [e.g., genetic SRNS associated with pathogenic variants in <i>COL4A3/4/5</i>, <i>NPHS2</i>, or <i>WT1</i>]).</p><p>Note: Given the complexity of the genetics and surveillance recommendations for genetic SRNS, health care providers should consider referring at-risk asymptomatic relatives to a nephrology genetics center or a genetic counselor specializing in nephrology genetics (see <a href="https://www.nsgc.org/page/find-a-gc-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NSGC – Find a Genetic Counselor</a>).</p><p><b>Genetic risk assessment.</b> Genetic SRNS can be inherited in an <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a>, <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a> (e.g., <i>WT1</i>-related SRNS), or, rarely, <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/x-linked/">X-linked</a> (<i>TBC1D8B</i>-related SRNS) manner. A basic view of <a href="#srns-ov.Autosomal_Recessive_Inheritance">autosomal recessive</a> and <a href="#srns-ov.Autosomal_Dominant_Inheritance">autosomal dominant</a> inheritance and risk assessment and <a href="#srns-ov.Surveillance_of_AtRisk_Relatives">surveillance for at-risk relatives</a> of an individual with genetic SRNS is presented below.</p><p>If a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> has a specific genetic syndrome associated with SRNS (e.g., <a href="/books/n/gene/wt1-dis/"><i>WT1</i> disorder</a>, <a href="/books/n/gene/alport/">Alport syndrome</a>, <a href="/books/n/gene/coq10-def/">primary coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> deficiency</a>, <a href="/books/n/gene/siod/">Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia</a>, or <a href="/books/n/gene/cmt/">Charcot-Marie-Tooth hereditary neuropathy</a>), counseling for that condition is indicated (see <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTsyndromicgeneticsrnsgenesa">Table 1</a>).</p><div id="srns-ov.Autosomal_Recessive_Inheritance"><h3>Autosomal Recessive Inheritance – Risk to Family Members</h3><p>
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<b>Parents of a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a></b>
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</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The parents of an affected child are obligate heterozygotes (i.e., presumed to be carriers of one <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a> genetic SRNS-causing <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> based on family history).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Molecular genetic testing of the parents for the pathogenic variants identified in the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> is recommended to confirm that both parents are <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/heterozygous/">heterozygous</a> for a causative <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> and to allow reliable <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/recurrence-risk/">recurrence risk</a> assessment. If a pathogenic variant is detected in only one parent, the following possibilities should be considered:</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One of the pathogenic variants identified in the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> occurred as a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/de-novo/"><i>de novo</i></a> event in the proband or as a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/postzygotic/">postzygotic</a> <i>de novo</i> event in a mosaic parent [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.j_nsson.2017.519">Jónsson et al 2017</a>].</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Uniparental isodisomy for the parental <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/chromosome/">chromosome</a> with the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> resulted in homozygosity for the pathogenic variant in the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a>.</div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In some families, a parent of the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> is found to have <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/biallelic/">biallelic</a> genetic SRNS-causing pathogenic variants (rather than a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/heterozygous/">heterozygous</a> <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a>). This is more likely to occur in families segregating a relatively common non-neutral variant such as the p.Arg229Gln <i>NPHS2</i> variant, which has a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/carrier/">carrier</a> frequency of 3% in the general multiethnic population, and carrier frequencies of 7% and 0.01% in Finnish and East Asian populations respectively. Note: A parent found to have biallelic SRNS-causing pathogenic variants is at risk of developing genetic SRNS later in life.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heterozygotes (carriers) are asymptomatic and are not at risk of developing <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a> genetic SRNS. A parent who is <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/heterozygous/">heterozygous</a> for autosomal recessive genetic SRNS may be able to serve as a kidney donor.</div></li></ul><p>
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<b>Sibs of a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a></b>
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</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If both parents are known to be <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/heterozygous/">heterozygous</a> for an <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a> SRNS-causing <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a>, each sib of an affected individual has at conception a 25% chance of being affected, a 50% chance of being an asymptomatic <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/carrier/">carrier</a>, and a 25% chance of being unaffected and not a carrier.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heterozygotes (carriers) are asymptomatic and are not at risk of developing the disorder. A sib who is <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/heterozygous/">heterozygous</a> for <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a> genetic SRNS may be able to serve as a kidney donor.</div></li></ul><p><b>Offspring of a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a>.</b> The offspring of an individual with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a> genetic SRNS are obligate heterozygotes (carriers) for a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> in an SRNS-causing pathogenic variant.</p><p><b>Other family members.</b> Each sib of the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a>'s parents is at a 50% risk of being a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/carrier/">carrier</a> of an <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a> SRNS-causing <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a>.</p><p><b>Carrier detection.</b> Carrier testing for at-risk relatives requires prior identification of the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a> SRNS-causing pathogenic variants in the family.</p></div><div id="srns-ov.Autosomal_Dominant_Inheritance"><h3>Autosomal Dominant Inheritance – Risk to Family Members</h3><p>
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<b>Parents of a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a></b>
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</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some individuals diagnosed with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a> genetic SRNS have an affected parent. The frequency of probands with an affected parent is highest in individuals with a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/heterozygous/">heterozygous</a> <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> in <i>COL4A3</i>, <i>COL4A4</i>, <i>COL4A5</i>, or <i>INF2</i>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Most individuals diagnosed with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a> genetic SRNS have the disorder as the result of a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/de-novo/"><i>de novo</i></a> <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> appears to be the only affected family member (i.e., a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/simplex/">simplex</a> case), <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/molecular-genetic-testing/">molecular genetic testing</a> is recommended for the parents of the proband to confirm their genetic status and to allow reliable <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/recurrence-risk/">recurrence risk</a> counseling. Note: Molecular genetic testing is obligatory for relatives considering organ donation.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> identified in the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> is not identified in either parent, the following possibilities should be considered:</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> has a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/de-novo/"><i>de novo</i></a> <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a>. Note: A pathogenic variant is reported as "<i>de novo</i>" if: (1) the pathogenic variant found in the proband is not detected in parental DNA; and (2) parental identity testing has confirmed biological maternity and paternity. If parental identity testing is not performed, the variant is reported as "assumed <i>de novo</i>" [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.richards.2015.405">Richards et al 2015</a>].</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> inherited a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> from a parent with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/germline/">germline</a> (or somatic and germline) <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/mosaicism/">mosaicism</a>. Note: Testing of parental leukocyte DNA may not detect all instances of <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/somatic-mosaicism/">somatic mosaicism</a> and will not detect a pathogenic variant that is present in the germ cells only.</div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The family history of some individuals diagnosed with an <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a> genetic SRNS may appear to be negative because of failure to recognize the disorder in family members, reduced <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/penetrance/">penetrance</a>, and/or early death of the parent before the onset of symptoms, or late onset of the disease in the affected parent. Therefore, an apparently negative family history cannot be confirmed unless <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/molecular-genetic-testing/">molecular genetic testing</a> has demonstrated that neither parent is <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/heterozygous/">heterozygous</a> for the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> identified in the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a>.</div></li></ul><p><b>Sibs of a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a>.</b> The risk to the sibs of the proband depends on the clinical/genetic status of the proband's parents:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a parent of the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> is affected and/or is known to have the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> identified in the proband, the risk to the sibs of inheriting the pathogenic variant is 50%.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> has a known genetic SRNS-related <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> that cannot be detected in the leukocyte DNA of either parent, the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/recurrence-risk/">recurrence risk</a> to sibs is estimated to be 1% because of the possibility of parental <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/germline-mosaicism/">germline mosaicism</a> [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.rahbari.2016.126">Rahbari et al 2016</a>].</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If the parents have not been tested for the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> identified in the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> but are clinically unaffected, the risk to the sibs of a proband appears to be low. However, sibs of a proband with clinically unaffected parents are still presumed to be at increased risk for <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a> genetic SRNS because of the possibility of reduced <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/penetrance/">penetrance</a> in a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/heterozygous/">heterozygous</a> parent or the possibility of parental <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/germline-mosaicism/">germline mosaicism</a>.</div></li></ul><p><b>Offspring of a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a>.</b> Each child of an individual with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a> SRNS has a 50% chance of inheriting the genetic SRNS-causing <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a>.</p><p><b>Other family members.</b> The risk to other family members depends on the status of the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a>'s parents: if a parent has the genetic SRNS-causing <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a>, the parent's family members may be at risk.</p></div><div id="srns-ov.Surveillance_of_AtRisk_Relatives"><h3>Surveillance of At-Risk Relatives for Early Detection and Treatment of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome</h3><p>
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<b>For early diagnosis and treatment</b>
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</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">First degree relatives, including sibs, should be offered urine analysis for proteinuria. This testing should be offered to at-risk family members as soon as possible and should not be delayed pending molecular confirmation that the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a> has genetic SRNS.</div><div class="half_rhythm">Family members found to have proteinuria should undergo detailed clinical evaluation by a nephrologist to either confirm a diagnosis of genetic SRNS or detect any other cause of proteinuria (see <a href="#srns-ov.Phenocopies_of_Genetic_SteroidRe">Section 4</a>). Family members who do not have proteinuria are still at risk for genetic SRNS (as genetic SRNS is characterized by <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/variable-expressivity/">variable expressivity</a> and reduced and/or age-dependent <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/penetrance/">penetrance</a>) and should undergo genetic testing once a molecular diagnosis is established in the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Once the genetic SRNS-causing <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a>(s) have been identified in the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/proband/">proband</a>, it is appropriate to clarify the genetic status of at-risk relatives to identify individuals with the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/familial/">familial</a> pathogenic variant(s) as early as possible.</div><div class="half_rhythm">Early identification of a genetic predisposition may result in successful delay of disease progression, not only by avoiding ineffective therapies and their substantial side effects, but also by the following: initiation of treatment with RAASi to reduce proteinuria; prompt detection and treatment of hypertension; cautious use of diuretics, vaccination, vitamin D, and thyroid hormone substitution; and early start of targeted treatment such as ubiquinone supplementation in COQ<sub>10</sub> deficiency.</div><div class="half_rhythm">Early intervention may also include surveillance for extrarenal manifestations (e.g., endocrinologic, oncologic, immune, or neurologic; see <a href="/books/NBK573219/table/srns-ov.T.syndromic_genetic_srns_genes_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsrnsovTsyndromicgeneticsrnsgenesa">Table 1</a> for particular diagnoses and associated phenotypes) [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.trautmann.2020.1529">Trautmann et al 2020</a>].</div><div class="half_rhythm">Members of the family found negative on genetic testing may be discharged from surveillance and are no longer considered at increased risk for genetic SRNS.</div></li></ul><p>
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<b>For family members being evaluated for living-related kidney donation</b>
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|
</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any relative who is a potential kidney donor should undergo <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/molecular-genetic-testing/">molecular genetic testing</a> to clarify the potential donor's genetic status. Screening of the potential donor with molecular genetic testing is obligatory for families segregating <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a> or <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/x-linked/">X-linked</a> genetic SRNS and in certain entities with significant intra- and <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/interfamilial-variability/">interfamilial variability</a> and reduced or age-dependent <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/penetrance/">penetrance</a> (e.g., genetic SRNS associated with pathogenic variants in <i>WT1</i>, <i>COL4A3/4/5</i>, or <i>NPHS2</i>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Family members who are found to have a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> associated with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-dominant/">autosomal dominant</a> or <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/x-linked/">X-linked</a> genetic SRNS cannot serve as kidney donors regardless of clinical status [<a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.lipskazi_tkiewicz.2020.1368">Lipska-Ziętkiewicz et al 2020</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#srns-ov.REF.trautmann.2020.1529">Trautmann et al 2020</a>].</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Individuals who are <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/heterozygous/">heterozygous</a> for a <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/pathogenic-variant/">pathogenic variant</a> associated with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/autosomal-recessive/">autosomal recessive</a> genetic SRNS and individuals who do not have the <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/familial/">familial</a> genetic SRNS-related pathogenic variant can be evaluated further as possible kidney donors.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="srns-ov.Resources"><h2 id="_srns-ov_Resources_">Resources</h2><p>
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<i>GeneReviews staff has selected the following disease-specific and/or umbrella
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support organizations and/or registries for the benefit of individuals with this disorder
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and their families. GeneReviews is not responsible for the information provided by other
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organizations. For information on selection criteria, click <a href="/books/n/gene/app4/">here</a>.</i></p>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<b>American Kidney Fund</b>
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</div><div><b>Phone:</b> 800-638-8299</div><div>
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<a href="http://www.kidneyfund.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">kidneyfund.org</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<b>ERKNet: The European Rare Kidney Disease Reference Network</b>
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</div><div><b>Phone:</b> 49 0 6221 56-34191</div><div><b>Email:</b> contact@erknet.org</div><div>
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<a href="https://www.erknet.org/index.php?id=home" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">erknet.org</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<b>Kidney Foundation of Canada</b>
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</div><div>Canada</div><div><b>Phone:</b> 514-369-4806</div><div><b>Email:</b> info@kidney.ca</div><div>
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<a href="https://kidney.ca/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">kidney.ca</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<b>NephCure Kidney International</b>
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</div><div><b>Phone:</b> 866-NephCure; 866-637-4287</div><div><b>Email:</b> info@nephcure.org</div><div>
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<a href="http://nephcure.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">nephcure.org</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<b>Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE)</b>
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</div><div>
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<i>As a research consortium of physician scientists at 26 sites in the United States and Canada, along with patient advocacy groups NephCure Kidney International and the Halpin Foundation, NEPTUNE strives to bring the latest advances in research to patients diagnosed with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), Minimal Changes Disease (MCD), and Membranous Nephropathy (MN) with an overarching goal of utilizing precision medicine for rare diseases.</i>
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</div><div><b>Phone:</b> 734-615-5020</div><div><b>Email:</b> NEPTUNE-STUDY@umich.edu</div><div>
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<a href="https://www.neptune-study.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.neptune-study.org</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<b>PodoNet Registry</b>
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</div><div>
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<i>The PodoNet Registry explores the demographics, causes and prognosis of patients with <a class="def" href="/books/n/gene/glossary/def-item/congenital/">congenital</a> and steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome.</i>
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</div><div>Clinical, Genetic and Experimental Research into Hereditary Disease of the Podocyte</div><div>
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<a href="http://www.podonet.org/index.php?id=home" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PodoNet</a>
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</div></li></ul>
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</div><div id="srns-ov.Chapter_Notes"><h2 id="_srns-ov_Chapter_Notes_">Chapter Notes</h2><div id="srns-ov.Author_Notes"><h3>Author Notes</h3><p>Beata S Lipska-Ziętkiewicz is the genetic coordinator at PodoNet (<a href="https://www.escapenet.eu/researchers/beata-lipska-zietkiewicz" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.escapenet.eu/researchers/beata-lipska-zietkiewicz</a>), one of the largest international registries of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. She is a member of the Molecular Diagnostics Task Force and co-chair of the Hereditary Glomerulopathies Working Group for the European Rare Kidney Disease Reference Network (<a href="https://www.erknet.org" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ErkNet</a>).</p></div><div id="srns-ov.Revision_History"><h3>Revision History</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>26 August 2021 (bp) Review posted live</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>11 January 2021 (blz) Original submission</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="srns-ov.References"><h2 id="_srns-ov_References_">References</h2><div id="srns-ov.Literature_Cited"><h3>Literature Cited</h3><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="srns-ov.REF.bedin.2020.335">Bedin
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6934218/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6934218</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31613795" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31613795</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="srns-ov.REF.boyer.2021.277">Boyer
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6311200/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6311200</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29181713" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29181713</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="srns-ov.REF.rahbari.2016.126">Rahbari
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R, Wuster
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LB, Turki
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SA, Dominiczak
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MR, Hurles
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ME, et al.
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Timing, rates and spectra of human germline mutation.
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Nat Genet.
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2016;48:126-33.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4731925/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4731925</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26656846" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26656846</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="srns-ov.REF.richards.2015.405">Richards
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S, Aziz
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J, Grody
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E, Spector
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K, Rehm
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HL, et al.
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Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology.
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Genet Med.
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2015;17:405-24.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4544753/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4544753</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25741868" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25741868</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="srns-ov.REF.trautmann.2020.1529">Trautmann
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A, Vivarelli
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M, Samuel
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S, Gipson
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D, Sinha
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A, Schaefer
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F, Hui
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NK, Boyer
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O, Saleem
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MA, Feltran
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L, Müller-Deile
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J, Becker
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JU, Cano
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F, Xu
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H, Lim
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YN, Smoyer
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W, Anochie
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I, Nakanishi
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K, Hodson
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E, Haffner
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D, et al.
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International Pediatric Nephrology Association clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.
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Pediatr Nephrol.
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2020;35:1529-61.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7316686/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7316686</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32382828" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32382828</span></a>]</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK573219/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK573219/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK573219" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK573219" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Lipska-Ziętkiewicz BS. Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome Overview. 2021 Aug 26. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2025. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK573219/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK573219.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (487K)</li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this GeneReview</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#srns-ov.Summary" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Summary</a></li><li><a href="#srns-ov.Clinical_Characteristics_of_Gene" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"> Clinical Characteristics of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#srns-ov.Causes_of_Genetic_SteroidResista" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"> Causes of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#srns-ov.Evaluation_Strategies_to_Identif" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"> Evaluation Strategies to Identify the Cause of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in a Proband</a></li><li><a href="#srns-ov.Phenocopies_of_Genetic_SteroidRe" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"> Phenocopies of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#srns-ov.Management_of_Genetic_SteroidRes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"> Management of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#srns-ov.Risk_Assessment_and_Surveillance" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage"> Risk Assessment and Surveillance of At-Risk Relatives for Early Detection and Treatment of Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#srns-ov.Resources" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Resources</a></li><li><a href="#srns-ov.Chapter_Notes" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Chapter Notes</a></li><li><a href="#srns-ov.References" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Bulk Download</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/litarch/ca/84/" ref="pagearea=source-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Bulk download GeneReviews data from FTP</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>GeneReviews Links</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/n/gene/advanced/"><i>GeneReviews</i> Advanced Search</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/glossary/"><i>GeneReviews</i> Glossary</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/resource_mats/">Resource Materials</a> <span class="bk_hlight1">NEW FEATURE</span></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/updates/">New in <i>GeneReviews</i></a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/authors/">Author List</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/prospective_authors/">For Current/Prospective Authors</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/GRpersonnel/"><i>GeneReviews</i> Personnel</a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/howto_linkin/">Download/Link to <i>GeneReviews</i></a></li><li><a href="/books/n/gene/contact_us/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Tests in GTR by Gene</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/tests/?term=5800[geneid]" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri&link_id=tests_in_gtr_by_gene">PTPRO</a>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/tests/?term=9688[geneid]" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri&link_id=tests_in_gtr_by_gene">NUP93</a>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/tests/?term=55746[geneid]" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri&link_id=tests_in_gtr_by_gene">NUP133</a>
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</li><li>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/tests/?term=54885[geneid]" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri&link_id=tests_in_gtr_by_gene">TBC1D8B</a>
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</li><li>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/tests/?term=23279[geneid]" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri&link_id=tests_in_gtr_by_gene">NUP160</a>
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</li><li>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/tests/?term=79934[geneid]" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri&link_id=tests_in_gtr_by_gene">COQ8B</a>
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</li><li>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/tests/?term=4868[geneid]" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri&link_id=tests_in_gtr_by_gene">NPHS1</a>
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</li><li>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/tests/?term=7827[geneid]" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri&link_id=tests_in_gtr_by_gene">NPHS2</a>
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</li><li>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/tests/?term=51196[geneid]" ref="pagearea=document-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri&link_id=tests_in_gtr_by_gene">PLCE1</a>
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</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pmc&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pmc_refs&IdsFromResult=5236056" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">PubMed Central citations</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=5236056" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in 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xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">GeneReviews(®). 1993</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/32352694" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> WT1 Disorder.</a><span class="source">[GeneReviews(®). 1993]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> WT1 Disorder.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Lipska-Ziętkiewicz BS. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">GeneReviews(®). 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href="/pubmed/20301488" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Li-Fraumeni Syndrome.</a><span class="source">[GeneReviews(®). 1993]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Li-Fraumeni Syndrome.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Schneider K, Zelley K, Nichols KE, Schwartz Levine A, Garber J. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">GeneReviews(®). 1993</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=34436835" 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