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/></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK569985_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for electrical physical modalities for chronic primary pain</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Chronic pain (primary and secondary) in over 16s: assessment of all chronic pain and management of chronic primary pain</div><p><b>Evidence review H</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 193</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2021 Apr</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-4066-0</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2021.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1"><h2 id="_niceng193er8_s1_">1. Electrical physical modalities for chronic primary pain</h2><div id="niceng193er8.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question: What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of electrical physical modalities for the management of chronic primary pain?</h3></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Introduction</h3><p>Electrical physical modalities of treatment have been used therapeutically for many centuries. Reports of their use have been found in ancient writings, and include techniques still in use today, such as use of heat, cold and electricity.</p><p>Contemporary electrical physical modalities are diverse and include treatments regularly used for pain management and self-management. The list below is not exhaustive:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thermal modalities, often in the form of reusable hot or cold packs applied to the skin.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Therapeutic ultrasound, using a probe that generates ultrasonic waves from electricity and delivers them into the tissues.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Interferential therapy, using medium frequency electrical currents delivered with multiple electrodes over the affected areas.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy, using high frequency electromagnetic energy delivered using electrical coils, to heat the tissues.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low level laser therapy (LLLT), involving the non-invasive application of a single wavelength of light to the skin over the injured area using a probe.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES), using superficial electrodes to target motor fibres.</div></li></ul></p><p>For many of these techniques, a mechanism of action is currently unclear. Mechanisms may include activation of pain gate mechanisms, stimulation of cellular activity related to healing and repair, delivery of mechanical forces to alter the physical properties of tissues, alteration of blood flow and reduction of inflammation.</p><p>While many of these interventions are popular choices for the self-management of painful conditions, their role in clinical practice is much less clear. This evidence review therefore intends to explore the effectiveness of these interventions for chronic primary pain.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng193er8.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="niceng193er8.s1.4.1"><h4>1.4.1. Included studies</h4><p>34 studies were included in the review;<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref19" rid="niceng193er8.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref28" rid="niceng193er8.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref31" rid="niceng193er8.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref37" rid="niceng193er8.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref53" rid="niceng193er8.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref61" rid="niceng193er8.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref77" rid="niceng193er8.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref78" rid="niceng193er8.ref78"><sup>78</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref92" rid="niceng193er8.ref92"><sup>92</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref94" rid="niceng193er8.ref94"><sup>94</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref96" rid="niceng193er8.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref101" rid="niceng193er8.ref101"><sup>101</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref117" rid="niceng193er8.ref117"><sup>117</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref120" rid="niceng193er8.ref120"><sup>120</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref129" rid="niceng193er8.ref129"><sup>129</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref137" rid="niceng193er8.ref137"><sup>137</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref147" rid="niceng193er8.ref147"><sup>147</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref167" rid="niceng193er8.ref167"><sup>167</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref176" rid="niceng193er8.ref176"><sup>176</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref185" rid="niceng193er8.ref185"><sup>185</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref205" rid="niceng193er8.ref205"><sup>205</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref241" rid="niceng193er8.ref241"><sup>241</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref250" rid="niceng193er8.ref250"><sup>250</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref274" rid="niceng193er8.ref274"><sup>274</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref289" rid="niceng193er8.ref289"><sup>289</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref314" rid="niceng193er8.ref314"><sup>314</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref325" rid="niceng193er8.ref325"><sup>325</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref329" rid="niceng193er8.ref329"><sup>329</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref339" rid="niceng193er8.ref339"><sup>339</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref345" rid="niceng193er8.ref345"><sup>345</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref346" rid="niceng193er8.ref346"><sup>346</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref354" rid="niceng193er8.ref354"><sup>354</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref375" rid="niceng193er8.ref375"><sup>375</sup></a> these are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab2">Table 2</a> below. Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summary tables below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab3">Table 3</a>, <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab4" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab4">Table 4</a>, <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab5" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab5">Table 5</a>, <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab6" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab6">Table 6</a>, <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab7" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab7">Table 7</a>, <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab8" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab8">Table 8</a>, <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab9" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab9">Table 9</a>, <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab10" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab10">Table 10</a>). See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng193er8.appc">appendix C</a>, study evidence tables in <a href="#niceng193er8.appd">appendix D</a>, forest plots in <a href="#niceng193er8.appe">appendix E</a> and GRADE tables in <a href="#niceng193er8.appf">appendix F</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.4.2"><h4>1.4.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>A Cochrane review of TENS for fibromyalgia was identified (Johnson 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref174" rid="niceng193er8.ref174"><sup>174</sup></a>), and references were cross-checked with this review. However, the review was not included because it deviated from the protocol of this review as it included crossover studies and studies that compared to other interventions, for example pharmacological.</p><p>See the excluded studies list in <a href="#niceng193er8.appi">appendix I</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.4.3"><h4>1.4.3. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8tab2"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng193er8.appd">appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.4.4"><h4>1.4.4. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8tab3"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Clinical evidence summary: Laser therapy versus sham laser therapy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Laser therapy versus sham laser therapy. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8tab4"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab4" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Clinical evidence summary: TMS versus sham TMS." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: TMS versus sham TMS. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8tab5"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab5" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. Clinical evidence summary: TDCS versus sham TDCS." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: TDCS versus sham TDCS. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8tab6"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab6" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. Clinical evidence summary: TENS versus sham TENS." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: TENS versus sham TENS. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8tab7"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab7" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 7. Clinical evidence summary: TENS versus usual care." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab7">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: TENS versus usual care. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8tab8"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 8" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab8" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab8/?report=previmg" alt="Table 8. Clinical evidence summary: PENS versus sham PENS." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab8">Table 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: PENS versus sham PENS. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8tab9"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 9" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab9" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab9"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab9/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab9/?report=previmg" alt="Table 9. Clinical evidence summary: PENS versus usual care." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab9">Table 9</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: PENS versus usual care. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8tab10"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 10" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab10" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab10"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab10/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab10/?report=previmg" alt="Table 10. Clinical evidence summary: Therapeutic ultrasound versus usual care." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab10">Table 10</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Therapeutic ultrasound versus usual care. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng193er8.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.5"><h3>1.5. Economic evidence</h3><div id="niceng193er8.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. Included studies</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were included.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>No health economic studies that were relevant to this question were excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng193er8.appg">appendix G</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.5.3"><h4>1.5.3. Unit costs</h4><p>Unit costs of the devices that could be sourced are illustrated below in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab12" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab12">Table 12</a>.</p><p>For some of the interventions it is possible that the equipment can be provided to the patient (or purchased by the patient) and the patient can undertake the intervention themselves (such as TENS). Other types of intervention require that a healthcare professional provides the treatment.</p><p><a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab11" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab11">Table 11</a> demonstrates the costs of staff per hour.</p><p>It is common that some interventions such as interferential therapy, laser therapy and ultrasound therapy, are a shared resource that would be available in most physiotherapy departments, and are counted as part of a physiotherapist’s appointment.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8tab11"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 11" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab11" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab11"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab11/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab11/?report=previmg" alt="Table 11. staff costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.tab11"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab11">Table 11</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">staff costs. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8tab12"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 12" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8tab12" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab12"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab12/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab12/?report=previmg" alt="Table 12. Electrical physical modalities costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.tab12"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8tab12">Table 12</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Electrical physical modalities costs. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Evidence statements</h3><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1"><h4>1.6.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.1"><h5>1.6.1.1. Laser therapy versus sham laser therapy</h5><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.1.1"><h5>Quality of life</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 6 studies with 276 participants showed a clinically important benefit of laser therapy compared to sham laser therapy at ≤3 months. Low to moderate quality evidence from 2 studies with 110 participants showed both a clinically important benefit of laser therapy (physical subscale) and no clinically important difference (mental subscale) compared to sham laser therapy at ≤3 months. Low quality evidence from 2 studies with 117 participants showed no clinically important difference compared to sham laser therapy at >3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.1.2"><h5>Pain reduction</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 13 studies with 558 participants showed a clinically important benefit of laser therapy compared to sham laser therapy at ≤3 months. Moderate quality evidence from 2 studies with 71 participants showed a clinically important benefit of laser therapy compared to sham laser therapy at >3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.1.3"><h5>Physical function</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.1.4"><h5>Psychological distress</h5><p>Low to moderate quality evidence from 1 study with 44 participants showed no clinically important difference between laser therapy and sham laser therapy at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.1.5"><h5>Pain interference</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.1.6"><h5>Pain self-efficacy</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.1.7"><h5>Use of healthcare services</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.1.8"><h5>Sleep</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.1.9"><h5>Discontinuation</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 90 participants showed no clinically important difference between laser therapy and sham laser therapy at ≤3 months.</p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.2"><h5>1.6.1.2. TMS versus sham TMS</h5><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.2.1"><h5>Quality of life</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 1 study with 29 participants showed no clinically important difference between TMS and sham TMS at ≤3 months. Low quality evidence from 1 study with 29 participants showed a clinically important benefit of TMS compared to sham TMS at ≤3 months. High quality evidence from 1 study with 51 participants showed a clinically important benefit of TMS compared to sham TMS at ≤3 months. Moderate quality evidence from 1 study with 51 participants showed no clinically important difference between TMS and sham TMS at ≤3 months. Very low quality evidence from 3 studies with 60 participants showed no clinically important difference between TMS and sham TMS at ≤3 months. Very low quality evidence from 1 study with 30 participants showed no clinically important difference between TMS and sham TMS at >3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.2.2"><h5>Pain reduction</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 7 studies with 181 participants showed a clinically important benefit of TMS compared to sham TMS at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.2.3"><h5>Physical function</h5><p>Very low to moderate quality evidence from 1 study with 20 participants showed no clinically important difference between TMS and sham TMS at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.2.4"><h5>Psychological distress</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 2 studies with 44 participants showed no clinically important difference between TMS and sham TMS at ≤3 months. Moderate quality evidence from 3 studies with 96 participants showed no clinically important difference between TMS and sham TMS at ≤3 months. Very low quality evidence from 1 study with 29 participants showed no clinically important difference between TMS and sham TMS at ≤3 months. Very low quality evidence from 1 study with 30 participants showed no clinically important difference between TMS and sham TMS at >3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.2.5"><h5>Pain interference</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 1 study with 30 participants showed a clinically important benefit of TMS compared to sham TMS at >3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.2.6"><h5>Pain self-efficacy</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.2.7"><h5>Use of healthcare services</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.2.8"><h5>Sleep</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.2.9"><h5>Discontinuation</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 4 studies with 141 participants showed no clinically important difference between TMS and sham TMS at ≤3 months.</p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.3"><h5>1.6.1.3. TDCS versus sham TDCS</h5><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.3.1"><h5>Quality of life</h5><p>Very quality evidence from 1 study with 48 participants showed no clinically important difference between TDCS and sham TDCS at ≤3 months. Moderate to low quality evidence from 1 study with 20 participants showed a clinically important benefit, clinically important harm and no clinically important difference (various subscales) of TDCS compared to sham TDCS at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.3.2"><h5>Pain reduction</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 3 studies with 104 participants showed a clinically important benefit of TDCS compared to sham TDCS at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.3.3"><h5>Physical function</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.3.4"><h5>Psychological distress</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 2 studies with 84 participants showed a clinically important benefit of TDCS compared to sham TDCS at ≤3 months. Very low quality evidence from 4 studies with 136 participants showed no clinically important difference between TDCS and sham TDCS at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.3.5"><h5>Pain interference</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.3.6"><h5>Pain self-efficacy</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.3.7"><h5>Use of healthcare services</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.3.8"><h5>Sleep</h5><p>Moderate quality evidence from 1 study with 20 participants showed a clinically important benefit of TDCS compared to sham TDCS at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.3.9"><h5>Discontinuation</h5><p>No evidence identified.</p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.4"><h5>1.6.1.4. TENS versus sham TENS</h5><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.4.1"><h5>Quality of life</h5><p>Moderate quality evidence from 1 study with 202 participants showed no clinically important difference between TENS and sham TENS at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.4.2"><h5>Pain reduction</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 2 studies with 242 participants showed a clinically important difference for TENS compared to sham TENS at ≤3 months. Moderate quality evidence from 1 study with 40 participants showed a clinically important difference for TENS at >3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.4.3"><h5>Physical function</h5><p>High quality evidence from 1 study with 202 participants showed no clinically important difference between TENS and sham TENS at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.4.4"><h5>Psychological distress</h5><p>Moderate to low quality evidence from 1 study with 202 participants showed no clinically important difference between TENS and sham TENS at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.4.5"><h5>Pain interference</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 202 participants showed no clinically important difference between TENS and sham TENS at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.4.6"><h5>Pain self-efficacy</h5><p>High quality evidence from 1 study with 202 participants showed no clinically important difference between TENS and sham TENS at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.4.7"><h5>Discontinuation</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 40 participants showed no clinically important difference between TENS and sham TENS at ≤3 months.</p><p>No other evidence identified for TENS versus sham TENS.</p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.5"><h5>1.6.1.5. TENS versus usual care</h5><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.5.1"><h5>Quality of life</h5><p>Moderate to low quality evidence from 1 study with 202 participants showed no clinically important difference between TENS and usual care at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.5.2"><h5>Pain reduction</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 202 participants showed no clinically important difference between TENS and usual care at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.5.3"><h5>Physical function</h5><p>High quality evidence from 1 study with 202 participants showed no clinically important difference between TENS and usual care at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.5.4"><h5>Psychological distress</h5><p>Moderate to low quality evidence from 1 study with 202 participants showed no clinically important difference between TENS and usual care at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.5.5"><h5>Pain interference</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 202 participants showed no clinically important difference between TENS and usual care at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.5.6"><h5>Pain self-efficacy</h5><p>High quality evidence from 1 study with 202 participants showed no clinically important difference between TENS and usual care at ≤3 months.</p><p>No other evidence identified for TENS versus usual care.</p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.6"><h5>1.6.1.6. PENS versus sham PENS</h5><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.6.1"><h5>Quality of life</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 89 participants showed a clinically important benefit of PENS compared to sham PENS at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.6.2"><h5>Pain reduction</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 89 participants showed a clinically important benefit of PENS compared to sham PENS at ≤3 months.</p><p>No other evidence identified for PENS versus sham PENS.</p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.7"><h5>1.6.1.7. PENS versus usual care</h5><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.7.1"><h5>Quality of life</h5><p>Very low to low quality evidence from 1 study with 24 participants showed a clinically important benefit of PENS compared to usual care at ≤3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.7.2"><h5>Pain reduction</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 24 participants showed a clinically important benefit of PENS compared to usual care at ≤3 months.</p><p>No other evidence identified for PENS versus usual care.</p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.8"><h5>1.6.1.8. Therapeutic ultrasound versus usual care</h5><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.1.8.1"><h5>Pain reduction</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 76 participants showed a clinically important benefit of therapeutic ultrasound compared to usual care at ≤3 months.</p><p>No other evidence identified for therapeutic ultrasound versus usual care.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.6.2"><h4>1.6.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No relevant economic evaluations were identified.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.7"><h3>1.7. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="niceng193er8.s1.7.1"><h4>1.7.1. Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="niceng193er8.s1.7.1.1"><h5>1.7.1.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee considered health-related quality of life, pain reduction, physical function, psychological distress, pain interference and pain self-efficacy to be critical outcomes for decision-making. Use of healthcare services, sleep and discontinuation were also considered to be important outcomes. The critical and important outcomes agreed by the committee were adapted by consensus from relevant core outcome sets registered under the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) Initiative. This included the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) recommendations.</p><p>Evidence was identified for all critical outcomes, other than pain interference and pain self-efficacy. Evidence for important outcomes was limited; no evidence was identified for sleep or use of healthcare services, and evidence for discontinuation was limited.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.7.1.2"><h5>1.7.1.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>Evidence from 34 randomised controlled trials was identified for 8 different comparisons. The comparison with the most evidence was laser therapy versus sham laser therapy. No head-to-head comparisons of different electrical therapies were identified and no evidence was identified for interferential therapy. There was little evidence comparing interventions to usual care.</p><p>The majority of the evidence was of low to very low quality. The main reasons for downgrading were risk of bias, inconsistency and imprecision. A large number of studies had small sample sizes, which increased the uncertainty around the point estimates. The evidence for many outcomes included studies that looked at heterogeneous populations, and used different electrical parameters (such as wavelength and voltage) and intervention durations. Where there was heterogeneity in the evidence for an outcome, pre-specified subgroup analyses did not explain the variation in effect sizes. As a result, many outcomes were downgraded for inconsistency.</p><p>The committee took into account the low to very low quality of evidence in their discussions, particularly when considering the small amount of evidence for comparisons of TENS, PENS and ultrasound versus sham or usual care.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.7.1.3"><h5>1.7.1.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>Evidence for laser therapy versus sham was based on 14 studies and showed a benefit of treatment in terms of pain and quality of life at short term follow up, although there was serious uncertainty around the effect estimates. The long-term data showing a benefit of laser therapy for pain was based on much smaller sample sizes. Contrastingly, evidence from 2 studies showed no clinically important difference (with some uncertainty) between laser therapy and sham for quality of life at less than 3 months, as measured by the mental component summary of the SF-36 questionnaire, but there was evidence to suggest a benefit on the physical component summary of the SF-36. At longer-term follow up, evidence from 2 studies also showed no clinically important difference. The committee noted that they would expect to see a consistent benefit across more domains, if an intervention were to be interpreted as being generally effective. This therefore raised questions about the effectiveness of the intervention for all critical outcomes being assessed. Evidence for psychological distress and discontinuation was limited at less than 3 months, with some low to moderate quality evidence suggesting there was no clinically important benefit of laser therapy, again based on small sample sizes and with serious uncertainty. No evidence was identified for physical function, pain interference or sleep either in the short or long term. The only long-term evidence was for outcomes of pain and quality of life.</p><p>The committee agreed that although there was some evidence of benefit for quality of life and pain, they could not make a recommendation for laser therapy. The evidence from clinical trials was heterogeneous. The physical parameters of the laser light used, the duration of treatment and the time the laser was applied to each painful point varied widely. It was also unclear whether these parameters affected the size, quality and duration of clinical benefit seen within the evidence. This made it difficult for the committee to be confident about the benefits of laser therapy in routine practice, or to make specific recommendations. No cost-effectiveness evidence or evidence assessing longer-term benefit was available. Comparisons were against sham laser therapy, rather than usual care, which is the comparison of greatest interest for implementation in the NHS. Taking all of this into account, the committee agreed they could not make a recommendation for the use of laser therapy in clinical practice. However, they agreed that this preliminary evidence looked promising, and as a result made a recommendation for further research.</p><p>Evidence for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) showed a benefit for pain at less than 3 months. This was based on 7 studies, although it was very low quality evidence with serious uncertainty. Evidence for other outcomes, including quality of life, physical function and psychological distress showed no clinical benefit of TMS. Furthermore, the long-term benefit of TMS was unclear with limited evidence. As a result, the committee agreed it could not base a recommendation on pain reduction alone, particularly taking into account the relatively small sample size and low quality of the evidence. The committee instead agreed that the short-term benefit for pain was promising, and that further long-term evidence is needed to determine the effectiveness of TMS. As a result the committee made a recommendation for future research.</p><p>Evidence for TENS showed no clinically important difference compared with sham TENS, nor with usual care for quality of life, physical function, psychological distress, pain interference, pain self-efficacy or discontinuation at less than 3 months. For pain, benefits were seen for TENS compared to sham at both time points, but not compared to usual care. The committee noted that there was significant heterogeneity between the two studies in the meta-analysis at less than 3 months compared to sham and the effect was only demonstrated in the smaller of the 2 studies (given more influence in the meta-analysis due to random effects being used in the meta-analysis). The evidence for longer term follow up was only from this single small study. They discussed that in the absence of evidence of benefit in any other outcome or compared to usual care, the significant heterogeneity and the small sample size, they could not place too much weight on this finding. The committee noted that the majority of the evidence came from 1 larger study and the quality of the evidence ranged from high to very low. No longer term evidence was identified with the exception of 1 pain outcome. No evidence was identified for ultrasound or interferential therapy. The committee also noted that these technologies have existed for some time and are being used by some in the NHS without evidence of benefit. The committee agreed that resources should be re-allocated to areas with more evidence of clinical and cost effectiveness. Therefore, the committee decided to make a recommendation against the use of TENS, ultrasound and interferential therapy.</p><p>The committee also considered the limited evidence identified for TDCS and PENS. Evidence was limited to a small number of studies with small sample sizes. Both interventions showed a benefit for pain, although TDCS showed mixed results for quality of life and psychological distress. PENS on the other hand also showed a benefit for quality of life. However, the evidence was low to very low quality, with uncertainty around the effect sizes. The committee agreed that this evidence was insufficient to determine the effectiveness of each intervention. However, the committee decided not to recommend against these interventions because neither intervention is commonly used in current practice. The committee also decided not to make a research recommendation due to this, and agreed that other areas reviewed across the guideline showed more promising results for future research to be warranted.</p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.s1.7.2"><h4>1.7.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>No economic evidence was identified for this question.</p><p>It is common that some interventions such as interferential therapy, laser therapy and ultrasound therapy are a shared resource that would be available in most physiotherapy departments, as they might be used for a variety of conditions, and are counted as part of a physiotherapist’s appointment. Costs of physiotherapist time were presented to the committee. Some interventions such as TMS are specialist and are not used clinically in the NHS for chronic pain.</p><p>There is also a distinction between interventions that the person could self-administer, and do not necessarily require appointments with NHS clinical staff to undertake the intervention. Examples of this would include TENS and TDCS.</p><p>If the use of these interventions in general is not widespread across the NHS for people with chronic primary pain, then a positive recommendation in favour of any interventions will require capital outlay to purchase more units to allow the interventions to be more widely available. TENS is relatively cheap and the cheapest of all the interventions to purchase. Costs of the devices for interferential therapy, laser therapy, and ultrasound therapy are not currently available on the NHS supply chain, but the costs of such units that were quoted in the low back pain guideline were presented to the committee as an illustration, which were sourced from the NHS supply chain in 2014.</p><p>The committee view of the clinical evidence was that there was considerable uncertainty in the data, with little long-term evidence. Additionally, data on who delivered the intervention was lacking and treatments were relatively short term with a wide range in the number of treatment sessions provided. The intervention which had the largest signal of benefit was laser therapy. This is not widely used in the NHS, and, because of a lack of cost effectiveness evidence of laser therapy, the committee decided to make a research recommendation for laser therapy.</p><p>The committee also made some recommendations to not offer some types of electrical physical modalities. This was because there was no or very little evidence, and the committee opinion was that as these are technologies that have been around for some time, no new research was likely to be undertaken. Additionally, they were also aware that as those treatments are being used by some people in the NHS, resources should be re-allocated to areas with more evidence of clinical and cost effectiveness.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.rl.r1"><h2 id="_niceng193er8_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref1">Aarskog
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OA. Efficacy of high-intensity laser therapy in the treatment of chronic neck pain: a randomized double-blind placebo-control trial. Lasers in Medical Science. 2016; 31(4):687–94 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26914684" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26914684</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref14">Albornoz-Cabello
|
|
M, Maya-Martin
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|
J, Dominguez-Maldonado
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G, Espejo-Antunez
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L, Heredia-Rizo
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AM. Effect of interferential current therapy on pain perception and disability level in subjects with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2017; 31(2):242–249 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26975312" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26975312</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref15">Allais
|
|
G, De Lorenzo
|
|
C, Quirico
|
|
PE, Lupi
|
|
G, Airola
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G, Mana
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O
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et al. Non-pharmacological approaches to chronic headaches: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, lasertherapy and acupuncture in transformed migraine treatment. Neurological Sciences. 2003; 24(Suppl 2):S138–S142 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12811613" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12811613</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref16">Almay
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BGL, Johansson
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F, Von Knorring
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L. Long-term high frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (hi-TNS) in chronic pain. Clinical response and effects on CSF-endorphins, monoamine metabolites, substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) and pain measures. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1985; 29(3):247–257 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2411923" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2411923</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref17">Almeida
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|
CC, Silva
|
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V, Junior
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GC, Liebano
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RE, Durigan
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JLQ. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and interferential current demonstrate similar effects in relieving acute and chronic pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy. 2018; 22(5):347–354 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6157468/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6157468</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29426587" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29426587</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref18">Almeida
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TF, Roizenblatt
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S, Benedito-Silva
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AA, Tufik
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S. The effect of combined therapy (ultrasound and interferential current) on pain and sleep in fibromyalgia. Pain. 2003; 104(3):665–72 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12927639" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12927639</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref19">Altan
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L, Bingol
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U, Aykac
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M, Yurtkuran
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M. Investigation of the effect of GaAs laser therapy on cervical myofascial pain syndrome. Rheumatology International. 2005; 25(1):23–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14673617" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14673617</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref20">Altas
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|
EU, Askin
|
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A, Besiroglu
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L, Tosun
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A. Is high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left primary motor cortex superior to the stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in fibromyalgia syndrome?
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D, Ebrahimi
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H, Lavaee
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F, Alipour
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A. The adjunct therapeutic effect of lasers with medication in the management of orofacial pain: double blind randomized controlled trial. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2013; 31(10):474–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24102165" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24102165</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref22">Anderssonn
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SA, Hansson
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G, Holmgren
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E. et al. Evaluation of the pain suppressive effect of different frequencies of peripheral electrical stimulation in chronic pain conditions. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1976; 47:149–157 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/132076" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 132076</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref23">Andrade Ortega
|
|
JA, Ceron Fernandez
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E, Garcia Llorent
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R, Ribeiro Gonzalez
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M, Delgado Martinez
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AD. Microwave diathermy for treating nonspecific chronic neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine Journal: Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 2014; 14(8):1712–21 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24184641" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24184641</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref24">Andre-Obadia
|
|
N, Peyron
|
|
R, Mertens
|
|
P, Mauguiere
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F, Laurent
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B, Garcia-Larrea
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L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for pain control. Double-blind study of different frequencies against placebo, and correlation with motor cortex stimulation efficacy. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2006; 117(7):1536–44 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16753335" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16753335</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref25">Anonymous. Comparing the effectiveness of laser treatment with extracorporeal shock wave treatment (ESWT) in patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Osteoporosis International. 2017; Conference: World Congress on Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases,(2017. Italy. 28):pp S232</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref26">Ansari
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A, Mathur
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R, Jain
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S, Bhattacharjee
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M. Study of effect of slow frequency repeated transcranial magnetic field on modulation of pain in fibromyalgia patients. Journal of Pain. 2013; 1):S67</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref27">Ansari
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AH, Mathur
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R, Jain
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S, Mukherjee
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K. Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation relieves pain in fibromyalgia patients: An electrophysiological approach to evaluate pain. Acta Physiologica. 2014; 210:179</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref28">Arbabi-Kalati
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F, Bakhshani
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N-M, Rasti
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M. Evaluation of the efficacy of low-level laser in improving the symptoms of burning mouth syndrome. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry. 2015; 7(4):e524–e527 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4628809/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4628809</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26535101" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26535101</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref29">Ardic
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F, Sarhus
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M, Topuz
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O. Comparison of two different techniques of electrotherapy on myofascial pain. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2002; 16(1):11–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22387359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22387359</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref30">Aridici
|
|
R, Yetisgin
|
|
A, Boyaci
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A, Tutoglu
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A, Bozdogan
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E, Sen Dokumaci
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O, Tascioglu
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F, Ekim
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A, Oner
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C. Long-term efficacy of low level laser therapy in women with fibromyalgia: A placebo-controlled study. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2006; 19(4):135–140</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref32">Attal
|
|
N, Mhalla
|
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A, Baudic
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|
S, Andrade
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DC, Perrot
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S, Texeira
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MJ. Long term analgesic efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in patients with fibromyalgia. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2010; 121(Suppl 1):S121</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref33">Avery
|
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DH, Zarkowski
|
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P, Krashin
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D, Rho
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WK, Wajdik
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C, Joesch
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JM
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S, Dogan
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SK, Evcik
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D, Baser
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OC. Comparison the efficacy of phonophoresis and ultrasound therapy in myofascial pain syndrome. Rheumatology International. 2011; 31(9):1203–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20354859" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20354859</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref35">Azatcam
|
|
G, Atalay
|
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NS, Akkaya
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N, Sahin
|
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F, Aksoy
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S, Zincir
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|
|
NG, Gonzaga
|
|
AKG, de Sena Fernandes
|
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LL, da Fonseca
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AG, Queiroz
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SIML, Lemos
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TMAM
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E, Amadori
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F, Conti
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G, Majorana
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A. Efficacy of the photobiomodulation therapy in the treatment of the burning mouth syndrome. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal. 2019; 24(6):e787–e791 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6901136/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6901136</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31655841" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31655841</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref38">Barnhoorn
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KJ, Van De Meent
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H, Van Dongen
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RTM, Klomp
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FP, Groenewoud
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H, Samwel
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JO, Weissenbuehler
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SA, Bandatra
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JO, Weissenbuehler
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SA, Cleary
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CK. Effectiveness and comfort of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for older persons with chronic pain 1250. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy. 2004; 27(3):93–99</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref41">Bates
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JAV, Nathan
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|
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S, Attal
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N, Mhalla
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A, Ciampi de Andrade
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D, Perrot
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S, Bouhassira
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D. Unilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex does not affect cognition in patients with fibromyalgia. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2013; 47(1):72–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23079535" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23079535</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref43">Bergeron-Vezina
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K, Filion
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C, Couture
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C, Vallee
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E, Laroche
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S, Leonard
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G. Adjusting pulse amplitude during transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation does not provide greater hypoalgesia. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2018; 24(3):262–267 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29116826" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29116826</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref44">Bezuur
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NJ, Habets
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LL, Hansson
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TL. The effect of therapeutic laser treatment in patients with craniomandibular disorders. Journal of Craniomandibular Disorders. 1988; 2(2):83–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3253308" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3253308</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref45">Biemans
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|
A, Cakir
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T, Dogan
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SK, Ercalik
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T, Filiz
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MB, Toraman
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L, Yurtkuran
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M. Low-power laser treatment for shoulder pain. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2005; 23(5):459–64 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16262574" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16262574</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>48.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref48">Bjordal
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JM, Couppe
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C, Chow
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RT, Tuner
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EA. A systematic review of low level laser therapy with location-specific doses for pain from chronic joint disorders. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2003; 49(2):107–16 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12775206" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12775206</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>49.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref49">Boggio
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|
PS, Amancio
|
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EJ, Correa
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CF, Cecilio
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S, Valasek
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C, Bajwa
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|
|
JJ, Romagnuolo
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J, Reeves
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ST, Madan
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A, Frohman
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H, Beam
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L, Angoleri
|
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L, Zortea
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M, Deitos
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A, Brietzke
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A, Torres
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ILS
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F, Kisielnicki
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L, Dousset
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A, Roussel
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P, Dossetto
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AP, Zortea
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M, Carvalho
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F, Sanches
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PRS, Silva
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DPJ, Torres
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V, Zeman
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F, Heckel
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A, Menne
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F, Matsutani
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SL, Marques
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DM, Mazzetto
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TG, Mazzetto
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B, Martin
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MJ, Juan
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A, Pradana
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ML, Martin
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AM, Garcia-Lopez
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H, Fernandez-Sanchez
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M, Perez-Marmol
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AM, Mataran-Penarrocha
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GA, Arroyo-Morales
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F, Altafini
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L, Lo Castro
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M, Onesti
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E, Ceccanti
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M, Gori
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MC, Tartaglia
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DK, Johnson
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J, Zhou
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CM, Wang
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TP, Chen
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MH, Hsieh
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RSS, Pomeranz
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YH, Jung
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SJ, Lee
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CH, Lee
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OT, Critchley
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HOD, Williams
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LJ, Haraldsdottir
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E, Horne
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AW, Fallon
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RT, Barnsley
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JM, Fagin
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AP, Hariton
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JR, Pierce
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PC, Stuginski-Barbosa
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J, Bonjardim
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LR, Soares
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M, Rainville
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JB, Costa
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LO, Oliveira
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NT, Lima
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WP, Sluka
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KA, Liebano
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L, Okell
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RW, Cameron
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H, Simpson
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B, Poole
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|
SAP, Florezi
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GP, Artes
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GE, Costa
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JRD, Gallo
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G, Garcia-Larrea
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L, Hansson
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P, Keindl
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JP, Paulus
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VL, Steiner
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ML, Pompei
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LM, Strufaldi
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R, Fonseca
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FLA, Santiago
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|
CM, Nascimento
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TD, Foerster
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BR, Clauw
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DJ, Zubieta
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JK, Harris
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M, La Bianca
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G, Cosentino
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G, Baschi
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R, Salemi
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L, Burns
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A. Unit costs of health and social care 2018. Canterbury. Personal Social Services Research Unit University of Kent, 2018. Available from: <a href="https://www.pssru.ac.uk/project-pages/unit-costs/unit-costs-2018/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.pssru.ac<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.uk/project-pages/unit-costs<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/unit-costs-2018/</a></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>92.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref92">da Cunha
|
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LA, Firoozmand
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LM, da Silva
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AP, Camargo
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SE, Oliveira
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W. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorder. International Dental Journal. 2008; 58(4):213–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18783114" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18783114</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>93.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref93">Dailey
|
|
DL, Rakel
|
|
BA, Vance
|
|
CG, Liebano
|
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RE, Amrit
|
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AS, Bush
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HM
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et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces pain, fatigue and hyperalgesia while restoring central inhibition in primary fibromyalgia. Pain. 2013; 154(11):2554–62 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3972497/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3972497</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23900134" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23900134</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>94.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref94">Dailey
|
|
DL, Vance
|
|
CG, Rakel
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|
BA, Zimmerman
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MB, Embree
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J, Merriwether
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EN
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|
|
DL, Vance
|
|
CGT, Rakel
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|
BA, Zimmerman
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MB, Embree
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J, Merriwether
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EN
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|
|
L, Medeiros
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LF, Torres
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IL, Deitos
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A, Brietzke
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A, Laste
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G
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|
ML, Guerra
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MB, Nunes
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TB, di Matteo
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RC, de Luca
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CE, Aranha
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AC
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et al. Piroxicam and laser phototherapy in the treatment of TMJ arthralgia: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2013; 40(3):171–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23252583" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23252583</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>98.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref98">De Giorgi
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I, Castroflorio
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T, Sartoris
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B, Deregibus
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A. The use of conventional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in chronic facial myalgia patients. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2017; 21(1):275–280 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27000071" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27000071</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>99.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref99">de Souza
|
|
RC, de Sousa
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ET, Scudine
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KG, Meira
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UM, de Oliveira
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ESEM, Gomes
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AC
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R, Ariel
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E, Peretz
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C. Segmental noxious versus innocuous electrical stimulation for chronic pain relief and the effect of fading sensation during treatment. Pain. 2005; 115(1–2):152–60 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15836978" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15836978</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>101.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref101">Del Vecchio
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A, Floravanti
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M, Boccassini
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A, Gaimari
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G, Vestri
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A, Di Paolo
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C, Bosia
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L, Zirbs
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A, Chantraine
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A, Vischer
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TL. Electroacupuncture in fibromyalgia: results of a controlled trial. BMJ. 1992; 305(6864):1249–52 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1883744/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1883744</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1477566" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1477566</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>103.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref103">Demirkol
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N, Sari
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F, Bulbul
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M, Demirkol
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M, Simsek
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I, Usumez
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A. Effectiveness of occlusal splints and low-level laser therapy on myofascial pain. Lasers in Medical Science. 2015; 30(3):1007–12 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24504660" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24504660</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>104.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref104">Desantana
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J, Araujo
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M, Araujo
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F. Interferential current reduces pain sensitivity and central sensitization in patients with fibromyalgia: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Pain. 2017; 18(4 Suppl 1):S52</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>105.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref105">Di Benedetto
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P, Iona
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LG, Zidarich
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V. Clinical evaluation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine versus transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in primary fibromyalgia. Current Therapeutic Research. 1993; 53(2):222–229</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>106.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref106">Dibai-Filho
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AV, de Oliveira
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AK, Girasol
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CE, Dias
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FR, Guirro
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RR. Additional effect of static ultrasound and diadynamic currents on myofascial trigger points in a manual therapy program for patients with chronic neck pain: A randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2017; 96(4):243–252 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28301865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28301865</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>107.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref107">Dimitrijevic
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IM, Lazovic
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MP, Kocic
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MN, Dimitrijevic
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LR, Mancic
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DD, Stankovic
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AM. Effects of low-level laser therapy and interferential current therapy in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2014; 60(2):98–105</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>108.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref108">Dorsher
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PT. Clinical equivalence of laser needle to metal acupuncture needle in treating musculoskeletal pain: A pilot study. Medical Acupuncture. 2010; 22(1):11–17</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>109.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref109">Dundar
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U, Evcik
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D, Samli
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F, Pusak
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H, Kavuncu
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U, Turkmen
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U, Toktas
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H, Solak
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O, Ularsli
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A. The effect of high intensity laser therapy in the management of myofascial pain syndrome of the trapezius: A double blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis and Rheumatology. 2014; 66 (Suppl 10):S489 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25274197" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25274197</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>111.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref111">Dundar
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U, Turkmen
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U, Toktas
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H, Solak
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O, Ulasli
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AM. Effect of high-intensity laser therapy in the management of myofascial pain syndrome of the trapezius: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lasers in Medical Science. 2015; 30(1):325–32 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25274197" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25274197</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>112.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref112">Durmus
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D, Alayli
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G, Goktepe
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AS, Taskaynatan
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MA, Bilgici
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A, Kuru
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O. Is phonophoresis effective in the treatment of chronic low back pain? A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Rheumatology International. 2013; 33(7):1737–44 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23283539" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23283539</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>113.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref113">Eken
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A, Kara
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M, Baskak
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B, Baltaci
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A, Gokcay
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D. Differential efficiency of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in dominant versus nondominant hands in fibromyalgia: placebo-controlled functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neurophotonics. 2018; 5(1):011005 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5584730/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5584730</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28894759" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28894759</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>114.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref114">El-Gendy
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MH, Lasheen
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YR, Rezkalla
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WKS. Multimodal approach of electrotherapy versus myofascial release in patients with chronic mechanical neck pain: A randomized controlled trial. Physiotherapy Quarterly. 2019; 27(4):6–12</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>115.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref115">Emshoff
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R, Bosch
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R, Pumpel
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E, Schoning
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H, Strobl
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H. Low-level laser therapy for treatment of temporomandibular joint pain: a double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology & Endodontics. 2008; 105(4):452–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18329580" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18329580</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>116.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref116">Escortell-Mayor
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E, Riesgo-Fuertes
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R, Garrido-Elustondo
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S, Asunsolo-del Barco
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A, Diaz-Pulido
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M, Caglar
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N, Aldemir
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T. Treatment of myofascial pain. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000; 79(1):48–52 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10678603" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10678603</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>118.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref118">Euasobhon
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P, Payomyam
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C, Suthananun
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M, Potranan
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AJ, Hansen
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OA, Aslaksen
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PM. Transcranial direct current stimulation as a treatment for patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2015; 156(1):62–71 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25599302" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25599302</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>121.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref121">Falaki
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F, Nejat
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AH, Dalirsani
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Z. The effect of low-level laser therapy on trigeminal neuralgia: A review of literature. Journal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects. 2014; 8(1):1–5 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4091693/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4091693</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25024832" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25024832</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>122.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref122">Fernandez-Rodriguez
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T, Fernandez-Rolle
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A, Truyols-Dominguez
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S, Benitez-Martinez
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JC, Casana-Granell
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J. Prospective randomized trial of electrolysis for chronic plantar heel pain. Foot and Ankle International. 2018:1–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29771148" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29771148</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>123.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref123">Ferreira
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LA, de Oliveira
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RG, Guimaraes
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JP, Carvalho
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AC, De Paula
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MV. Laser acupuncture in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial. Lasers in Medical Science. 2013; 28(6):1549–58 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23380907" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23380907</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>124.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref124">Field
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GM, Spanswick
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CC, Hunter
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H, Dostalova
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T, Navratil
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L, Klaschka
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J. Effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in temporomandibular joint disorders: a placebo-controlled study. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2007; 25(4):297–303 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17803388" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17803388</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>126.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref126">Foletti
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A, Egan
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CG, Baron
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JV, Turk
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T, Jung
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JH, Xiao
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YT, Iakhno
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S, Garrote
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S, Waschke
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F, Gimenes
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R, Valle
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AC, Ferreira
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MJ, Rocha
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RR, Natalle
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L
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J, Klirova
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M, Masopust
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V, Novak
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K, Rokyta
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R, Correia
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GS, Araujo
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H, Yeng
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LT, Fernandes
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DT, Kaziyama
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AN, Thorsen
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H, Lonnberg
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F. The effect of low-level laser therapy on musculoskeletal pain: A meta-analysis. Pain. 1993; 52(1):63–66 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8446437" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8446437</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>133.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref133">Gemmell
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H, Hilland
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A. Immediate effect of electric point stimulation (TENS) in treating latent upper trapezius trigger points: a double blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2011; 15(3):348–54 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21665112" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21665112</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>134.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref134">Gendreau
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RM, Deering
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D, Gendreau
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J, Hargrove
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J. Treatment of fibromyalgia with neurostimulation: A randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled trial. Arthritis and Rheumatology. 2014; 66(Suppl 10):S483</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>135.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref135">Germano Maciel
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D, Trajano da Silva
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M, Rodrigues
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JA, Viana Neto
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JB, de Franca
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IM, Melo
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ABM
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W, Wand
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BM, O’Connell
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NE. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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S, Kizilkaya Beji
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N, Yalcin
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O, Istek
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A. Effects of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation therapy on chronic pelvic pain. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2012; 73(2):99–105 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22269443" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22269443</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>138.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref138">Goudra
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B, Shah
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D, Balu
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G, Gouda
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G, Balu
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A, Borle
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SB, Reeves
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JL, Baker
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RL, Chiu
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D. Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on myofascial pain and trigger point sensitivity. Pain. 1989; 37(1):1–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2786179" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2786179</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>140.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref140">Graham
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N, Gross
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AR, Carlesso
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LC, Santaguida
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PL, Macdermid
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JC, Walton
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RJ, Quayle
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AA, Hall
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CA, Schofield
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MA. Physiotherapy in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders: a comparative study of four treatment methods. British Dental Journal. 1994; 176(7):257–61 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8186034" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8186034</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>142.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref142">Gross
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AR, Aker
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PD, Goldsmith
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CH, Peloso
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P. Physical medicine modalities for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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AR, Dziengo
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S, Boers
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O, Goldsmith
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CH, Graham
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N, Lilge
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E, Dousset
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A, Boyer
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L, Roussel
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P, Cammilleri
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S, Mundler
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RRJ, Dibai-Filho
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AV, Dias
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FRC, Oliveira
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AK. Efficacy static ultrasound and manual therapy in the treatment myofascial trigger points individuals with neck pain: A pilot clinical study. Physiotherapy. 2015; 101(Suppl 1):e494–e495</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>146.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref146">Guo
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XJ, Jia
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J. Comparison of therapeutic effects on fibromyalgia syndrome between dermal-neurological electric stimulation and electric acupuncture. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation. 2005; 9(46):171–173</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>147.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref147">Gur
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A, Karakoc
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M, Nas
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K, Cevik
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R, Sarac
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S. Effects of low power laser and low dose amitriptyline therapy on clinical symptoms and quality of life in fibromyalgia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology International. 2002; 22(5):188–93 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12215864" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12215864</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>148.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref148">Gur
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A, Karakoc
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M, Nas
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K, Cevik
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R, Sarac
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J, Demir
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E. Efficacy of low power laser therapy in fibromyalgia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lasers in Medical Science. 2002; 17(1):57–61 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11845369" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11845369</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>149.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref149">Gur
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A, Koca
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I, Karagullu
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H, Altindag
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O, Madenci
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E. Comparison of the efficacy of ultrasound and extracorporeal shock wave therapies in patients with myofascial pain syndrome: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 2013; 21(3):210–216</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>150.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref150">Hakguder
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A, Birtane
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M, Gurcan
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S, Kokino
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S, Turan
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FN. Efficacy of low level laser therapy in myofascial pain syndrome: an algometric and thermographic evaluation. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2003; 33(5):339–43 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14677161" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14677161</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>151.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref151">Hargrove
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JB, Bennett
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RM, Simons
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DG, Smith
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DE. A randomized placebo-controlled study of noninvasive cortical electrostimulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients. Pain Medicine. 2012; 13(1):115–24 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22233397" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22233397</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>152.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref152">Harvey
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MP, Lorrain
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D, Martel
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M, Bergeron-Vezina
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K, Houde
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F, Seguin
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DP, Zhang
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ZF. Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Knee Pain: A Randomized, Sham-controlled Trial. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2017; 25(2):30–34 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29101777" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29101777</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>154.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref154">Hong
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CZ, Chen
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YC, Pon
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CH, Yu
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J. Immediate effects of various physical medicine modalities on pain threshold of an active myofascial trigger point. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 1993; 1(2):37–53</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>155.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref155">Hou
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CR, Tsai
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LC, Cheng
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KF, Chung
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KC, Hong
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CZ. Immediate effects of various physical therapeutic modalities on cervical myofascial pain and trigger-point sensitivity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002; 83(10):1406–14 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12370877" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12370877</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>156.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref156">Hou
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WH, Wang
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TY, Kang
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JH. The effects of add-on non-invasive brain stimulation in fibromyalgia: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Rheumatology. 2016; 55(8):1507–17 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27150193" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27150193</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>157.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref157">Hruby
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G, Ames
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C, Chen
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C, Yan
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J, Baron
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JH, Daskalakis
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DM. An Update on Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Co-morbid Pain and Depressive Symptoms. Current Pain & Headache Reports. 2018; 22(7):51 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29904802" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29904802</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>159.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref159">Hsueh
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TC, Cheng
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PT, Kuan
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TS, Hong
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CZ. The immediate effectiveness of electrical nerve stimulation and electrical muscle stimulation on myofascial trigger points. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1997; 76(6):471–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9431265" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9431265</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>160.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref160">Hurt
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K, Zahalka
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F, Halaska
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M, Rakovicova
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I, Krajcova
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A. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for treatment of vulvodynia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020; [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31939265" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31939265</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>161.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref161">Ilbuldu
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E, Cakmak
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R, Aydin
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R. Comparison of laser, dry needling, and placebo laser treatments in myofascial pain syndrome. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2004; 22(4):306–11 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15345173" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15345173</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>162.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref162">Ilter
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L, Dilek
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B, Batmaz
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I, Ulu
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MA, Sariyildiz
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MA, Nas
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|
L, Dilek
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B, Batmaz
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I, Ulu
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MA, Sariyildiz
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MA, Nas
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A, Gungor Ugurlucan
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F, Yasa
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S, Yalcin
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O. Randomized trial of long-term effects of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation on chronic pelvic pain. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2014; 290(2):291–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24619189" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24619189</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>165.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref165">Ito
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M, Kurita
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T, Arao
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M. Pain threshold and pain recovery after experimental stimulation in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002; 56(2):161–168 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11952919" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11952919</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>166.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref166">Ivanishvili
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A, Honey
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CR. Cyclization of motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic pain: A prospective, randomized, blinded trial. Neuromodulation. 2017; 20(5):497–503 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28524457" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28524457</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>167.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref167">Jales Junior
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LH, Costa
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MD, Jales Neto
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LH, Ribeiro
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JPM, Freitas
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WJ, Teixeira
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MJ. Transcranial direct current stimulation in fibromyalgia: effects on pain and quality of life evaluated clinically and by brain perfusion scintigraphy. Revista Dor. 2015; 16(1):37–42</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>168.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref168">Janice Jimenez-Torres
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G, Weinstein
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BL, Walker
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CR, Christopher Fowler
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J, Ashford
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P, Borckardt
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JJ
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JH, Jung
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Y, Xing
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G, Wang
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MI, Claydon
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GP, Jones
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S, Goebel
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A, Richey
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R, Holmes
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S, Kabay
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A, Maganti
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H, Ghert
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M, Ozçakar
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L, Gökçay
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J, Ausfeld-Hafter
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MA, Reulen
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GA, van Kleef
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TM, Mordasini
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EM, Omran
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NM, El-Hammady
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DH, Goma
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LM, Dussan-Sarria
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JA, Rozisky
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JR, Torres
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I, Tutoglu
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ME, Santana
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SM, Szeles
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B. Salivary cortisol levels and burning symptoms in patients with burning mouth syndrome before and after low level laser therapy: A double blind controlled randomized clinical trial. Acta Stomatologica Croatica. 2020; 54(1):44–50 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7233125/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7233125</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32523156" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32523156</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>320.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref320">Slattery
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K, Amy
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R, Pinto
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J, Gonzales
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N, Corato
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E, Fiaschi
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N, Corato
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E, Fiaschi
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SM, Tinazzi
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L, Bork
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C, Bourbon
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B, Trumbore
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JC, Lopez Lopez
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J, de Figueiredo
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MA, Cherubini
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JC, Segura-Egea
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JJ, Rodriguez-de Rivera-Campillo
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E, Jane-Salas
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HH, Stillwell
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NN, Silva
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EF, Kato
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IT, Prates
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W, Field
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CJG, Pooley
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AG, Anderson
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WJ, Bush
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RS, Taylor
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JP, Buchser
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A, Ozdil
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MD, Iliser
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V, Dima
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SA, Vlismas
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E, Khan
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WT, James
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L, Garcia
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MA, Gouvea
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CV, Vilella
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TA. Laser therapy and needling in myofascial trigger point deactivation. Journal of Oral Science. 2013; 55(2):175–81 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23748458" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23748458</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>345.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref345">Umezaki
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BW, DeVries
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WH, Moss
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A, Roizenblatt
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DAWM, Van Der Heijden
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GJMG, Van Den Berg
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C, Dailey
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D, Rakel
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ES, Tok
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D, Turgut
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GC, da Silva
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O, Costandi
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AL, Bonello
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R, Pollard
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H. The effectiveness of ENAR for the treatment of chronic neck pain in Australian adults: a preliminary single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Chiropractic & Osteopathy. 2007; 15:9 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1963325/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1963325</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17617926" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17617926</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>359.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref359">Vrijens
|
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D, Marcelissen
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T, Jairam
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R, De Ruiter
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B, Van Koeveringe
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G, Van Kerrebroeck
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P. Neuromodulation in chronic pelvic pain: A systematic review. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2017; 36(Suppl 3):S460–S461</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>360.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref360">Vukoja
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D, Alajbeg
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I, Vucicevic Boras
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V, Brailo
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V, Alajbeg
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IZ, Andabak Rogulj
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A. Is effect of low-level laser therapy in patients with burning mouth syndrome result of a placebo?
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Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2011; 29(9):647–651 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21492001" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21492001</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>361.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref361">Walker
|
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JB, Akhanjee
|
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LK, Cooney
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MM, Goldstein
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J, Tamayoshi
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S, Segal-Gidan
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F. Laser therapy for pain of trigeminal neuralgia. Clinical Journal of Pain. 1987; 3(4):183–187</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>362.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref362">Wang
|
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H, Xie
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Y, Zhang
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Q, Xu
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N, Zhong
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H, Dong
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et al. Transcutaneous electric acupoint stimulation reduces intra-operative remifentanil consumption and alleviates postoperative side-effects in patients undergoing sinusotomy: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2014; 112(6):1075–82 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24576720" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24576720</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>363.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref363">Wang
|
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X, Yang
|
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Z, Zhang
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W, Yi
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X, Liang
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C, Li
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X. Efficacy evaluation of low-level laser therapy on temporomandibular disorder. West China Journal of Stomatology. 2011; 29(4):393–5, 399 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21932661" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21932661</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>364.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref364">Wang
|
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X, Zhao
|
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W, Wang
|
|
Y, Hu
|
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J, Chen
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Q, Yu
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J
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et al. A self-administered method of acute pressure block of sciatic nerves for short-term relief of dental pain: a randomized study. Pain Medicine. 2014; 15(8):1304–11 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4265330/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4265330</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24400593" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24400593</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>365.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref365">Waschl
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S, Morrissey
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MC, Rugelj
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D. The efficacy of ultrasound-facilitated electrical stimulation as an adjunct to exercise in treating chronic neck and shoulder pain. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 2014; 22(1):78–88</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>366.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref366">WCB Evidence Based Practice Group. Spinal cord stimulation: use in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Richmond, BC. WorkSafe BC, 2003.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>367.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref367">Weisstanner
|
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C, Mordasini
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L, Thalmann
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GN, Rummel
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C, Verma
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RK, Abela
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et al. Cortical reorganization of pain processing in patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Neuroradiology. 2014; 1:231–232</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>368.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref368">Weisstanner
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C, Mordasini
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L, Thalmann
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GN, Verma
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RK, Rummel
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C, Federspiel
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A
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et al. Therapy-related longitudinal brain perfusion changes in patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Swiss Medical Weekly. 2017; 147:w14454 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28770549" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28770549</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>369.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref369">Weng
|
|
CS, Tsai
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YS, Shu
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SH, Chen
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Cc, Sun
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MF. The treatment of upper back pain by two modulated frequency modes of acupuncture-like TENS. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering. 2005; 25(1):21–25</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>370.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref370">White
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A, Foster
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NE, Cummings
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M, Barlas
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P. Acupuncture treatment for chronic knee pain: A systematic review. Rheumatology. 2007; 46(3):384–390 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17215263" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17215263</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>371.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref371">White
|
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P, Bishop
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FL, Prescott
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P, Scott
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C, Little
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P, Lewith
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G. Practice, practitioner, or placebo? A multifactorial, mixed-methods randomized controlled trial of acupuncture. Pain. 2012; 153(2):455–62 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22169359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22169359</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>372.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref372">White
|
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PF, Craig
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WF, Vakharia
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AS, Ghoname
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E, Ahmed
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HE, Hamza
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MA. Percutaneous neuromodulation therapy: does the location of electrical stimulation effect the acute analgesic response?
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Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000; 91(4):949–54 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11004055" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11004055</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>373.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref373">Wiffen
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PJ. Evidence-based pain management and palliative care in issue two for 2005 of the Cochrane library. Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. 2005; 19(4):67–70 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16431835" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16431835</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>374.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref374">Wilson
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RD, Gunzler
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DD, Bennett
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ME, Chae
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J. Peripheral nerve stimulation compared with usual care for pain relief of hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2014; 93(1):17–28 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4038163/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4038163</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24355994" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24355994</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>375.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref375">Yagci
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I, Agirman
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M, Ozturk
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D, Eren
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B. Is the transcranial magnetic stimulation an adjunctive treatment in fibromyalgia patients?
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Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2014; 60(3):206–211</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>376.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref376">Yang
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Y, Fu
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J, Xu
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X, Shi
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C. Ultrasound-guided pulsed radiofrequency therapy of suprascapular nerve versus suprascapular nerve block for the treatment of chronic refractory shoulder pain: analysis of curative effect. Journal of Interventional Radiology. 2018; 27(7):665–668</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>377.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref377">Yatci
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I, Atirman
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M, Ozturk
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D, Eren
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B. Effect of low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex area in fibromyalgia patients. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2013; 59(Suppl 1):232</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>378.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref378">Yesil
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H, Hepguler
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S, Dundar
|
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U, Taravati
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S, Isleten
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B. Does the use of analgesic current therapies increase the effectiveness of neck stabilization exercises for improving pain, disability, mood, and quality of life in chronic neck pain? a randomized, controlled, single-blind study (a pilot study). Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2017; 76(Suppl 2):475–476</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>379.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref379">Yesil
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H, Hepguler
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S, Dundar
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U, Taravati
|
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S, Isleten
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B. Does the Use of Electrotherapies Increase the Effectiveness of Neck Stabilization Exercises for Improving Pain, Disability, Mood, and Quality of life in Chronic Neck Pain? A Randomized, Controlled, Single Blind Study. Spine. 2018; 43(20):E1174–E1183 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29652778" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29652778</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>380.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref380">Yildirim
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MA, Ones
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K, Goksenoglu
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G. Effectiveness of ultrasound therapy on myofascial pain syndrome of the upper trapezius: Randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Archives of Rheumatology. 2018; 33(4):418–423 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6409164/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6409164</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30874250" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30874250</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>381.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref381">Yoshimizu
|
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M, Teo
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AR, Ando
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M, Kiyohara
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K, Kawamura
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T. Relief of chronic shoulder and neck pain by electro-acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nervous stimulation: A randomized crossover trial. Medical Acupuncture. 2012; 24(2):97–103</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>382.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref382">Young
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RF, Chambi
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VI. Pain relief by electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal and periventricular gray matter. Evidence for a non-opioid mechanism. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1987; 66(3):364–71 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3493333" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3493333</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>383.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref383">Yuksel
|
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M, Ayas
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S, Cabioglu
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MT, Yilmaz
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D, Cabioglu
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C. Quantitative data for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture effectiveness in treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome. Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine: eCAM. 2019; 2019:9684649 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6425376/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6425376</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30949223" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30949223</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>384.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref384">Zhu
|
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CE, Yu
|
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B, Zhang
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W, Chen
|
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WH, Qi
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Q, Miao
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Y. Effiectiveness and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in fibromyalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2017; 49(1):2–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27983739" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27983739</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>385.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng193er8.ref385">Zhu
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XM, Polus
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B. A controlled trial on acupuncture for chronic neck pain. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2002; 30(1):13–28 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12067088" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12067088</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng193er8.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="niceng193er8.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Review protocol for electrical physical modalities</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 206K)</span></p><p id="niceng193er8.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 13. Health economic review protocol</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref258" rid="niceng193er8.ref258"><sup>258</sup></a></p><p>For more information, please see the <a href="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8_bm3.pdf">Methods</a> Report published as part of the accompanying documents for this guideline.</p><div id="niceng193er8.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>Searches were constructed using a PICO framework where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and in some cases Comparison (C) terms. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions as these concepts may not be well described in title, abstract or indexes and therefore difficult to retrieve. Search filters were applied to the search where appropriate.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng193er8appbtab1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8appbtab1" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appbtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng193er8.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appbtab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Exclusions Randomised controlled trials</p></div></div><p id="niceng193er8.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appbtab2" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appbtab3" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appbtab4" class="figpopup">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to a Chronic Pain population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional searches were run on Medline and Embase for health economics and economic modelling.</p><p id="niceng193er8.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appbtab5" class="figpopup">Table 14. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appbtab6" class="figpopup">Medline search terms</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appb.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appbtab7" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appb.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appbtab8" class="figpopup">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><p id="niceng193er8.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appcfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of electrical physical modalities</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng193er8.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (951K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="niceng193er8.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. Laser therapy versus sham laser therapy</h4><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig1" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Quality of life at ≤3 months (Oral health impact profile, FIQ, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig2" class="figpopup">Figure 3. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical component summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig3" class="figpopup">Figure 4. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental component summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig4" class="figpopup">Figure 5. Quality of life at >3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig5"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig5" class="figpopup">Figure 6. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, NRS, FIQ pain scale, high is poor outcome, 0-10, final values and change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig6"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig6" class="figpopup">Figure 7. Pain reduction at >3 months (VAS, high is poor outcome, 0-10, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig7"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig7" class="figpopup">Figure 8. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale, anxiety subscale, 0-21, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig8"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig8" class="figpopup">Figure 9. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale, depression subscale, 0-21, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig9"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig9" class="figpopup">Figure 10. Discontinuation at ≤3 months</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appe.s2"><h4>E.2. TMS versus sham TMS</h4><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig10"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig10" class="figpopup">Figure 11. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig11"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig11" class="figpopup">Figure 12. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig12"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig12" class="figpopup">Figure 13. Quality of life at ≤3 months (WHOQOL-BREF physical domain, 4-20, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig13"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig13" class="figpopup">Figure 14. Quality of life at ≤3 months (WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain, 4-20, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig14"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig14" class="figpopup">Figure 15. Quality of life at ≤3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig15"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig15" class="figpopup">Figure 16. Quality of life at >3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig16"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig16" class="figpopup">Figure 17. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, McGill Pain questionnaire, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig17"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig17/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig17" class="figpopup">Figure 18. Physical function at ≤3 months (BPI functional impairment subscale, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig18"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig18/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig18" class="figpopup">Figure 19. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Beck depression inventory, 0-61, high is poor outcome, final values and change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig19"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig19" class="figpopup">Figure 20. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hamilton depression rating scale, MADRS, BDI, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig20"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig20" class="figpopup">Figure 21. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (HADS anxiety, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig21"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig21/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig21" class="figpopup">Figure 22. Psychological distress at >3 months (HADS anxiety, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig22"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig22/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig22" class="figpopup">Figure 23. Psychological distress at >3 months (HADS depression, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig23"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig23/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig23" class="figpopup">Figure 24. Pain interference at >3 months (BPI pain interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig24"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig24/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig24" class="figpopup">Figure 25. Discontinuation at ≤3 months</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appe.s3"><h4>E.3. TDCS versus sham TDCS</h4><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig25"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig25/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig25" class="figpopup">Figure 26. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig26"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig26/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig26" class="figpopup">Figure 27. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig27"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig27/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig27" class="figpopup">Figure 28. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical function subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig28"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig28/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig28" class="figpopup">Figure 29. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig29"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig29/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig29" class="figpopup">Figure 30. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 bodily pain subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig30"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig30/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig30" class="figpopup">Figure 31. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 general health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig31"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig31/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig31" class="figpopup">Figure 32. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 vitality subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig32"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig32/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig32" class="figpopup">Figure 33. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 general aspects subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig33"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig33/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig33" class="figpopup">Figure 34. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 emotional role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig34"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig34/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig34" class="figpopup">Figure 35. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig35"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig35/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig35" class="figpopup">Figure 36. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (NRS, VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig36"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig36/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig36" class="figpopup">Figure 37. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, HAM-A, anxiety subscales, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig37"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig37/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig37" class="figpopup">Figure 38. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, BDI, HAM-D, depression subscales, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig38"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig38/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig38" class="figpopup">Figure 39. Sleep at ≤3 months (PSQI, scale range not reported, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appe.s4"><h4>E.4. TENS versus sham TENS</h4><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig39"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig39/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig39" class="figpopup">Figure 40. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig40"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig40/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig40" class="figpopup">Figure 41. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (BPI, VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values and change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig41"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig41" class="figpopup">Figure 42. Pain reduction at >3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig42"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig42/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig42" class="figpopup">Figure 43. Physical function at ≤3 months (6 minute walk test, high is good outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig43"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig43/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig43" class="figpopup">Figure 44. Psychological distress (PROMIS T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig44"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig44/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig44" class="figpopup">Figure 45. Pain interference at ≤3 months (BPI interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig45"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig45/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig45" class="figpopup">Figure 46. Pain self-efficacy at ≤3 months (Pain self-efficacy questionnaire, 0-60, high is good outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig46"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig46/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig46" class="figpopup">Figure 47. Discontinuation at ≤3 months</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appe.s5"><h4>E.5. TENS versus usual care</h4><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig47"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig47" class="figpopup">Figure 48. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig48"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig48/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig48" class="figpopup">Figure 49. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (BPI, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig49"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig49/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig49" class="figpopup">Figure 50. Physical function at ≤3 months (6 minute walk test, high is good outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig50"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig50/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig50" class="figpopup">Figure 51. Psychological distress (PROMIS T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig51"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig51/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig51" class="figpopup">Figure 52. Pain interference at ≤3 months (BPI interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig52"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig52/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig52" class="figpopup">Figure 53. Pain self-efficacy at ≤3 months (Pain self-efficacy questionnaire, 0-60, high is good outcome, change scores)</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appe.s6"><h4>E.6. PENS versus sham PENS</h4><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig53"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig53/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig53" class="figpopup">Figure 54. Quality of life at ≤3 months (NIH-CPSI, 0-12, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig54"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig54/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig54" class="figpopup">Figure 55. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appe.s7"><h4>E.7. PENS versus usual care</h4><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig55"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig55/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig55" class="figpopup">Figure 56. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical function subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig56"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig56/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig56" class="figpopup">Figure 57. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig57"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig57/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig57" class="figpopup">Figure 58. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 fatigue subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig58"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig58/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig58" class="figpopup">Figure 59. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 emotional role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig59"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig59/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig59" class="figpopup">Figure 60. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig60"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig60/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig60" class="figpopup">Figure 61. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 social functioning subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig61"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig61/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig61" class="figpopup">Figure 62. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 bodily pain subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig62"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig62/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig62" class="figpopup">Figure 63. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appe.s8"><h4>E.8. Therapeutic ultrasound versus usual care</h4><p id="niceng193er8.appe.fig63"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig63/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig63" class="figpopup">Figure 64. Pain reduction at 3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="niceng193er8.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appftab1" class="figpopup">Table 15. Clinical evidence profile: Laser therapy versus sham laser therapy</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appf.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appftab2" class="figpopup">Table 16. Clinical evidence profile: TMS versus sham TMS</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appf.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appftab3" class="figpopup">Table 17. Clinical evidence profile: TDCS versus sham TDCS</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appf.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appftab4" class="figpopup">Table 18. Clinical evidence profile: TENS versus sham TENS</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appf.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appftab5" class="figpopup">Table 19. Clinical evidence profile: TENS versus usual care</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appf.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appftab6" class="figpopup">Table 20. Clinical evidence profile: PENS versus sham PENS</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appf.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appftab7" class="figpopup">Table 21. Clinical evidence profile: PENS versus usual care</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appf.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appftab8" class="figpopup">Table 22. Clinical evidence profile: Ultrasound versus sham ultrasound</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="niceng193er8.appg.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appg.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appgfig1" class="figpopup">* Non-relevant population, intervention, comparison, design or setting; non-English language </a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Health economic evidence tables</h3><p>None.</p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng193er8.appi.s1"><h4>I.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="niceng193er8.appi.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appitab1" class="figpopup">Table 23. Studies excluded from the clinical review</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appi.s2"><h4>I.2. Excluded health economic studies</h4><p>None.</p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Research recommendations</h3><div id="niceng193er8.appj.s1"><h4>J.1. Laser therapy</h4><p>
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<b>Research question: What is the clinical and cost-effectiveness of laser therapy for managing chronic primary pain in people aged 16 years and over?</b>
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</p><p>
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<b>Why this is important:</b>
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</p><p>Laser therapy involves the non-invasive application of a single wavelength of light to the skin over the painful area using a probe. There are various laser devices and probe configurations in clinical use. The light is absorbed in the tissues and it is hypothesised that this results in local heating and effects on local chemical activity and cellular behaviour. It is through those effects that laser therapy is purported to have an anti-inflammatory effect and promote tissue repair.</p><p>14 studies were included in this review comparing laser to sham in a range of conditions including burning mouth syndrome (4 studies), temporomandibular pain (4 studies), fibromyalgia (3 studies), neck pain (2 studies) and myofascial pain (1).</p><p>While evidence of clinical benefit was observed there remains uncertainty regarding the efficacy and effectiveness of laser therapy, though there is some promising evidence. There is therefore a need for high quality trials into the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of laser therapy for chronic primary pain.</p><p id="niceng193er8.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appjtab1" class="figpopup">Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations</a></p></div><div id="niceng193er8.appj.s2"><h4>J.2. Transcranial magnetic stimulation</h4><p>
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<b>Research question: What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation for managing chronic primary pain in people aged 16 years and over?</b>
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</p><p>
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<b>Why this is important:</b>
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</p><p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been proposed as a potential treatment option for chronic pain as stimulation of the motor cortex of the brain is known to lead to analgesia. TMS has been researched in various chronic pain conditions including those that fall within the definition of chronic primary pain. However, whether or not TMS is an effective and cost-effective treatment option for chronic primary pain remains unclear. TMS is not provided as part of current clinical practice for people with chronic primary pain and its introduction into practice would incur costs in terms of provision of the equipment and training in the use of the equipment, and therefore good quality research is required to inform this decision.</p><p id="niceng193er8.appj.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appjtab2" class="figpopup">Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng193er8.appk"><h3>Appendix K. MIDs for continuous outcomes</h3><p id="niceng193er8.appk.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appktab1" class="figpopup">Table 24. MIDs for continuous outcomes: Laser therapy versus sham laser therapy</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appk.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appktab2" class="figpopup">Table 25. MIDs for continuous outcomes: TMS versus sham TMS</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appk.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appktab3" class="figpopup">Table 26. MIDs for continuous outcomes: TDCS versus sham TDCS</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appk.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appktab4" class="figpopup">Table 27. MIDs for continuous outcomes: TENS versus sham TENS</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appk.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appktab5" class="figpopup">Table 28. MIDs for continuous outcomes: TENS versus usual care</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appk.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appktab6" class="figpopup">Table 29. MIDs for continuous outcomes: PENS versus sham PENS</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appk.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appktab7" class="figpopup">Table 30. MIDs for continuous outcomes: PENS versus usual care</a></p><p id="niceng193er8.appk.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appktab8" class="figpopup">Table 31. MIDs for continuous outcomes: Therapeutic ultrasound versus usual care</a></p></div></div><div style="display:none"><div style="display:none" id="figniceng193er8appefig7"><img alt="Image niceng193er8appef7" src-large="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef7.jpg" /></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Intervention evidence review underpinning recommendation 1.2.6 and the research recommendations in the NICE guideline</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Centre based at the Royal College of Physicians</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and, where appropriate, their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2021.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK569985</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33939362" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">33939362</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8tab1"><div id="niceng193er8.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>People, aged 16 years and over, with chronic primary pain (whose pain management is not addressed by existing NICE guidance) (chronic widespread pain, complex regional pain syndrome, chronic visceral pain, chronic orofacial pain, chronic primary musculoskeletal pain other than orofacial)</p>
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<p>Chronic pain in one or more anatomical regions that is characterized by significant emotional distress (anxiety, anger/frustration or depressed mood) and functional disability (interference in daily life activities and reduced participation in social roles). The diagnosis is appropriate independently of identified biological or psychological contributors unless another diagnosis would better account for the presenting symptoms.</p></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interventions</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interventions:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Interferential therapy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Laser therapy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Therapeutic ultrasound</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS).</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparisons</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Each other</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Placebo/sham</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Usual care</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Physical therapies in this guideline.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Outcomes will be extracted at the longest time point up to 3 months and at the longest time point after 3 months.</p>
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<p>CRITICAL:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction (any validated scale)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health related quality of life (including meaningful activity)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Physical function (5 minute walk, sit to stand, Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress (depression/anxiety) (preferably Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain interference (brief pain inventory interference subscale)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain self-efficacy (pain self-efficacy questionnaire).</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>IMPORTANT:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of healthcare services</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Discontinuation.</div></li></ul></p></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews of RCTs. Cross-over RCTs will be considered if no non-cross-over RCT evidence is identified.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8tab2"><div id="niceng193er8.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Intervention and comparison</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Altan 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref19" rid="niceng193er8.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>2 week interventions</p>
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<p>
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<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (n=26)</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>Number of sessions</b>: 10 (over 2 weeks)</p>
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<p><b>Duration of sessions</b>: Not reported (2mins per trigger point)</p>
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<p><b>Delivered by</b>: Not reported</p>
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<p><b>Details</b>: Laser applied over each trigger point for 2 minutes, frequency 1000Hz frequency, 904nm wavelength, maximum power 50W. Participants instructed to perform daily isometric exercises and stretching at home</p>
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<p>
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<b>Intervention 2: Sham laser therapy (n=27)</b>
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</p>
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<p>Details: identical treatment but laser not turned on.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Myofascial pain (n=53)</p>
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<p>Mean age: 43.4 (2.26) years</p>
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<p>Duration of pain: 4.56 (1.26) years</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 2 weeks post-intervention and 3 months (follow up, including 2-week intervention):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Myofascial pain definition: localised pain and taut bands in the neck for a minimum of the previous 3 months, tenderness in the cervical trigger points.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arbabi-Kalati 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref28" rid="niceng193er8.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>2 week interventions</p>
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<p>
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<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (n=10)</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>Number of sessions</b>: 4 (over 2 weeks)</p>
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<p><b>Duration</b>: Estimated 1.5 minutes (laser applied for 10s to 10 areas)</p>
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<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
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<p><b>Details</b>: 630nm wavelength, 30mW power, low level laser therapy applied to oral mucosa.</p>
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<p>
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<b>Intervention 2: Sham laser therapy (n=10)</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>Details</b>: Identical treatment but laser not turned on.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Burning mouth syndrome (n=20)</p>
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<p>Mean age: 46.9 (4.95) years</p>
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<p>Duration of pain: 14.45 (6-36) years</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 2 weeks (post-intervention):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Burning mouth syndrome defined as burning sensation in the oral cavity for at least 4 months without any identified causes.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Armagan 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref31" rid="niceng193er8.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>10 days interventions</p>
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<p>
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<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (n=16)</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 10 (over 10 days)</p>
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<p><b>Duration:</b> 1 minute per tender point</p>
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<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Physician</p>
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<p><b>Details</b>: 830nm wavelength, 50mW power, laser diameter 1mm, 1 minute per tender point at 2 joules per tender point.</p>
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<p>
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<b>Intervention 2: Sham laser therapy (n=16)</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but laser not turned on.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Fibromyalgia (n=32)</p>
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<p>Mean age: 38.25 (5.36) years</p>
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<p>Duration of pain: 5.8 (3.2) years</p>
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<p>All women</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 10 days (post-intervention) and 6 months (follow up, including 10 day intervention):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bardellini 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref37" rid="niceng193er8.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>10 weeks interventions</p>
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<p>
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<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (n=45)</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 10 (over 10 weeks)</p>
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<p><b>Duration:</b> unclear</p>
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<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Dentist</p>
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<p><b>Details:</b> K Laser Cube 3® irradiated the most painful areas in the oral cavity, with discontinuous combined wavelengths between 660-970 nm, medium power 3.2 W (6.4 W pulsed at 50%), treatment time 3’51”, frequency 1-20000Hz, spot size 1cm².</p>
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<p><b>Intervention 2:</b> Sham laser therapy (n=45)</p>
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<p><b>Details:</b> The device was turned on but the hand piece did not work.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Burning mouth syndrome (n=90)</p>
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<p>Mean age: laser group: 60.31 (9.78) years</p>
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<p>Duration of pain: inclusion criteria specified >6 months, mean duration not reported</p>
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<p>All female</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 10 weeks (post-intervention) and 14 weeks (1 month follow up):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Boyer 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref53" rid="niceng193er8.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>10 week interventions</p>
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<p>
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<b>Intervention 1: TMS (n=19)</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 14 (over 10 weeks)</p>
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<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported</p>
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<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
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<p><b>Details:</b> No further details available</p>
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<p>
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<b>Intervention 2: Sham TMS (n=19)</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but a sham coil used that emitted a similar sound to the active coil</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Fibromyalgia (n=38)</p>
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<p>Mean age: 48.5 (10.5) years</p>
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<p>Duration of pain: 3.7 (4.2) years</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 10 weeks (post-intervention):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inclusion criteria: score of at least 4 on the BPI average pain intensity scale</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brietzke 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref54" rid="niceng193er8.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>3 month interventions</p>
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<p>
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<b>Intervention 1: TDCS (n=10)</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 60 sessions over 12 weeks</p>
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<p><b>Duration: approx.</b> 30 minutes</p>
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<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Self-administered</p>
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<p><b>Details:</b> 2mA current applied through electrodes over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) attached to cap (caps individually fitted to each participant).</p>
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<p>
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<b>Intervention 2: Sham TDCS (n=10)</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but no electrical stimulation</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Fibromyalgia (n=40)</p>
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<p>Mean age 49.1 years</p>
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<p>Duration of pain: 6.2 years</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 3 months (post-intervention)
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sleep</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention self-administered at home. The electrode position was accurate for the subjects. To avoid incorrect placement of the electrodes, the anode was painted red and cathode black (although equipment was already set up – participant could not change any part of it).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Carretero 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref61" rid="niceng193er8.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>4 week interventions</p>
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<p>
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<b>Intervention 1: TMS (n=14)</b>
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</p>
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<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 20 sessions over 4 weeks</p>
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<p><b>Duration: approx.</b> 30 minutes</p>
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<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Butterfly coil used, 20 trains at 110% of motor threshold for 60s at 1Hz and a 45s interval between trains. Stimulation area right dorsolateral prefrontal area (total of 1,200 pulses per session)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham TMS (n=12)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but coil placed perpendicular to the cranium (the magnetic field did not significantly penetrate the brain)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=26)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 51.2 (5.3) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain not stated</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 3 months (follow up, including 4 week intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chow 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref77" rid="niceng193er8.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (n=10)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions: 7</b> (over 7 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 30 minutes</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> 830nm, 15mm laser length and 3mm width, 300mW power, applied 30s per point or until area became less tender</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham laser therapy (n=10)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but laser did not emit a beam</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Chronic neck pain (n=20)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 57.7(10.9) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 13.3 years (SE 2.48)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 3 months (follow up, including 7 week intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants that had previously received laser therapy were excluded (other than laser acupuncture). People with work related or third party injuries in which litigation or compensation were still current were excluded.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chow 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref78" rid="niceng193er8.ref78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (n=45)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 7 (over 7 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 30 minutes</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> 830nm wavelength, 300mW, each tender point treated for 30 seconds, up to 50 points treated</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham laser (n=45)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but device did not emit laser (although did emit sound)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Chronic neck pain (n=90)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 56 (12.8) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 15 (12.6) years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 3 months (follow up, including 7 week intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Discontinuation</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People with work related or third party injuries in which litigation or compensation were still current were excluded.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">da Cunha 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref92" rid="niceng193er8.ref92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (n=20)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 4 (over 4 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported (each area irradiated for 20s)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> 830nm wavelength, 500mW output, each area irradiated for 20s</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham laser (n=20)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but without energy output</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Temporomandibular disorder (n=40)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 43.3 years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: Not stated</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 4 weeks (post-intervention)
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Temporomandibular disorder diagnosed based on complete clinical examination, including patient’s history, at the Center of Occlusion and Temporomandibular Disorder of the Dental School of Sao Paulo State University (UNESP).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dailey 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref94" rid="niceng193er8.ref94"><sup>94</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TENS (n=103)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> at least 2 hours/day during activity</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> self-administered (first application delivered in clinic)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> EMPI-Select TENS (DJO Global, Vista, CA) delivered through butterfly electrodes placed at the cervicothoracic junction and lower back. Active-TENS parameters were asymmetrical, biphasic waveform with a modulating frequency (2-125 Hz), pulse duration 200µ sec, and highest tolerable stimulation intensity. Active-TENS was sent home with participants with an instruction manual developed by study personnel.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: sham TENS (n=99)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> delivered current for 45s ramping down to 0 in the last 15s and the appearance was identical to the active unit.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 3: Usual care (n=99)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> used a mock-TENS during visits to blind Outcome-Assessors with electrodes that were attached to a TENS unit that provided no current intensity.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=301)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 46.8 (13.06) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain median (range): 7 (2-15) years</p>
|
|
<p>All female</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 4 weeks (post intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Physical function</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain interference</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain self-efficacy</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All participants continued current treatments prescribed by their health care provider and were asked not to change medications during the study.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dall’Agnol 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref96" rid="niceng193er8.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10 day interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TMS (n=12)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 10 (over 10 days)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b>
|
|
<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8appefig7" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig7">Figure 8</a> coil placed over left motor cortex, trains consisted of 16 series of 10-s pulses at 10Hz, interval of 26s between trains. Intensity was 80% of resting motor threshold</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: sham TMS (n=12)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but inactive sham coil used (identical sounds and sensations but no brain stimulation)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Myofascial pain (n=24)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 45.43 (12.86) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: Not stated</p>
|
|
<p>All women</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 3 months (follow up, including 10 day intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Number of sessions stated to be 10, but duration of study not specified.</p>
|
|
<p>Myofascial pain defined as reduced quality of life due to regional pain, decreased range of motion, stiffness in muscles, presence of trigger points, taut bands, tender points, palpable nodules and pain. Must have score of more than 4 on the neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Del Vecchio 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref101" rid="niceng193er8.ref101"><sup>101</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Laser therapy (n=30)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 14 (over 7 days; delivered at home)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 1 week</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Self-administered (first application delivered in clinic)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Laser with 808nm wavelength, 5J/min, 250mW and 15KHz for 8 minutes, for a total of 40J applied directly to each painful area.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Sham laser therapy (n=30)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> identical device with beam and sound but devoid of therapeutic diode source.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Temporomandibular joint disorder-related pain (n=60)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 42.55 (14.842) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain not specified (minimum duration 6 months)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 1 week (post-intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The inclusion criteria were: presence of pain in the joint area and/or radiating to the face, jaw, or neck for at least six months; reduced mouth opening or jaw locks; painful clicking, popping or grating when opening or closing the mouth; occlusal changes; no muscle tenderness at palpation; and no drug consumption for at least three weeks before treatment.</p>
|
|
<p>The disorder was diagnosed by clinical and radiological examinations and according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) Axis I and Axis II</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Esenyel 2000<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref117" rid="niceng193er8.ref117"><sup>117</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10 day interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: Ultrasound (n=36)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 10 (over 10 days)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 6 mins per trigger point</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> 1.5Wcm<sup>2</sup> applied to each trigger point for 6 minutes. Neck exercises also advised</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Usual care (n=40)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Usual care as well as advice on neck stretching exercises</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Myofascial pain (n=76)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 30 (7.7) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: ranged 6 months to 7 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 3 months (follow up, including 10 day intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Myofascial pain followed Travel and Simons criteria for active myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscles</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fagerlund 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref120" rid="niceng193er8.ref120"><sup>120</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>5 day interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TDCS (n=25)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 5 (over 5 days)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 20 minutes</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Intensity 2mA, anode placed on C3 and cathode placed on contralateral supraorbital area</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham TDCS (n=25)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but stimulation faded in for 30s, then terminated by 5s fade out (to mimic skin sensation of active treatment with insufficient duration to induce cortical excitability)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=50)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 48.6 (9.4) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 18.1 (9) years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 4 weeks (follow up, including 5 day intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fregni 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref129" rid="niceng193er8.ref129"><sup>129</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p><i>Note: interventions 1 and 2 pooled in the analysis</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TDCS (DLPFC) (n=11)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 5 (over 5 days)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 20mins</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Current transferred by pair of saline soaked sponge electrodes, max output 10mA, anode on left DLPFC brain area, constant current of 2mA applied for 20mins</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: TDCS (motor cortex [M1]) (n=11)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 5 (over 5 days)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 20mins</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Current transferred by pair of saline soaked sponge electrodes, max output 10mA, anode on primary motor cortex brain area, constant current of 2mA applied for 20mins</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 3: Sham TDCS (n=10)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but with sham stimulation of the primary motor cortex (stimulator turned off after 30s to mimic sensation but no current received after this)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=32)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 53.2 (8.97) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 8.4 (9.3) years</p>
|
|
<p>All women</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 3 weeks (follow up, including 1 week intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inclusion criteria: score of at least 4 on the VAS and at least 30 on the total tender point score.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gokyildiz 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref137" rid="niceng193er8.ref137"><sup>137</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>12 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: PENS (n=13)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 12 (over 3 months)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 30mins</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, applied using a needle set and stimulator with 9-volt batteries and current between 0.5-10mA, 20Hz frequency. Needle inserted 3-4cm above inner malleolus and electrode placed on inner side of the heel. Current adjusted based on tolerance</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Usual care (n=13)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Routine usual care, no further details</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Chronic pelvic pain (n=26)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: Not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: Not reported (minimum duration 6 months)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 3 months (post-intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Score of at least 5 on VAS.</p>
|
|
<p>Cessation of analgesics at least 2 weeks before treatment, and physiotherapy or electrotherapy at least 3 months before treatment.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gur 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref147" rid="niceng193er8.ref147"><sup>147</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (n=25)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 14 (over 2 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported (3 mins per tender point)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Physical therapists</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> 904nm wavelength, 20W max per pulse, 200ns max pulse duration, 2.8Hz pulse frequency, 11.2mW average power, 3 mins at each tender point</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham laser therapy (n=25)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but no laser beam emitted</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=50)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 29.44 (6.6) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 4.74 (3.98) years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 2 weeks (post-intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All participants discontinued medications at least 1 month prior to treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jales 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref167" rid="niceng193er8.ref167"><sup>167</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TDCS (n=10)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 10 (over 10 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 20 minutes</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> 2 electrodes placed on scalp, 1mA impulse applied (anode over m1, cathode over contralateral supraorbital region). Applied for 20 mins</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham TDCS (n=10)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but device not turned on</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=20)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 46.4 (10.615) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: Not reported</p>
|
|
<p>All women</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 10 weeks (post-intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kabay 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref176" rid="niceng193er8.ref176"><sup>176</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>12 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: PENS (n=45)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 12 (over 3 months)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 30 mins</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation, needle inserted 5cm from medial malleolus and electrode placed on same leg. Electrical stimulation applied with 200us pulses, rate of Hz, intensity level just below motor threshold. Amplitude set at maximum tolerable (using 1.5x threshold for evoking plantar flexion)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham PENS (n=44)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but electrical stimulation not applied.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pelvic pain (n=89)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 37.7(7.4) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 4.5 (6.1) years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 3 months (post-intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosis of category IIIB CP/CPPS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Khedr 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref185" rid="niceng193er8.ref185"><sup>185</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TDCS (n=20)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 10 (over 2 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 20mins</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> 2mA, anodal electrode on left M1 over C3, reference electrode over contralateral arm.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham TDCS (n=20)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but current applied for 30s only at the beginning and at the end of the session.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=40)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 32.3 (10.9) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 6.1 (2.5) years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 8 weeks (follow up, including 2 week intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Score of at least 4 on VAS pain scale</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref205" rid="niceng193er8.ref205"><sup>205</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10 day interventions</p>
|
|
<p>Note: intervention 1 and 2 pooled in the analysis</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TMS (low frequency) (n=7)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 10 (over 10 days)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Physiatrist</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b>
|
|
<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8appefig7" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig7">Figure 8</a> coil, applied to right M1 (at the DLPFC), 1Hz, 110% intensity of resting motor threshold, 800 stimuli of each train and 2 trains with 60s of inter-train interval and a total of 1600 stimuli per session.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: TMS (high frequency) (n=8)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment to intervention 2 but 80% of resting motor threshold, 2000 stimuli per session.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 3: Sham TMS (n=7)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but coil angle was 90% perpendicular to skull (magnetic field did not penetrate the brain).</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=22)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 47.2(6.2) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 44.7(10.3) years</p>
|
|
<p>All women</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 6 weeks (follow up, including 10 day intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Discontinuation</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inclusion criteria: pain for at least 24 months</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mhalla 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref241" rid="niceng193er8.ref241"><sup>241</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>21 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TMS (n=20)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 14 (over 21 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b>
|
|
<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8appefig7" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig7">figure 8</a> coil, positioned to induce current in the anterior posterior direction, 15 series of 10s pulses, frequency 10Hz, interval of 50s between each train, total of 1500 pulses per session (stimulation intensity 80% of resting motor threshold)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham TMS (n=20)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but sham coil used</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=40)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 50.2 (10.8) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 13.55 (12.4) years</p>
|
|
<p>All women</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 25 weeks (follow up, including 21 week intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain interference</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Score of at least 4 on BPI pain scale.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Murina 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref250" rid="niceng193er8.ref250"><sup>250</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TENS (n=20)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 20 (over 10 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 15-30 mins</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Electrical stimulation via vaginal probe 20mm in diameter, 110mm in length. Frequencies of 10 and 50Hz at 15min intervals.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham TENS (n=20)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but nonactive stimulation (2Hz, pulse duration 2ms followed by 15min pause).</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Vestibulodynia (n=40)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 28 (21-44) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 15 month (range 7-48 months)</p>
|
|
<p>All women</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 10 weeks (post-intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Discontinuation</div></li></ul>
|
|
<p>At 22 weeks (including 10 week intervention)
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Panton 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref274" rid="niceng193er8.ref274"><sup>274</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (n=23)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 8 (over 4 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 15 mins</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Laser applied to 7 tender points with dual wavelength laser (20% 810nm and 80% 980nm), heat also applied via warm air, each point treated for 60s for total of 600J per point</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham laser (n=18)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but laser not turned on</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=41)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 53 (11.5) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 10.5 (7.5) years</p>
|
|
<p>All women</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 4 weeks (post-intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Discontinuation</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants received $100 for participating in the study.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rohlig 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref289" rid="niceng193er8.ref289"><sup>289</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (n=20)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 10 (over 3 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported (10s per tender point)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> 820nm wavelength, beam diameter 6mm, 8J/cm2 to each tender point</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham laser therapy (n=20)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but laser not turned on</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Temporomandibular disorder (n=40)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 42.5 (2.3) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 10.75 (2.9) years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 3 weeks (post-intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Presence of signs and symptoms of TMD of myogenic origin according to the research diagnostic criteria for TMD.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Short 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref314" rid="niceng193er8.ref314"><sup>314</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TMS (n=10)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 10 (over 2 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> 20 mins</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Applied to left prefrontal cortex, 10Hz, 5s train duration, intensity 120% resting motor threshold</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham TMS (n=10)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but sham TMS coil used</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=20)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 53 (13.53) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 11.1 (10.36) years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 4 weeks (follow up, including 2 week intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Physical function</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Spanemberg 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref325" rid="niceng193er8.ref325"><sup>325</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Note: intervention 1 and 2 pooled in analysis</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (infrared) (n=20)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 9 (over 3 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> M50s per point</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> 830nm wavelength, 100mW output, continuous emissions, 5J energy per point, 50s per point.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Laser therapy (red laser) (n=19)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but red laser at 685nm wavelength, 2J per point, 35mQ output power</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 3: Sham laser therapy (n=19)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but sham laser</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Burning mouth syndrome (n=58)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 61.9 (8.76) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: Not reported (minimum 6 months)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 8 weeks (follow up, including 3 week intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Burning or pain in the oral mucosa for at least 6 months with clinically normal mucosa.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sugaya 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref329" rid="niceng193er8.ref329"><sup>329</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (n=15)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 4 (over 2 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> 6J/cm2, applied to entire area affected by burning sensation. No further details.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham laser therapy (n=15)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but no laser energy delivered (machine still appeared active)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Burning mouth syndrome (n=30)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 59.7(29-83) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 31.7 months (range 6 to 192)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 3 months and 16 weeks (follow up, including 2 week intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusion criteria: Clinical alterations in the oral mucosa potentially associated with the burning symptoms</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tekin 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref339" rid="niceng193er8.ref339"><sup>339</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10 day interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TMS (n=27)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 10 (over 10 days)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Psychiatry physician</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b>
|
|
<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8appefig7" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig7">Figure 8</a> coil, 30 sequential series each for 5s at 10Hz, at 100% of motor threshold, 12s interval between series</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham TMS (n=25)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but placebo sham coil used.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=52)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 44.4 (8.1) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 12.1 (6.47) years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 10 weeks (post-intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Discontinuation</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No analgesic use for at least 1 month prior to treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Umezaki 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref345" rid="niceng193er8.ref345"><sup>345</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10 day interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TMS (n=14)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 10 (over 10 days)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b>
|
|
<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569985/figure/niceng193er8.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng193er8appefig7" rid-ob="figobniceng193er8appefig7">Figure 8</a> coil, positioned around primary motor cortex, 10Hz frequency, 5s pulse train duration, intensity 110% of resting motor threshold, total 30,000 pulses</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham TMS (n=12)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but coil was shielded so actual stimulation did not occur.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Burning mouth syndrome (n=26)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 63.85 (9.56) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 63.42 (65.51) years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 8 weeks (follow up, including 10 day intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Discontinuation (at 1 week)</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosis of BMS confirmed by (1) daily and deep bilateral burning sensation of the oral mucosa, burning sensation for at least 4-56 months, constant intensity or increasing intensity during the day, no worsening but possible improvement on eating or drinking, no interference with sleep and normal appearing oral mucosa.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Valenzuela 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref346" rid="niceng193er8.ref346"><sup>346</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Note: intervention 1 and 2 pooled in the analysis</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (low intensity) (n=16)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 4 (over 4 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> 815nm wavelength, 1W output, 4s per point, 4J, applied intra-orally and spot sizes of 0.03cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Laser therapy (high intensity) (n=16)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but 6J energy over 6s</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 3: Sham laser therapy (n=12)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but laser turned off</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Burning mouth syndrome (n=44)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 65.5 (10.6) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: Not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 4 weeks (post-intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Burning mouth syndrome diagnosis according to international classification of headaches</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Venancio 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref354" rid="niceng193er8.ref354"><sup>354</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: Laser therapy (n=15)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 6 (over 3 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> 780nm wavelength, 30mW output, 10s duration at each point</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham laser therapy (n=15)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but laser device not turned on</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Temporomandibular disorder (n=30)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 36.25 (13-63) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 44.8 months (range 6-120 months)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 8 weeks (follow up, including 3 week intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TMD diagnosis according to criteria of the American Academy of Orofacial pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yagci 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref375" rid="niceng193er8.ref375"><sup>375</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2 week interventions</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 1: TMS (n=14)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Number of sessions:</b> 10 (over 2 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p><b>Duration:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Delivered by:</b> Not reported</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Stimulation of motor cortex area, applied stimulation at 90% of motor threshold for 60s at 1Hz and 45s intervals between trains (1200 pulses in total each session)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Intervention 2: Sham TMS (n=14)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><b>Details:</b> Identical treatment but sham coil used</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Fibromyalgia (n=28)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 44.9(8.6) years</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of pain: 53.5 (29.8) months</p>
|
|
<p>All women</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 3 months (follow up, including 2 week intervention):
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain reduction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological distress</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8tab3"><div id="niceng193er8.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Laser therapy versus sham laser therapy</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Laser therapy versus sham laser therapy (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (Oral health impact profile, FIQ, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>276</p>
|
|
<p>(6 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>2 weeks-3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.68 standard deviations lower</p>
|
|
<p>(1.1 to 0.25 lower)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical component summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>110</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life change score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.26</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.09 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(0.91 lower to 5.09 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental component summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>110</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to inconsistency, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life change score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.7</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.74 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(5.35 lower to 3.87 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at >3 months (FIQ, Oral health impact profile, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>117</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>14-24 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
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|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.78 standard deviations lower</p>
|
|
<p>(1.16 to 0.4 lower)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, NRS, FIQ pain scale, high is poor outcome, 0-10, final values and change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>558</p>
|
|
<p>(13 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>1 week-3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>4.97</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.42 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.12 to 0.73 lower)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at >3 months (VAS, high is poor outcome, 0-10, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>71</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>14-16 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.8</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.6 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(0.91 to 0.3 lower)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale, anxiety subscale, 0-21, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>44</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean psychological distress score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>10.33</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean psychological score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.83 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(1.52 lower to 3.18 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale, depression subscale, 0-21, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>48</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean psychological distress score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>7.25</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean psychological distress score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.29 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(1.39 lower to 3.96 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Discontinuation at ≤3 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>90</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.67 (0.12 to 3.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>22 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 59 fewer to 188 more)</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded for heterogeneity, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab3_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8tab4"><div id="niceng193er8.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: TMS versus sham TMS</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with TMS versus sham TMS (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>29</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life change score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.4</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(4.12 lower to 6.12 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>29</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life change score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−1.6</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>6.6 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(1.26 to 11.94 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (WHOQOL-BREF physical domain, 4-20, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>51</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>2 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>11.33</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.27 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(1.79 to 4.75 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain, 4-20, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>51</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>2 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>12.71</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.18 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(0.18 lower to 2.54 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>60</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks-3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>49.92</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>8.69 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(18.83 lower to 1.46 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at >3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>30</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>25 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>63.3</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>7.3 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(19.04 lower to 4.44 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, McGill Pain questionnaire, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>181</p>
|
|
<p>(7 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>2 weeks-3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>5.68</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.17 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.1 to 0.24 lower)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physical function at ≤3 months (BPI functional impairment subscale, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean physical function score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.79</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean physical function score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.19 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.34 lower to 1.96 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Beck depression inventory, 0-61, high is poor outcome, final values and change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>44</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>6-10 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean psychological score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.59 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(4.13 lower to 0.94 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hamilton depression rating scale, MADRS, BDI, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>96</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>2 weeks-3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean psychological distress score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.01 standard deviations higher</p>
|
|
<p>(0.39 lower to 0.41 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (HADS anxiety, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>29</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean psychological distress change score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.5</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean psychological distress score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.1 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(1.6 lower to 1.4 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at >3 months (HADS anxiety, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>30</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>25 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean psychological distress change score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>9.4</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean psychological score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.2 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(4 lower to 3.6 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at >3 months (HADS depression, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>30</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>25 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean psychological distress change score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>7.4</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean psychological score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.2 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(1.92 lower to 4.32 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain interference at >3 months (BPI pain interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>30</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>25 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain interference score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>6</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain interference score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.9 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(3.05 to 0.75 lower)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Discontinuation at ≤3 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>141</p>
|
|
<p>(4 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>2-6 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD 0.03 (−0.06 to 0.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>30 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 60 fewer to 120 more)</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded for heterogeneity, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8tab5"><div id="niceng193er8.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: TDCS versus sham TDCS</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with TDCS versus sham TDCS (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>48</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>45.4</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.8 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(4.72 lower to 10.32 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>48</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>35.92</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.14 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(5.92 lower to 3.64 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical function subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>38</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>30.5 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(12.47 to 48.53 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>47.5</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>27.5 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(4.71 lower to 59.71 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 bodily pain subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>50</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>7 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(25.49 lower to 11.49 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 general health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>63.5</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>5.5 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(14.54 lower to 3.54 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 vitality subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>58</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>4.5 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(12.92 lower to 3.92 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 general aspects subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>50</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.5 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(16.55 lower to 11.55 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 emotional role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>60</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>20 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(15.04 lower to 55.04 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>54</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>4.4 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(5.82 lower to 14.62 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (NRS, VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>104</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>4-10 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain reduction score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>6.04</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean pain reduction score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.12 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(3.82 to 0.43 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, HAM-A, anxiety subscales, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>84</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>4-8 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean psychological distress score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.55 standard deviations lower</p>
|
|
<p>(1.49 lower to 0.39 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, BDI, HAM-D, depression subscales, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>136</p>
|
|
<p>(4 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>3-12 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean psychological distress score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.39 standard deviations lower</p>
|
|
<p>(1.06 lower to 0.28 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sleep at ≤3 months (PSQI, scale range not reported, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>12 weeks</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>2</sup> due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean sleep in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>16.7</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean psychological distress score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>8.8 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(13.96 to 3.64 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded for heterogeneity, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8tab6"><div id="niceng193er8.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: TENS versus sham TENS</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with TENS versus sham TENS (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 physical component T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.2</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.2 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(0.7 lower to 3.1 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 mental component T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.2</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.1 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(1.9 lower to 4.1 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, BPI intensity, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values and change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>242</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>4-10 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>5.7</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.96 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(5.00 lower to 1.07 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction >3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>40</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>22 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p><b>MODERATE</b><sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The mean pain score in the control group was 5.6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction at 22 weeks in the intervention group was</p>
|
|
<p>2.8 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(4.23 to 1.37 lower)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physical function at ≤3 months (6 minute walk test, feet walked, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change physical function in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−20</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in physical function in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>19 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(58 lower to 96 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (PROMIS depression T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in psychological distress in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−0.1</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in psychological distress in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.7 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(4.7 to 0.7 lower)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (PROMIS anxiety T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in psychological distress in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−0.6</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in psychological distress in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.5 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.7 lower to 1.7 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain interference at ≤3 months (BPI interference 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in pain interference in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−0.3</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in pain interference in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.7 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(1.3 to 0.1 lower)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain self-efficacy at ≤3 months (PSEQ 0-60, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in pain self-efficacy in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.5</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in pain self-efficacy in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.6 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(1.8 lower to 5 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Discontinuation at ≤3 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>40</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD 0 (−0.09 to 0.09)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 90 fewer to 90 more)</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab6_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded for heterogeneity, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8tab7"><div id="niceng193er8.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: TENS versus usual care</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with TENS versus sham TENS (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 physical component T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.4</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(0.8 lower to 2.8 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 mental component T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.04</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.5 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(0.6 lower to 5.4 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (BPI intensity, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>242</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>4-10 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in pain score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.15</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.9 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(1.4 to 0.4 lower)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physical function at ≤3 months (6 minute walk test, feet walked, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change physical function in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−42.1</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in physical function in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>42 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(34 lower to 118 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (PROMIS depression T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in psychological distress in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.4</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in psychological distress in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.2 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(5.1 to 1.3 lower)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (PROMIS anxiety T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in psychological distress in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−0.7</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in psychological distress in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.4 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.5 lower to 1.7 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain interference at ≤3 months (BPI interference 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in pain interference in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>−0.3</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in pain interference in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.6 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(1.3 lower to 0.1 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain self-efficacy at ≤3 months (PSEQ 0-60, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>202</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 weeks</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in pain self-efficacy in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.8</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean change in pain self-efficacy in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.3 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(1 lower to 5.6 higher)</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8tab8"><div id="niceng193er8.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: PENS versus sham PENS</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with PENS versus sham PENS (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (NIH-CPSI, 0-12, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>89</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>6.7</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>4.6 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(5.27 to 3.93 lower)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>89</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>7.2</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.9 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(3.11 to 2.69 lower)</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8tab9"><div id="niceng193er8.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: PENS versus usual care</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with PENS versus usual care (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical function, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>24</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>52.91</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>21.25 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(0.64 lower to 43.14 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical role, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>24</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>14.58</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>52.08 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(23.29 to 80.87 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 fatigue, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>24</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>45</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>17.91 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(0.58 to 35.24 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 emotional role, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>24</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>13.87</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>47.24 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(17.93 to 76.55 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental health, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>24</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>40.33</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>20.33 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(6.31 to 34.35 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 social functioning, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>24</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>50</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>21.87 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(1.84 to 41.9 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 bodily pain, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>24</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the control groups was</p>
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<p>23.33</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean quality of life score in the intervention groups was</p>
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<p>36.67 higher</p>
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<p>(20.25 to 53.09 higher)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>24</p>
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<p>(1 study)</p>
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<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
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<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
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<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the control groups was</p>
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<p>7.87</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the intervention groups was</p>
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<p>5.25 lower</p>
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<p>(6.86 to 3.64 lower)</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab9_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8tab10"><div id="niceng193er8.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Therapeutic ultrasound versus usual care</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95 % CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Therapeutic ultrasound versus usual care (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>76</p>
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<p>(1 study)</p>
|
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<p>3 months</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain score in the control groups was</p>
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<p>5.78</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The mean pain reduction score in the intervention groups was</p>
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<p>2.7 lower</p>
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<p>(3.54 to 1.86 lower)</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab10_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8tab11"><div id="niceng193er8.tab11" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">staff costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Healthcare professional</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Cost (per hour)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Community physiotherapist (band 5/6/7)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">£52 / £64 / £78</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Source: PSSRU 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref91" rid="niceng193er8.ref91"><sup>91</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Note: These costs include the ratio of direct to indirect time with patients of 1.37 from the PSSRU. And qualification costs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8tab12"><div id="niceng193er8.tab12" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Electrical physical modalities costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.tab12_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Intervention</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TENS</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">£18 - £50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NHS supply chain 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref261" rid="niceng193er8.ref261"><sup>261</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interferential therapy unit<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">£1128.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NHS supply chain 2014 (based on costs used in the low back pain guideline (NG59))<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref259" rid="niceng193er8.ref259"><sup>259</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Laser therapy unit<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">£955 and £1609</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasound therapy unit<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">£853 and £2159</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.tab12_1"><p class="no_margin">These interventions were no longer available from the latest version of the NHS supply chain (at the time of writing), however some costs sources are demonstrated in the table taken from the NICE guideline on low back pain. Note these have not been inflated from 2014 as it is not clear if prices of the machines would have increased or decreased since 2014:</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appatab1"><div id="niceng193er8.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Objectives</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify health economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search criteria</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the clinical review protocol above.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant health economic study design (cost–utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–benefit analysis, cost–consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of health economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed. The bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A health economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and a health economic study filter – see <a href="#niceng193er8.appb">appendix B</a> below.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Review strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2002. Abstract-only studies and studies from non-OECD countries or the USA will also be excluded.</p>
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<p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in appendix H of Developing NICE guidelines: the manual (2014).<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref258" rid="niceng193er8.ref258"><sup>258</sup></a></p>
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<p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’ then it will be included in the guideline. A health economic evidence table will be completed and it will be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’ then it will usually be excluded from the guideline. If it is excluded then a health economic evidence table will not be completed and it will not be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p><b>Where there is discretion</b></p>
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<p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question, in discussion with the guideline committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include health economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to selectively exclude the remaining studies. All studies excluded on the basis of applicability or methodological limitations will be listed with explanation in the excluded health economic studies appendix below.</p>
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<p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p>
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<p><i>Setting:</i>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the USA will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p><i>Health economic study type:</i>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost–utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost–benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–consequences analysis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p><i>Year of analysis:</i>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2002 or later but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly from before 2002 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2002 will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p><i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis:</i>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis match with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li></ul></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appbtab1"><div id="niceng193er8.appb.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 20 May 2020</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 20 May 2020</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Cochrane Reviews to 2020 Issue 5 of 12</p>
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<p>CENTRAL to 2020 Issue 5 of 12</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appbtab2"><div id="niceng193er8.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic pain/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((chronic or persist* or idiopathic or atypical or a-typical) adj4 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Complex Regional Pain Syndromes/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(complex regional pain syndrome* or CRPS or causalgia).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((reflex or sympathetic) adj2 dystroph*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">fibromyalgia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(fibromyalgia* or fibrositis or myofascial pain syndrome).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">vulvodynia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(vulvodynia or vestibulodynia or dyspareunia or vulvar vestibulitis or vulvitis).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">interstitial cystitis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(interstitial adj2 cystitis).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">algodystrophy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(algodystroph* or sudek or sudeck*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp myofascial pain syndromes/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cystitis, interstitial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(loin pain adj (haematuria or hematuria) adj syndrome*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(LPHS or prostatodynia or CPPS or atypic* odontalgia or a-typic* odontalgia or burning mouth syndrome* or phantom tooth pain or neuropathic orofacial pain or “myofascial pain” or MPS).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pelvic or pelvis) adj pain syndrome*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((non-cardiac or noncardiac) adj3 chest adj3 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(temporomandibular adj3 joint adj3 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((prostate or vulv* or bladder or perineal) adj3 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(functional pain syndrome* or non-cancer pain or noncancer pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pelvic or pelvis or abdominal) adj3 pain adj3 (unknown or un-known or idiopathic or atypic* or a-typic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25-32</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33 not 34</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/35-41</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 not 42</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 43 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(TENS or PENS or ALTENS or TNS or TENMS or TMS or TDCS).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(electroanalges* or electro analges*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Electric Stimulation Therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">electrotherap*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((transcutaneous or transcranial or percutaneous or cutaneous or transderm* or peripheral or microamperage) adj3 (stimulat* or electr*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">electrostimulat*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(interferential adj2 current*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((electric* or electro or interferential) adj2 (stimulat* or therap* or acupuncture)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Laser Therapy, Low-Level/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(laser adj2 (therap* or treat* or phototherap* or irradiat* or biostimulat* or stimulat*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasonic Therapy/ or Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((ultrasound or ultra sound or ultrasonic or ultra sonic) adj3 (contin* or therap* or treat* or stimulat* or intervention*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/45-57</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Trials as topic.sh.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/59-65</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Meta-Analysis as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/67-76</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44 and 58 and (66 or 77)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appbtab3"><div id="niceng193er8.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chronic pain/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((chronic or persist* or idiopathic or atypical or a-typical) adj4 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Complex regional pain syndrome/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(complex regional pain syndrome* or CRPS or causalgia).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((reflex or sympathetic) adj2 dystroph*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">fibromyalgia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(fibromyalgia* or fibrositis or myofascial pain syndrome).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">vulvodynia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(vulvodynia or vestibulodynia or dyspareunia or vulvar vestibulitis or vulvitis).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">interstitial cystitis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(interstitial adj2 cystitis).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">algodystrophy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(algodystroph* or sudek or sudeck*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">myofascial pain/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">noncardiac chest pain/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cystalgia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pelvis pain syndrome/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(loin pain adj (haematuria or hematuria) adj syndrome*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(LPHS or prostatodynia or CPPS or atypic* odontalgia or a-typic* odontalgia or burning mouth syndrome* or phantom tooth pain or neuropathic orofacial pain or “myofascial pain” or MPS).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pelvic or pelvis) adj pain syndrome*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((non-cardiac or noncardiac) adj3 chest adj3 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(temporomandibular adj3 joint adj3 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((prostate or vulv* or bladder or perineal) adj3 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(functional pain syndrome* or non-cancer pain or noncancer pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pelvic or pelvis or abdominal) adj3 pain adj3 (unknown or un-known or idiopathic or atypic* or a-typic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27-31</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32 not 33</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/34-41</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 not 42</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 43 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">transcutaneous nerve stimulation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">electrostimulation therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(TENS or PENS or ALTENS or TNS or TENMS or TMS or TDCS).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(electroanalges* or electro analges*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">electrotherap*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((transcutaneous or transcranial or percutaneous or cutaneous or transderm* or peripheral or microamperage) adj3 (stimulat* or electr*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">electrostimulat*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(interferential adj2 current*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((electric* or electro or interferential) adj2 (stimulat* or therap* or acupuncture)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(laser adj2 (therap* or treat* or phototherap* or irradiat* or biostimulat* or stimulat*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ultrasonic Therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((ultrasound or ultra sound or ultrasonic or ultra sonic) adj3 (contin* or therap* or treat* or stimulat* or intervention*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">low level laser therapy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">electroanalgesia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/45-58</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44 and 59</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">crossover procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">single blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">double blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/61-69</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">systematic review/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">meta-analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/71-80</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60 and (70 or 81)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appbtab4"><div id="niceng193er8.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Chronic Pain] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((chronic or persist* or idiopathic or atypical or a-typical) near/4 pain):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Complex Regional Pain Syndromes] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(complex regional pain syndrome* or CRPS or causalgia):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((reflex or sympathetic) near/2 dystroph*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Fibromyalgia] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(fibromyalgia* or fibrositis or myofascial pain syndrome):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Vulvodynia] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(vulvodynia or vestibulodynia or dyspareunia or vulvar vestibulitis or vulvitis):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Cystitis, Interstitial] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(interstitial near/2 cystitis):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(algodystroph* or sudek or sudeck*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Myofascial Pain Syndromes] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(loin pain near (haematuria or hematuria) near syndrome*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(LPHS or prostatodynia or CPPS or atypic* odontalgia or a-typic* odontalgia or burning mouth syndrome* or phantom tooth pain or neuropathic orofacial pain or “myofascial pain” or MPS):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pelvic or pelvis) near pain syndrome*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((non-cardiac or noncardiac) near/3 chest near/3 pain):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(temporomandibular near/3 joint near/3 pain):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((prostate or vulv* or bladder or perineal) near/3 pain):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(functional pain syndrome* or non-cancer pain or noncancer pain):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pelvic or pelvis or abdominal) near/3 pain near/3 (unknown or un-known or idiopathic or atypic* or a-typic*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #1-#22)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(TENS or PENS or ALTENS or TNS or TENMS or TMS or TDCS):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(electroanalges* or electro analges*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Electric Stimulation Therapy] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">electrotherap*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((transcutaneous or transcranial or percutaneous or cutaneous or transderm* or peripheral or microamperage) near/3 (stimulat* or electr*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">electrostimulat*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(interferential near/2 current*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((electric* or electro or interferential) near/2 (stimulat* or therap* or acupuncture)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Laser Therapy] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(laser near/2 (therap* or treat* or phototherap* or irradiat* or biostimulat* or stimulat*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Ultrasonic Therapy] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((ultrasound or ultra sound or ultrasonic or ultra sonic) near/3 (contin* or therap* or treat* or stimulat* or intervention*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #24-#37)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23 and #38</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appbtab5"><div id="niceng193er8.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 20 May 2020</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Health economics studies</p>
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<p>Health economics modelling studies</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 20 May 2020</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Health economics studies</p>
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<p>Health economics modelling studies</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>HTA - Inception – 20 May 2020</p>
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<p>NHSEED - Inception to March 2015</p></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appbtab6"><div id="niceng193er8.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">chronic pain/ or pain, intractable/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((persist* or intract* or chronic or longstanding or long standing or longterm or long term or refractory or prolong* or long last* or sustain* or linger* or syndrome*) adj3 pain*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((chronic or persist* or idiopathic or atypical or a-typical) adj4 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Complex Regional Pain Syndromes/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(complex regional pain syndrome* or CRPS or causalgia).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">fibromyalgia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((reflex or sympathetic) adj2 dystroph*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">vulvodynia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(vulvodynia or vestibulodynia or dyspareunia or vulvar vestibulitis or vulvitis).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">interstitial cystitis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(interstitial adj2 cystitis).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">algodystrophy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(algodystroph* or sudek or sudeck*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp myofascial pain syndromes/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cystitis, interstitial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(loin pain adj (haematuria or hematuria) adj syndrome*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(LPHS or prostatodynia or CPPS or atypic* odontalgia or a-typic* odontalgia or burning mouth syndrome* or phantom tooth pain or neuropathic orofacial pain or “myofascial pain” or MPS).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pelvic or pelvis) adj pain syndrome*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((non-cardiac or noncardiac) adj3 chest adj3 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(temporomandibular adj3 joint adj3 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((prostate or vulv* or bladder or perineal) adj3 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(functional pain syndrome* or non-cancer pain or noncancer pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pelvic or pelvis or abdominal) adj3 pain adj3 (unknown or un-known or idiopathic or atypic* or a-typic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(fibromyalgia* or fibrositis or myofascial pain syndrome).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/26-33</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34 not 35</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/36-42</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25 not 43</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/45-60</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp models, economic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*Models, Theoretical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*Models, Organizational/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">markov chains/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">monte carlo method/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Decision Theory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(markov* or monte carlo).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">econom* model*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(decision* adj2 (tree* or analy* or model*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/62-70</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44 and (61 or 71)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appbtab7"><div id="niceng193er8.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">chronic pain/ or pain, intractable/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((persist* or intract* or chronic or longstanding or long standing or longterm or long term or refractory or prolong* or long last* or sustain* or linger* or syndrome*) adj3 pain*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((chronic or persist* or idiopathic or atypical or a-typical) adj4 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Complex regional pain syndrome/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(complex regional pain syndrome* or CRPS or causalgia).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((reflex or sympatheti) adj2 dystroph*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">fibromyalgia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(fibromyalgia* or fibrositis or myofascial pain syndrome).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">vulvodynia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(vulvodynia or vestibulodynia or dyspareunia or vulvar vestibulitis or vulvitis).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">interstitial cystitis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(interstitial adj2 cystitis).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">algodystrophy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(algodystroph* or sudek or sudeck*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">myofascial pain/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">noncardiac chest pain/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cystalgia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pelvis pain syndrome/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(loin pain adj (haematuria or hematuria) adj syndrome*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(LPHS or prostatodynia or CPPS or atypic* odontalgia or a-typic* odontalgia or burning mouth syndrome* or phantom tooth pain or neuropathic orofacial pain or “myofascial pain” or MPS).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pelvic or pelvis) adj pain syndrome*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((non-cardiac or noncardiac) adj3 chest adj3 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(temporomandibular adj3 joint adj3 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((prostate or vulv* or bladder or perineal) adj3 pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(functional pain syndrome* or non-cancer pain or noncancer pain).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pelvic or pelvis or abdominal) adj3 pain adj3 (unknown or un-known or idiopathic or atypic* or a-typic*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/28-32</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33 not 34</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/35-42</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27 not 43</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">health economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp economic evaluation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp health care cost/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp fee/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">funding/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/45-57</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">statistical model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp economic aspect/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59 and 60</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*theoretical model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*nonbiological model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stochastic model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">decision theory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">decision tree/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">monte carlo method/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(markov* or monte carlo).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">econom* model*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(decision* adj2 (tree* or analy* or model*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/61-70</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44 and (58 or 71)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appbtab8"><div id="niceng193er8.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Chronic Pain EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((persist* or intract* or chronic or longstanding or long standing or longterm or long term or refractory or prolong* or long last* or sustain* or linger* or syndrome*) adj3 pain*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((chronic or persist* or idiopathic or atypical or a-typical) adj4 pain))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Complex Regional Pain Syndromes EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((complex regional pain syndrome* or CRPS or causalgia))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Fibromyalgia EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((reflex or sympathetic) adj2 dystroph*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Vulvodynia EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((vulvodynia or vestibulodynia or dyspareunia or vulvar vestibulitis or vulvitis))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Cystitis, Interstitial EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((interstitial adj2 cystitis))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((algodystroph* or sudek or sudeck*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Myofascial Pain Syndromes EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((loin pain adj (haematuria or hematuria) adj syndrome*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((LPHS or prostatodynia or CPPS or atypic* odontalgia or a-typic* odontalgia or burning mouth syndrome* or phantom tooth pain or neuropathic orofacial pain or “myofascial pain” or MPS))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((pelvic or pelvis) adj pain syndrome*))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((non-cardiac or noncardiac) adj3 chest adj3 pain))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((temporomandibular adj3 joint adj3 pain))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((prostate or vulv* or bladder or perineal) adj3 pain))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((functional pain syndrome* or non-cancer pain or noncancer pain))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((pelvic or pelvis or abdominal) adj3 pain adj3 (unknown or un-known or idiopathic or atypic* or a-typic*)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((fibromyalgia* or fibrositis or myofascial pain syndrome))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appcfig1"><div id="niceng193er8.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20electrical%20physical%20modalities.&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of electrical physical modalities." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of electrical physical modalities</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig1"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(Oral%20health%20impact%20profile%2C%20FIQ%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef1.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Quality of life at ≤3 months (Oral health impact profile, FIQ, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (Oral health impact profile, FIQ, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>NB. Heterogeneity not explained by subgroup analysis</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig2"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20physical%20component%20summary%20score%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef2.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical component summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical component summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig3"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20mental%20component%20summary%20score%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef3.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental component summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental component summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>NB. Heterogeneity not explained by subgroup analysis</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig4"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%3E3%20months%20(FIQ%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef4.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Quality of life at >3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Quality of life at >3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig5"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%206.%20Pain%20reduction%20at%20%022643%20months%20(VAS%2C%20NRS%2C%20FIQ%20pain%20scale%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%200-10%2C%20final%20values%20and%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef5.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, NRS, FIQ pain scale, high is poor outcome, 0-10, final values and change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, NRS, FIQ pain scale, high is poor outcome, 0-10, final values and change scores)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>NB. Heterogeneity not explained by subgroup analysis</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig6"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%207.%20Pain%20reduction%20at%20%3E3%20months%20(VAS%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%200-10%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef6.jpg" alt="Figure 7. Pain reduction at >3 months (VAS, high is poor outcome, 0-10, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 7</span><span class="title">Pain reduction at >3 months (VAS, high is poor outcome, 0-10, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig7"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%208.%20Psychological%20distress%20at%20%022643%20months%20(Hospital%20anxiety%20and%20depression%20rating%20scale%2C%20anxiety%20subscale%2C%200-21%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef7.jpg" alt="Figure 8. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale, anxiety subscale, 0-21, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 8</span><span class="title">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale, anxiety subscale, 0-21, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig8"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%209.%20Psychological%20distress%20at%20%022643%20months%20(Hospital%20anxiety%20and%20depression%20rating%20scale%2C%20depression%20subscale%2C%200-21%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef8.jpg" alt="Figure 9. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale, depression subscale, 0-21, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 9</span><span class="title">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale, depression subscale, 0-21, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig9"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2010.%20Discontinuation%20at%20%022643%20months.&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef9.jpg" alt="Figure 10. Discontinuation at ≤3 months." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 10</span><span class="title">Discontinuation at ≤3 months</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig10"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2011.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20physical%20summary%20score%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef10.jpg" alt="Figure 11. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 11</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig11"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig11" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2012.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20mental%20summary%20score%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef11.jpg" alt="Figure 12. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 12</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig12"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig12" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2013.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(WHOQOL-BREF%20physical%20domain%2C%204-20%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef12.jpg" alt="Figure 13. Quality of life at ≤3 months (WHOQOL-BREF physical domain, 4-20, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 13</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (WHOQOL-BREF physical domain, 4-20, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig13"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig13" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2014.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(WHOQOL-BREF%20psychological%20domain%2C%204-20%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef13.jpg" alt="Figure 14. Quality of life at ≤3 months (WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain, 4-20, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 14</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain, 4-20, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig14"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig14" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2015.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(FIQ%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef14.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef14.jpg" alt="Figure 15. Quality of life at ≤3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 15</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig15"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig15" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2016.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%3E3%20months%20(FIQ%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef15.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef15.jpg" alt="Figure 16. Quality of life at >3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 16</span><span class="title">Quality of life at >3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig16"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig16" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2017.%20Pain%20reduction%20at%20%022643%20months%20(VAS%2C%20McGill%20Pain%20questionnaire%2C%200-10%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef16.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef16.jpg" alt="Figure 17. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, McGill Pain questionnaire, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 17</span><span class="title">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, McGill Pain questionnaire, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>NB. Heterogeneity not explained by subgroup analysis</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig17"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig17" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2018.%20Physical%20function%20at%20%022643%20months%20(BPI%20functional%20impairment%20subscale%2C%200-10%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef17.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef17.jpg" alt="Figure 18. Physical function at ≤3 months (BPI functional impairment subscale, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 18</span><span class="title">Physical function at ≤3 months (BPI functional impairment subscale, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig18"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig18" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2019.%20Psychological%20distress%20at%20%022643%20months%20(Beck%20depression%20inventory%2C%200-61%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values%20and%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef18.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef18.jpg" alt="Figure 19. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Beck depression inventory, 0-61, high is poor outcome, final values and change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 19</span><span class="title">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Beck depression inventory, 0-61, high is poor outcome, final values and change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig19"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig19" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2020.%20Psychological%20distress%20at%20%022643%20months%20(Hamilton%20depression%20rating%20scale%2C%20MADRS%2C%20BDI%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef19.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef19.jpg" alt="Figure 20. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hamilton depression rating scale, MADRS, BDI, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 20</span><span class="title">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hamilton depression rating scale, MADRS, BDI, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig20"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig20" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2021.%20Psychological%20distress%20at%20%022643%20months%20(HADS%20anxiety%2C%200-21%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef20.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef20.jpg" alt="Figure 21. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (HADS anxiety, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 21</span><span class="title">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (HADS anxiety, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig21"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig21" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2022.%20Psychological%20distress%20at%20%3E3%20months%20(HADS%20anxiety%2C%200-21%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef21.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef21.jpg" alt="Figure 22. Psychological distress at >3 months (HADS anxiety, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 22</span><span class="title">Psychological distress at >3 months (HADS anxiety, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig22"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig22" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2023.%20Psychological%20distress%20at%20%3E3%20months%20(HADS%20depression%2C%200-21%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef22.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef22.jpg" alt="Figure 23. Psychological distress at >3 months (HADS depression, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 23</span><span class="title">Psychological distress at >3 months (HADS depression, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig23"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig23" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2024.%20Pain%20interference%20at%20%3E3%20months%20(BPI%20pain%20interference%2C%200-10%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef23.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef23.jpg" alt="Figure 24. Pain interference at >3 months (BPI pain interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 24</span><span class="title">Pain interference at >3 months (BPI pain interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig24"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig24" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2025.%20Discontinuation%20at%20%022643%20months.&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef24.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef24.jpg" alt="Figure 25. Discontinuation at ≤3 months." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 25</span><span class="title">Discontinuation at ≤3 months</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig25"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig25" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2026.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20mental%20summary%20score%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef25.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef25.jpg" alt="Figure 26. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 26</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig26"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig26" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2027.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20physical%20summary%20score%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef26.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef26.jpg" alt="Figure 27. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 27</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig27"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig27" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2028.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20physical%20function%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef27.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef27.jpg" alt="Figure 28. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical function subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 28</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical function subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig28"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig28" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2029.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20physical%20role%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef28.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef28.jpg" alt="Figure 29. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 29</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig29"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig29" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2030.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20bodily%20pain%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef29.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef29.jpg" alt="Figure 30. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 bodily pain subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 30</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 bodily pain subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig30"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig30" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2031.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20general%20health%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef30.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef30.jpg" alt="Figure 31. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 general health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 31</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 general health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig31"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig31" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2032.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20vitality%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef31.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef31.jpg" alt="Figure 32. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 vitality subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 32</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 vitality subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig32"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig32" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2033.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20general%20aspects%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef32.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef32.jpg" alt="Figure 33. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 general aspects subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 33</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 general aspects subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig33"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig33" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2034.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20emotional%20role%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef33.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef33.jpg" alt="Figure 34. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 emotional role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 34</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 emotional role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig34"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig34" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2035.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20mental%20health%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef34.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef34.jpg" alt="Figure 35. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 35</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig35"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig35" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2036.%20Pain%20reduction%20at%20%022643%20months%20(NRS%2C%20VAS%2C%200-10%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef35.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef35.jpg" alt="Figure 36. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (NRS, VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 36</span><span class="title">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (NRS, VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>NB. Heterogeneity not explained by subgroup analysis</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig36"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig36" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2037.%20Psychological%20distress%20at%20%022643%20months%20(Hospital%20anxiety%20and%20depression%20scale%2C%20HAM-A%2C%20anxiety%20subscales%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef36.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef36.jpg" alt="Figure 37. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, HAM-A, anxiety subscales, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 37</span><span class="title">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, HAM-A, anxiety subscales, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>NB. Heterogeneity not explained by subgroup analysis</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig37"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig37" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2038.%20Psychological%20distress%20at%20%022643%20months%20(Hospital%20anxiety%20and%20depression%20scale%2C%20BDI%2C%20HAM-D%2C%20depression%20subscales%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef37.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef37.jpg" alt="Figure 38. Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, BDI, HAM-D, depression subscales, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 38</span><span class="title">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, BDI, HAM-D, depression subscales, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>NB. Heterogeneity not explained by subgroup analysis</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig38"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig38" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2039.%20Sleep%20at%20%022643%20months%20(PSQI%2C%20scale%20range%20not%20reported%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef38.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef38.jpg" alt="Figure 39. Sleep at ≤3 months (PSQI, scale range not reported, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 39</span><span class="title">Sleep at ≤3 months (PSQI, scale range not reported, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig39"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig39" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2040.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF36%20T%20scores%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef39.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef39.jpg" alt="Figure 40. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 40</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig40"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig40" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2041.%20Pain%20reduction%20at%20%022643%20months%20(BPI%2C%20VAS%2C%200-10%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values%20and%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef40.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef40.jpg" alt="Figure 41. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (BPI, VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values and change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 41</span><span class="title">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (BPI, VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values and change scores)</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Heterogeneity could not be explained by subgroup analysis</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig41"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig41" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2042.%20Pain%20reduction%20at%20%3E3%20months%20(VAS%2C%200-10%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef41.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef41.jpg" alt="Figure 42. Pain reduction at >3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 42</span><span class="title">Pain reduction at >3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig42"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig42" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2043.%20Physical%20function%20at%20%022643%20months%20(6%20minute%20walk%20test%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef42.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef42.jpg" alt="Figure 43. Physical function at ≤3 months (6 minute walk test, high is good outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 43</span><span class="title">Physical function at ≤3 months (6 minute walk test, high is good outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig43"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig43" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2044.%20Psychological%20distress%20(PROMIS%20T%20scores%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef43.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef43.jpg" alt="Figure 44. Psychological distress (PROMIS T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 44</span><span class="title">Psychological distress (PROMIS T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig44"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig44" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2045.%20Pain%20interference%20at%20%022643%20months%20(BPI%20interference%2C%200-10%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef44.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef44.jpg" alt="Figure 45. Pain interference at ≤3 months (BPI interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 45</span><span class="title">Pain interference at ≤3 months (BPI interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig45"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig45" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2046.%20Pain%20self-efficacy%20at%20%022643%20months%20(Pain%20self-efficacy%20questionnaire%2C%200-60%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef45.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef45.jpg" alt="Figure 46. Pain self-efficacy at ≤3 months (Pain self-efficacy questionnaire, 0-60, high is good outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 46</span><span class="title">Pain self-efficacy at ≤3 months (Pain self-efficacy questionnaire, 0-60, high is good outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig46"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig46" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2047.%20Discontinuation%20at%20%022643%20months.&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef46.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef46.jpg" alt="Figure 47. Discontinuation at ≤3 months." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 47</span><span class="title">Discontinuation at ≤3 months</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig47"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig47" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2048.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF36%20T%20scores%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef47.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef47.jpg" alt="Figure 48. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 48</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig48"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig48" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2049.%20Pain%20reduction%20at%20%022643%20months%20(BPI%2C%200-10%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef48.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef48.jpg" alt="Figure 49. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (BPI, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 49</span><span class="title">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (BPI, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig49"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig49" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2050.%20Physical%20function%20at%20%022643%20months%20(6%20minute%20walk%20test%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef49.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef49.jpg" alt="Figure 50. Physical function at ≤3 months (6 minute walk test, high is good outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 50</span><span class="title">Physical function at ≤3 months (6 minute walk test, high is good outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig50"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig50" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2051.%20Psychological%20distress%20(PROMIS%20T%20scores%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef50.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef50.jpg" alt="Figure 51. Psychological distress (PROMIS T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 51</span><span class="title">Psychological distress (PROMIS T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig51"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig51" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2052.%20Pain%20interference%20at%20%022643%20months%20(BPI%20interference%2C%200-10%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef51.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef51.jpg" alt="Figure 52. Pain interference at ≤3 months (BPI interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 52</span><span class="title">Pain interference at ≤3 months (BPI interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig52"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig52" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2053.%20Pain%20self-efficacy%20at%20%022643%20months%20(Pain%20self-efficacy%20questionnaire%2C%200-60%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20change%20scores).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef52.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef52.jpg" alt="Figure 53. Pain self-efficacy at ≤3 months (Pain self-efficacy questionnaire, 0-60, high is good outcome, change scores)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 53</span><span class="title">Pain self-efficacy at ≤3 months (Pain self-efficacy questionnaire, 0-60, high is good outcome, change scores)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig53"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig53" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2054.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(NIH-CPSI%2C%200-12%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef53.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef53.jpg" alt="Figure 54. Quality of life at ≤3 months (NIH-CPSI, 0-12, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 54</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (NIH-CPSI, 0-12, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig54"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig54" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2055.%20Pain%20reduction%20at%20%022643%20months%20(VAS%2C%200-10%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef54.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef54.jpg" alt="Figure 55. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 55</span><span class="title">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig55"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig55" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2056.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20physical%20function%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef55.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef55.jpg" alt="Figure 56. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical function subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 56</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical function subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig56"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig56" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2057.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20physical%20role%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef56.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef56.jpg" alt="Figure 57. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 57</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 physical role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig57"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig57" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2058.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20fatigue%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef57.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef57.jpg" alt="Figure 58. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 fatigue subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 58</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 fatigue subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig58"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig58" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2059.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20emotional%20role%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef58.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef58.jpg" alt="Figure 59. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 emotional role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 59</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 emotional role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig59"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig59" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2060.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20mental%20health%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef59.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef59.jpg" alt="Figure 60. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 60</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 mental health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig60"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig60" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2061.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20social%20functioning%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef60.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef60.jpg" alt="Figure 61. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 social functioning subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 61</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 social functioning subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig61"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig61" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2062.%20Quality%20of%20life%20at%20%022643%20months%20(SF-36%20bodily%20pain%20subscale%2C%200-100%2C%20high%20is%20good%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef61.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef61.jpg" alt="Figure 62. Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 bodily pain subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 62</span><span class="title">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF-36 bodily pain subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig62"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig62" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2063.%20Pain%20reduction%20at%20%022643%20months%20(VAS%2C%200-10%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef62.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef62.jpg" alt="Figure 63. Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 63</span><span class="title">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appefig63"><div id="niceng193er8.appe.fig63" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2064.%20Pain%20reduction%20at%203%20months%20(VAS%2C%200-10%2C%20high%20is%20poor%20outcome%2C%20final%20values).&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appef63.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appef63.jpg" alt="Figure 64. Pain reduction at 3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 64</span><span class="title">Pain reduction at 3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appftab1"><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Laser therapy versus sham laser therapy</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Laser therapy</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 2 weeks-3 months (Oral health impact profile, FIQ, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">159</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">117</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">SMD 0.68 lower (1.1 to 0.25 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 3 months (SF-36 physical component summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.09 higher (0.91 lower to 5.09 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
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<p>MODERATE</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 3 months (SF-36 mental component summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.74 lower (5.35 lower to 3.87 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 24 weeks (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">SMD 0.78 lower (1.16 to 0.4 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at 1 week to 12 weeks (VAS, NRS, FIQ pain scale, high is poor outcome, 0-10, final values and change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">301</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">257</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.42 lower (2.12 to 0.73 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at 14-16 weeks (VAS, high is poor outcome, 0-10, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.6 lower (0.91 to 0.3 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 4 weeks (Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale, anxiety subscale, 0-21, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.83 higher (1.52 lower to 3.18 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 4 weeks (Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale, depression subscale, 0-21, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.29 higher (1.39 lower to 3.96 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Discontinuation at 3 months</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>2/45</p>
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<p>(4.4%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.67 (0.12 to 3.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22 fewer per 1000 (from 59 fewer to 188 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded for heterogeneity, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab1_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appftab2"><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: TMS versus sham TMS</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appf.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">TMS</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 10 weeks (SF-36 physical summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1 higher (4.12 lower to 6.12 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 10 weeks (SF-36 mental summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 6.6 higher (1.26 to 11.94 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 2 weeks (WHOQOL-BREF physical domain, 4-20, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 3.27 higher (1.79 to 4.75 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 2 weeks (WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain, 4-20, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.18 higher (0.18 lower to 2.54 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 4 weeks -3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 8.69 lower (18.83 lower to 1.46 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 25 weeks (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 7.3 lower (19.04 lower to 4.44 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at 2 weeks -3 months (VAS, McGill Pain questionnaire, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">98</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.17 lower (2.1 to 0.24 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physical function at 4 weeks (BPI functional impairment subscale, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.19 lower (2.34 lower to 1.96 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 6-10 weeks (Beck depression inventory, 0-61, high is poor outcome, final values and change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.59 lower (4.13 lower to 0.94 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 2 weeks -3 months (Hamilton depression rating scale, MADRS, BDI, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">SMD 0.01 higher (0.39 lower to 0.41 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 10 weeks (HADS anxiety, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.1 lower (1.6 lower to 1.4 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 25 weeks (HADS anxiety, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.2 lower (4 lower to 3.6 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 25 weeks (HADS depression, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.2 higher (1.92 lower to 4.32 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain interference at 25 weeks (BPI pain interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.9 lower (3.05 to 0.75 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Discontinuation at 2-6 weeks (follow-up 2-6 weeks)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>8/79</p>
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<p>(10.1%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RD 0.03 (−0.06 to 0.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12 more per 1000 (from 25 fewer to 50 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab2_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab2_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded for heterogeneity, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appftab3"><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: TDCS versus sham TDCS</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appf.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">TDCS</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 4 weeks (SF-36 mental summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.8 higher (4.72 lower to 10.32 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 4 weeks (SF-36 physical summary score, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.14 lower (5.92 lower to 3.64 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 10 weeks (SF-36 physical function subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 30.5 higher (12.47 to 48.53 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 10 weeks (SF-36 physical role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 27.5 higher (4.71 lower to 59.71 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 10 weeks (SF-36 bodily pain subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 7 lower (25.49 lower to 11.49 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 10 weeks (SF-36 general health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 5.5 lower (14.54 lower to 3.54 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 10 weeks (SF-36 vitality subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 4.5 lower (12.92 lower to 3.92 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 10 weeks (SF-36 general aspects subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.5 lower (16.55 lower to 11.55 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 10 weeks (SF-36 emotional role subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 20 higher (15.04 lower to 55.04 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 10 weeks (SF-36 mental health subscale, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 4.4 higher (5.82 lower to 14.62 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at 4-10 weeks (NRS, VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.12 lower (3.82 to 0.43 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 4-8 weeks (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, HAM-A, anxiety subscales, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">SMD 0.55 lower (1.49 lower to 0.39 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 3-12 weeks (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, BDI, HAM-D, depression subscales, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">74</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">SMD 0.39 lower (1.06 lower to 0.28 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sleep at ≤3 months (PSQI, scale range not reported, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 8.8 lower (13.96 to 3.64 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab3_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded for heterogeneity, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appftab4"><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: TENS versus sham TENS</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appf.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">TENS</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 4 weeks (SF36 physical T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.2 higher (0.7 lower to 3.1 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 4 weeks (SF36 mental T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.1 higher (1.9 lower to 4.1 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
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<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at 4-10 weeks (BPI, VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values and change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious inconsistency<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">123</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">119</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.96 lower (5 lower to 1.07 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at 22 weeks (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.8 lower (4.23 lower to 1.37 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physical function at 4 weeks (6 minute walk test, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 19 higher (58 lower to 96 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 4 weeks (PROMIS depression T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.7 lower (4.7 to 0.7 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 4 weeks (PROMIS anxiety T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.5 lower (2.7 lower to 1.7 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain interference (Brief pain inventory interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.7 lower (1.3 to 0.1 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain self-efficacy (Pain self-efficacy questionnaire, 0-60, high is good outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.6 higher (1.8 lower to 5 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Discontinuation at 10 weeks</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/20</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0%</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RD 0 (−0.09 to 0.09)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 90 fewer to 90 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded for heterogeneity, unexplained by subgroup analysis</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appftab5"><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 19</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: TENS versus usual care</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appf.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">TENS</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 4 weeks (SF36 physical T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1 higher (0.8 lower to 2.8 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
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<p>MODERATE</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 4 weeks (SF36 mental T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.4 higher (0.6 lower to 5.4 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at 10 weeks (BPI, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.9 lower (1.4 to 0.4 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physical function at 4 weeks (6 minute walk test, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 42 higher (34 lower to 118 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 4 weeks (PROMIS depression T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 3.2 lower (5.1 to 1.3 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at 4 weeks (PROMIS anxiety T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.4 lower (2.5 lower to 1.7 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain interference (Brief pain inventory interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.6 lower (1.3 lower to 0.1 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain self-efficacy (Pain self-efficacy questionnaire, 0-60, high is good outcome, change scores)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.3 higher (1 lower to 5.6 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appftab6"><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 20</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: PENS versus sham PENS</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appf.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">PENS</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 3 months (NIH-CPSI, 0-12, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 4.6 lower (5.27 to 3.93 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at 3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.9 lower (3.11 to 2.69 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appftab7"><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 21</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: PENS versus usual care</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appf.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">PENS</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 3 months (SF-36 physical function, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 21.25 higher (0.64 lower to 43.14 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 3 months (SF-36 physical role, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 52.08 higher (23.29 to 80.87 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 3 months (SF-36 fatigue, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 17.91 higher (0.58 to 35.24 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 3 months (SF-36 emotional role, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 47.24 higher (17.93 to 76.55 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 3 months (SF-36 mental health, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 20.33 higher (6.31 to 34.35 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 3 months (SF-36 social functioning, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 21.87 higher (1.84 to 41.9 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at 3 months (SF-36 bodily pain, 0-100, high is good outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 36.67 higher (20.25 to 53.09 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at 3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 5.25 lower (6.86 to 3.64 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appftab8"><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 22</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Ultrasound versus sham ultrasound</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appf.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appf.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Therapeutic ultrasound</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at 3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.7 lower (3.54 to 1.86 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng193er8.appf.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng193er8appgfig1"><div id="niceng193er8.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng193er8appgf1&p=BOOKS&id=569985_niceng193er8appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569985/bin/niceng193er8appgf1.jpg" alt="Image niceng193er8appgf1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>* Non-relevant population, intervention, comparison, design or setting; non-English language</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appitab1"><div id="niceng193er8.appi.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 23</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appi.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusion reason</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aarskog 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref1" rid="niceng193er8.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abdulla 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref2" rid="niceng193er8.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abram 1976<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref3" rid="niceng193er8.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition. Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abtahi 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref4" rid="niceng193er8.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition. Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acedo 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref5" rid="niceng193er8.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition. Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adrian 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref6" rid="niceng193er8.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ahmed 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref7" rid="niceng193er8.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition. Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ahsin 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref8" rid="niceng193er8.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Akturk 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref9" rid="niceng193er8.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Akturk 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref10" rid="niceng193er8.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Alayat 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref13" rid="niceng193er8.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions (combinations of interventions; intervention combined with exercise)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Alayat 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref12" rid="niceng193er8.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions (combinations of interventions; intervention combined with exercise)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Albornoz-cabello 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref14" rid="niceng193er8.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not guideline condition</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Allais 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref15" rid="niceng193er8.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition. Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Al-maweri 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref11" rid="niceng193er8.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Almay 1985<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref16" rid="niceng193er8.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Almeida 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref18" rid="niceng193er8.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Combined treatments (ultrasound plus interferential current)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Almeida 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref17" rid="niceng193er8.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Altas 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref20" rid="niceng193er8.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention (both interventions combined with exercise programme)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Amanat 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref21" rid="niceng193er8.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Combined treatments (laser plus pharmacological)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anderssonn 1976<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref22" rid="niceng193er8.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Andrade ortega 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref23" rid="niceng193er8.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Andre-obadia 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref24" rid="niceng193er8.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anon 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref366" rid="niceng193er8.ref366"><sup>366</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not article</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anon 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref300" rid="niceng193er8.ref300"><sup>300</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anon 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref119" rid="niceng193er8.ref119"><sup>119</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anonymous 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref56" rid="niceng193er8.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anonymous 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref25" rid="niceng193er8.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Combined treatments</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ansari 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref26" rid="niceng193er8.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ansari 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref27" rid="niceng193er8.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ardic 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref29" rid="niceng193er8.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition. Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aridici 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref30" rid="niceng193er8.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Attal 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref32" rid="niceng193er8.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Avery 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref33" rid="niceng193er8.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ay 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref34" rid="niceng193er8.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not chronic)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Azatcam 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref35" rid="niceng193er8.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (myofascial pain, unclear duration)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barbosa 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref36" rid="niceng193er8.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barnhoorn 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref38" rid="niceng193er8.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barr 1987<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref39" rid="niceng193er8.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barr 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref40" rid="niceng193er8.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bates 1980<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref41" rid="niceng193er8.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design: not randomised</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baudic 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref42" rid="niceng193er8.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect outcome</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bergeron-vezina 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref43" rid="niceng193er8.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bezuur 1988<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref44" rid="niceng193er8.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not chronic pain)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biemans 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref45" rid="niceng193er8.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bilgili 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref46" rid="niceng193er8.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions. Combined with water bath and exercise</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bingol 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref47" rid="niceng193er8.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not chronic pain)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bjordal 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref48" rid="niceng193er8.ref48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Boggio 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref49" rid="niceng193er8.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borckardt 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref50" rid="niceng193er8.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Healthy population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Botelho 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref51" rid="niceng193er8.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear intervention duration</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Boureau 1981<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref52" rid="niceng193er8.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Busch 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref55" rid="niceng193er8.ref55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Healthy population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Canadian chiropractic 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref57" rid="niceng193er8.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design: expert opinion/guideline</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Carbonario 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref58" rid="niceng193er8.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions. Intervention combined with exercise</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Carrasco 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref60" rid="niceng193er8.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not chronic pain)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Carrasco 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref59" rid="niceng193er8.ref59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not chronic pain)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Castro-sanchez 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref63" rid="niceng193er8.ref63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Inappropriate comparison. Combinations of interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Castro-sanchez 2020<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref62" rid="niceng193er8.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ceccherelli 1989<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref64" rid="niceng193er8.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cervigni 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref65" rid="niceng193er8.ref65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cetiner 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref66" rid="niceng193er8.ref66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not chronic pain)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chabal 1998<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref67" rid="niceng193er8.ref67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design (survey)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chan 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref68" rid="niceng193er8.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chee 1986<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref69" rid="niceng193er8.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not chronic pain)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chen 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref70" rid="niceng193er8.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cheng 1986<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref72" rid="niceng193er8.ref72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cheng 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref71" rid="niceng193er8.ref71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes (correlational GLM model)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Choi 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref74" rid="niceng193er8.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Choi 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref73" rid="niceng193er8.ref73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chong 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref75" rid="niceng193er8.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Electric acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chow 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref76" rid="niceng193er8.ref76"><sup>76</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not chronic pain)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cohen 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref79" rid="niceng193er8.ref79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conti 1997<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref80" rid="niceng193er8.ref80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conti 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref81" rid="niceng193er8.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cormier 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref82" rid="niceng193er8.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Correa 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref83" rid="niceng193er8.ref83"><sup>83</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cossins 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref84" rid="niceng193er8.ref84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costa 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref85" rid="niceng193er8.ref85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design (1 day study)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cruccu 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref86" rid="niceng193er8.ref86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design: expert opinion.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cruccu 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref87" rid="niceng193er8.ref87"><sup>87</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design. Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cruz 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref88" rid="niceng193er8.ref88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cummiford 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref89" rid="niceng193er8.ref89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Curatolo 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref90" rid="niceng193er8.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dailey 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref93" rid="niceng193er8.ref93"><sup>93</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">De carli 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref97" rid="niceng193er8.ref97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Combinations of interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">De giorgi 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref98" rid="niceng193er8.ref98"><sup>98</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">De souza 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref99" rid="niceng193er8.ref99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Defrin 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref100" rid="niceng193er8.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Deluze 1992<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref102" rid="niceng193er8.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Electric acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Demirkol 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref103" rid="niceng193er8.ref103"><sup>103</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Desantana 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref104" rid="niceng193er8.ref104"><sup>104</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Di benedetto 1993<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref105" rid="niceng193er8.ref105"><sup>105</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dibai-filho 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref106" rid="niceng193er8.ref106"><sup>106</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dimitrijevic 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref107" rid="niceng193er8.ref107"><sup>107</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dorsher 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref108" rid="niceng193er8.ref108"><sup>108</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Electrical acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dundar 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref109" rid="niceng193er8.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dundar 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref110" rid="niceng193er8.ref110"><sup>110</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dundar 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref111" rid="niceng193er8.ref111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions. Intervention combined with exercise</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Durmus 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref112" rid="niceng193er8.ref112"><sup>112</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eken 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref113" rid="niceng193er8.ref113"><sup>113</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">El-Gendy 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref114" rid="niceng193er8.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention. Combination of electrotherapies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Emshoff 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref115" rid="niceng193er8.ref115"><sup>115</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Escortell-mayor 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref116" rid="niceng193er8.ref116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Euasobhon 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref118" rid="niceng193er8.ref118"><sup>118</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Neuropathic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Falaki 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref121" rid="niceng193er8.ref121"><sup>121</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fernandez-rodriguez 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref122" rid="niceng193er8.ref122"><sup>122</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ferreira 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref123" rid="niceng193er8.ref123"><sup>123</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Field 1992<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref124" rid="niceng193er8.ref124"><sup>124</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fikackova 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref125" rid="niceng193er8.ref125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Foletti 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref126" rid="niceng193er8.ref126"><sup>126</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Franco 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref127" rid="niceng193er8.ref127"><sup>127</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Frank 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref128" rid="niceng193er8.ref128"><sup>128</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Neuropathic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fricova 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref130" rid="niceng193er8.ref130"><sup>130</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Galhardoni 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref131" rid="niceng193er8.ref131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gam 1993<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref132" rid="niceng193er8.ref132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gemmell 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref133" rid="niceng193er8.ref133"><sup>133</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gendreau 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref134" rid="niceng193er8.ref134"><sup>134</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Germano maciel 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref135" rid="niceng193er8.ref135"><sup>135</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions. Intervention combined with exercise</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gibson 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref136" rid="niceng193er8.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Neuropathic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Goudra 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref138" rid="niceng193er8.ref138"><sup>138</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Graff-radford 1989<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref139" rid="niceng193er8.ref139"><sup>139</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (myofascial pain, unclear duration)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Graham 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref140" rid="niceng193er8.ref140"><sup>140</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gray 1994<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref141" rid="niceng193er8.ref141"><sup>141</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gross 2000<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref142" rid="niceng193er8.ref142"><sup>142</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gross 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref143" rid="niceng193er8.ref143"><sup>143</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Guedj 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref144" rid="niceng193er8.ref144"><sup>144</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Guirro 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref145" rid="niceng193er8.ref145"><sup>145</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Guo 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref146" rid="niceng193er8.ref146"><sup>146</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gur 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref148" rid="niceng193er8.ref148"><sup>148</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes (not validated scales)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gur 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref149" rid="niceng193er8.ref149"><sup>149</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hakguder 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref150" rid="niceng193er8.ref150"><sup>150</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hargrove 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref151" rid="niceng193er8.ref151"><sup>151</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Harvey 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref152" rid="niceng193er8.ref152"><sup>152</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Over 20% of the population have chronic low back pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">He 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref153" rid="niceng193er8.ref153"><sup>153</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hong 1993<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref154" rid="niceng193er8.ref154"><sup>154</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hou 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref155" rid="niceng193er8.ref155"><sup>155</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hou 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref156" rid="niceng193er8.ref156"><sup>156</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions. Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hruby 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref157" rid="niceng193er8.ref157"><sup>157</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design (cystoscopy)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hsu 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref158" rid="niceng193er8.ref158"><sup>158</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design: expert opinion</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hsueh 1997<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref159" rid="niceng193er8.ref159"><sup>159</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hurt 2020<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref160" rid="niceng193er8.ref160"><sup>160</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ilbuldu 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref161" rid="niceng193er8.ref161"><sup>161</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ilter 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref162" rid="niceng193er8.ref162"><sup>162</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions. Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ilter 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref163" rid="niceng193er8.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Istek 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref164" rid="niceng193er8.ref164"><sup>164</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ito 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref165" rid="niceng193er8.ref165"><sup>165</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ivanishvili 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref166" rid="niceng193er8.ref166"><sup>166</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Neuropathic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Janice jimenez-torres 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref168" rid="niceng193er8.ref168"><sup>168</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jeans 1979<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref169" rid="niceng193er8.ref169"><sup>169</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jeon 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref170" rid="niceng193er8.ref170"><sup>170</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Combinations of interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jin 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref171" rid="niceng193er8.ref171"><sup>171</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Neuropathic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Johansson 1980<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref172" rid="niceng193er8.ref172"><sup>172</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Johnson 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref173" rid="niceng193er8.ref173"><sup>173</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Johnson 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref175" rid="niceng193er8.ref175"><sup>175</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Johnson 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref174" rid="niceng193er8.ref174"><sup>174</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cochrane review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kadhim-saleh 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref177" rid="niceng193er8.ref177"><sup>177</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kara 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref178" rid="niceng193er8.ref178"><sup>178</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kato 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref179" rid="niceng193er8.ref179"><sup>179</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Katsoulis 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref180" rid="niceng193er8.ref180"><sup>180</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kavadar 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref181" rid="niceng193er8.ref181"><sup>181</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kavvadias 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref182" rid="niceng193er8.ref182"><sup>182</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design: expert opinion</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kemler 2001<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref183" rid="niceng193er8.ref183"><sup>183</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Spinal cord stimulation</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kessler 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref184" rid="niceng193er8.ref184"><sup>184</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kim 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref186" rid="niceng193er8.ref186"><sup>186</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (latent trigger points)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kiraly 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref187" rid="niceng193er8.ref187"><sup>187</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Knijnik 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref188" rid="niceng193er8.ref188"><sup>188</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Koca 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref189" rid="niceng193er8.ref189"><sup>189</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kohutova 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref190" rid="niceng193er8.ref190"><sup>190</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kriek 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref191" rid="niceng193er8.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kroeling 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref193" rid="niceng193er8.ref193"><sup>193</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kroeling 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref192" rid="niceng193er8.ref192"><sup>192</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kruger 1998<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref194" rid="niceng193er8.ref194"><sup>194</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kulekcioglu 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref195" rid="niceng193er8.ref195"><sup>195</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">La bianca 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref196" rid="niceng193er8.ref196"><sup>196</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Laakso 1997<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref197" rid="niceng193er8.ref197"><sup>197</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lagueux 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref198" rid="niceng193er8.ref198"><sup>198</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Langley 1984<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref199" rid="niceng193er8.ref199"><sup>199</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lara-palomo 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref200" rid="niceng193er8.ref200"><sup>200</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lassemi 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref201" rid="niceng193er8.ref201"><sup>201</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lauretti 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref202" rid="niceng193er8.ref202"><sup>202</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All participants allocated to amitriptyline 25-50mg per day at least 3 weeks before randomisation</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Leandri 1990<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref203" rid="niceng193er8.ref203"><sup>203</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee 1997<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref204" rid="niceng193er8.ref204"><sup>204</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref206" rid="niceng193er8.ref206"><sup>206</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lev-sagie 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref207" rid="niceng193er8.ref207"><sup>207</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lewis 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref208" rid="niceng193er8.ref208"><sup>208</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lewis 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref209" rid="niceng193er8.ref209"><sup>209</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Neuropathic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lichtbroun 2001<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref210" rid="niceng193er8.ref210"><sup>210</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lima 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref211" rid="niceng193er8.ref211"><sup>211</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lindholm 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref212" rid="niceng193er8.ref212"><sup>212</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lopez-martos 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref213" rid="niceng193er8.ref213"><sup>213</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Luan 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref214" rid="niceng193er8.ref214"><sup>214</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Luedtke 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref215" rid="niceng193er8.ref215"><sup>215</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lyskov 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref216" rid="niceng193er8.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Macdonald 1995<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref217" rid="niceng193er8.ref217"><sup>217</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not randomised</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Macpherson 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref218" rid="niceng193er8.ref218"><sup>218</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Electric acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Madani 2020<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref219" rid="niceng193er8.ref219"><sup>219</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Maestu 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref220" rid="niceng193er8.ref220"><sup>220</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magri 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref221" rid="niceng193er8.ref221"><sup>221</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magri 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref222" rid="niceng193er8.ref222"><sup>222</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Maia 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref223" rid="niceng193er8.ref223"><sup>223</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design. Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Majithia 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref224" rid="niceng193er8.ref224"><sup>224</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Majlesi 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref225" rid="niceng193er8.ref225"><sup>225</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Maloney 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref226" rid="niceng193er8.ref226"><sup>226</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Manafnezhad 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref227" rid="niceng193er8.ref227"><sup>227</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Manca 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref228" rid="niceng193er8.ref228"><sup>228</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Manfredini 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref229" rid="niceng193er8.ref229"><sup>229</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison. No placebo</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Marchand 1991<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref230" rid="niceng193er8.ref230"><sup>230</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Marineo 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref231" rid="niceng193er8.ref231"><sup>231</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Marini 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref232" rid="niceng193er8.ref232"><sup>232</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (disc displacement)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Marlow 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref233" rid="niceng193er8.ref233"><sup>233</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Matsutani 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref234" rid="niceng193er8.ref234"><sup>234</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mazzetto 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref235" rid="niceng193er8.ref235"><sup>235</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not chronic pain. Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medeiros 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref236" rid="niceng193er8.ref236"><sup>236</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions. rTMS combined with sham DIMST (needling)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mekhail 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref237" rid="niceng193er8.ref237"><sup>237</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Melchior 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref238" rid="niceng193er8.ref238"><sup>238</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not chronic pain. Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mendonca 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref239" rid="niceng193er8.ref239"><sup>239</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mendonca 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref240" rid="niceng193er8.ref240"><sup>240</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions. Intervention combined with exercise</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moisset 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref242" rid="niceng193er8.ref242"><sup>242</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design: expert opinion</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Molina-torres 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref243" rid="niceng193er8.ref243"><sup>243</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mordasini 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref244" rid="niceng193er8.ref244"><sup>244</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moretti 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref245" rid="niceng193er8.ref245"><sup>245</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions. Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Morin 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref246" rid="niceng193er8.ref246"><sup>246</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Episodic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Müller 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref247" rid="niceng193er8.ref247"><sup>247</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Munguia 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref248" rid="niceng193er8.ref248"><sup>248</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Muniswamy 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref249" rid="niceng193er8.ref249"><sup>249</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Neuropathic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Murina 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref251" rid="niceng193er8.ref251"><sup>251</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mutlu 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref253" rid="niceng193er8.ref253"><sup>253</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unavailable</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mutlu 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref252" rid="niceng193er8.ref252"><sup>252</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mysliwiec 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref254" rid="niceng193er8.ref254"><sup>254</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nadershah 2020<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref255" rid="niceng193er8.ref255"><sup>255</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear population. Unclear duration of pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nardone 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref256" rid="niceng193er8.ref256"><sup>256</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Naterstad 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref257" rid="niceng193er8.ref257"><sup>257</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nct 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref260" rid="niceng193er8.ref260"><sup>260</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unpublished</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Niddam 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref262" rid="niceng193er8.ref262"><sup>262</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not randomised</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Noehren 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref263" rid="niceng193er8.ref263"><sup>263</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nordin 1999<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref264" rid="niceng193er8.ref264"><sup>264</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design: review of guidelines</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">O’connell 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref267" rid="niceng193er8.ref267"><sup>267</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duplicate results</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">O’connell 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref265" rid="niceng193er8.ref265"><sup>265</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">O’connell 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref266" rid="niceng193er8.ref266"><sup>266</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ofluoglu 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref268" rid="niceng193er8.ref268"><sup>268</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-English language studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Okmen 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref269" rid="niceng193er8.ref269"><sup>269</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Chronic Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oosterhof 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref270" rid="niceng193er8.ref270"><sup>270</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oosterhof 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref271" rid="niceng193er8.ref271"><sup>271</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (neuropathic pain, osteoarthritis)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oosterhof 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref272" rid="niceng193er8.ref272"><sup>272</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oosterhof 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref273" rid="niceng193er8.ref273"><sup>273</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Park 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref275" rid="niceng193er8.ref275"><sup>275</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison (high versus low intensity)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Passard 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref276" rid="niceng193er8.ref276"><sup>276</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Peng 1987<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref277" rid="niceng193er8.ref277"><sup>277</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Electric acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Perrot 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref278" rid="niceng193er8.ref278"><sup>278</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pezelj-ribaric 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref279" rid="niceng193er8.ref279"><sup>279</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Picarelli 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref281" rid="niceng193er8.ref281"><sup>281</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions. Combined with pharmacological therapy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Picarelli 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref280" rid="niceng193er8.ref280"><sup>280</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Plazier 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref282" rid="niceng193er8.ref282"><sup>282</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Powers 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref283" rid="niceng193er8.ref283"><sup>283</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rayegani 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref284" rid="niceng193er8.ref284"><sup>284</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reid 2001<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref285" rid="niceng193er8.ref285"><sup>285</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Case study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renzenbrink 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref286" rid="niceng193er8.ref286"><sup>286</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Riberto 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref287" rid="niceng193er8.ref287"><sup>287</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions. Intervention combined with exercise</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rigby 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref288" rid="niceng193er8.ref288"><sup>288</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roizenblatt 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref290" rid="niceng193er8.ref290"><sup>290</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rollnik 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref291" rid="niceng193er8.ref291"><sup>291</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rowe 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref292" rid="niceng193er8.ref292"><sup>292</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ruiz-lopez 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref293" rid="niceng193er8.ref293"><sup>293</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-English language studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ryan 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref294" rid="niceng193er8.ref294"><sup>294</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention (combined with a range of therapy from a physiotherapist, including but not limited to: CBT, hydrotherapy, motor imagery)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sahin 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref296" rid="niceng193er8.ref296"><sup>296</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No abstract/results</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sahin 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref295" rid="niceng193er8.ref295"><sup>295</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (myofascial pain, duration unclear)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sakrajai 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref297" rid="niceng193er8.ref297"><sup>297</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions. Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Salazar 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref298" rid="niceng193er8.ref298"><sup>298</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Saltychev 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref299" rid="niceng193er8.ref299"><sup>299</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sancakli 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref301" rid="niceng193er8.ref301"><sup>301</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear population (no minimum duration of pain)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Santos 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref302" rid="niceng193er8.ref302"><sup>302</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sator-katzenschlager 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref304" rid="niceng193er8.ref304"><sup>304</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Incorrect interventions. Electric acupuncture.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sator-katzenschlager 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref303" rid="niceng193er8.ref303"><sup>303</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Incorrect population. Electric acupuncture.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sattayut 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref305" rid="niceng193er8.ref305"><sup>305</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sayilir 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref307" rid="niceng193er8.ref307"><sup>307</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sayilir 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref306" rid="niceng193er8.ref306"><sup>306</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention (combination electrotherapy)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schabrun 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref308" rid="niceng193er8.ref308"><sup>308</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shafik 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref309" rid="niceng193er8.ref309"><sup>309</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shimoji 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref310" rid="niceng193er8.ref310"><sup>310</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shirani 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref311" rid="niceng193er8.ref311"><sup>311</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shobha 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref312" rid="niceng193er8.ref312"><sup>312</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Short 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref313" rid="niceng193er8.ref313"><sup>313</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Silva 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref315" rid="niceng193er8.ref315"><sup>315</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Simons 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref316" rid="niceng193er8.ref316"><sup>316</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Simpson 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref317" rid="niceng193er8.ref317"><sup>317</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unpublished</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Skorupska 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref318" rid="niceng193er8.ref318"><sup>318</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Skrinjar 2020<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref319" rid="niceng193er8.ref319"><sup>319</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Slattery 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref320" rid="niceng193er8.ref320"><sup>320</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract. Unavailable</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smania 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref321" rid="niceng193er8.ref321"><sup>321</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smania 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref322" rid="niceng193er8.ref322"><sup>322</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Snyder-mackler 1986<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref323" rid="niceng193er8.ref323"><sup>323</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not primary pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Soysal 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref324" rid="niceng193er8.ref324"><sup>324</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combinations of interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Spanemberg 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref326" rid="niceng193er8.ref326"><sup>326</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Srbely 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref327" rid="niceng193er8.ref327"><sup>327</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stonnington 1976<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref328" rid="niceng193er8.ref328"><sup>328</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design. Not randomised</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sunshine 1996<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref330" rid="niceng193er8.ref330"><sup>330</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes (no variability data)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sutton 1997<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref331" rid="niceng193er8.ref331"><sup>331</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endometriosis. Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Takla 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref333" rid="niceng193er8.ref333"><sup>333</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not chronic primary pain)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Takla 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref332" rid="niceng193er8.ref332"><sup>332</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tanwar 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref334" rid="niceng193er8.ref334"><sup>334</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Taube s 1988<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref335" rid="niceng193er8.ref335"><sup>335</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect outcome. No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Taylor 1987<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref337" rid="niceng193er8.ref337"><sup>337</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not chronic pain)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Taylor 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref338" rid="niceng193er8.ref338"><sup>338</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect outcome. Cost-effectiveness study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Taylor 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref336" rid="niceng193er8.ref336"><sup>336</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thorsteinsson 1977<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref340" rid="niceng193er8.ref340"><sup>340</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tieppo francio 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref341" rid="niceng193er8.ref341"><sup>341</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not primary pain. Osteoarthritis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tirlapur 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref342" rid="niceng193er8.ref342"><sup>342</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO. Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref343" rid="niceng193er8.ref343"><sup>343</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uemoto 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref344" rid="niceng193er8.ref344"><sup>344</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design. No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Valle 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref347" rid="niceng193er8.ref347"><sup>347</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No results</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Van der windt 1999<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref348" rid="niceng193er8.ref348"><sup>348</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vance 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref349" rid="niceng193er8.ref349"><sup>349</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design. Not randomised</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vas 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref350" rid="niceng193er8.ref350"><sup>350</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vaseghi 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref351" rid="niceng193er8.ref351"><sup>351</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vaseghi 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref352" rid="niceng193er8.ref352"><sup>352</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO. Systematic review: study designs inappropriate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vayvay 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref353" rid="niceng193er8.ref353"><sup>353</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention combined with exercise. Combinations of interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Venezian 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref355" rid="niceng193er8.ref355"><sup>355</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not guideline condition. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Viana 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref356" rid="niceng193er8.ref356"><sup>356</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not primary pain. Stroke patients</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Visnjevac 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref357" rid="niceng193er8.ref357"><sup>357</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vitiello 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref358" rid="niceng193er8.ref358"><sup>358</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vrijens 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref359" rid="niceng193er8.ref359"><sup>359</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vukoja 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref360" rid="niceng193er8.ref360"><sup>360</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design. Letter to editor</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Walker 1987<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref361" rid="niceng193er8.ref361"><sup>361</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Neuropathic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wang 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref363" rid="niceng193er8.ref363"><sup>363</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-English language studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wang 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref362" rid="niceng193er8.ref362"><sup>362</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Perioperative. Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wang 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref364" rid="niceng193er8.ref364"><sup>364</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Not chronic pain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Waschl 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref365" rid="niceng193er8.ref365"><sup>365</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unavailable</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Weisstanner 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref367" rid="niceng193er8.ref367"><sup>367</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Weisstanner 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref368" rid="niceng193er8.ref368"><sup>368</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Weng 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref369" rid="niceng193er8.ref369"><sup>369</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">White 2000<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref372" rid="niceng193er8.ref372"><sup>372</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">White 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref370" rid="niceng193er8.ref370"><sup>370</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">White 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref371" rid="niceng193er8.ref371"><sup>371</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wiffen 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref373" rid="niceng193er8.ref373"><sup>373</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Palliative care</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wilson 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref374" rid="niceng193er8.ref374"><sup>374</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yang 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref376" rid="niceng193er8.ref376"><sup>376</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yatci 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref377" rid="niceng193er8.ref377"><sup>377</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design: expert opinion</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yesil 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref378" rid="niceng193er8.ref378"><sup>378</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Combinations of interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yesil 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref379" rid="niceng193er8.ref379"><sup>379</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unavailable</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yildirim 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref380" rid="niceng193er8.ref380"><sup>380</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (pain for less than 6 weeks)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yoshimizu 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref381" rid="niceng193er8.ref381"><sup>381</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crossover study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Young 1987<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref382" rid="niceng193er8.ref382"><sup>382</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design. Not randomised</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yuksel 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref383" rid="niceng193er8.ref383"><sup>383</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison (healthy controls)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zhu 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref385" rid="niceng193er8.ref385"><sup>385</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. Acupuncture</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zhu 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng193er8.ref384" rid="niceng193er8.ref384"><sup>384</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review is not relevant to review question or unclear PICO</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appjtab1"><div id="niceng193er8.appj.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PICO question</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Population: Adults (aged >16) with Chronic Primary Pain</p>
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<p>Intervention(s): Laser therapy</p>
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<p>Comparison: Sham</p>
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<p>Outcome(s): Quality of life, Pain Interference and reduction,</p></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to patients or the population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If laser therapy offers clinically important benefits over sham laser therapy when added to care, at a reasonable cost threshold then it may be an important modality to enhance clinical outcome in this patient group.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This research will reduce the existing uncertainty regarding the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of laser therapy and enable future guidelines to clearly recommend for or against the use of laser therapy.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to the NHS</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A clear recommendation for or against laser therapy will offer clinicians clearer guidance on best care for chronic primary pain.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">National priorities</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>The NICE chronic pain guideline found very low to moderate quality evidence for improvement with laser therapy in quality of life in the short term and one small study showing a clinically important benefit in QOL in the long term. Although there was evidence from thirteen studies demonstrating a clinically important benefit in pain reduction in the short term, this was rated as very low quality evidence. Two further studies demonstrated clinically important benefit in pain reduction in the longer term (moderate quality evidence). However no clinically important difference was noted for psychological distress or discontinuation.</p>
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<p>Conflicting evidence was found comparing laser with sham for pain and quality of life outcomes. While evidence of clinical benefit was observed in some comparisons for pain and quality of life, there were concerns with the quality and applicability of the evidence. There remains uncertainty regarding the efficacy and effectiveness of laser therapy, though there is some promising evidence. No cost-effectiveness evidence has been identified regarding use of laser for the management of chronic primary pain. However the NICE chronic pain guideline committee noted that there would be resource implications, including the provision and maintenance of equipment and training therapists. There is therefore a need for a conclusive study into the clinical and cost effectiveness of laser therapy for chronic primary pain.</p></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The recommendation is unlikely to impact on equality issues.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised controlled trial with corresponding economic analysis. Post-intervention long term follow up should be included.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Feasibility</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The trial is feasible and should be straightforward to carry out. There are challenges associated with the design of adequate sham controls for higher intensity laser therapy that delivers a sensation of heating that will require specific consideration when designing a trial.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other comments</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low intensity laser therapy is easy to design sham controls for since it delivers no sensation beyond the pressure of the probe. A recommendation for laser therapy is likely to require the purchase of new equipment and staff training.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low: the research is of interest and will fill existing evidence gaps.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appjtab2"><div id="niceng193er8.appj.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appj.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PICO question</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Population: Adults (aged >16) with chronic primary pain</p>
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<p>Intervention(s): TMS</p>
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<p>Comparison: Sham TMS or usual care</p>
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<p>Outcome(s): Pain reduction, health related quality of life, physical function, psychological distress, pain interference, pain self-efficacy.</p></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to patients or the population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There was a suggestion from the current evidence base that TMS may help improve pain in people with chronic primary pain. Further evidence to determine whether this benefit can be replicated in larger trials, or also has an impact on quality of life would help inform whether this should be a treatment choice for this population.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">More evidence from a large RCT would help inform an update of this guideline to guide a recommendation on whether TMS should or should not be recommended for people with chronic primary pain.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to the NHS</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TMS is not routinely used in current NHS practice to treat chronic primary pain, therefore good high quality evidence would be of relevance to inform whether a change in practice is warranted.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">National priorities</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eight studies of TMS in people with chronic primary pain were included in the guideline review. When compared to sham there was some indication of benefit in quality of life and pain interference, however this evidence was inconsistent and from relatively small sample sizes. There was more evidence for a reduction in pain intensity, but in the absence of consistent benefit in other outcomes, or long term benefit, this was considered insufficient to base a recommendation on.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No specific equality issues.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An adequately powered, sham controlled, RCT with a follow-up period of greater than 3 months.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Feasibility</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The design of this research is feasible, although it is noted that TMS is not widely available, which may have an impact.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other comments</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng193er8.appj.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low: the research is of interest and will fill existing evidence gaps.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appktab1"><div id="niceng193er8.appk.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 24</span><span class="title">MIDs for continuous outcomes: Laser therapy versus sham laser therapy</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appk.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">MID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (Oral health impact profile, FIQ, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.5 (SMD)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at >3 months (Oral health impact profile, FIQ, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.5 (SMD)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, NRS, FIQ pain scale, high is poor outcome, 0-10, final values and change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.79</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at >3 months (VAS, high is poor outcome, 0-10, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale, anxiety subscale, 0-21, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.75</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale, depression subscale, 0-21, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.25</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appktab2"><div id="niceng193er8.appk.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 25</span><span class="title">MIDs for continuous outcomes: TMS versus sham TMS</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appk.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">MID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (WHOQOL-BREF physical domain, 4-20, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.42</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain, 4-20, high is good outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.245</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.395</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at >3 months (FIQ, 0-100, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.5</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, McGill Pain questionnaire, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.05</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physical function at ≤3 months (BPI functional impairment subscale, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.345</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Beck depression inventory, 0-61, high is poor outcome, final values and change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.55</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hamilton depression rating scale, MADRS, BDI, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.5 (SMD)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (HADS anxiety, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.15</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at >3 months (HADS anxiety, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.85</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at >3 months (HADS depression, 0-21, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain interference at >3 months (BPI pain interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.75</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appktab3"><div id="niceng193er8.appk.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 26</span><span class="title">MIDs for continuous outcomes: TDCS versus sham TDCS</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appk.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">MID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (NRS, VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.75</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, HAM-A, anxiety subscales, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.5 (SMD)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, BDI, HAM-D, depression subscales, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.5 (SMD)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sleep at ≤3 months (PSQI, scale range not reported, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.87</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appktab4"><div id="niceng193er8.appk.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 27</span><span class="title">MIDs for continuous outcomes: TENS versus sham TENS</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appk.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">MID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 physical T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.15</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 mental T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.05</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (BPI intensity, VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values and change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.94</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physical function at ≤3 months (6 minute walk test, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">157</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (PROMIS depression T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.15</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (PROMIS anxiety T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.18</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain interference at ≤3 months (BPI interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.09</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain self-efficacy at ≤3 months (PSEQ, 0-60, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.6</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appktab5"><div id="niceng193er8.appk.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 28</span><span class="title">MIDs for continuous outcomes: TENS versus usual care</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appk.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">MID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 physical T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.25</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (SF36 mental T scores, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.15</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (BPI intensity, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.91</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physical function at ≤3 months (6 minute walk test, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">160.25</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (PROMIS depression T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.05</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychological distress at ≤3 months (PROMIS anxiety T scores, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.13</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain interference at ≤3 months (BPI interference, 0-10, high is poor outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.27</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain self-efficacy at ≤3 months (PSEQ, 0-60, high is good outcome, change scores)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.63</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appktab6"><div id="niceng193er8.appk.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 29</span><span class="title">MIDs for continuous outcomes: PENS versus sham PENS</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appk.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">MID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life at ≤3 months (NIH-CPSI, 0-12, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.05</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.2</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appktab7"><div id="niceng193er8.appk.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 30</span><span class="title">MIDs for continuous outcomes: PENS versus usual care</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appk.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">MID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.44</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng193er8appktab8"><div id="niceng193er8.appk.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 31</span><span class="title">MIDs for continuous outcomes: Therapeutic ultrasound versus usual care</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569985/table/niceng193er8.appk.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng193er8.appk.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">MID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pain reduction at ≤3 months (VAS, 0-10, high is poor outcome, final values)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng193er8.appk.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.44</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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