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class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK569604_"><span itemprop="name">Methods to reduce infectious morbidity at caesarean birth</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Caesarean birth</div><p><b>Evidence review B</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 192</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Alliance (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2021 Mar</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-4052-3</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2021.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1"><h2 id="_niceng192er2_s1_">Methods to reduce infectious morbidity at caesarean birth</h2><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1"><h3>Review question</h3><p>What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women having a caesarean birth?</p><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.1"><h4>Introduction</h4><p>Surgical site infection is a common complication of a caesarean birth. It may require readmission to hospital and can give rise to more severe complications such as sepsis and necrotising fasciitis.</p><p>In addition to the routine use of pre-incision antibiotic prophylaxis, a number of non-pharmacological interventions may be carried out before, during, and after surgery with the aim of reducing the risk of surgical site infection, such as the use of pre-operative skin or vaginal preparations and different types of wound dressings.</p><p>The aim of this review is to determine which of these methods are effective at reducing infections and improving women’s outcomes.</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.2"><h4>Summary of the protocol</h4><p>Please see <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2tab1">Table 1</a> for a summary of the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) characteristics of this review.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng192er2tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. Summary of the protocol (PICO table)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng192er2.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of the protocol (PICO table). </p></div></div><p>For further details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng192er2.appa">appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.3"><h4>Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>
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<u>(2014)</u>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng192er2.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to NICE’s 2014 conflicts of interest policy until 31 March 2018. From 1 April 2018, declarations of interest were recorded according to NICE’s 2018 <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/about/who-we-are/policies-and-procedures" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">conflicts of interest policy</a>. Those interests declared until April 2018 were reclassified according to NICE’s 2018 conflicts of interest policy (see Register of Interests).</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.4"><h4>Clinical evidence</h4><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.4.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>Three systematic reviews (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref4" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref4">Eke 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15">Tolcher 2018</a>) including 18 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included (N=7324) (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref4" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref4">Ahmed 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref6">Asad 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref7" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref7">Asghania 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref23" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref23">Goymen 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref25" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref25">Guzman 2002</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref26" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref26">Haas 2010</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref28" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref28">Harrigil 2003</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref39" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref39">Kunkle 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref50" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref50">Memon 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref59" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref59">Ngai 2015</a>, Reid 2011, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref67" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref67">Rouse 1997</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref74" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref74">Springel 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref75" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref75">Starr 2005</a>, Temizcan 2015, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref80" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref80">Tuuli 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref85" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref85">Viney 2012</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref88" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref88">Yildirim 2012</a>). In addition, 7 other RCTs were included in this systematic review (N=4258) (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref2" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref2">Chaboyer 2014</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref5" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref5">Gunatilake 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8">Hussamy 2019</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9">Hyldig 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref12" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref12">Peleg 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref13" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref13">Ruhstaller 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref14" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref14">Stanirowski 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17">Tuuli 2020</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18">Wihbey 2018</a>).</p><p>The committee also discussed the findings of a health economic analysis including clinical results published after the search for this review (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a>) that was a follow-up publication to one of the RCTs included above (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9">Hyldig 2018</a>), see <a href="#niceng192er2.appm">appendix M</a> for more details.</p><p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17">Tuuli 2020</a> and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8">Hussamy 2019</a> are studies that were published after the original search for this review and in the case of the former, during the consultation period for this guideline. They were flagged by stakeholders and due to their potential to impact on the recommendations, an additional update search specifically for the negative pressure wound therapy studies was run during the post-consultation period and these two studies were fully incorporated into the review.</p><p>Evidence was found for all interventions except pre-operative washes, drapes, removal of body hair, use of face masks, and use of diathermy.</p><p>Some of the identified trials were suitable for meta-analyses and these have been performed as appropriate. Studies were classified as low/middle and high income setting as per the classification of the Organisation of Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD).</p><p>See the literature search strategy in <a href="#niceng192er2.appb">appendix B</a> and study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng192er2.appc">appendix C</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.4.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>Studies not included in this review with reasons for their exclusions are provided in <a href="#niceng192er2.appk">appendix K</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.5"><h4>Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><p>A summary of the studies that were included in this review are presented in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng192er2tab2"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of included studies." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng192er2.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of included studies. </p></div></div><p>See the full evidence tables in <a href="#niceng192er2.appd">appendix D</a> and the forest plots in <a href="#niceng192er2.appe">appendix E</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.6"><h4>Quality assessment of clinical outcomes included in the evidence review</h4><p>See the clinical evidence profiles (GRADE tables) in <a href="#niceng192er2.appf">appendix F</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.7"><h4>Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.7.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>Two relevant studies were identified in a literature review of published cost-effectiveness analyses on this topic: <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7">Heard 2017</a> and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref16" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref16">Tuffaha 2015</a>. The studies considered the cost-effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in obese women undergoing caesarean birth. The analyses were cost-utility analyses measuring effectiveness in terms of quality adjusted life years (QALYs).</p><p>In addition, a further economic study (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a>) was identified that was an economic evaluation relating to one of the included clinical studies (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a>). This Danish study was an economic evaluation undertaken alongside an RCT, which addressed the cost-utility of incisional negative pressure wound therapy compared with standard care after caesarean birth in obese women:</p><p>See the literature search strategy in <a href="#niceng192er2.appb">appendix B</a> and economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng192er2.appg">appendix G</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.7.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>Studies not included in this review with reasons for their exclusions are provided in <a href="#niceng192er2.appk">appendix K</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.8"><h4>Summary of studies included in the economic evidence review</h4><p>The base case results of <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7">Heard 2017</a> and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref16" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref16">Tuffaha 2015</a> showed that NPWT was marginally more costly and more effective than standard care. The resulting ICER was AU$42,340 per QALY in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7">Heard 2017</a> and AU$15,000 per QALY in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref16" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref16">Tuffaha 2015</a>.</p><p>Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted in both of these studies but results were not fully reported in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7">Heard 2017</a> (probability of each intervention being cost-effective was not presented). The results in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7">Heard 2017</a> indicated that NPWT was more costly and more effective in the majority of scenarios. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref16" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref16">Tuffaha 2015</a> showed that, at a threshold of AU$50,000 per QALY, the probability of NPWT being cost-effective was 65%.</p><p>Both of these studies were deemed to be only partially applicable to the decision problem in the UK setting as they were conducted from the perspective of the Australian health care system. The studies were found to meet most of the requirements of an adequate economic evaluation [see <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>
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<u>(2014)</u>
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<a href="#niceng192er2.apph">appendix H</a>]. However, some potentially serious limitations were identified in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7">Heard 2017</a> with the most notable being the absence of a full set of deterministic sensitivity analysis. <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref16" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref16">Tuffaha 2015</a> was adjudged to have only minor limitations.</p><p>A Danish study, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a>, reported an economic evaluation undertaken alongside an RCT (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9">Hyldig 2018</a>). In the base case analysis, it found that NPWT was cost-effective relative to standard dressings in women with a BMI ≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> before pregnancy who had a planned or emergency caesarean birth. The point estimates suggested that NPWT dominated standard dressings although neither the differences in costs or QALYs were statistically significant at the 5% level. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggested there was a 92.8% probability that NPWT was cost-effective at a willingness to pay threshold of €30,000 per QALY although this may be over-estimated if the decision to extrapolate health state utility gains over 12 months is not valid. However, probabilistic sensitivity analysis also suggested a 65% probability that NPWT was cost saving relative to standard dressings. The authors reported that cost savings were driven by a sub-group of more obese women with BMI ≥35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. This was borne out with sub-group analysis suggesting that NPWT generated cost savings of €339 per woman in this group compared to a cost increase of €155 per woman in those with a BMI <35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p><p>Overall, the results suggest that NPWT may be cost-effective but there is uncertainty (especially with respect to obese women but with a BMI <35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and the applicability to the UK context is limited.</p><p>See the economic evidence tables in <a href="#niceng192er2.apph">appendix H</a> and economic evidence profiles in <a href="#niceng192er2.appi">appendix I</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.9"><h4>Original economic analysis</h4><p>Ad-hoc cost minimisation and cost-utility analyses were undertaken as a result of a published cost-effectiveness analysis (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a>) which was not included in the clinical review due to its date of publication as it was a cost-effectiveness analysis conducted alongside one of the included clinical reviews (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9">Hyldig 2018</a>). It was thought economic analysis could help inform whether recommendations on NPWT could be stratified by BMI. The analysis is summarised briefly below and described in more detail in <a href="#niceng192er2.appj">appendix J</a>.</p><p>The absolute treatment effect of NPWT compared to standard dressing to prevent surgical site infection, following caesarean birth, was estimated for women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> to BMI < 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and BMI ≥ 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Data to inform these estimates of treatment effectiveness were based on a published cost-effectiveness analysis (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a>) and a meta-analysis undertaken for this review.</p><p>The analysis did not find strong evidence that NPWT was cost-effective in either sub-group. However, NPWT was relatively more likely to be cost-effective in women with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and the conclusion that it was not cost-effective was somewhat borderline. When compared to standard dressing in this population, NPWT was estimated to have a mean incremental net monetary benefit of −£29 and a 30.4% chance of being cost-effective. It was also estimated to result in a mean net cost of £32 and a 28.2% chance that it would be cost saving relative to standard dressing.</p><p>In women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> to BMI < 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, NPWT had a mean incremental net monetary benefit of −£74 and a 3.0% probability of being cost-effective when compared to standard dressing. NPWT was also estimated to be £77 more expensive than standard dressing in this sub-group with only a 2.2% chance of producing net cost savings.</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.10"><h4>Evidence statements</h4><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.10.1"><h5>Clinical evidence statements</h5></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.11"><h4>Comparison 1. Hydroactive dressing versus standard dressing</h4><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.11.1"><h5>Critical outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.11.1.1"><h5>Sepsis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.11.1.2"><h5>Surgical site infection</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=543) provided very low quality evidence to show that those who received a hydroactive dressing experienced a clinically important decrease in the number of surgical site infections as compared to those who received a standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.11.1.3"><h5>Need for antibiotics</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=543) provided very low quality evidence to show that those who received a hydroactive dressing experienced a clinically important decrease in the need for antibiotics as compared to those who received a standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.11.2"><h5>Important outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.11.2.1"><h5>Adverse skin events from techniques</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.11.2.2"><h5>Endometritis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.11.2.3"><h5>Women’s experience</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.11.2.4"><h5>Readmission into hospital</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=543) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in readmission into hospital between those who received hydroactive or standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12"><h4>Comparison 2. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) versus standard dressing</h4><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.1"><h5>Critical outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.1.1"><h5>Sepsis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=1606) provided very low quality evidence to show that for women with raised BMI (≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), there was no clinically important difference in sepsis between those who received negative pressure wound therapy or standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.1.2"><h5>Wound infection/ surgical site infection</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seven randomised controlled trials (n=3380) provided very low quality evidence to show that, for women with raised BMI (≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), those who received negative pressure wound therapy may have experienced a clinically important decrease in the number of wound infections or surgical site infections as compared to those who received standard dressing.
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One of the five randomised controlled trials (n=876) reported its results separately by BMI (women with a BMI between 30 and 34.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and women with a BMI of 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and greater) in both subgroups the point estimate suggested there was a clinically important decrease in the number of surgical site infections for those who received negative pressure wound therapy. However, for the BMI 30–34.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> subgroup, the effect was not statistically significant (see <a href="#niceng192er2.appm">appendix M</a> for details).</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.1.3"><h5>Need for antibiotics</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Two randomised controlled trials (n=602) provided very low quality evidence to show that, for women with raised BMI (≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), there was no clinically important difference in the need for antibiotics between those who received negative pressure wound therapy or standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.2"><h5>Important outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.2.1"><h5>Adverse skin events from techniques</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Four randomised controlled trials (n=2303) provided very low quality evidence to show that, for women with raised BMI (≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), there was no clinically important difference in adverse skin events between those who received negative pressure wound therapy or standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.2.2"><h5>Endometritis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=876) provided very low quality evidence to show that, for women with raised BMI (≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), there was no clinically important difference in the occurrence of endometritis between those who received negative pressure wound therapy or standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.2.3"><h5>Women’s experience: reported pain score (days 1 to 7)</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=89) provided low quality evidence to show that, for women with raised BMI (≥35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), women who received negative pressure wound therapy had a clinically important reduction in pain on days 1–7 post-operatively (score of ≥2 on the Wong Baker faces score) as compared to those who received standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.2.4"><h5>Women’s experience: sharp pain at postoperative day 2</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=119) provided very low quality evidence to show that, for women with raised BMI (≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), there was no clinically important difference in sharp pain score on the second postoperative day between those who received negative pressure wound therapy or standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.2.5"><h5>Women’s experience: self-rated health status; measured with EQ-VAS</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=876) provided low quality evidence to show that, for women with raised BMI (≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), there was no clinically important difference in self-rated health status between those who received negative pressure wound therapy or standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.2.6"><h5>Women’s experience: satisfaction (0–10, higher is better)</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=1604) provided low quality evidence to show that, for women with raised BMI (≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), there was no clinically important difference in satisfaction between those who received negative pressure wound therapy or standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.2.7"><h5>Women’s experience: satisfaction (would use this dressing again)</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=411) provided low quality evidence to show that, for women with raised BMI (≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), there was no clinically important difference in satisfaction between those who received negative pressure wound therapy or standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.12.2.8"><h5>Readmission into hospital</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Four randomised controlled trials (n=2297) provided very low quality evidence to show that, for women with raised BMI (≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), there was no clinically important difference in readmission into hospital between those who received negative pressure wound therapy or standard dressing.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.13"><h4>Comparison 3. Early (6 hours) versus standard (24 hours) timing of dressing removal</h4><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.13.1"><h5>Critical outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.13.1.1"><h5>Sepsis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.13.1.2"><h5>Wound infection</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=320) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in wound infection rates between those whose dressing was removed at 6 hours or 24 hours.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.13.1.3"><h5>Need for antibiotics</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.13.2"><h5>Important outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.13.2.1"><h5>Adverse skin events from techniques</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.13.2.2"><h5>Endometritis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.13.2.3"><h5>Women’s experience: women who were satisfied with the intervention</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=320) provided moderate quality evidence to show a clinically important increase in satisfaction with the intervention for those whose dressing was removed at 6 hours compared to those whose dressing was removed at 24 hours.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.13.2.4"><h5>Readmission into hospital</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (n=320) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in readmission into hospital between those whose dressing was removed at 6 or 24 hours.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14"><h4>Comparison 4. Chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation versus iodophor-based aqueous/alcohol skin preparation</h4><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.1"><h5>Critical outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.1.1"><h5>Sepsis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available to inform this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.1.2"><h5>Surgical site infection</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Four randomised controlled trials (N=3059) provided low quality evidence to show a clinically important decrease in the number of surgical site infections for those who received chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation compared to those who received iodophor-based skin preparation (including alcohol and aqueous based preparations).</div></li></ul><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.1.2.1"><h5>Iodophor-based aqueous skin preparation</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Two randomised controlled trials (N=975) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in surgical site infections between those who received chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation or iodophor-based aqueous skin preparation.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.1.2.2"><h5>Iodophor-based alcohol skin preparation</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Two randomised controlled trials (N=2084) provided low quality evidence to show a clinically important decrease in the number of surgical site infections for those who received chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation as compared to those who received iodophor-based alcohol skin preparation.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.1.3"><h5>Need for antibiotics</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.2"><h5>Important outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.2.1"><h5>Adverse skin reaction</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Two randomised controlled trials (N=2079) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in adverse skin reactions between those who received chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation or iodophor-based aqueous/alcohol skin preparation.</div></li></ul><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.2.1.1"><h5>Iodophor-based aqueous skin preparation</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (N=932) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in adverse skin reactions between those who received chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation or iodophor-based aqueous skin preparation.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.2.1.2"><h5>Iodophor-based alcohol skin preparation</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (N=1147) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in adverse skin reactions between those who received chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation or iodophor-based alcohol skin preparation.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.2.2"><h5>Endometritis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Two randomised controlled trials (N=2079) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in the occurrence of endometritis between those who received chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation or iodophor-based aqueous/alcohol skin preparation.</div></li></ul><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.2.2.1"><h5>Iodophor-based aqueous skin preparation</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (N=932) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in the occurrence of endometritis between those who received chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation or iodophor-based aqueous skin preparation.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.2.2.2"><h5>Iodophor-based alcohol skin preparation</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (N=1147) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in the occurrence of endometritis between those who received chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation or iodophor-based alcohol skin preparation.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.2.3"><h5>Women’s experience</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.2.4"><h5>Readmission into hospital</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Two randomised controlled trials (N=2079) provided low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in readmission into hospital between those who received chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation or iodophor-based aqueous/alcohol skin preparation.</div></li></ul><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.2.4.1"><h5>Iodophor-based aqueous skin preparation</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (N=932) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in readmission into hospital between those who received chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation or iodophor-based aqueous skin preparation.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.14.2.4.2"><h5>Iodophor-based alcohol skin preparation</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (N=1147) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in readmissions into hospital between those who received chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation or iodophor-based alcohol skin preparation.</div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15"><h4>Comparison 5. Iodophor-based aqueous vaginal preparation versus no vaginal/saline vaginal preparation</h4><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15.1"><h5>Critical outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15.1.1"><h5>Sepsis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15.1.2"><h5>Wound infection</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seven randomised controlled trials (N=2639) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in the number of wound infections between those who received iodophor-based aqueous vaginal preparation or no vaginal/saline vaginal preparation.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15.1.3"><h5>Need for antibiotics</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15.2"><h5>Important outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15.2.1"><h5>Adverse skin events from techniques</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15.2.2"><h5>Endometritis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eight randomised controlled trials (N=3069) provided low quality evidence to show a clinically important decrease in the occurrence of endometritis for those who received iodophor-based aqueous vaginal preparation compared to those who received no vaginal/saline vaginal preparation.</div></li></ul><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15.2.2.1"><h5>Women with ruptured membranes</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Three randomised controlled trials (N=272) provided moderate quality evidence to show that women with ruptured membranes who received iodophor-based aqueous vaginal preparation experienced a clinically important decrease in the occurrence of endometritis compared to those who received no vaginal/saline vaginal preparation.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15.2.2.2"><h5>Women with intact membranes</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Three randomised controlled trials (N=857) provided low quality evidence to show, for women with intact membranes, that there was no clinically important difference in endometritis between those who received iodophor-based aqueous vaginal preparation or no vaginal/saline vaginal preparation.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15.2.2.3"><h5>Women with mixed/unclear rupture of membranes</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Five randomised controlled trials (N=1940) provided very low quality evidence to show that, where membrane status was not reported or included a mixed population, those who received iodophor-based aqueous vaginal preparation had a clinically important decrease in the number of episodes of endometritis compared to those who received no vaginal/saline vaginal preparation.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15.2.3"><h5>Women’s experience</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.15.2.4"><h5>Readmission into hospital</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.16"><h4>Comparison 6. Chlorhexidine-based aqueous vaginal preparation versus no vaginal cleansing/sterile water</h4><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.16.1"><h5>Critical outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.16.1.1"><h5>Sepsis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.16.1.2"><h5>Wound infection</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One randomised controlled trial (N=200) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in wound infections between those who received chlorhexidine-based aqueous vaginal preparation or no vaginal cleansing/sterile water.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.16.1.3"><h5>Need for antibiotics</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.16.2"><h5>Important outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.16.2.1"><h5>Adverse skin events from techniques</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.16.2.2"><h5>Endometritis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Two randomised controlled trials (N=214) provided moderate quality evidence to show a clinically important decrease in the number of episodes of endometritis for those who received chlorhexidine-based aqueous vaginal preparation compared to those who received no vaginal cleansing/sterile water.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.16.2.3"><h5>Women’s experience</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.16.2.4"><h5>Readmission into hospital</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.17"><h4>Comparison 7. Saline intra-abdominal irrigation versus no irrigation</h4><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.17.1"><h5>Critical outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.17.1.1"><h5>Sepsis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.17.1.2"><h5>Wound infection</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Two randomised controlled trials (N=626) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in wound infections between those who received saline intra-abdominal irrigation or no irrigation.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.17.1.3"><h5>Need for antibiotics</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.17.2"><h5>Important outcomes</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.17.2.1"><h5>Adverse skin events</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.17.2.2"><h5>Endometritis</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Three randomised controlled trials (N=862) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in the occurrence of endometritis between those who received saline intra-abdominal irrigation or no irrigation.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.17.2.3"><h5>Women’s experience</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.17.2.4"><h5>Readmission into hospital</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No evidence was available for this outcome</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.17.3"><h5>Economic evidence statements</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One cost utility analysis undertaken in an Australian setting found that NPWT was more costly and more effective than standard care with an ICER of AU$15,000 per QALY. This analysis is partially applicable with minor limitations.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Another cost utility analysis undertaken in an Australian setting found that NPWT was more costly and more effective than standard care with an ICER of AU$42,340 per QALY. This analysis is partially applicable with serious limitations.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An economic evaluation performed alongside an RCT found that NPWT dominated standard dressings in women with a BMI ≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> before pregnancy who had a planned or emergency caesarean birth although differences in costs and QALYs were not statistically significant. This analysis is partially applicable with major limitations.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.18"><h4>The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.18.1"><h5>Interpreting the evidence</h5><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.18.1.1"><h5>The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The aim of this review was to identify which interventions reduced infectious morbidity in women undergoing caesarean birth. The committee therefore designated 3 critical outcomes: sepsis, wound infection/surgical site infection and need for antibiotics. These outcomes were selected as the most direct indicators for the efficacy and safety of the different interventions considered to reduce infectious morbidity.</p><p>The committee identified 4 further outcomes as important: endometritis, readmission into hospital, adverse skin events from techniques or interventions, and women’s experience. These outcomes were important because endometritis may occur after caesarean birth, readmission may indicate the presence of a wound-related problem, and some of the skin preparations and wound dressings may lead to adverse skin events so including this allowed the benefits and harms of the interventions to be balanced. As post-operative wound problems can have a detrimental impact on quality of life, it was also thought important to include women’s experience.</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.18.1.2"><h5>The quality of the evidence</h5><p>Twenty-seven RCTs (18 of which were incorporated from 3 previously published systematic reviews) were included in this review. The quality of the evidence ranged from very low to moderate as assessed by GRADE.</p><p>The main reason for downgrading the evidence was the risk of bias due to studies not reporting how randomisation was performed or concealed, or because women, investigators and assessors were aware of treatment allocation. Other reasons for downgrading the quality of the evidence included sponsorship bias, where studies were funded by the manufacturers of the intervention under investigation, or indirectness (as some studies were conducted in low or middle income countries). Additionally, studies were also downgraded because of imprecision, as the trials had few women included, and therefore the confidence intervals around the estimate for each of the outcomes were wide.</p><p>The analysis comparing efficacy of NPWT in different BMI categories was a post-hoc subgrouping of an RCT. As such there is an additional risk of bias as these subgroups did not appear to be pre-specified or stratification that occurred prior to randomisation. However, the thresholds chosen (BMI 30–34.9 and 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or above) were reasonable and therefore the likelihood they were selected to emphasise a certain outcome is limited.</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.18.1.3"><h5>Benefits and harms</h5><p>Although the use of prophylactic antibiotics is standard practice for women undergoing caesarean birth, there is still a risk of infection during any surgical procedure. Infections complicate recovery after surgery, may require a protracted hospital stay or intensive monitoring, and can have an important, detrimental effect on the woman’s quality of life and emotional state. The committee’s priority with these recommendations was to minimise maternal morbidity through the use of specific interventions.</p><p>The committee made the recommendations about choice of skin and vaginal preparation based on the evidence in this report, which suggested that these interventions reduce the risk of surgical site infections and endometritis, respectively.</p><p>Skin preparation for the abdomen is standard practice for a caesarean birth and the evidence indicated that the use of alcohol-based chlorhexidine skin preparation of the abdomen offered an important reduction in wound/surgical site infection compared to iodine skin preparations. The committee noted that this evidence, specific to women undergoing caesarean birth, is also in keeping with the recommendations for the general surgical population, contained in the <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg74" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE guideline on the prevention and treatment of surgical site infections</a>. However, the committee noted that there was no difference in the rates of adverse events, endometritis or readmission between alcohol-based chlorhexidine preparations and iodine preparations, and so suggested that iodine preparations could be used as an alternative if alcohol-based chlorhexidine skin preparations were not available. This hierarchy is also in line with the <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg74" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE guideline on the prevention and treatment of surgical site infections</a>.</p><p>The evidence showed a clinically important reduction in the occurrence of endometritis when antiseptic vaginal preparation (cleansing solution) was used, as compared to no vaginal preparation, or the use of saline only. Aqueous iodine vaginal solutions were shown to result in a clinically important reduction in endometritis, as compared to no preparation/saline preparation. On subgroup analysis according to membrane status, this difference was found to be most marked for women with ruptured membranes. The data regarding aqueous chlorhexidine vaginal preparation were more limited (2 studies), but also demonstrated a clinically important reduction in endometritis with the use of this solution. Therefore the committee decided that it would be appropriate to recommend aqueous iodine solution but to state that aqueous chlorhexidine vaginal preparation could be used as an alternative solution if the woman has allergies to iodine or if an iodine preparation is not available. The evidence for aqueous chlorhexidine vaginal preparation was not specific for women with ruptured membranes.</p><p>The evidence suggested that negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is likely to be effective in reducing wound infections or surgical site infections in women with body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or more, although the outcome is on the cusp of statistical significance.The committee discussed the evidence relevant for this intervention and noted that the studies were not robust enough to make a strong recommendation in all women with a BMI of 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or above. The main issues that the committee noted were that 2 different brands of NPWT were used across the studies and, as a result, the negative pressure that women received varied substantially. Five of the included studies (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref5" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref5">Gunatilake 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8">Hussamy 2019</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref13" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref13">Ruhstaller 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17">Tuuli 2020</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18">Wihbey 2018</a>) used the PREVENA negative pressure wound therapy device, applying a negative pressure of 125 mmHg, whereas 2 of the included studies in this comparison (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref2" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref2">Chaboyer 2014</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9">Hyldig 2018</a>) used the PICO negative pressure wound therapy device, applying a negative pressure of 80 mmHg. Furthermore, some of these studies were funded by the manufacturer of the negative pressure wound therapy device, which introduced a potential risk of bias. The experience of the committee was that, in current practice, NPWT was more commonly used for women with a BMI of 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or more, but the inclusion criteria for the studies reviewed was often lower than this. In a health economic analysis of one of the larger trials (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9">Hyldig 2018</a>), the trial authors reported their results separately for the group of women with a BMI 30–34.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and those with a BMI of 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or greater. The direction and point estimate of the effect was similar between the two groups. However, the relative effect was not statistically significant in the BMI 30–34.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> group and the absolute effect was smaller. The results of the economic analysis differed between these groups (see below). There was some inconsistent evidence on adverse skin events occurring with NPWT. Overall there appeared to be no clinically important difference in adverse skin events between NPWT and standard dressing, however in 2 of the larger studies there were far more adverse skin events in the NPWT arm. The committee noted it was difficult to determine the severity of these events and also queried whether the inconsistent results could be due to varying monitoring strategies or inclusion criteria in terms of allergies. Finally the committee also noted the NICE medical technologies guidance (MTG43) about PICO negative pressure wound dressings for closed surgical incisions, which recommended their use for people at high risk of wound infections. Taking all of this into account, the committee agreed that there was sufficient evidence to make a weak recommendation for the use of NPWT in women with a BMI of 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and above.</p><p>Some limited evidence suggested that there were no clinically important differences in early (6 hours) as compared to standard (24 hours) removal of wound dressings, and that women were more satisfied when the dressing was removed earlier. This was consistent with the committee’s experience, and the committee also noted that women included in this study were being treated in an inpatient setting, and their surgical wounds were examined prior to discharge, which would be standard care in the UK. The committee therefore considered that the methods of the study were robust. The previous guideline had recommended that dressings were removed after 24 hours so the committee amended this recommendation to state that dressings could be removed between 6 and 24 hours after the CB. The committee also made a new recommendation to advise women that the evidence showed no differences in the risk of wound infection when the dressing was removed 6 hours or 24 hours postoperatively.</p><p>There was very limited evidence on the use of different types of postoperative dressings. A single study was identified which considered two specific types of dressing. The committee acknowledged that there are many different types available, but could not recommend one dressing over another as there was not enough evidence to support the decision. However, as women may ask about different dressings, the committee made a recommendation to clarify that there was evidence to demonstrate that one type of wound dressing was better at reducing wound infections that another.</p><p>There was some evidence comparing saline intra-abdominal irrigation with no irrigation which found no difference for wound infection or endometritis, and the committee decided that it was not necessary to make any recommendations relating to this intervention.</p><p>Due to the paucity of evidence in the use of hair removal, incise drapes and diathermy, the committee were unable to make specific recommendations regarding these interventions. Instead, they noted the relevant recommendations in the <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=cg174&src=IE-SearchBox&FORM=IENTTR&conversationid=" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE guideline on surgical site infections: prevention and treatment</a>. These apply to the general population undergoing surgery, rather than specifically to women having a caesarean birth, but were in line with the committee’s experience.</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.s1.1.18.1.4"><h5>Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>The committee discussed the three relevant studies that considered the cost-effectiveness of NPWT in obese women (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) having a caesarean birth.</p><p>The results of <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref7">Heard 2017</a> and Tuffaha showed NPWT to be more effective and more costly than standard care. In both studies, the ICER result was interpreted as showing that NPWT is cost-effective (based on an Australian cost-effectiveness threshold). However, there was some uncertainty around the result in both models (largely as a result of uncertainty in the clinical evidence base). The committee also noted that these 2 studies are Australian and are therefore of limited applicability to the UK health care setting.</p><p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a> found NPWT to be dominant when compared to standard dressing but neither the cost saving or QALY benefit were found to be statistically significant. Nevertheless, probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggested there was a 65% probability that NPWT was cost saving. In addition, the committee noted that any cost savings appeared to be driven by the sub-group of women with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p><p>The results of an economic study conducted as part of a recent NICE medical technology guidance on NPWT using PICO dressings (MTG43) were also discussed by the committee. The report included a cost analysis submitted by the manufacturer which was subsequently revised by the external assessment centre (EAC). The revised EAC cost analysis showed that, in comparison to standard dressings, PICO dressings resulted in modest cost savings when considering all surgery types. However, this overall result was driven by the large cost savings seen in highly invasive surgery (such as colorectal cancer) and PICO dressings were unlikely to be cost saving when used for surgeries undertaken on healthier patients such as caesarean birth and orthopaedic surgery.</p><p>On the basis of the economic evidence, the committee considered that a weak recommendation to consider NPWT was justified in women with a BMI of 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or above. An original economic analysis undertaken for this guideline suggested that although unlikely on the balance of probabilities, NPWT might be cost saving in this population due to a reduced incidence of surgical site infections when compared to standard dressings. The committee also thought that this was reflective of NHS practice where NPWT following caesarean birth would normally be reserved for this population. The committee also considered that this analysis finding was consistent with the MTG43 view that cost savings were more likely in less healthy patients. The committee agreed that no recommendation to consider NPWT in women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> to BMI < 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> was warranted from the economic evidence presented.</p><p>The committee identified that considering the use of NPWT in women with a BMI of 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or above having a caesarean birth, will be a change of practice for many units, who currently do not use it all at or who may use it at higher BMI thresholds, and may have resource implications, particularly in areas where a higher proportion of pregnant women will meet this criterion.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.rl.r1"><h4>References</h4><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref1"><p id="p-257">
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KA, Joyce
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1;132(2):377–84. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29995726" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29995726</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng192er2.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><div id="niceng192er2.appa.s1"><h4>Review protocol for review question: What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women having a caesarean birth?</h4><p id="niceng192er2.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 3. Review protocol for techniques to reduce infectious morbidity in caesarean birth</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><div id="niceng192er2.appb.s1"><h4>Literature search strategies for review question: What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women having a caesarean birth?</h4></div><div id="niceng192er2.appb.s2"><h4>Review question search strategies</h4><p><b>Note:</b> The full searches for this review question were run on 02/10/2018 but a targeted top up search just for negative pressure wound therapy using the relevant terms from the full searches was run on 10/12/2020. This was done in response to stakeholder consultation comments regarding potentially relevant publications that had been published since the full searches were run. See the Included Studies section of this Evidence Report for more details.</p><div id="niceng192er2.appb.s2.1"><h5>Databases: Medline; Medline EPub Ahead of Print; and Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appbtab1" class="figpopup">Date of last search: 02/10/2018</a></p></div><div id="niceng192er2.appb.s2.2"><h5>Databases: Embase; and Embase Classic</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appbtab2" class="figpopup">Date of last search: 02/10/2018</a></p></div><div id="niceng192er2.appb.s2.3"><h5>Databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appbtab3" class="figpopup">Date of last search: 02/10/2018</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appb.s3"><h4>Health economics search strategies</h4><div id="niceng192er2.appb.s3.1"><h5>Databases: Medline; Medline EPub Ahead of Print; and Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appbtab4" class="figpopup">Date of last search: 02/10/2018</a></p></div><div id="niceng192er2.appb.s3.2"><h5>Databases: Embase; and Embase Classic</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appbtab5" class="figpopup">Date of last search: 02/10/2018</a></p></div><div id="niceng192er2.appb.s3.3"><h5>Database: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appbtab6" class="figpopup">Date of last search: 02/10/2018</a></p></div></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence study selection</h3><div id="niceng192er2.appc.s1"><h4>Clinical study selection for review question: What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women having a caesarean birth?</h4><p id="niceng192er2.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appcfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 1. Study selection flow chart</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><div id="niceng192er2.appd.s1"><h4>Clinical evidence tables for review question: What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women having a caesarean birth?</h4><p id="niceng192er2.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 4. Clinical evidence tables for methods to reduce infectious morbidity</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 763K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s1"><h4>Forest plots for review question: What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women having a caesarean birth?</h4><p>This section includes forest plots only for outcomes that are meta-analysed. Outcomes from single studies are not presented here, but the quality assessment for these outcomes is provided in the GRADE profiles in <a href="#niceng192er2.appf">appendix F</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s2"><h4>Comparison 2. Negative wound pressure therapy (NPWT) versus standard dressing</h4><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s2.1"><h5>Critical outcomes</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig1" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Wound infection/ surgical site infection</a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig2" class="figpopup">Figure 3. Need for antibiotics</a></p></div><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s2.2"><h5>Important outcomes</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig3" class="figpopup">Figure 4. Adverse skin events from techniques</a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig4" class="figpopup">Figure 5. Readmission into hospital</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s3"><h4>Comparison 4. Chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation versus iodophor-based aqueous/alcohol skin preparation</h4><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s3.1"><h5>Critical outcomes</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig5"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig5" class="figpopup">Figure 6. Surgical site infection</a></p></div><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s3.2"><h5>Important outcomes</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig6"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig6" class="figpopup">Figure 7. Adverse skin reaction</a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig7"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig7" class="figpopup">Figure 8. Endometritis</a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig8"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig8" class="figpopup">Figure 9. Readmission into hospital</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s4"><h4>Comparison 5. Iodophor-based aqueous vaginal preparation versus no vaginal/saline vaginal preparation</h4><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s4.1"><h5>Critical outcomes</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig9"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig9" class="figpopup">Figure 10. Wound infection</a></p></div><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s4.2"><h5>Important outcomes</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig10"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig10" class="figpopup">Figure 11. Endometritis</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s5"><h4>Comparison 6. Chlorhexidine-based aqueous vaginal preparation versus no vaginal cleansing/sterile water</h4><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s5.1"><h5>Important outcomes</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig11"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig11" class="figpopup">Figure 12. Endometritis</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s6"><h4>Comparison 7. Saline intra-abdominal irrigation versus no irrigation</h4><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s6.1"><h5>Critical outcomes</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig12"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig12" class="figpopup">Figure 13. Wound infection</a></p></div><div id="niceng192er2.appe.s6.2"><h5>Important outcomes</h5><p id="niceng192er2.appe.fig13"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig13" class="figpopup">Figure 14. Endometritis</a></p></div></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><div id="niceng192er2.appf.s1"><h4>GRADE tables for review question: What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women having a caesarean birth?</h4><p id="niceng192er2.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appftab1" class="figpopup">Table 5. Comparison 1. Hydroactive dressing versus standard dressing</a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appf.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appftab2" class="figpopup">Table 6. Comparison 2. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) versus standard dressing</a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appf.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appftab3" class="figpopup">Table 7. Comparison 3. Early (6 hours) versus standard (24 hours) timing of dressing removal</a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appf.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appftab4" class="figpopup">Table 8. Comparison 4. Chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation versus iodophor-based aqueous/alcohol skin preparation</a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appf.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appftab5" class="figpopup">Table 9. Comparison 5. Iodophor-based aqueous vaginal preparation versus no vaginal/saline vaginal preparation</a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appf.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appftab6" class="figpopup">Table 10. Comparison 6. Chlorhexidine-based aqueous vaginal preparation versus no vaginal cleansing/sterile water</a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appf.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appftab7" class="figpopup">Table 11. Comparison 7. Saline intra-abdominal irrigation versus no irrigation</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Economic evidence study selection</h3><div id="niceng192er2.appg.s1"><h4>Economic evidence study selection for review question: What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women having a caesarean birth?</h4><p id="niceng192er2.appg.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appg.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appgfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 15. Study selection flow chart</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Economic evidence tables</h3><div id="niceng192er2.apph.s1"><h4>Economic evidence tables for review question: What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women having a caesarean birth?</h4><p id="niceng192er2.apph.et1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2-apph-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 12. Economic evidence tables for methods to reduce infectious morbidity</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 281K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Economic evidence profiles</h3><div id="niceng192er2.appi.s1"><h4>Economic evidence profiles for review question: What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women undergoing CS?</h4><p id="niceng192er2.appi.et1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2-appi-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 13. Economic evidence profiles for methods to reduce infectious morbidity</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 157K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Economic analysis</h3><div id="niceng192er2.appj.s1"><h4>Economic evidence analysis for review question: What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women having a caesarean birth?</h4><div id="niceng192er2.appj.s1.1"><h5>Cost-minimisation analysis of NPWT compared to standard dressing in women with having a caesarean birth</h5><p>An ad-hoc cost-minimisation and cost-utility analysis was undertaken for this guideline in order to give the committee a clearer understanding of the contribution of different BMI categories in the NHS context. The committee considered this of particular relevance to UK practice where most clinicians reserve the use of NPWT for those women with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p><p>The data used in the ad-hoc analysis are shown in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2appjtab1" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjtab1">Table 14</a>.</p><p id="niceng192er2.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjtab1" class="figpopup">Table 14. Data inputs for ad-hoc analysis of costs on NPWT by BMI sub-group</a></p><div id="niceng192er2.appj.s1.1.1"><h5>i. Cost-minimisation analysis</h5><p>A probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) with 10,000 simulations was undertaken for each sub-group (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> to BMI < 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; BMI ≥ 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). The baseline risk was sampled using a Beta distribution and relative risk was sampled using a log-normal distribution. For women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> to BMI < 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> NPWT led to a mean net increase in costs of £77 when compared to standard dressing. The PSA suggested that there was only a 2.2% chance that NPWT was cost saving relative to standard dressing. In the sub-group of women with a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> the ad-hoc analysis suggested that NPWT resulted in a £32 increase in mean net costs and had a 28.2% probability of being cheaper than standard dressing. The estimated probability distribution for the increase in costs with NPWT relative to standard dressing for each of the sub-groups is given in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appj.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2appjfig1" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjfig1">Figure 16</a> and <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appj.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2appjfig2" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjfig2">Figure 17</a> respectively.</p><p id="niceng192er2.appj.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appj.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 16. Probability distribution for net increase in costs with NPWT relative to standard dressing in women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> to BMI < 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup></a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appj.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appj.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjfig2" class="figpopup">Figure 17. Probability distribution for net increase in costs with NPWT relative to standard dressing in women with a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup></a></p></div><div id="niceng192er2.appj.s1.1.2"><h5>ii. Cost-utility analysis</h5><p>A PSA was undertaken for each of the sub-groups (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> to BMI < 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; BMI ≥ 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and the results are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2appjtab2" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjtab2">Table 15</a> and the cost-effectiveness analysis curves in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appj.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2appjfig3" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjfig3">Figure 18</a> and <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appj.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2appjfig4" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjfig4">Figure 19</a>.</p><p id="niceng192er2.appj.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjtab2" class="figpopup">Table 15. Summary results of cost-utility analysis of NPWT compared to standard dressing</a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appj.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appj.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjfig3" class="figpopup">Figure 18. Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve for NPWT compared to standard dressing in women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> to BMI < 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup></a></p><p id="niceng192er2.appj.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appj.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjfig4" class="figpopup">Figure 19. Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve for NPWT compared to standard dressing in women with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup></a></p><p>The committee were aware that that a NICE medical technology guidance (MTG43) considered <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a> a weak publication, based on the method for eliciting QALYs and concerns around missing data for costs in the base case analysis. However, these limitations were not relevant to the findings of the ad-hoc analysis undertaken.</p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appk"><h3>Appendix K. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng192er2.appk.s1"><h4>Excluded clinical and economic studies for review question: What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women having a caesarean birth?</h4></div><div id="niceng192er2.appk.s2"><h4>Clinical studies</h4><p id="niceng192er2.appk.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appk.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appktab1" class="figpopup">Table 16. Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion</a></p></div><div id="niceng192er2.appk.s3"><h4>Economic studies</h4><p id="niceng192er2.appk.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appk.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appktab2" class="figpopup">Table 17. Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appl"><h3>Appendix L. Research recommendations</h3><div id="niceng192er2.appl.s1"><h4>Research recommendations for review question: What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women undergoing CS?</h4><p>No research recommendations were made for this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng192er2.appm"><h3>Appendix M. BMI subgrouping of NPWT</h3><div id="niceng192er2.appm.s1"><h4>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a>
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</h4><p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a> is a within trial cost effectiveness analysis that was published after the search date for this review. While the study was not fully included in the review due to its date of publication, the committee briefly discussed its findings as it was a publication including further information on a study that was included in the review (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9">Hyldig 2018</a>), answered a possible research recommendation and helped inform whether recommendations could be stratified by BMI.</p><p>Additional evidence from <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a>, in terms of effect of NPWT versus standard dressing on surgical site infections, is presented in the forest plot below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appm.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2appmfig1" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appmfig1">Figure 20</a>). These relative effects would be expected to translate to an absolute effect of 33 fewer per 1000 treated (95% CI from 53 fewer to 13 more) in the BMI 30–34.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> group and 67 fewer per 1000 treated (95% CI from 12 fewer to 94 fewer) in the BMI 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and over group.</p><p id="niceng192er2.appm.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appm.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appmfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 20. Wound infection/ Surgical site infections, Hyldig 2019, stratified by BMI</a></p><p>The overall meta-analysed outcome was considered very low quality evidence (see <a href="#niceng192er2.appf">appendix F</a>). The additional <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a> evidence should be considered of similar quality. The estimate for the BMI 30–34.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> subgroup is also seriously imprecise and both outcomes are from a post-hoc analysis of an RCT.</p></div></div></div><div style="display:none"><div style="display:none" id="figniceng192er2appefig1"><img alt="Image niceng192er2appef1" src-large="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef1.jpg" /></div><div style="display:none" id="figniceng192er2appjfig1"><img alt="Image niceng192er2appjf1" src-large="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appjf1.jpg" /></div><div style="display:none" id="figniceng192er2appjfig2"><img alt="Image niceng192er2appjf2" src-large="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appjf2.jpg" /></div><div style="display:none" id="figniceng192er2appjfig3"><img alt="Image niceng192er2appjf3" src-large="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appjf3.jpg" /></div><div style="display:none" id="figniceng192er2appjfig4"><img alt="Image niceng192er2appjf4" src-large="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appjf4.jpg" /></div><div style="display:none" id="figniceng192er2appmfig1"><img alt="Image niceng192er2appmf1" src-large="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appmf1.jpg" /></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Evidence review</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Alliance which is a part of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2021.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK569604</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33877753" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">33877753</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2tab1"><div id="niceng192er2.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Summary of the protocol (PICO table)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng192er2.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng192er2.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women having a caesarean birth (CB). This population includes women undergoing:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Emergency CB</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Elective CB</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng192er2.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng192er2.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pre-operative washes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drapes
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>standard drape</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>incise drape</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Removal of body hair
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>before surgery</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>in the operating theatre</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>no shaving</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of face masks</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type of dressing/ wound covering
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>topical/spray-on adhesive dressing (for example, Dermabond)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>different types of dressings
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<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">dry absorbent dressings</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">hydroactive dressings</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">hydrocolloid dressing</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) (for example, PICO dressing)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">honeycomb dressing (for example, Opsite)</p></dd></dl></dl></div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Time of dressing removal</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pre-operative skin preparation
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>alcohol scrubs
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<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">iodophor based (for example, Duraprep)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">chlorhexidine based (for example, Chloraprep)</p></dd></dl></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>aqueous scrubs
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<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">iodophor based (for example, Betadine)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">chlorhexidine based (for example, Hibiclens)</p></dd></dl></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>water</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vaginal preparation
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>alcohol-based
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<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">iodophor based (for example, Duraprep)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">chlorhexidine based (for example, Chloraprep)</p></dd></dl></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>aqueous-based
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<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">iodophor based (for example, Betadine)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">chlorhexidine based (for example, Savlon)</p></dd></dl></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>water</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Intra-abdominal irrigation
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>saline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>aqueous iodine washes</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of diathermy</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng192er2.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng192er2.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Each treatment compared to another (within their sections)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No treatment/placebo (except for the use of drapes, where only the above comparison will be considered)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng192er2.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcome</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng192er2.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Critical outcomes:</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sepsis (including for example necrotising fasciitis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wound infection/surgical site infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Need for antibiotics</div></li></ul>
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<b>Important outcomes:</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse skin events from techniques (for example contact dermatitis/allergy)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Endometritis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Women’s experience (patient satisfaction/health related quality of life)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Readmission into hospital (up to 28 days)</div></li></ul>
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The relevant time period for all of these outcomes is up to 7 days post-operatively.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">CB: Caesarean birth, NPWT: negative pressure wound therapy</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2tab2"><div id="niceng192er2.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of included studies</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Control</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref2" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref2">Chaboyer 2014</a>
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</p>
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<p>RCT</p>
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<p>Australia</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=87</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NPWT (PICO)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard dressing</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgical site infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse skin events (bruising)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Readmission into hospital</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref4" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref4">Eke 2016</a>
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</p>
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<p>Systematic review</p>
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<p>Turkey and US</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>K=3 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref28" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref28">Harrigil 2003</a>, Temizcan 2015, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref85" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref85">Viney 2012</a>)</p>
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<p>N=862</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intra-abdominal saline irrigation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No irrigation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wound infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Endometritis</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref5" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref5">Gunatilake 2017</a>
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</p>
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<p>RCT</p>
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<p>US</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=82</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NPWT (PREVENA)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard dressing</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgical site infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Women’s experience: reported pain at rest (days 1 to 7 post-operatively, Wong-Baker Faces Scale)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a>
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</p>
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<p>Cochrane systematic review</p>
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<p>Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Turkey, US</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>K=11 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref4" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref4">Ahmed 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref6">Asad 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref7" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref7">Asghania 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref23" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref23">Goymen 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref25" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref25">Guzman 2002</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref26" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref26">Haas 2010</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref50" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref50">Memon 2011</a>, Reid 2011, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref67" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref67">Rouse 1997</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref75" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref75">Starr 2005</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref88" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref88">Yildirim 2012</a>)</p>
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<p>N=3403</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Iodophor-based aqueous vaginal preparation; chlorhexidine-based aqueous vaginal preparation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No vaginal preparation; saline vaginal wash; sterile water</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wound infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Endometritis</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8">Hussamy 2019</a>
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</p>
|
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<p>RCT</p>
|
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<p>US</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=441</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NPWT (PREVENA)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard dressing</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgical site infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Need for antibiotics</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse skin events</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Patient satisfaction (women who were satisfied with treatment)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Readmission into hospital</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9">Hyldig 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a></p>
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<p>RCT</p>
|
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<p>Denmark</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=876</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NPWT (PICO)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard dressing</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgical site infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Endometritis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Women’s experience: self-rated health status (measured with EQ-VAS)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref12" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref12">Peleg 2016</a>
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</p>
|
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<p>RCT</p>
|
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<p>Israel</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=320</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Early (6 hours) removal of wound dressing</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard (24 hours) removal of wound dressing</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wound infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Patient satisfaction (women who were satisfied with treatment)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Readmission into hospital</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
|
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref13" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref13">Ruhstaller 2017</a>
|
|
</p>
|
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<p>RCT</p>
|
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<p>US</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=119</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NPWT (PREVENA)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard dressing</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wound infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Women’s experience: sharp pain at postoperative day</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref14" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref14">Stanirowski 2016</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>Poland</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=543</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hydroactive dressing (DACC)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard dressing</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgical site infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Need for antibiotic</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Readmission into hospital</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15">Tolcher 2018</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Systematic review</p>
|
|
<p>US</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>K=4 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref39" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref39">Kunkle 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref59" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref59">Ngai 2015</a>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref74" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref74">Springel 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref80" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref80">Tuuli 2016</a>)</p>
|
|
<p>N=3059</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Povidone-iodine with/without alcohol</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgical site infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse skin reaction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Endometritis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Readmission into hospital</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17">Tuuli 2020</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>US</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=1624</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NPWT (PREVENA)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard dressing</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sepsis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgical site infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse skin events</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Women’s experience: satisfaction</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Readmission into hospital</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18">Wihbey 2018</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>US</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=166</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NPWT (PREVENA)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard dressing</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgical site infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Need for antibiotics</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse skin events from techniques (hematoma)</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">DACC: dialkylcarbamoyl chloride; EQ-VAS: EuroQol visual analogue scale; NPWT: negative pressure wound therapy; RCT: randomised controlled trial</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appatab1"><div id="niceng192er2.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Review protocol for techniques to reduce infectious morbidity in caesarean birth</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Field (based on <a href="http://www.prisma-statement.org/Extensions/Protocols.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PRISMA-P</a>)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Content</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Key area in the scope</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Procedural aspects of caesarean birth (CB): timing of planned caesarean birth, preoperative testing and preparation, anaesthesia and surgical techniques</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Draft review question from the surveillance report</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Surgical techniques for CB – use of antibiotics- methods to reduce infectious morbidity at CB</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Actual review question</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">What methods, apart from prophylactic antibiotics, should be used to reduce infectious morbidity in women having a CB?</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review question</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objective of the review</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify if there are effective ways of reducing infectious morbidity at CB. Administration of prophylactic antibiotics is now standard practice, but additional methods to reduce infectious morbidity may vary between different obstetric units. The purpose of this review is to assess which of these methods are effective at reducing infectious morbidity in the mother.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – <b>population</b>/disease/condition/issue/domain</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Women undergoing caesarean section</p>
|
|
<p>include emergency and elective CB</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – <b>intervention</b>(s)/exposure(s)/prognostic factor(s)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pre-operative washes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drapes
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ standard drape</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ incise drape</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Removal of body hair
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ before surgery</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ in the operating theatre</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ no shaving</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of face masks</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type of dressing/wound covering
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ topical/spray-on adhesive dressing (e.g. Dermabond)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ different types of dressings
|
|
<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">dry absorbent dressings</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">hydroactive dressing</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">hydrocolloid dressing</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">negative pressure wound therapy (e.g. PICO dressing)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Honeycomb dressing (e.g. Opsite)</p></dd></dl></dl></div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Time of dressing removal</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pre-operative skin preparation
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ alcohol scrubs
|
|
<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">iodophor based (e.g. Duraprep)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">chlorhexidine based (e.g. Chloraprep)</p></dd></dl></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ aqueous scrubs
|
|
<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">iodophor based (e.g. betadine)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">chlorhexidine based (e.g. Hibiclens)</p></dd></dl></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ water</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vaginal preparation
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ alcohol scrubs
|
|
<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">iodophor based (e.g. Duraprep)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">chlorhexidine based (e.g. Chloraprep)</p></dd></dl></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ aqueous scrubs
|
|
<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">iodophor based (e.g. betadine)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">chlorhexidine based (e.g. savlon)</p></dd></dl></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ water</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Intra-abdominal irrigation
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ Saline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>○ Aqueous iodine washes</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of diathermy</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – <b>comparator(s)</b>/control or reference (gold) standard</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Each intervention compared to another (within their sections – see specified comparisons below)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No treatment/placebo</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relevant comparisons are therefore:
|
|
<ol><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of pre-op wash compared to no use/placebo</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One type of pre-op wash compared to another</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of standard drape compared to incise drape</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Removal of body hair compared to no removal</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Removal of body hair before surgery compared to removal in the operating theatre</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of face masks (by the operating team) compared to no face masks</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of topical/spray-on adhesive dressing compared to non-use/placebo</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of one type of topical/spray-on adhesive dressing compared to another</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of any dressing compared to no dressing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of one type of dressing compared to another</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Removal of dressing at one post-operative time, compared to removal of dressing at a different time</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One type of skin preparation compared to no skin preparation/placebo</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One type of skin preparation compared to another type</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One type of vaginal preparation compared to no vaginal preparation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One type of vaginal preparation compared to another type</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One type of abdominal irrigation compared to no abdominal irrigation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One type of abdominal irrigation compared to another</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The use of diathermy compared to no use of diathermy</div></li></ol></div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Outcomes and prioritisation</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The relevant time period for all of these outcomes is up to 7 days post-operative:</div></li></ul>
|
|
<b>Critical outcomes:</b>
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sepsis (including e.g. necrotising fasciitis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wound infection/surgical site infection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Need for antibiotics</div></li></ul>
|
|
<b>Important outcomes:</b>
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adverse skin events from techniques (e.g. contact dermatitis/allergy)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Endometritis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Women’s experience (patient satisfaction/health related quality of life)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Readmission into hospital (up to 28 days)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – <b>study design</b></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Only published full text papers
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systematic reviews/meta-analyses of RCTs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>RCTs</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other inclusion <b>exclusion criteria</b></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclude conference abstracts</p>
|
|
<p>Exclude studies from low/middle income countries</p>
|
|
<p>Exclude studies where prophylactic antibiotics have not been administered, unless no/very sparse evidence is identified</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed stratified, sensitivity/<b>sub-group analysis</b>, or meta-regression</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Subgroup analysis will be conducted if heterogeneity is identified:
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>for elective versus emergency CB</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>ruptured membranes/intact membranes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>by gestational age (<34 weeks and <28 weeks)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>by stage of labour in which CB is carried out</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>first stage (cervix <10 cm dilated)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>second stage (cervix 10cm [fully] dilated)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>women known to be MRSA +ve</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>procedures where prophylactic antibiotics were given before and after cord clamping</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>women with raised BMI</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Selection process – duplicate screening/selection/analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duplicate screening/selection/analysis will not be undertaken for this review as this question was not prioritised for it. Included and excluded studies will be cross checked with the committee and with published systematic reviews when available.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data management (software)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>If pairwise meta-analyses are undertaken, they will be performed using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan5).</p>
|
|
<p>‘GRADE’ will be used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome.</p>
|
|
<p>STAR will be used for bibliographies/citations and study sifting.</p>
|
|
<p>Microsoft Word will be used for data extraction and quality assessment/critical appraisal</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Information sources – databases and dates</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sources to be searched: Medline, Medline In-Process, CCTR, CDSR, DARE, HTA and Embase.</p>
|
|
<p>Limits (e.g. date, study design): All study designs. Apply standard animal/non-English language filters. No date limit.</p>
|
|
<p>Supplementary search techniques: No supplementary search techniques will be used.</p>
|
|
<p>See <a href="#niceng192er2.appb">appendix B</a> for full strategies.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify if an update</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No, this question was not included in the existing guideline</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Author contacts</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Developer: National Guideline Alliance</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="KU.GRO.GOCR@seiriuqne-AGN" class="oemail">KU.GRO.GOCR@seiriuqne-AGN</a>
|
|
</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Highlight if amendment to previous protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 4.5 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/4-Developing-review-questions-and-planning-the-evidence-review#planning-the-evidence-review" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy – for one database</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see <a href="#niceng192er2.appb">appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data collection process – forms/duplicate</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A standardised evidence table format will be used, and published as <a href="#niceng192er2.appd">appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#niceng192er2.apph">H</a> (economic evidence tables)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data items – define all variables to be collected</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see evidence tables in <a href="#niceng192er2.appd">appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#niceng192er2.apph">H</a> (economic evidence tables)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for assessing bias at outcome/study level</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Appraisal of methodological quality:</p>
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<p>The methodological quality of each study will be assessed using an appropriate checklist:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>ROBIS for systematic reviews</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised studies</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For details please see section 6.2 of Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</div></li></ul>
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The risk of bias across all available evidence will evaluated for each outcome using an adaptation of the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) toolbox’ developed by the international GRADE working group <a href="http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gradeworkinggroup.org/</a></p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criteria for quantitative synthesis</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.4 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for quantitative analysis – combining studies and exploring (in)consistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Synthesis of data:</p>
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<p>Meta-analysis will be conducted where appropriate using Review Manager.</p>
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<p>Minimum important differences</p>
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<p>Default values will be used of: 0.8 and 1.25 relative risk for dichotomous outcomes; 0.5 times control group SD for continuous outcomes, unless more appropriate values are identified by the guideline committee or in the literature.</p>
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<p>Double sifting, data extraction and methodological quality assessment:</p>
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<p>Sifting, data extraction, appraisal of methodological quality and GRADE assessment will be performed by the systematic reviewer. Quality control will be performed by the senior systematic reviewer. Dual quality assessment and data extraction will not be performed.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-bias assessment – publication bias, selective reporting bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Confidence in cumulative evidence</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see sections 6.4 and 9.1 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rationale/context – what is known</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the <a href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.1">introduction</a> to the evidence review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Describe contributions of authors and guarantor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A multidisciplinary committee developed the guideline. The committee was convened by the National Guideline Alliance and chaired by Sarah Fishburn in line with section 3 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Staff from the National Guideline Alliance undertook systematic literature searches, appraised the evidence, conducted meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis where appropriate, and drafted the guideline in collaboration with the committee. For details please see the <a href="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2_bm1.pdf">methods</a> chapter.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sources of funding/support</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The National Guideline Alliance is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Name of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The National Guideline Alliance is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roles of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NICE funds the National Guideline Alliance to develop guidelines for the NHS in England.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROSPERO registration number</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not registered to PROSPERO</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">CB: caesarean birth; CDSR: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; CENTRAL: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; DARE: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects; GRADE: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; HTA: Health Technology Assessment; NGA: National Guideline Alliance; NHS: National health service; NICE: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; RCT: randomised controlled trial; RoB: risk of bias; SD: standard deviation</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appbtab1"><div id="niceng192er2.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Date of last search: 02/10/2018</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp CESAREAN SECTION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(c?esar#an$ or c section$ or csection$ or (deliver$ adj3 abdom$)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SURGICAL DRAPES/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(drape or drapes or draping).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HAIR REMOVAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((remov$ or cut$) adj3 hair?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">shav$.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((no or avoid$ or stop$ or discourag$) adj5 (remov$ or cut$) adj3 hair?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((no or avoid$ or stop$ or discourag$) adj5 shav$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MASKS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(face adj3 (mask? or shield? or visor?)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">facemask?.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp BANDAGES/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dressing?.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(wound? adj3 cover$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp TISSUE ADHESIVES/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tissue adj3 adhesive?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Bucrylate or Collodion or Fibrin Foam or Fibrin Tissue Adhesive or Karaya Gum or Cyanoacrylate? or Enbucrilate or dermabond).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NEGATIVE-PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(negative$ adj3 pressur$ adj3 therap$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(vacuum? adj3 wound? adj3 clos$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">opsite.mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VAGINAL DOUCHING/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(therap$ adj3 (irrigat$ or lavag$)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((alcohol$ or aqueous or water) adj3 (scrub$ or swabb$ or irrigat$ or douch$ or lavag$ or wash or washes or washing)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((skin or vagina$) adj3 (prepar$ or clean$ or scrub$ or swabb$ or irrigat$ or douch$ or lavag$ or wash or washes or washing)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antiseptic? or anti-septic?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antiinfective? or anti-infective?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Acriflavine or Aminacrine or Bacitracin or Benzalkonium Compound? or Benzethonium or Bithionol or Camphor or Carbadox or Carbocysteine or Cetylpyridinium or Chlorhexidine or Clotrimazole or Dequalinium or Ethacridine or Ethanol or Furazolidone or Gentian Violet or Gramicidin or Hexachlorophene or Hexetidine or Hydrogen Peroxide or Iodine or Lysostaphin or Mafenide or Mercuric Chloride or Natamycin or Noxythiolin or Phenol or Phenylethyl Alcohol or Povidone-Iodine or Proflavine or Silver Nitrate or Silver Protein? or Silver Sulfadiazine or Sulfacetamide or Tea Tree Oil or Thymol or Triclosan or Tyrocidine or Tyrothricin or chloraprep or hibiclens or savlon).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IODOPHORS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(iodophor? or Duraprep or betadine).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*WATER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WATER/ and STERILIZATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(steril$ adj3 water?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PERITONEAL LAVAGE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((Intraabdom$ or (Intra adj3 abdom$) or periton$) adj3 (irrigat$ or lavag$)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((saline or sodium chloride) adj3 (scrub$ or swabb$ or irrigat$ or douch$ or lavag$ or wash or washes or washing)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DIATHERMY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diatherm$.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/4–42</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">INFECTION CONTROL/mt [Methods]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 and 43</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 and 44</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/45–46</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 47 to english language</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LETTER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EDITORIAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NEWS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp HISTORICAL ARTICLE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANECDOTES AS TOPIC/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">COMMENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CASE REPORT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/49–56</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57 not 58</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANIMALS/ not HUMANS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANIMALS, LABORATORY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp MODELS, ANIMAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp RODENTIA/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/59–65</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48 not 66</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appbtab2"><div id="niceng192er2.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Date of last search: 02/10/2018</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp CESAREAN SECTION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(c?esar#an$ or c section$ or csection$ or (deliver$ adj3 abdom$)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SURGICAL DRAPE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(drape or drapes or draping).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp HAIR REMOVAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((remov$ or cut$) adj3 hair?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">shav$.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((no or avoid$ or stop$ or discourag$) adj5 (remov$ or cut$) adj3 hair?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((no or avoid$ or stop$ or discourag$) adj5 shav$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MASK/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FACE MASK/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(face adj3 (mask? or shield? or visor?)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">facemask?.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp WOUND DRESSING/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dressing?.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(wound? adj3 cover$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp TISSUE ADHESIVE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tissue adj3 adhesive?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Bucrylate or Collodion or Fibrin Foam or Fibrin Tissue Adhesive or Karaya Gum or Cyanoacrylate? or Enbucrilate or dermabond).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VACUUM ASSISTED CLOSURE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(negative$ adj3 pressur$ adj3 therap$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(vacuum? adj3 wound? adj3 clos$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">opsite.mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LAVAGE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VAGINAL LAVAGE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SKIN DECONTAMINATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(therap$ adj3 (irrigat$ or lavag$)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((alcohol$ or aqueous or water) adj3 (scrub$ or swabb$ or irrigat$ or douch$ or lavag$ or wash or washes or washing)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((skin or vagina$) adj3 (prepar$ or clean$ or scrub$ or swabb$ or irrigat$ or douch$ or lavag$ or wash or washes or washing)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp TOPICAL ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antiseptic? or anti-septic?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antiinfective? or anti-infective?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Acriflavine or Aminacrine or Bacitracin or Benzalkonium Compound? or Benzethonium or Bithionol or Camphor or Carbadox or Carbocysteine or Cetylpyridinium or Chlorhexidine or Clotrimazole or Dequalinium or Ethacridine or Ethanol or Furazolidone or Gentian Violet or Gramicidin or Hexachlorophene or Hexetidine or Hydrogen Peroxide or Iodine or Lysostaphin or Mafenide or Mercuric Chloride or Natamycin or Noxythiolin or Phenol or Phenylethyl Alcohol or Povidone-Iodine or Proflavine or Silver Nitrate or Silver Protein? or Silver Sulfadiazine or Sulfacetamide or Tea Tree Oil or Thymol or Triclosan or Tyrocidine or Tyrothricin or chloraprep or hibiclens or savlon).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IODOPHOR/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(iodophor? or Duraprep or betadine).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*WATER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">STERILE WATER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(steril$ adj3 water?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PERITONEUM LAVAGE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">INTRAABDOMINAL IRRIGATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((Intraabdom$ or (Intra adj3 abdom$) or periton$) adj3 (irrigat$ or lavag$)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((saline or sodium chloride) adj3 (scrub$ or swabb$ or irrigat$ or douch$ or lavag$ or wash or washes or washing)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DIATHERMY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diatherm$.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/4–45</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 and 46</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 47 to english language</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or LETTER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CASE REPORT/ or CASE STUDY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/49–53</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54 not 55</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANIMAL/ not HUMAN/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NONHUMAN/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANIMAL EXPERIMENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANIMAL MODEL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp RODENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/56–63</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48 not 64</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appbtab3"><div id="niceng192er2.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Date of last search: 02/10/2018</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [CESAREAN SECTION] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cesarean* or caesarean* or “c section*” or csection* or (deliver* near/3 abdom*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1 or #2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [SURGICAL DRAPES] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(drape or drapes or draping):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [HAIR REMOVAL] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((remov* or cut*) near/3 hair*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">shav*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((no or avoid* or stop* or discourag*) near/5 (remov* or cut*) near/3 hair*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((no or avoid* or stop* or discourag*) near/5 shav*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [MASKS] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(face near/3 (mask* or shield* or visor*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">facemask*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [BANDAGES] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dressing*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(wound* near/3 cover*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [TISSUE ADHESIVES] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tissue near/3 adhesive*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Bucrylate or Collodion or Fibrin Foam or Fibrin Tissue Adhesive or Karaya Gum or Cyanoacrylate* or Enbucrilate or dermabond).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [NEGATIVE-PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(negative* near/3 pressur* near/3 therap*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(vacuum* near/3 wound* near/3 clos*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">opsite:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [VAGINAL DOUCHING] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(therap* near/3 (irrigat* or lavag*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((alcohol* or aqueous or water) near/3 (scrub* or swabb* or irrigat* or douch* or lavag* or wash or washes or washing)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((skin or vagina*) near/3 (prepar* or clean* or scrub* or swabb* or irrigat* or douch* or lavag* or wash or washes or washing)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antiseptic* or anti-septic*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#31</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antiinfective* or anti-infective*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Acriflavine or Aminacrine or Bacitracin or “Benzalkonium Compound*” or Benzethonium or Bithionol or Camphor or Carbadox or Carbocysteine or Cetylpyridinium or Chlorhexidine or Clotrimazole or Dequalinium or Ethacridine or Ethanol or Furazolidone or “Gentian Violet” or Gramicidin or Hexachlorophene or Hexetidine or “Hydrogen Peroxide” or Iodine or Lysostaphin or Mafenide or “Mercuric Chloride” or Natamycin or Noxythiolin or Phenol or “Phenylethyl Alcohol” or “Povidone-Iodine” or Proflavine or “Silver Nitrate” or “Silver Protein*” or “Silver Sulfadiazine” or Sulfacetamide or “Tea Tree Oil” or Thymol or Triclosan or Tyrocidine or Tyrothricin or chloraprep or hibiclens or savlon):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [IODOPHORS] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(iodophor* or Duraprep or betadine):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [WATER] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [STERILIZATION] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#37</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#35 and #36</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(steril* near/3 water*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [PERITONEAL LAVAGE] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((Intraabdom* or (Intra near/3 abdom*) or periton*) near/3 (irrigat* or lavag*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((saline or sodium chloride) near/3 (scrub* or swabb* or irrigat* or douch* or lavag* or wash or washes or washing)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [DIATHERMY] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diatherm*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #37 or #38 or #39 or #40 or #41 or #42 or #43</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [INFECTION CONTROL] this term only and with qualifier(s): [methods - MT]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3 and #44</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#47</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3 and #45</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#46 or #47</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appbtab4"><div id="niceng192er2.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Date of last search: 02/10/2018</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ECONOMICS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VALUE OF LIFE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ECONOMICS, HOSPITAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ECONOMICS, MEDICAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp RESOURCE ALLOCATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ECONOMICS, NURSING/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “FEES AND CHARGES”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp BUDGETS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees or expenditure* or saving*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">resourc* allocat*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(fund or funds or funding* or funded).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ration or rations or rationing* or rationed).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ec.fs.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–20</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp CESAREAN SECTION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(c?esar#an$ or c section$ or csection$ or (deliver$ adj3 abdom$)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/22–23</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SURGICAL DRAPES/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(drape or drapes or draping).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HAIR REMOVAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((remov$ or cut$) adj3 hair?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">shav$.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((no or avoid$ or stop$ or discourag$) adj5 (remov$ or cut$) adj3 hair?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((no or avoid$ or stop$ or discourag$) adj5 shav$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MASKS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(face adj3 (mask? or shield? or visor?)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">facemask?.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp BANDAGES/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dressing?.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(wound? adj3 cover$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp TISSUE ADHESIVES/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tissue adj3 adhesive?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Bucrylate or Collodion or Fibrin Foam or Fibrin Tissue Adhesive or Karaya Gum or Cyanoacrylate? or Enbucrilate or dermabond).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NEGATIVE-PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(negative$ adj3 pressur$ adj3 therap$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(vacuum? adj3 wound? adj3 clos$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">opsite.mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VAGINAL DOUCHING/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(therap$ adj3 (irrigat$ or lavag$)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((alcohol$ or aqueous or water) adj3 (scrub$ or swabb$ or irrigat$ or douch$ or lavag$ or wash or washes or washing)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((skin or vagina$) adj3 (prepar$ or clean$ or scrub$ or swabb$ or irrigat$ or douch$ or lavag$ or wash or washes or washing)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antiseptic? or anti-septic?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antiinfective? or anti-infective?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Acriflavine or Aminacrine or Bacitracin or Benzalkonium Compound? or Benzethonium or Bithionol or Camphor or Carbadox or Carbocysteine or Cetylpyridinium or Chlorhexidine or Clotrimazole or Dequalinium or Ethacridine or Ethanol or Furazolidone or Gentian Violet or Gramicidin or Hexachlorophene or Hexetidineor Hydrogen Peroxide or Iodine or Lysostaphin or Mafenide or Mercuric Chloride or Natamycin or Noxythiolin or Phenol or Phenylethyl Alcohol or Povidone-Iodine or Proflavine or Silver Nitrate or Silver Protein? or Silver Sulfadiazine or Sulfacetamide or Tea Tree Oil or Thymol or Triclosan or Tyrocidine or Tyrothricin or chloraprep or hibiclens or savlon).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IODOPHORS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(iodophor? or Duraprep or betadine).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*WATER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WATER/ and STERILIZATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(steril$ adj3 water?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PERITONEAL LAVAGE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((Intraabdom$ or (Intra adj3 abdom$) or periton$) adj3 (irrigat$ or lavag$)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((saline or sodium chloride) adj3 (scrub$ or swabb$ or irrigat$ or douch$ or lavag$ or wash or washes or washing)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DIATHERMY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diatherm$.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25–63</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">INFECTION CONTROL/mt [Methods]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 64</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 65</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/66–67</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 68 to english language</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LETTER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EDITORIAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NEWS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp HISTORICAL ARTICLE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANECDOTES AS TOPIC/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">COMMENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CASE REPORT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/70–77</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78 not 79</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANIMALS/ not HUMANS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANIMALS, LABORATORY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp MODELS, ANIMAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">85</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp RODENTIA/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/80–86</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69 not 87</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21 and 88</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appbtab5"><div id="niceng192er2.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Date of last search: 02/10/2018</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HEALTH ECONOMICS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ECONOMIC EVALUATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp HEALTH CARE COST/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp FEE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BUDGET/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FUNDING/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RESOURCE ALLOCATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees or expenditure* or saving*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">resourc* allocat*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(fund or funds or funding* or funded).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ration or rations or rationing* or rationed).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–16</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp CESAREAN SECTION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(c?esar#an$ or c section$ or csection$ or (deliver$ adj3 abdom$)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/18–19</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SURGICAL DRAPE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(drape or drapes or draping).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp HAIR REMOVAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((remov$ or cut$) adj3 hair?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">shav$.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((no or avoid$ or stop$ or discourag$) adj5 (remov$ or cut$) adj3 hair?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((no or avoid$ or stop$ or discourag$) adj5 shav$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MASK/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FACE MASK/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(face adj3 (mask? or shield? or visor?)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">facemask?.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp WOUND DRESSING/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dressing?.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(wound? adj3 cover$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp TISSUE ADHESIVE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tissue adj3 adhesive?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Bucrylate or Collodion or Fibrin Foam or Fibrin Tissue Adhesive or Karaya Gum or Cyanoacrylate? or Enbucrilate or dermabond).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VACUUM ASSISTED CLOSURE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(negative$ adj3 pressur$ adj3 therap$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(vacuum? adj3 wound? adj3 clos$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">opsite.mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LAVAGE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VAGINAL LAVAGE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SKIN DECONTAMINATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(therap$ adj3 (irrigat$ or lavag$)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((alcohol$ or aqueous or water) adj3 (scrub$ or swabb$ or irrigat$ or douch$ or lavag$ or wash or washes or washing)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((skin or vagina$) adj3 (prepar$ or clean$ or scrub$ or swabb$ or irrigat$ or douch$ or lavag$ or wash or washes or washing)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp TOPICAL ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antiseptic? or anti-septic?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antiinfective? or anti-infective?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Acriflavine or Aminacrine or Bacitracin or Benzalkonium Compound? or Benzethonium or Bithionol or Camphor or Carbadox or Carbocysteine or Cetylpyridinium or Chlorhexidine or Clotrimazole or Dequalinium or Ethacridine or Ethanol or Furazolidone or Gentian Violet or Gramicidin or Hexachlorophene or Hexetidineor Hydrogen Peroxide or Iodine or Lysostaphin or Mafenide or Mercuric Chloride or Natamycin or Noxythiolin or Phenol or Phenylethyl Alcohol or Povidone-Iodine or Proflavine or Silver Nitrate or Silver Protein? or Silver Sulfadiazine or Sulfacetamide or Tea Tree Oil or Thymol or Triclosan or Tyrocidine or Tyrothricin or chloraprep or hibiclens or savlon).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IODOPHOR/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(iodophor? or Duraprep or betadine).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*WATER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">STERILE WATER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(steril$ adj3 water?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PERITONEUM LAVAGE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">INTRAABDOMINAL IRRIGATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((Intraabdom$ or (Intra adj3 abdom$) or periton$) adj3 (irrigat$ or lavag$)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((saline or sodium chloride) adj3 (scrub$ or swabb$ or irrigat$ or douch$ or lavag$ or wash or washes or washing)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DIATHERMY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diatherm$.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/21–62</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20 and 63</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 64 to english language</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or LETTER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CASE REPORT/ or CASE STUDY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/66–70</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71 not 72</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANIMAL/ not HUMAN/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NONHUMAN/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANIMAL EXPERIMENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANIMAL MODEL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp RODENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/73–80</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65 not 81</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 and 82</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appbtab6"><div id="niceng192er2.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Date of last search: 02/10/2018</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [ECONOMICS] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [VALUE OF LIFE] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [ECONOMICS, HOSPITAL] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [ECONOMICS, MEDICAL] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [RESOURCE ALLOCATION] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [ECONOMICS, NURSING] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [FEES AND CHARGES] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [BUDGETS] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees or expenditure* or saving*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value near/2 (money or monetary)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">resourc* allocat*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(fund or funds or funding* or funded):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ration or rations or rationing* or rationed) .ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [CESAREAN SECTION] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cesarean* or caesarean* or “c section*” or csection* or (deliver* near/3 abdom*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21 or #22</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [SURGICAL DRAPES] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(drape or drapes or draping):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [HAIR REMOVAL] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((remov* or cut*) near/3 hair*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">shav*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((no or avoid* or stop* or discourag*) near/5 (remov* or cut*) near/3 hair*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((no or avoid* or stop* or discourag*) near/5 shav*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#31</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [MASKS] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(face near/3 (mask* or shield* or visor*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">facemask*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [BANDAGES] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dressing*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(wound* near/3 cover*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#37</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [TISSUE ADHESIVES] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tissue near/3 adhesive*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Bucrylate or Collodion or Fibrin Foam or Fibrin Tissue Adhesive or Karaya Gum or Cyanoacrylate* or Enbucrilate or dermabond).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [NEGATIVE-PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(negative* near/3 pressur* near/3 therap*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(vacuum* near/3 wound* near/3 clos*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">opsite:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [VAGINAL DOUCHING] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(therap* near/3 (irrigat* or lavag*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#47</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((alcohol* or aqueous or water) near/3 (scrub* or swabb* or irrigat* or douch* or lavag* or wash or washes or washing)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((skin or vagina*) near/3 (prepar* or clean* or scrub* or swabb* or irrigat* or douch* or lavag* or wash or washes or washing)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antiseptic* or anti-septic*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antiinfective* or anti-infective*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Acriflavine or Aminacrine or Bacitracin or “Benzalkonium Compound*” or Benzethonium or Bithionol or Camphor or Carbadox or Carbocysteine or Cetylpyridinium or Chlorhexidine or Clotrimazole or Dequalinium or Ethacridine or Ethanol or Furazolidone or “Gentian Violet” or Gramicidin or Hexachlorophene or Hexetidine or “Hydrogen Peroxide” or Iodine or Lysostaphin or Mafenide or “Mercuric Chloride” or Natamycin or Noxythiolin or Phenol or “Phenylethyl Alcohol” or “Povidone-Iodine” or Proflavine or “Silver Nitrate” or “Silver Protein*” or “Silver Sulfadiazine” or Sulfacetamide or “Tea Tree Oil” or Thymol or Triclosan or Tyrocidine or Tyrothricin or chloraprep or hibiclens or savlon):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [IODOPHORS] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(iodophor* or Duraprep or betadine):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [WATER] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [STERILIZATION] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#57</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#55 and #56</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(steril* near/3 water*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#59</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [PERITONEAL LAVAGE] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#60</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((Intraabdom* or (Intra near/3 abdom*) or periton*) near/3 (irrigat* or lavag*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#61</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((saline or sodium chloride) near/3 (scrub* or swabb* or irrigat* or douch* or lavag* or wash or washes or washing)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#62</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [DIATHERMY] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#63</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diatherm*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#64</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #35 or #36 or #37 or #38 or #39 or #40 or #41 or #42 or #43 or #44 or #45 or #46 or #47 or #48 or #49 or #50 or #51 or #52 or #53 or #54 or #57 or #58 or #59 or #60 or #61 or #62 or #63</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#65</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [INFECTION CONTROL] this term only and with qualifier(s): [methods - MT]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#66</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23 and #64</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#67</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23 and #65</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#68</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#66 or #67</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#69</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20 and #68</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appcfig1"><div id="niceng192er2.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Study%20selection%20flow%20chart.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Study selection flow chart." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Study selection flow chart</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig1"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Wound%20infection%2F%20surgical%20site%20infection.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef1.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Wound infection/ surgical site infection." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Wound infection/ surgical site infection</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig2"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Need%20for%20antibiotics.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef2.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Need for antibiotics." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Need for antibiotics</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig3"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Adverse%20skin%20events%20from%20techniques.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef3.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Adverse skin events from techniques." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Adverse skin events from techniques</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig4"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Readmission%20into%20hospital.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef4.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Readmission into hospital." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Readmission into hospital</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig5"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%206.%20Surgical%20site%20infection.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef5.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Surgical site infection." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">Surgical site infection</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig6"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%207.%20Adverse%20skin%20reaction.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef6.jpg" alt="Figure 7. Adverse skin reaction." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 7</span><span class="title">Adverse skin reaction</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig7"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%208.%20Endometritis.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef7.jpg" alt="Figure 8. Endometritis." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 8</span><span class="title">Endometritis</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig8"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%209.%20Readmission%20into%20hospital.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef8.jpg" alt="Figure 9. Readmission into hospital." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 9</span><span class="title">Readmission into hospital</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig9"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2010.%20Wound%20infection.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef9.jpg" alt="Figure 10. Wound infection." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 10</span><span class="title">Wound infection</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig10"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2011.%20Endometritis.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef10.jpg" alt="Figure 11. Endometritis." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 11</span><span class="title">Endometritis</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig11"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig11" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2012.%20Endometritis.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef11.jpg" alt="Figure 12. Endometritis." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 12</span><span class="title">Endometritis</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig12"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig12" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2013.%20Wound%20infection.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef12.jpg" alt="Figure 13. Wound infection." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 13</span><span class="title">Wound infection</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appefig13"><div id="niceng192er2.appe.fig13" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2014.%20Endometritis.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appef13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appef13.jpg" alt="Figure 14. Endometritis." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 14</span><span class="title">Endometritis</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appftab1"><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Comparison 1. Hydroactive dressing versus standard dressing</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hydroactive dressing</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard dressing</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Surgical site infection</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref14" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref14">Stanirowski 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>5/272</p>
|
|
<p>(1.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>14/271</p>
|
|
<p>(5.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.36 (0.13 to 0.97)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33 fewer per 1000 (from 2 fewer to 45 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for antibiotics</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref14" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref14">Stanirowski 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/272</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/271</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">POR 0.13 (0.02 to 0.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 fewer per 1000 (from 1 fewer to 14 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Readmission into hospital</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref14" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref14">Stanirowski 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/272</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/271</p>
|
|
<p>(1.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">POR 0.13 (0.01 to 1.29)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 fewer per 1000 (from 11 fewer to 19 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels due to high risk of bias in random sequence generation, and study personnel and outcome assessors were not blinded</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as the 95% CI crossed 1 default MID threshold (0.8)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab1_3"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels as the 95% CI crossed 2 default MID thresholds (0.8 and 1.25)</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appftab2"><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Comparison 2. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) versus standard dressing</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appf.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Negative pressure wound therapy</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard dressing</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sepsis</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17">Tuuli 2020</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/806</p>
|
|
<p>(0.37%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/802</p>
|
|
<p>(0.25%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR 1.49 (0.26 to 8.60)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 more per 1000 (from 2 fewer to 19 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wound infection/ surgical site infection</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 (Chaboyer 2018, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref5" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref5">Gunatilake 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8">Hussamy 2019</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9">Hyldig 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref13" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref13">Ruhstaller 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17">Tuuli 2020</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18">Wihbey 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>95/1684</p>
|
|
<p>(5.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>121/1696</p>
|
|
<p>(7.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.79 (0.61 to 1.02)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 fewer per 1000 (from 28 fewer to 1 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for antibiotics</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8">Hussamy 2019</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18">Wihbey 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>47/302</p>
|
|
<p>(15.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>49/300</p>
|
|
<p>(16.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.95 (0.66 to 1.37)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 fewer per 1000 (from 56 fewer to 60 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adverse skin events from techniques</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (Chaboyer 2018, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8">Hussamy 2019</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17">Tuuli 2020</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18">Wihbey 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious inconsistency<sup>10</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>122/1152</p>
|
|
<p>(10.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>13/1151</p>
|
|
<p>(1.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.36 (0.27 to 42.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27 more per 1000 (from 8 fewer to 464 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endometritis</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9">Hyldig 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/432</p>
|
|
<p>(1.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/444</p>
|
|
<p>(1.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.03 (0.39 to 2.71)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 more per 1000 (from 11 fewer to 31 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women’s experience: reported pain (days 1 to 7)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref5" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref5">Gunatilake 2017</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20/46</p>
|
|
<p>(43.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>39/43</p>
|
|
<p>(90.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.48 (0.34 to 0.68)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">472 fewer per 1000 (from 290 fewer to 599 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women’s experience: sharp pain at postoperative day (better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref5" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref5">Gunatilake 2017</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>7</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>9</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=61</p>
|
|
<p>Median=6</p>
|
|
<p>IQR= 4 to 8</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=58</p>
|
|
<p>Median=5.5</p>
|
|
<p>IQR= 3 to 8</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">p-value = 0.56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women’s experience: self-rated health status (measured with: EQ-VAS; better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref9">Hyldig 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">432</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">444</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 1 higher (1.23 lower to 3.23 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women’s experience: satisfaction (day 30, 0–10, better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17">Tuuli 2020</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">806</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">802</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.19 higher (0.01 lower to 0.39 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women’s experience: “would use this dressing again” (day 30–60)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8">Hussamy 2019</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>187/210</p>
|
|
<p>(89%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>185/201</p>
|
|
<p>(92%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.97 (0.91 to 1.03)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28 fewer per 1000 (from 83 fewer to 28 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Readmission into hospital</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (Chaboyer 2018, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref8">Hussamy 2019</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref17">Tuuli 2020</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref18">Wihbey 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>18/1152</p>
|
|
<p>(1.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>15/1145</p>
|
|
<p>(1.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.19 (0.61 to 2.30)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 more per 1000 (from 5 fewer to 17 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels due to unclear risk of bias in randomisation in one study; unclear risk of allocation concealment in one study; study participants, personnel and outcome assessors were not blinded in five studies; study received funding from the NPWT manufacturer in three studies</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab2_2"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as the 95% CI crossed 1 default MID threshold (0.8)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab2_3"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as study participants, personnel and outcome assessors were not blinded</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab2_4"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels as the 95% CI crossed 2 default MID thresholds (0.8 and 1.25)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab2_5"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels as study participants, personnel and outcome assessors were not blinded and the study received funding from the NPWT manufacturer</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab2_6"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels as the randomisation method was not reported; study participants, personnel and outcome assessors were not blinded and the study received funding from the NPWT manufacturer</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab2_7"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels as there was an unclear risk of bias in allocation concealment; participants, personnel and outcome assessors were not blinded and the study received funding from the NPWT manufacturer</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab2_8"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as 5.9% of women did not receive prophylactic antibiotics</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab2_9"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as imprecision was not calculable because the uncertainty around the outcome was not available</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab2_10"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels due to wide variation in point estimates and confidence intervals in the meta-analysis, I2=88%</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appftab3"><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Comparison 3. Early (6 hours) versus standard (24 hours) timing of dressing removal</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appf.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Early (6h) removal</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard (24h) removal</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wound infection</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref12" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref12">Peleg 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/160</p>
|
|
<p>(5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/160</p>
|
|
<p>(3.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.33 (0.47 to 3.76)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 more per 1000 (from 20 fewer to 104 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women’s experience: women who were satisfied with the intervention</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref12" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref12">Peleg 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>121/160</p>
|
|
<p>(75.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>91/160</p>
|
|
<p>(56.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.57 (0.41 to 0.78)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">245 fewer per 1000 (from 125 fewer to 336 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Readmission into hospital</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref12" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref12">Peleg 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/160</p>
|
|
<p>(1.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/160</p>
|
|
<p>(1.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1 (0.20 to 4.88)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 15 fewer to 73 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as there was an unclear risk of bias in allocation concealment, and study participants and personnel were not blinded</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels as the 95% CI crossed 2 default MIDs (0.8 and 1.25)</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appftab4"><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Comparison 4. Chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation versus iodophor-based aqueous/alcohol skin preparation</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appf.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chlorhexidine-based alcohol skin preparation</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Iodophor-based aqueous/alcohol skin preparation</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Surgical site infection</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref39" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref39">Kunkle 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref59" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref59">Ngai 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref74" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref74">Springel 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref80" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref80">Tuuli 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>64/1528</p>
|
|
<p>(4.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>90/1531</p>
|
|
<p>(5.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.71 (0.52 to 0.98)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 fewer per 1000 (from 1 fewer to 28 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Surgical site infection - iodophor-based aqueous skin preparation</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref39" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref39">Kunkle 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref74" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref74">Springel 2017</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>23/482</p>
|
|
<p>(4.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>29/493</p>
|
|
<p>(5.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.81 (0.48 to 1.38)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 fewer per 1000 (from 31 fewer to 22 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Surgical site infection - iodophor-based alcohol skin preparation</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref59" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref59">Ngai 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref80" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref80">Tuuli 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>41/1046</p>
|
|
<p>(3.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>61/1038</p>
|
|
<p>(5.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.67 (0.45 to 0.98)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 fewer per 1000 (from 1 fewer to 32 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adverse skin reaction</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref74" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref74">Springel 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref80" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref80">Tuuli 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/1033</p>
|
|
<p>(0.39%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>5/1046</p>
|
|
<p>(0.48%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">POR 0.81 (0.22 to 2.99)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 fewer per 1000 (from 4 fewer to 10 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adverse skin reaction - iodophor-based aqueous skin preparation</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref74" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref74">Springel 2017</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>7</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/461</p>
|
|
<p>(0.43%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/471</p>
|
|
<p>(0.21%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">POR 1.99 (0.21 to 19.21)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 more per 1000 (from 2 fewer to 39 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adverse skin reaction - iodophor-based alcohol skin preparation</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref80" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref80">Tuuli 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/572</p>
|
|
<p>(0.35%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/575</p>
|
|
<p>(0.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">POR 0.51 (0.10 to 2.56)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 fewer per 1000 (from 6 fewer to 11 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endometritis</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref74" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref74">Springel 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref80" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref80">Tuuli 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>16/1033</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>16/1046</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.01 (0.51 to 2.01)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 more per 1000 (from 7 fewer to 15 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endometritis - iodophor-based aqueous skin preparation</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref74" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref74">Springel 2017</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>7</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/461</p>
|
|
<p>(1.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>5/471</p>
|
|
<p>(1.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.63 (0.54 to 4.96)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 more per 1000 (from 5 fewer to 42 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endometritis - iodophor-based alcohol skin preparation</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref80" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref80">Tuuli 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/572</p>
|
|
<p>(1.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>11/575</p>
|
|
<p>(1.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.73 (0.30 to 1.80)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 fewer per 1000 (from 13 fewer to 15 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Readmission into hospital</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref74" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref74">Springel 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref80" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref80">Tuuli 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>24/1033</p>
|
|
<p>(2.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>34/1046</p>
|
|
<p>(3.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.71 (0.43 to 1.19)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9 fewer per 1000 (from 19 fewer to 6 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Readmission into hospital - iodophor-based aqueous skin preparation</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref74" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref74">Springel 2017</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>7</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>5/461</p>
|
|
<p>(1.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>9/471</p>
|
|
<p>(1.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.57 (0.19 to 1.68)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 fewer per 1000 (from 15 fewer to 13 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Readmission into hospital - iodophor-based alcohol skin preparation</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref80" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref80">Tuuli 2016</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>19/572</p>
|
|
<p>(3.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>25/575</p>
|
|
<p>(4.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.76 (0.43 to 1.37)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 fewer per 1000 (from 25 fewer to 16 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of bias in random sequence generation in one study; unclear allocation concealment in two studies; unclear blinding of outcome assessors in two studies; high risk of incomplete outcome data in one study and unclear risk of selective reporting in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as the 95% CI crossed 1 default MID threshold (0.8)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of bias in random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessors and high risk of incomplete outcome data in one study, and unclear risk of selective reporting in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab4_4"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels as the 95% CI crossed 2 default MID thresholds (0.8 and 1.25)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab4_5"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of blinding of outcome assessors in one study and unclear risk of allocation concealment in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab4_6"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of selective reporting in one study, and unclear risk of allocation concealment in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab4_7"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of selective reporting</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab4_8"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of allocation concealment</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appftab5"><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Comparison 5. Iodophor-based aqueous vaginal preparation versus no vaginal/saline vaginal preparation</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appf.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Iodophor-based aqueous vaginal preparation</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No vaginal preparation/saline vaginal cleansing</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wound infection</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref6">Asad 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref7" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref7">Asghania 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref25" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref25">Guzman 2002</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref26" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref26">Haas 2010</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref50" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref50">Memon 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref75" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref75">Starr 2005</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref88" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref88">Yildrim 2012</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>35/1312</p>
|
|
<p>(2.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>45/1327</p>
|
|
<p>(3.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.77 (0.50 to 1.19)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 fewer per 1000 (from 17 fewer to 6 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endometritis</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref6">Asad 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref7" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref7">Asghania 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref25" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref25">Guzman 2002</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref26" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref26">Haas 2010</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref50" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref50">Memon 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref64" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref64">Reid 2001</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref75" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref75">Starr 2005</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref88" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref88">Yildrim 2012</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>59/1529</p>
|
|
<p>(3.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>129/1540</p>
|
|
<p>(8.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.40 (0.24 to 0.66)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50 fewer per 1000 (from 28 fewer to 64 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endometritis - Women with ruptured membranes</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref25" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref25">Guzman 2002</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref26" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref26">Haas 2010</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref88" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref88">Yildrim 2012</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/138</p>
|
|
<p>(4.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>24/134</p>
|
|
<p>(17.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.27 (0.12 to 0.62)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">131 fewer per 1000 (from 68 fewer to 158 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endometritis - Women with intact membranes</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref25" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref25">Guzman 2002</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref26" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref26">Haas 2010</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref88" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref88">Yildrim 2012</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>19/431</p>
|
|
<p>(4.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>32/426</p>
|
|
<p>(7.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.64 (0.37 to 1.10)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27 fewer per 1000 (from 47 fewer to 8 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endometritis - Women with mixed/unclear membranes</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref6">Asad 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref7" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref7">Asghania 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref50" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref50">Memon 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref64" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref64">Reid 2001</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref75" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref75">Starr 2005</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>7</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>9</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>34/960</p>
|
|
<p>(3.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>73/980</p>
|
|
<p>(7.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.37 (0.15 to 0.91)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47 fewer per 1000 (from 7 fewer to 63 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of bias in random sequence generation in three studies; unclear risk of allocation concealment in three studies; participants and personnel were not blinded in two studies; unclear risk of outcome assessment in one study; a high risk of random sequence generation in one study; a high risk of allocation concealment in one study; a high risk of other bias in one study and unclear risk of other bias in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as four of the studies were conducted in low or middle income countries (Pakistan, Iran, and Turkey)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as the 95% CI crossed 1 default MID threshold (0.8)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab5_4"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of bias in random sequence generation in three studies; unclear risk of allocation concealment in three studies; participants and personnel were not blinded in three studies; unclear risk of blinding of outcome assessors in one study; high risk of random sequence generation in one study; high risk of allocation concealment in one study; high risk of selective reporting in one study; high risk of other bias in one study and unclear risk of other bias in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab5_5"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of bias in random sequence generation in one study; unclear risk of allocation concealment in one study; unclear risk of other bias in one study; study participants and personnel were not blinded in one study; unclear whether the outcome assessors were blinded in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab5_6"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of bias in random sequence generation in two studies; unclear risk of allocation concealment in two studies; participants and personnel were not blinded in two studies; outcome assessors were not blinded in one study; unclear risk of incomplete outcome data in two studies; high risk of random sequence generation in one study; high risk of allocation concealment in one study; high risk of other bias in one study and high risk of selective reporting in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab5_7"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as I<sup>2</sup> > 70%</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab5_8"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as three of the studies were conducted in low or middle income countries (Iran, Pakistan)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab5_9"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as the 95% CI crossed 1 default MID threshold (0.8)</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appftab6"><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Comparison 6. Chlorhexidine-based aqueous vaginal preparation versus no vaginal cleansing/sterile water</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appf.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chlorhexidine-based aqueous vaginal preparation</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No vaginal cleansing/ sterile water</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wound infection</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref4" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref4">Ahmed 2017</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/102</p>
|
|
<p>(3.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7/98</p>
|
|
<p>(7.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.55 (0.17 to 1.82)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32 fewer per 1000 (from 59 fewer to 59 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endometritis</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref4" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref4">Ahmed 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref67" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref67">Rouse 1997</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/108</p>
|
|
<p>(2.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>13/106</p>
|
|
<p>(12.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.22 (0.07 to 0.75)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">96 fewer per 1000 (from 31 fewer to 114 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of bias in allocation concealment and study participants and personnel were not blinded</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels as the 95% CI crossed 2 default MID thresholds (0.8 and 1.25)</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appftab7"><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Comparison 7. Saline intra-abdominal irrigation versus no irrigation</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appf.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appf.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Saline intra-abdominal irrigation</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No irrigation</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wound infection</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref28" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref28">Harrigil 2003</a>, Temizcan 2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>2/312</p>
|
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<p>(0.64%)</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>4/314</p>
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<p>(1.3%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.51 (0.09 to 2.73)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 fewer per 1000 (from 12 fewer to 22 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endometritis</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref28" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref28">Harrigil 2003</a>, Temizcan 2015, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref85" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref85">Viney 2012</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>43/422</p>
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|
<p>(10.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>47/440</p>
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<p>(10.7%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.95 (0.64 to 1.40)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 fewer per 1000 (from 38 fewer to 43 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of random sequence generation in one study; unclear risk of allocation concealment in one study; study participants and personnel were not blinded in two studies and there was an unclear risk of selective reporting in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as one of the studies was conducted in a middle income country (Turkey)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab7_3"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels as the 95% CI crossed 2 default MID thresholds (0.8 and 1.25)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appf.tab7_4"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to an unclear risk of bias in random sequence generation in one study; unclear risk of allocation concealment in one study; study participants and personnel were not blinded in three studies; outcome assessors were not blinded in one study and an unclear risk of selective reporting in one study</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appgfig1"><div id="niceng192er2.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2015.%20Study%20selection%20flow%20chart.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appgf1.jpg" alt="Figure 15. Study selection flow chart." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 15</span><span class="title">Study selection flow chart</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appjtab1"><div id="niceng192er2.appj.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Data inputs for ad-hoc analysis of costs on NPWT by BMI sub-group</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Variable</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Value</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incremental costs of NPWT<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">£136</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NICE (MTG43)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cost of surgical site infection</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">£4,192</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref11" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref11">Jenks (2014)</a>
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<sup>
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b
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</sup>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baseline risk (BMI ≥ 30 to BMI < 35)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.067 (α=16; β=223)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig (2019)</a>
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<sup>
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c
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</sup>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baseline risk (BMI ≥ 35)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.122 (α=23; β=166)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig (2019)</a>
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<sup>
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c
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</sup>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relative risk</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.79 (95% CI 0.61 to 1.02)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appe.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2appefig1" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appefig1">Figure 2</a>
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<sup>
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d
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</sup>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QALY gain from averted SSI</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.008</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NG125<sup>e</sup></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appj.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Incremental cost relative to standard dressing</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appj.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">Updated to 2018/19 price year using the NHS Cost Inflation Index (<a href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/79286/11/UCFinalFeb20.pdf" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://kar<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.kent.ac.uk<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/79286/11/UCFinalFeb20.pdf</a>)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appj.tab1_3"><p class="no_margin">See <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK569604/figure/niceng192er2.appj.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng192er2appjfig4" rid-ob="figobniceng192er2appjfig4">Figure 19</a> in <a href="#niceng192er2.appm">Appendix M</a></p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appj.tab1_4"><p class="no_margin">Meta-analysis of studies included in the clinical review</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appj.tab1_5"><p class="no_margin">Data on health state utilities from the NICE guideline on Surgical Site Infection (NG125 - <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng125/evidence/health-economic-model-report-pdf-6727106989" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.uk/guidance/ng125/evidence<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/health-economic-model-report-pdf-6727106989</a>) was used to estimate the QALY gain from an averted SSI based on assumptions of the time taken to return to baseline utility after surgery in patients with and without SSI</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appjfig1"><div id="niceng192er2.appj.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2016.%20Probability%20distribution%20for%20net%20increase%20in%20costs%20with%20NPWT%20relative%20to%20standard%20dressing%20in%20women%20with%20a%20BMI%20%02265%2030%20kg%2Fm2%20to%20BMI%20%3C%2035%20kg%2Fm2.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appjf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appjf1.jpg" alt="N:\02 - LIVE GUIDELINES\13 Obs suite\1. Caesarean birth (CG132 update)\3. Development\4. Health Economics\Probability Distribution NPWT BMI 30 v3.bmp" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 16</span><span class="title">Probability distribution for net increase in costs with NPWT relative to standard dressing in women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> to BMI < 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup></span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appjfig2"><div id="niceng192er2.appj.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2017.%20Probability%20distribution%20for%20net%20increase%20in%20costs%20with%20NPWT%20relative%20to%20standard%20dressing%20in%20women%20with%20a%20BMI%20%02265%2035%20kg%2Fm2.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appjf2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appjf2.jpg" alt="N:\02 - LIVE GUIDELINES\13 Obs suite\1. Caesarean birth (CG132 update)\3. Development\4. Health Economics\Probability Distribution NPWT BMI 35 v3.bmp" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 17</span><span class="title">Probability distribution for net increase in costs with NPWT relative to standard dressing in women with a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup></span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appjtab2"><div id="niceng192er2.appj.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">Summary results of cost-utility analysis of NPWT compared to standard dressing</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appj.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sub-group</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Mean incremental net monetary benefit</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Probability cost-effective<sup>a</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI ≥ 30 to BMI < 35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">−£74</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.0%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI ≥ 35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">−£29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appj.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.4%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng192er2.appj.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">Based on a cost-effectiveness threshold of £20,000 per QALY</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appjfig3"><div id="niceng192er2.appj.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2018.%20Cost-effectiveness%20acceptability%20curve%20for%20NPWT%20compared%20to%20standard%20dressing%20in%20women%20with%20BMI%20%02265%2030%20kg%2Fm2%20to%20BMI%20%3C%2035%20kg%2Fm2.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appjf3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appjf3.jpg" alt="N:\02 - LIVE GUIDELINES\13 Obs suite\1. Caesarean birth (CG132 update)\3. Development\4. Health Economics\CEAC BMI 30 v3.bmp" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 18</span><span class="title">Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve for NPWT compared to standard dressing in women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> to BMI < 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup></span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appjfig4"><div id="niceng192er2.appj.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2019.%20Cost-effectiveness%20acceptability%20curve%20for%20NPWT%20compared%20to%20standard%20dressing%20in%20women%20with%20BMI%20%02265%2035%20kg%2Fm2.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appjf4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appjf4.jpg" alt="N:\02 - LIVE GUIDELINES\13 Obs suite\1. Caesarean birth (CG132 update)\3. Development\4. Health Economics\CEAC BMI 35 v3.bmp" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 19</span><span class="title">Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve for NPWT compared to standard dressing in women with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup></span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appktab1"><div id="niceng192er2.appk.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appk.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appk.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for Exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Chlorhexidine vaginal wipes prior to elective cesarean section: does it reduce infectious morbidity? A randomized trial, Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 1–4, 2016 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27583685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27583685</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Abdallah, A. A., Evaluation of the risk of postcesarean endometritis with preoperative vaginal preparation with povidone-iodine: A randomized controlled study, Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 20, 246–250, 2015
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This paper has been retracted by the journal</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Agbunag, R., Preoperative vaginal preparation with povidone-iodine decreases the risk of post-cesarean endometritis, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 184, S182, 2001
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref4"></a>Ahmed, Magdy R., Aref, Nisreen K., Sayed Ahmed, Waleed A., Arain, Farzana R., Chlorhexidine vaginal wipes prior to elective cesarean section: does it reduce infectious morbidity? A randomized trial, The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 30, 1484–1487, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27583685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27583685</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Anonymous,, Should negative pressure wound therapy be used at the time of caesarean in obese women?, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 126, 636, 2019 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30834710" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30834710</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Commentary</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref6"></a>Asad, S., Batool Mazhar, S., Khalid Butt, N., Habiba, U., Vaginal cleansing prior to caesarean section and postoperative infectious morbidity, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 124, 45, 2017
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref7"></a>Asghania,M., Mirblouk,F., Shakiba,M., Faraji,R., Preoperative vaginal preparation with povidone-iodine on post-caesarean infectious morbidity, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 31, 400–403, 2011 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21627422" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21627422</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Aslan Cetin, Berna, Aydogan Mathyk, Begum, Barut, Sibel, Koroglu, Nadiye, Zindar, Yelda, Konal, Merve, Atis Aydin, Alev, The impact of subcutaneous irrigation on wound complications after cesarean sections: A prospective randomised study, European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 227, 67–70, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29894926" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29894926</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study was conducted in a low/middle income country (Turkey)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Atkinson, J. A., McKenna, K. T., Barnett, A. G., McGrath, D. J., Rudd, M., A randomized, controlled trial to determine the efficacy of paper tape in preventing hypertrophic scar formation in surgical incisions that traverse Langer’s skin tension lines, Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 116, 1648–56; discussion 1657–8, 2005 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16267427" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16267427</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention not considered in the protocol (paper tape)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Ausbeck, E. B., Impact of skin preparation type on postcesarean infection in the setting of adjunctive azithromycin prophylaxis, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218, S524–S525, 2018
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Bennett, K., Kellett, W., Braun, S., Spetalnick, B., Huff, B., Slaughter, J., Carroll, M., Silver ion-eluting dressings for prevention of post cesarean wound infection: A randomized, controlled trial, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 208 (1 SUPPL.1), S337, 2013
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Bolte, M., Walker, T., Implementation of a bundled approach to reduce surgical site infections with caesarean sections in a rural NSW Referral Hospital. The highs and lows of the project at the half way mark, Infection, Disease and Health, 23, S12, 2018
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design - non-randomised</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Brown, T. R., Ehrlich, C. E., Stehman, F. B., Golichowski, A. M., Madura, J. A., Eitzen, H. E., A clinical evaluation of chlorhexidine gluconate spray as compared with iodophor scrub for preoperative skin preparation, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics, 158, 363–6, 1984 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6710300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6710300</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trial focused on general surgery, with cases of C-section, but the results were not reported separately for C-section</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Caissutti, Claudia, Saccone, Gabriele, Zullo, Fabrizio, Quist-Nelson, Johanna, Felder, Laura, Ciardulli, Andrea, Berghella, Vincenzo, Vaginal Cleansing Before Cesarean Delivery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 130, 527–538, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28796683" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28796683</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Most of the included studies overlap with those included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a>, with the exception of 6 studies, which were either developed in a low/middle income country or used antibiotics for vaginal cleansing before CS</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Connery, S., Louis, J., Downes, K. L., Odibo, L., Raitano, O., Yankowitz, J., A prospective randomized study assessing cesarean wound infections comparing silver dressings to gauze dressings, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 131, 34S–35S, 2018
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref16"></a>Cordtz, T., Schouenborg, L., Laursen, K., Daugaard, H. O., Buur, K., Munk Christensen, B., Sederberg-Olsen, J., Lindhard, A., Baldur, B., Engdahl, E., The effect of incisional plastic drapes and redisinfection of operation site on wound infection following caesarean section, The Journal of hospital infection, 13, 267–72, 1989 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2567756" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2567756</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compared the use of drape versus no drape</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Dahlke,J.D., Mendez-Figueroa,H., Rouse,D.J., Berghella,V., Baxter,J.K., Chauhan,S.P., Evidence-based surgery for cesarean delivery: An updated systematic review, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 209, 294–306, 2013 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23467047</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other interventions than the ones considered in the protocol have been included</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Dashow,E.E., Read,J.A., Coleman,F.H., Randomized comparison of five irrigation solutions at cesarean section, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 68, 473–478, 1986 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3748494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3748494</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study compared different types of antibiotics with no treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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De Jonge, S. W., Boldingh, Q. J. J., Solomkin, J. S., Allegranzi, B., Egger, M., Dellinger, E. P., Boermeester, M. A., Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating prophylactic intra-operative wound irrigation for the prevention of surgical site infections, Surgical Infections, 18, 508–519, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28448203" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28448203</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review focused on general surgery</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Elbohoty, A. E., Gomaa, M. F., Abdelaleim, M., Abd-El-Gawad, M., Elmarakby, M., Diathermy versus scalpel in transverse abdominal incision in women undergoing repeated cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 41, 1541–1546, 2015 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26446416" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26446416</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study developed in a low/middle income country (Egypt)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Fahmi, M. N., Hadiati, D. R., Widad, S., Comparison of skin preparation with alcohol-chlorhexidine versus alcohol-povidone iodine on surgical site infection following caesarean section, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 43, 38, 2017
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Givens, Vanessa A., Lipscomb, Gary H., Meyer, Norman L., A randomized trial of postoperative wound irrigation with local anesthetic for pain after cesarean delivery, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 186, 1188–91, 2002 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12066096" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12066096</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention was subcutaneous rather than intra-abdominal irrigation</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref23"></a>Göymen
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A, Şimşek
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Y, Özdurak
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Hİ, Özkaplan
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ŞE, Akpak
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YK, Özdamar, Ö, Oral, S., Effect of vaginal cleansing on postoperative factors in elective caesarean sections: a prospective, randomised controlled trial, Journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine, 30, 442–445, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27049354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27049354</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Gungorduk, K., Asicioglu, O., Celikkol, O., Ark, C., Tekirdag, A. I., Does saline irrigation reduce the wound infection in caesarean delivery?, Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 30, 662–6, 2010 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20925605" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20925605</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention was subcutaneous rather than intra-abdominal irrigation</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref25"></a>Guzman,M.A., Prien,S.D., Blann,D.W., Post-cesarean related infection and vaginal preparation with povidone-iodine revisited, Primary Care Update for Ob/Gyns, 9, -209, 2002
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref26"></a>Haas, David M., Pazouki, Fatemeh, Smith, Ronda R., Fry, Amy M., Podzielinski, Iwona, Al-Darei, Sarah M., Golichowski, Alan M., Vaginal cleansing before cesarean delivery to reduce postoperative infectious morbidity: a randomized, controlled trial, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 202, 310.e1–6, 2010 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20207251" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20207251</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Hadiati, Diah R., Hakimi, Mohammad, Nurdiati, Detty S., Ota, Erika, Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2014 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25229700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25229700</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The included studies in this review had either irrelevant interventions or outcomes. <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref16" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref16">Cordtz 1989</a> and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref86" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref86">Ward 2001</a> compared the use of drape versus no drape; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.appk.ref43" rid="niceng192er2.appk.ref43">Magann 1993</a> compared povidone iodine with PCMX, which is not a relevant intervention. Pello 1990 does not have any relevant outcome; Lorenz 1989 did not use drape in the control group, and Kunkle 2014 was included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15">Tolcher 2018</a> as a full text</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref28"></a>Harrigill, Keith M., Miller, Hugh S., Haynes, Deborah E., The effect of intraabdominal irrigation at cesarean delivery on maternal morbidity: a randomized trial, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 101, 80–5, 2003 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12517650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12517650</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref4" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref4">Eke 2016</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Hodgetts Morton, V., Wilson, A., Hewitt, C., Weckesser, A., Farmer, N., Lissauer, D., Hardy, P., Morris, R. K., Chlorhexidine vaginal preparation versus standard treatment at caesarean section to reduce endometritis and prevent sepsis-a feasibility study protocol (the PREPS trial), Pilot and feasibility studies, 4, 84, 2018 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5985577/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5985577</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29881638" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29881638</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Huang, Huaping, Li, Guirong, Wang, Haiyan, He, Mei, Optimal skin antiseptic agents for prevention of surgical site infection in cesarean section: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis, The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 31, 3267–3274, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28817989" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28817989</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational studies have also been included</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Hussamy, D. J., Wortman, A. C., McIntire, D. D., Leveno, K. J., Casey, B. M., Roberts, S. W., A randomized trial of closed incision negative pressure therapy in morbidly obese women undergoing cesarean delivery, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218, S35, 2018
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Hyldig, N., Vinter, C. A., Kruse, M., Mogensen, O., Bille, C., Sorensen, J. A., Lamont, R. F., Wu, C., Heidemann, L. N., Ibsen, M. H., Laursen, J. B., Ovesen, P. G., Rorbye, C., Tanvig, M., Joergensen, J. S., Prophylactic incisional negative pressure wound therapy reduces the risk of surgical site infection after caesarean section in obese women: a pragmatic randomised clinical trial, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 126, 628–635, 2019 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6586160/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6586160</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30066454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30066454</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duplicate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Hyldig, Nana, Moller, Soren, Joergensen, Jan Stener, Bille, Camilla, Clinical Evaluation of Scar Quality Following the Use of Prophylactic Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Obese Women Undergoing Cesarean Delivery: A Trial-Based Scar Evaluation, Annals of plastic surgery, 85, e59–e65, 2020 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32657852" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32657852</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Post hoc additional single centre analysis, overall quality of life already reported in main study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Iqbal, P., ruparelia, B. A., Robson, P., Johnson, I. R., Collins, M. F., Clinical evaluation of the use of povidone-iodine powder in caesarean section wounds, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 10, 41–42, 1989
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a randomised trial</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Keblawi, H. A., Dawley, B. L., Does saline irrigation in peritoneal cavity at the time of a non-scheduled cesarean section reduce maternal morbidity, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 195, S96, 2006
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Kesani, V., Talasila, S., Chlorhexidine-alcohol versus povidone-iodinealcohol for surgical-site antisepsis in caesarean section, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 125, 147–148, 2018
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Kovavisarach, Ekachai, Jirasettasiri, Phuntip, Randomised controlled trial of perineal shaving versus hair cutting in parturients on admission in labor, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 88, 1167–71, 2005 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16536100" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16536100</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women undergoing C- section were excluded</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Kremer, P. A., McMullen, K., Russo, A. J., Babcock, H., Warren, D., What a difference a day makes: Removing post-operative dressing on day 2, American Journal of Infection Control, 42, S128–S129, 2014
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref39"></a>Kunkle, Cynelle M., Marchan, Jennifer, Safadi, Sara, Whitman, Stephanie, Chmait, Ramen H., Chlorhexidine gluconate versus povidone iodine at cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial, The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 28, 573–7, 2015 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24849000" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24849000</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15">Tolcher 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Lee,N., Martensson,L.B., Homer,C., Webster,J., Gibbons,K., Stapleton,H., Santos,N.D., Beckmann,M., Gao,Y., Kildea,S., Impact on Caesarean section rates following injections of sterile water (ICARIS): A multicentre randomised controlled trial, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13 , 2013. Article Number, -, 2013 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3651329/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3651329</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23642147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23642147</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Liu, Z., Dumville, J. C., Norman, G., Westby, M. J., Blazeby, J., McFarlane, E., Welton, N. J., O’Connor, L., Cawthorne, J., George, R. P., Crosbie, E. J., Rithalia, A. D., Cheng, H. Y., Intraoperative interventions for preventing surgical site infection: An overview of Cochrane Reviews, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018, CD012653, 2018 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6491077/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6491077</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29406579" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29406579</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review focused on general surgery</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Lorenz, R. P., Botti, J. J., Appelbaum, P. C., Bennett, N., Skin preparation methods before cesarean section. A comparative study, The Journal of reproductive medicine, 33, 202–4, 1988 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3351819" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3351819</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compared the use of drape versus no drape</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref43"></a>Magann, E. F., Dodson, M. K., Ray, M. A., Harris, R. L., Martin, J. N., Jr., Morrison, J. C., Preoperative skin preparation and intraoperative pelvic irrigation: impact on post-cesarean endometritis and wound infection, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 81, 922–5, 1993 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8497357" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8497357</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PCMX was used in the intervention group</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Mahomed, K., Ibiebele, I., Buchanan, J., Povidone-Iodine wound irrigation prior to skin closure at caesarean section to prevent surgical site infection: A randomised controlled trial, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 123, 146–147, 2016
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Mahomed, K., Ibiebele, I., Buchanan, J., The Betadine trial - Antiseptic wound irrigation prior to skin closure at caesarean section to prevent surgical site infection: A randomised controlled trial, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 56, 301–306, 2016 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26847398" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26847398</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This paper looks at wound irrigation at time of skin closure, which is not a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Maiwald, Matthias, Skin Preparation for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 129, 750–751, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28333798" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28333798</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Response letter</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Maneepitaksanit, R., Ubolsaard, S., A randomized trial of surgical scrubbing with a brush compared to antiseptic soap alone in elective cesarean section, Chon buri hospital journal, 28, 17–23, 2003
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study developed in low/middle income country (Thailand)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Martin, E. K., Beckmann, M. M., Barnsbee, L. N., Halton, K. A., Merollini, K. M. D., Graves, N., Best practice perioperative strategies and surgical techniques for preventing caesarean section surgical site infections: a systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 125, 956–964, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29336106" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29336106</span></a>]
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant interventions have been included</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Martin, E., Beckmann, M., Merollini, K., Halton, K., Graves, N., An infection prevention bundle to reduce the risk of surgical site infection at caesarean section: Recommendations from a systematic review, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 57, 7, 2017
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other interventions than the ones included in the protocol have been included</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref50"></a>Memon, Shahneela, Qazi, Roshan Ara, Bibi, Seema, Parveen, Naheed, Effect of preoperative vaginal cleansing with an antiseptic solution to reduce post caesarean infectious morbidity, JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 61, 1179–83, 2011 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22355962" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22355962</span></a>]
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Murray, C., Marchan, J., Safadi, S., Opper, N., Yedigarova, L., Chmait, R., Efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate versus povidone iodine for skin disinfection at cesarean section: A randomized controlled trial, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 206, S152, 2012
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Najafian, Aida, Fallahi, Soghra, Khorgoei, Tahereh, Ghahiri, Ataollah, Alavi, Azin, Rajaei, Minoo, Eftekhaari, Tasnim Eqbal, Role of soap and water in the treatment of wound dehiscence compared to normal saline plus povidone-iodine: A randomized clinical trial, Journal of education and health promotion, 4, 86, 2015 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4946270/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4946270</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27462628" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27462628</span></a>]
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trial focused on general surgery, with cases of C-section, but the results were not reported separately for C-section</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Nct,, Prospective Study on Cesarean Wound Outcomes, <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01927211" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Https:<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​//clinicaltrials<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gov/show/nct01927211</a>, 2013
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This study has not been published</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Nct,, Prevention of Wound Complications After Cesarean Delivery in Obese Women Utilizing Negative Pressure Wound Therapy, <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00654641" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Https:<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​//clinicaltrials<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gov/show/nct00654641</a>, 2008
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This study has not been published</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Nct,, PROphylactic Wound VACuum Therapy to Decrease Rates of Cesarean Section in the Obese Population, <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02128997" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Https:<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​//clinicaltrials<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gov/show/nct02128997</a>, 2014
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This study has not been published</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Nct,, Silver Impregnated Dressings to Reduce Wound Complications in Obese Patients at Cesarean Section, <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01528696" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Https:<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​//clinicaltrials<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gov/show/nct01528696</a>, 2012
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This study has not been published</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Nct,, Topical Silver for Prevention of Wound Infection After Cesarean Delivery, <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01169064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Https:<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​//clinicaltrials<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gov/show/nct01169064</a>, 2010
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This study has not been published</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Nesrallah, M., Cole, P., Kiley, K., The effect of timing of removal of wound dressing on surgical site infection rate after cesarean delivery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 129, 148S–149S, 2017
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref59"></a>Ngai, I., Govindappagari, S., Van Arsdale, A., Judge, N. E., Neto, N., Bernstein, J., Garry, D., Skin preparation in cesarean birth for prevention of surgical site infection (SSI): A prospective randomized clinical trial, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 212, S424, 2015
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Ngai, Ivan M., Van Arsdale, Anne, Govindappagari, Shravya, Judge, Nancy E., Neto, Nicole K., Bernstein, Jeffrey, Bernstein, Peter S., Garry, David J., Skin Preparation for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 126, 1251–7, 2015 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26551196" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26551196</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15">Tolcher 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Norman, G., Atkinson, R. A., Smith, T. A., Rowlands, C., Rithalia, A. D., Crosbie, E. J., Dumville, J. C., Intracavity lavage and wound irrigation for prevention of surgical site infection, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5686649/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5686649</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29083473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29083473</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Any type of surgical procedure was included</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Norman, G., Goh, E. L., Dumville, J. C., Shi, C., Liu, Z., Chiverton, L., Stankiewicz, M., Reid, A., Negative pressure wound therapy for surgical wounds healing by primary closure, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 6, CD009261, 2020 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7389520/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7389520</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32542647" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32542647</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cochrane review - references checked and included where appropriate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Reid, G. C., Hartmann, K. E., MacMahon, M. J., Can postpartum infectious morbidity be decreased by vaginal preparation with povidone iodine prior to cesarean delivery?, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 182, S96, 2000
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref64"></a>Reid,V.C., Hartmann,K.E., MCMahon,M., Fry,E.P., Vaginal preparation with povidone iodine and postcesarean infectious morbidity: a randomized controlled trial, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 97, 147–152, 2001 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11152924" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11152924</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Robins, K., Wilson, R., Watkins, E. J., Columb, M. O., Lyons, G., Chlorhexidine spray versus single use sachets for skin preparation before regional nerve blockade for elective caesarean section: an effectiveness, time and cost study, International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 14, 189–92, 2005 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15935648" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15935648</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes were reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Roeckner, J., Sanchez-Ramos, L., Comparative effectiveness of skin preparations for the prevention of wound infection and endometritis following cesarean delivery: A systematic review and network meta-analysis, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 216, S519, 2017
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref67"></a>Rouse,D.J., Hauth,J.C., Andrews,W.W., Mills,B.B., Maher,J.E., Chlorhexidine vaginal irrigation for the prevention of peripartal infection: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 176, 617–622, 1997 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9077616" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9077616</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Rudd,E.G., Long,W.H., Dillon,M.B., Febrile morbidity following cefamandole nafate intrauterine irrigation during cesarean section, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 141, 12–16, 1981 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7270617" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7270617</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intrauterine rather than intra-abdominal irrigation was used</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ruhstaller, K., Downes, K. L., Chandrasekaran, S., Srinivas, S., Durnwald, C., Prophylactic Wound Vacuum Therapy after Cesarean Section to Prevent Wound Complications in the Obese Population: a Randomized Controlled Trial (the ProVac Study), American Journal of Perinatology, (no pagination), 2017 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5983905/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5983905</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28704847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28704847</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duplicate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ruhstaller, K., Downes, K., Chandrasekaran, S., Elovitz, M., Srinivas, S., Durnwald, C., PROphylactic wound VACuum therapy after cesarean section to prevent wound complications in the obese population: A randomized controlled trial (The ProVac Study), American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 216 (1 Supplement 1), S34, 2017 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5983905/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5983905</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28704847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28704847</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Sanchez-Ramos, L., Roeckner, J., Kaunitz, A. M., Comparative effectiveness of antiseptic formulations for the surgical preparation of the vagina prior to cesarean delivery. A systematic review and network meta-analysis, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218, S499, 2018
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sargin, M. A., Yassa, M., Turunc, M., Karadogan, F. O., Aydin, S., Tug, N., Abdominal irrigation during cesarean section: Is it beneficial for the control of postoperative pain and gastrointestinal disturbance? A randomized controlled, double-blind trial, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 9, 3416–3424, 2016
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study conducted in a low/middle income country (Turkey)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Smid, Marcela C., Dotters-Katz, Sarah K., Grace, Matthew, Wright, Sarah T., Villers, Margaret S., Hardy-Fairbanks, Abbey, Stamilio, David M., Prophylactic Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for Obese Women After Cesarean Delivery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 130, 969–978, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29016508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29016508</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The majority of the studies included as part of the randomised trials were abstracts that are currently available in full text</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref74"></a>Springel, E. H., Wang, X. Y., Sarfoh, V. M., Stetzer, B. P., Weight, S. A., Mercer, B. M., A randomized open-label controlled trial of chlorhexidine-alcohol vs povidone-iodine for cesarean antisepsis: the CAPICA trial, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 07, 07, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28599898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28599898</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15">Tolcher 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref75"></a>Starr, Rosally V., Zurawski, Jill, Ismail, Mahmoud, Preoperative vaginal preparation with povidone-iodine and the risk of postcesarean endometritis, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 105, 1024–9, 2005 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15863540" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15863540</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Stout, M. J., Martin, S., Cahill, A. G., Macones, G. A., Tuuli, M. G., Impact of chlorhexidine-alcohol versus iodine-alcohol skin antisepsis on methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infection after cesarean, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 214, S119, 2016
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Strugala, Vicki, Martin, Robin, Meta-Analysis of Comparative Trials Evaluating a Prophylactic Single-Use Negative Pressure Wound Therapy System for the Prevention of Surgical Site Complications, Surgical Infections, 18, 810–819, 2017 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5649123/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5649123</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28885895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28885895</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other surgical procedures than c section have been included</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Swift, Sara H., Zimmerman, M. Bridget, Hardy-Fairbanks, Abbey J., Effect of Single-Use Negative Pressure Wound Therapy on Postcesarean Infections and Wound Complications for High-Risk Patients, The Journal of reproductive medicine, 60, 211–8, 2015 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26126306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26126306</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a randomised trial</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Temizkan, O., Asicioglu, O., Güngördük, K., Asicioglu, B., Yalcin, P., Ayhan, I., The effect of peritoneal cavity saline irrigation at cesarean delivery on maternal morbidity and gastrointestinal system outcomes, Journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine, 29, 651–655, 2016 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25708494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25708494</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref4" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref4">Eke 2016</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref80"></a>Tuuli, M. G., Liu, J., Stout, M. J., Martin, S., Cahill, A. G., Colditz, G., Macones, G. A., Chlorhexidine-alcohol compared with iodine-alcohol for preventing surgical-site infection at cesarean: A randomized controlled trial, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 214, S3–S4, 2016
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Tuuli, M. G., Martin, S., Stout, M. J., Steiner, H. L., Harper, L. M., Longo, S., Cahill, A. G., Tita, A. T., Macones, G. A., Pilot randomized trial of prophylactic negative pressure wound therapy in obese women after cesarean delivery, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 216, S245, 2017
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Tuuli, M. G., Woolfolk, C., Stout, M. J., Temming, L., Cahill, A. G., Macones, G. A., Does the relative efficacy of chlorhexidine-alcohol versus iodine-alcohol antisepsis differ between unscheduled and scheduled cesareans?, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 214, S120, 2016
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Tuuli, Methodius G., Liu, Jingxia, Stout, Molly J., Martin, Shannon, Cahill, Alison G., Odibo, Anthony O., Colditz, Graham A., Macones, George A., A Randomized Trial Comparing Skin Antiseptic Agents at Cesarean Delivery, The New England journal of medicine, 374, 647–55, 2016 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4777327/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4777327</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26844840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26844840</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref15">Tolcher 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Villers, M. S., Hopkins, M. K., Harris, B. S., Brancazio, L. R., Grotegut, C. A., Heine, R. P., Negative pressure wound therapy reduces cesarean delivery surgical site infections in morbidly obese women, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 216, S207, 2017
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref85"></a>Viney, Reagan, Isaacs, Christine, Chelmow, David, Intra-abdominal irrigation at cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 119, 1106–11, 2012 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22617574" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22617574</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref4" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref4">Eke 2016</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref86"></a>Ward, H. R., Jennings, O. G., Potgieter, P., Lombard, C. J., Do plastic adhesive drapes prevent post caesarean wound infection?, Journal of Hospital Infection, 47, 230–4, 2001 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11247684" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11247684</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Compared the use of drape versus no drape</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Wihbey, K. A., Joyce, E. M., Spalding, Z. T., Jones, H. J., MacKenzie, T. A., Evans, R. H., Fung, J. L., Goldman, M. B., Erekson, E., Prophylactic Negative Pressure Wound Therapy and Wound Complication after Cesarean Delivery in Women with Class II or III Obesity: a Randomized Controlled Trial, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 132, 377–384, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29995726" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29995726</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duplicate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a id="niceng192er2.appk.ref88"></a>Yildirim, G., Güngördük, K., Asicioğlu, O., Basaran, T., Temizkan, O., Davas, I., Gulkilik, A., Does vaginal preparation with povidone-iodine prior to caesarean delivery reduce the risk of endometritis? A randomized controlled trial, Journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine, 25, 2316–2321, 2012 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22590998" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22590998</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref6">Haas 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Yu, L., Kronen, R. J., Simon, L. E., Stoll, C. R. T., Colditz, G. A., Tuuli, M. G., Prophylactic negative-pressure wound therapy after cesarean is associated with reduced risk of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218, 200, 2018 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5807120/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5807120</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28951263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28951263</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review - references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Yu, Lulu, Kronen, Ryan J., Simon, Laura E., Stoll, Carolyn R. T., Colditz, Graham A., Tuuli, Methodius G., Prophylactic negative-pressure wound therapy after cesarean is associated with reduced risk of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218, 200–210.e1, 2018 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5807120/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5807120</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28951263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28951263</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational studies were included and meta-analysed with the randomised trials</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng192er2appktab2"><div id="niceng192er2.appk.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK569604/table/niceng192er2.appk.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng192er2.appk.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for Exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Bennett
|
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K, Kellett
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W, Braun
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S, Spetalnick
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B, Huff
|
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B, Slaughter
|
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J, Carroll
|
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M. Silver ion-eluting dressings for prevention of post cesarean wound infection: a randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
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208(1): S337
|
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2013
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Available as abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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DeNoble
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A, Hughes
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B, Villers
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M. Cost analysis of negative pressure wound therapy in morbidly obese women at the time of caesarean. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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217(6): 723
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2017
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Available as abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Echebiri
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N, McDoom
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M, Aalto
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M, Fauntleroy
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J, Nagappan
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N, Barnabei
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V. Prophylactic use of negative pressure wound therapy after cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol
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125(2):299–307
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2015 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25569006" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25569006</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not cost-utility analysis. Cost study considering US perspective.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Hyldig
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N, Bille
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C, Kruse
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M, Bøgeskov
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RA, Jørgensen
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JS. Intervention for postpartum infections following caesarean section. 2012
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Available as abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Skeith
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AE, Tuuli
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M, Caughey
|
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AB. Cost-effectiveness analysis of vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution for cesarean infection prophylaxis. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
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|
218(1):S340–S341
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|
2018
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng192er2.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Available as abstract only</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng192er2appmfig1"><div id="niceng192er2.appm.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2020.%20Wound%20infection%2F%20Surgical%20site%20infections%2C%20Hyldig%202019%2C%20stratified%20by%20BMI.&p=BOOKS&id=569604_niceng192er2appmf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK569604/bin/niceng192er2appmf1.jpg" alt="Figure 20. Wound infection/ Surgical site infections, Hyldig 2019, stratified by BMI." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 20</span><span class="title">Wound infection/ Surgical site infections, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10" rid="niceng192er2.s1.1.ref10">Hyldig 2019</a>, stratified by BMI</span></h3></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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