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<title>Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE,NOIMAGEINDEX" /><meta name="author" content="National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="Gaskell" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2005" /><meta name="citation_author" content="National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="21834189" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56494/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Gaskell" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2005" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56494/" /><meta name="description" content="This guideline has been developed to advise on the treatment and management of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The guideline recommendations have been developed by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, PTSD sufferers and guideline methodologists after careful consideration of the best available evidence. (The term ‘PTSD sufferer’ was chosen for use in the guideline on the basis of a survey conducted by sufferer members of the Guideline Development Group. People with the disorder were presented with a range of options such as ‘people with PTSD’, ‘patients with PTSD’ and ‘PTSD sufferer’ and asked to indicate which term they preferred; ‘PTSD sufferer’ was the term favoured by the majority.) It is intended that the guideline will be useful to clinicians and service commissioners in providing and planning high-quality care for those with PTSD while also emphasising the importance of the experience of care for patients and their families." /><meta name="og:title" content="Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="This guideline has been developed to advise on the treatment and management of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The guideline recommendations have been developed by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, PTSD sufferers and guideline methodologists after careful consideration of the best available evidence. (The term ‘PTSD sufferer’ was chosen for use in the guideline on the basis of a survey conducted by sufferer members of the Guideline Development Group. People with the disorder were presented with a range of options such as ‘people with PTSD’, ‘patients with PTSD’ and ‘PTSD sufferer’ and asked to indicate which term they preferred; ‘PTSD sufferer’ was the term favoured by the majority.) It is intended that the guideline will be useful to clinicians and service commissioners in providing and planning high-quality care for those with PTSD while also emphasising the importance of the experience of care for patients and their families." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56494/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-nicecg26-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="warning" content="This guideline was partially updated in December 2018. The sections that are no longer current are marked as Updated 2018 and grey shaded in the pdf." /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/nicecg26/toc/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542453/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p></div><div class="bk_msg_box bk_bttm_mrgn clearfix bk_noprnt"><div class="iconblock clearfix"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/niceng116/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng116-lrg.png" alt="Cover" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><ul class="messages"><li class="info icon"><span class="icon"><a href="/books/n/niceng116/">See Partial Update</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="messagearea bk_noprnt" style="margin-bottom:1.3846em "><ul class="messages"><li class="warn icon"><span class="icon">This guideline was partially updated in December 2018. The sections that are no longer current are marked as Updated 2018 and grey shaded in the pdf.</span></li></ul></div><div class="bk_prnt"><p style="color:red;"><strong>This guideline was partially updated in December 2018. The sections that are no longer current are marked as Updated 2018 and grey shaded in the pdf.</strong></p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Book"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix no_top_margin"><a href="https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/about-us/publications-and-books/books" title="Gaskell" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-nicecg26-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h1 id="_NBK56494_"><span itemprop="name">Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder</span></h1><div class="subtitle">The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care</div><p><i>NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 26</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">Leicester (UK): <a href="https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/about-us/publications-and-books/books" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">Gaskell</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2005</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-10: <span itemprop="isbn">1-904671-25-X</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © 2005, The Royal College of Psychiatrists & The British Psychological Society.</div></div></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div itemprop="description"><p>This guideline has been developed to advise on the treatment and management of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The guideline recommendations have been developed by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, PTSD sufferers and guideline methodologists after careful consideration of the best available evidence. (The term ‘PTSD sufferer’ was chosen for use in the guideline on the basis of a survey conducted by sufferer members of the Guideline Development Group. People with the disorder were presented with a range of options such as ‘people with PTSD’, ‘patients with PTSD’ and ‘PTSD sufferer’ and asked to indicate which term they preferred; ‘PTSD sufferer’ was the term favoured by the majority.) It is intended that the guideline will be useful to clinicians and service commissioners in providing and planning high-quality care for those with PTSD while also emphasising the importance of the experience of care for patients and their families.</p></div><div><h2>Contents</h2><ul id="toc_tllNBK56494_toc_nicecg26_fm_s1" class="simple-list toc toc-toggle"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_nicecg26_fm_s1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/nicecg26.fm.s1/">Guideline Development Group membership</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_nicecg26_fm_ack"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/nicecg26.fm.ack/">Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_abbreviations_gl1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/abbreviations.gl1/">List of abbreviations</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch1/">1. Introduction</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK56494_toc_ch1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch1_s1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch1/#ch1.s1">1.1. National guidelines</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch1_s8"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch1/#ch1.s8">1.2. The national PTSD guideline</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch2"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch2/">2. Post-traumatic stress disorder</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK56494_toc_ch2" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch2_s1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch2/#ch2.s1">2.1. The disorder</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch2_s6"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch2/#ch2.s6">2.2. Incidence and prevalence</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch2_s10"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch2/#ch2.s10">2.3. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch2_s24"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch2/#ch2.s24">2.4. Aetiology of PTSD</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch2_s36"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch2/#ch2.s36">2.5. Treatment and management of PTSD in the NHS</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch2_s37"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch2/#ch2.s37">2.6. Primary care</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch2_s44"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch2/#ch2.s44">2.7. Economic burden of PTSD</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch3"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch3/">3. Experiences of PTSD sufferers and carers</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK56494_toc_ch3" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch3_s1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch3/#ch3.s1">3.1. Personal testimonies from PTSD sufferers</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch3_s11"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch3/#ch3.s11">3.2. Understanding PTSD from the sufferer’s perspective</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch3_s16"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch3/#ch3.s16">3.3. Summary of PTSD sufferer concerns</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch3_s17"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch3/#ch3.s17">3.4. Carers’ testimonies</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch3_s20"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch3/#ch3.s20">3.5. Understanding the impact of PTSD on carers</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch3_s24"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch3/#ch3.s24">3.6. Summary of carer needs</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch3_s25"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch3/#ch3.s25">3.7. Clinical practice recommendations</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch4"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch4/">4. Methods used to develop this guideline</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK56494_toc_ch4" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch4_s1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch4/#ch4.s1">4.1. Overview</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch4_s2"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch4/#ch4.s2">4.2. The Guideline Development Group</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch4_s8"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch4/#ch4.s8">4.3. Clinical questions</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch4_s9"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch4/#ch4.s9">4.4. Systematic clinical literature review</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch4_s26"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch4/#ch4.s26">4.5. Health economics review strategies</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch4_s31"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch4/#ch4.s31">4.6. Stakeholder contributions</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch4_s32"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch4/#ch4.s32">4.7. Validation of this guideline</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch5"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch5/">5. Psychological treatment of PTSD in adults</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK56494_toc_ch5" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch5_s1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch5/#ch5.s1">5.1. Introduction</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch5_s2"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch5/#ch5.s2">5.2. Definitions</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch5_s14"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch5/#ch5.s14">5.3. Previous systematic reviews</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch5_s15"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch5/#ch5.s15">5.4. Studies considered for review</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch5_s18"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch5/#ch5.s18">5.5. Evidence statements</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch5_s33"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch5/#ch5.s33">5.6. Clinical summary for psychological treatments</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch5_s37"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch5/#ch5.s37">5.7. Recommendations for psychological treatments for chronic PTSD</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch5_s38"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch5/#ch5.s38">5.8. Research recommendations</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch6"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch6/">6. Pharmacological and physical interventions for PTSD in adults</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK56494_toc_ch6" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch6_s1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch6/#ch6.s1">6.1. Introduction</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch6_s2"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch6/#ch6.s2">6.2. Current clinical practice</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch6_s3"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch6/#ch6.s3">6.3. Limitations of the literature: comparing RCTs of pharmacological and psychological treatment</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch6_s4"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch6/#ch6.s4">6.4. Issues and topics covered by this review</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch6_s6"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch6/#ch6.s6">6.5. Studies included</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch6_s7"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch6/#ch6.s7">6.6. Study characteristics</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch6_s68"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch6/#ch6.s68">6.7. General issues arising in the management of antidepressant medication</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch6_s69"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch6/#ch6.s69">6.8. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch6_s76"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch6/#ch6.s76">6.9. Clinical summary</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch6_s77"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch6/#ch6.s77">6.10. Clinical practice recommendations</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch6_s80"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch6/#ch6.s80">6.11. Research recommendations</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch7"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch7/">7. Early interventions for PTSD in adults</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK56494_toc_ch7" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch7_s1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch7/#ch7.s1">7.1. Introduction</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch7_s2"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch7/#ch7.s2">7.2. Current practice</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch7_s3"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch7/#ch7.s3">7.3. Studies included</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch7_s4"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch7/#ch7.s4">7.4. Treatment for all</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch7_s14"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch7/#ch7.s14">7.5. Treatment for all – clinical summary</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch7_s15"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch7/#ch7.s15">7.6. Early psychological interventions for acute PTSD and acute stress disorder</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch7_s27"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch7/#ch7.s27">7.7. Clinical summary of early psychological interventions</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch7_s28"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch7/#ch7.s28">7.8. Early intervention drug treatments for PTSD</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch7_s31"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch7/#ch7.s31">7.9. Clinical summary of early intervention drug treatments</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch7_s32"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch7/#ch7.s32">7.10. Economic evaluation of early versus later delivery of psychological treatment</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch7_s38"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch7/#ch7.s38">7.11. Clinical practice recommendations</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch8"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch8/">8. Predictors of PTSD and screening for the disorder</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK56494_toc_ch8" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch8_s1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch8/#ch8.s1">8.1. Introduction</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch8_s2"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch8/#ch8.s2">8.2. Risk factors</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch8_s12"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch8/#ch8.s12">8.3. Screening</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch8_s18"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch8/#ch8.s18">8.4. Clinical practice recommendations</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch8_s20"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch8/#ch8.s20">8.5. Research recommendations</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch9"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch9/">9. Children and young people with PTSD</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK56494_toc_ch9" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch9_s1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch9/#ch9.s1">9.1. Introduction</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch9_s2"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch9/#ch9.s2">9.2. Developmental differences</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch9_s6"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch9/#ch9.s6">9.3. Incidence, prevalence and natural history</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch9_s10"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch9/#ch9.s10">9.4. Diagnostic and assessment measures</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch9_s19"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch9/#ch9.s19">9.5. Psychological interventions</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch9_s42"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch9/#ch9.s42">9.6. Clinical summary of psychological interventions</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch9_s43"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch9/#ch9.s43">9.7. Pharmacological interventions</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch9_s44"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch9/#ch9.s44">9.8. Clinical summary of pharmacological interventions</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch9_s45"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch9/#ch9.s45">9.9. Clinical practice recommendations</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch9_s49"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch9/#ch9.s49">9.10. Research recommendations</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch10"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch10/">10. Special considerations</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK56494_toc_ch10" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch10_s1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch10/#ch10.s1">10.1. Introduction</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch10_s2"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch10/#ch10.s2">10.2. Disaster planning</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch10_s3"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch10/#ch10.s3">10.3. Ex-military personnel</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch10_s4"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch10/#ch10.s4">10.4. Phased interventions in settings of continuing threat</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch10_s5"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch10/#ch10.s5">10.5. Working with refugees and asylum seekers</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch10_s6"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch10/#ch10.s6">10.6. Role of the non-statutory sector</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch10_s7"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch10/#ch10.s7">10.7. Recommendations</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch11"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch11/">11. Summary of recommendations</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK56494_toc_ch11" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch11_s1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch11/#ch11.s1">11.1. Key recommendations for implementation</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch11_s7"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch11/#ch11.s7">11.2. Guidance</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch11_s8"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch11/#ch11.s8">11.3. Recognition of PTSD</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch11_s13"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch11/#ch11.s13">11.4. Assessment and coordination of care</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch11_s15"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch11/#ch11.s15">11.5. Support for families and carers</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch11_s17"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch11/#ch11.s17">11.6. Practical support and social factors</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch11_s19"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch11/#ch11.s19">11.7. Language and culture</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch11_s21"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch11/#ch11.s21">11.8. Care for all people with PTSD</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch11_s24"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch11/#ch11.s24">11.9. Treatment of PTSD</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch11_s38"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch11/#ch11.s38">11.10. Disaster planning</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_ch11_s40"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/ch11/#ch11.s40">11.11. Research recommendations</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_appgroup1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.appgroup1/">Appendices</a><ul id="toc_lst_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_appgroup1" class="simple-list toc bktoc_lst_exp"><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app1/">Appendix 1. Scope for the development of a clinical guideline on the management of post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app2"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app2/">Appendix 2. Stakeholders who responded to early requests for evidence</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app3"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app3/">Appendix 3. Stakeholders and experts who responded to the first consultation draft of the guideline</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app4"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app4/">Appendix 4. Researchers contacted to request information about unpublished or soon-to-be published studies</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app5"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app5/">Appendix 5. Clinical questions</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app6"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app6/">Appendix 6. Search strategies for the identification of clinical studies</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app7"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app7/">Appendix 7. Systematic review quality checklist</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app8"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app8/">Appendix 8. Randomised controlled trial methodological quality checklist</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app9"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app9/">Appendix 9. Clinical study data extraction form</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app10"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app10/">Appendix 10. Methods for calculating means and standard deviations for pooled treatment groups</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app11"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app11/">Appendix 11. Search strategies for the identification of health economics studies</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app12"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app12/">Appendix 12. Quality checklists for economic studies</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app13"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app13/">Appendix 13. Diagnostic criteria</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app14"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app14/">Appendix 14. Evidence tables for clinical studies</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app15"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app15/">Appendix 15. Forest plots</a></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_appendixes_app16"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/appendixes.app16/">Appendix 16. Evidence statements</a></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm" id="toc_itm_NBK56494_toc_references_rl1"><a class="toc-item" href="/books/n/nicecg26/references.rl1/">References</a></li></ul></div><div><p>Gaskell is an imprint of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. The views presented in this book do not necessarily reflect those of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the publishers are not responsible for any error of omission or fact. The Royal College of Psychiatrists is a registered charity (no. 228636).</p></div></div></div>
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