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id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK564166_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Dronabinol Therapy and <i>CYP2C9</i> Genotype</span></h1><p class="contribs">Dean L, Kane M.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK564166_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 11 minutes</em></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="dronabinol.Introduction" itemprop="description"><h2 id="_dronabinol_Introduction_">Introduction</h2><p>Dronabinol (brand names Marinol, Syndros) is the main psychoactive component in marijuana. Dronabinol is used in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) among individuals who have not responded to conventional antiemetic therapy, and to treat anorexia associated with weight loss in individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).</p><p>Dronabinol is primarily metabolized by CYP2C9, which is responsible for the formation of the major active metabolite (11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC). Individuals who lack CYP2C9 activity (“CYP2C9 poor metabolizers”) have an increased exposure to dronabinol and an increased risk of side effects. Adverse events associated with dronabinol therapy include sedation, physical weakness, facial flushing, and palpitations.</p><p>The FDA-approved drug label for dronabinol recommends monitoring for the increased adverse reactions that could potentially occur in individuals who are known to have genetic variants associated with diminished CYP2C9 function (<a href="/books/NBK564166/table/dronabinol.T.the_fda_drug_label_for_dron/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobdronabinolTthefdadruglabelfordron">Table 1</a>). The label states that published data indicates these individuals may have a 2- to 3-fold higher exposure to dronabinol (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>).</p></div><div class="h2"></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figdronabinolTthefdadruglabelfordron"><a href="/books/NBK564166/table/dronabinol.T.the_fda_drug_label_for_dron/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobdronabinolTthefdadruglabelfordron"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="dronabinol.T.the_fda_drug_label_for_dron"><a href="/books/NBK564166/table/dronabinol.T.the_fda_drug_label_for_dron/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobdronabinolTthefdadruglabelfordron">Table 1. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The FDA Drug Label for Dronabinol. Effect of <i>CYP2C9</i> Polymorphism (2020) </p></div></div><div id="dronabinol.Drug_Dronabinol"><h2 id="_dronabinol_Drug_Dronabinol_">Drug: Dronabinol</h2><p>Dronabinol is used to stimulate appetite in individuals with AIDS-related anorexia associated with weight loss, and to treat CINV in individuals who have failed to respond adequately to conventional antiemetic treatments (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>).</p><p>Dronabinol is taken orally, as capsules or a solution, and the recommended dose varies depending on the indication. Dronabinol is a cannabinoid and is also known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC, or “THC”).</p><p>Cannabinoids are lipids derived from the cannabis (marijuana) plant. The plant contains more than 100 cannabinoids and dronabinol is a synthetic form of the primary psychoactive cannabinoid THC (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.2" rid="dronabinol.REF.2">2</a>). Psychoactive agents affect brain function, and can cause a change in perception, mood, behavior, and level of consciousness.</p><p>Dronabinol is a Schedule III controlled substance. This means it is a drug that has a potential for abuse, but this is less of a risk than for Schedule I or II drugs. Abuse of dronabinol (taking high doses) will increase the risk of adverse psychiatric reactions such as psychosis, hallucinations, mood alteration, and paranoia. Continued abuse can lead to addiction (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>).Two drugs that contain dronabinol as their active ingredient are Marinol, also Schedule III, and Syndros, which is a Schedule II substance (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.3" rid="dronabinol.REF.3">3</a>).</p><p>In individuals with AIDS, to stimulate appetite, the recommended starting dose of dronabinol is 2.5 mg orally, twice daily, one hour before lunch and dinner (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>). Weight loss associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS is common. Despite treatment with antiretroviral therapy, it is thought that the prevalence of HIV wasting syndrome is between 14 38%. Dronabinol appears to be well tolerated, improves appetite and may stop weight loss, but has variable results in terms of weight gain (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.4" rid="dronabinol.REF.4">4</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.5" rid="dronabinol.REF.5">5</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.6" rid="dronabinol.REF.6">6</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.7" rid="dronabinol.REF.7">7</a>).</p><p>In individuals undergoing chemotherapy, to treat CINV, the typical dose of dronabinol is 5 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, 3–4 times a day. According to the drug label, the first dose of 5 mg/m<sup>2</sup> should be taken 1–3 hours before chemotherapy and at least 30 minutes before eating. This dose can be repeated every 2–4 hours after chemotherapy (without regard to meals) for a total of 4–6 doses per day (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>).</p><p>Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms of chemotherapy and can have a significant detrimental impact on an individual’s quality of life. Several types of antiemetics are commonly used to prevent and treat CINV before cannabinoids such as dronabinol are considered. These include corticosteroids (for example, dexamethasone), serotonin receptor antagonists (for example, ondansetron), and neurokinin receptor antagonists (for example, aprepitant).</p><p>There are many other medicines that can be used for CINV, but they tend to have more adverse effects. These medicines include antihistamines (for example, cyclizine), dopamine antagonists (for example, metoclopramide, olanzapine), benzodiazepines (for example, lorazepam), and anticonvulsants (for example, levetiracetam) (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.8" rid="dronabinol.REF.8">8</a>).</p><p>Data on the efficacy of dronabinol is conflicting and limited to small trials (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.9" rid="dronabinol.REF.9">9</a>). As an antiemetic, dronabinol has been reported to be superior to placebo in one trial, and inferior to metoclopramide in another (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.10" rid="dronabinol.REF.10">10</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.11" rid="dronabinol.REF.11">11</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.12" rid="dronabinol.REF.12">12</a>). Dronabinol is only indicated for CINV in adults, although some data suggests adjunct dronabinol may be helpful in children (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.13" rid="dronabinol.REF.13">13</a>). One review found no evidence to suggest that cannabinoids such as dronabinol were of value for anorexia or cachexia (extreme weight loss and wasting due to illness) in individuals with cancer or HIV (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.14" rid="dronabinol.REF.14">14</a>). Because of the potential risk to the fetus, dronabinol should not be taken during pregnancy (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>).</p><p>The mechanism of action of dronabinol is not clear –– it has complex effects on the central nervous system, including impairment of higher order processing, short term memory loss, and enhanced sensation. Central sympathomimetic activity can cause tachycardia (experienced as palpitations) and redness of the eyes (conjunctival injection).</p><p>Two cannabinoid receptors have been identified so far, CB1 –– which is located in the brain and some peripheral tissues also and may account for behavioral effects of cannabinoids; and CB2 –– mainly found peripherally and may affect immune function (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.15" rid="dronabinol.REF.15">15</a>). Appetite stimulation is thought to be mediated at the lateral hypothalamus, antiemetic actions may be mediated by the vomiting center in the medulla, and the area subpostrema of the nucleus tractus solitarii may be involved in both appetite stimulation and antiemesis.</p><p>Outside of the US, synthetic cannabinoids such as dronabinol have been licensed to treat spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and licensed as an adjunctive treatment of moderate to severe cancer pain. In the US, state medical marijuana programs may authorize eligible individuals to legally use marijuana for these conditions. However, there are many medical and legal differences between dronabinol and medical marijuana. Marijuana contains over 400 compounds, it does not have FDA approval, it is a schedule I controlled substance, and is illegal at the federal level (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.16" rid="dronabinol.REF.16">16</a>).</p><p>The importance of dronabinol in the management of chronic pain is unclear –– studies give a mixed picture, but dronabinol as an adjunct treatment may be more beneficial in neuropathic pain (for example, MS) than cancer pain (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.17" rid="dronabinol.REF.17">17</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.18" rid="dronabinol.REF.18">18</a>).</p><p>CYP2C9 is the main enzyme involved in the metabolism of dronabinol to its major active metabolite, 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC. Individuals who have low CYP2C9 activity (“CYP2C9 poor metabolizers”) have a higher exposure to dronabinol (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.19" rid="dronabinol.REF.19">19</a>). Data suggest that the route of THC administration affects the rate of metabolism, with oral administration—as in the case of dronabinol—showing significant inter-individual variation not only due to CYP2C9 activity, but also fed versus fasted states (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.20" rid="dronabinol.REF.20">20</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.21" rid="dronabinol.REF.21">21</a>). Total exposure to dronabinol was increased in the fed state, particularly following a high-fat content, high calorie meal (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.20" rid="dronabinol.REF.20">20</a>). Of note, CYP2C9 activity can be altered by co-medication, infection, and other disease processes, resulting in phenoconversion from normal metabolizer to poor metabolizer phenotypes (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.22" rid="dronabinol.REF.22">22</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.23" rid="dronabinol.REF.23">23</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.24" rid="dronabinol.REF.24">24</a>).</p><p>While the FDA-approved label for dronabinol states that both CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 contribute to the metabolism of dronabinol, it is important to note that CYP3A4 is not involved in the formation of the primary active metabolite (11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC) (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>). As such, adverse reactions due to coadministration with CYP2C9 inhibitors may differ compared with reactions due to CYP3A4 inhibitors.</p><p>The FDA states that “Dronabinol, a synthetic cannabinoid, may cause fetal harm. Avoid use of dronabinol capsules in pregnant women. Although there is little published data on the use of synthetic cannabinoids during pregnancy, use of cannabis (for example, marijuana) during pregnancy has been associated with adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes” (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>). Similarly, dronabinol is not advised for nursing mothers, either because of HIV positive status or due to possible adverse effects on the nursing infant in individuals with CINV (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>).</p></div><div id="dronabinol.Gene_CYP2C9"><h2 id="_dronabinol_Gene_CYP2C9_">Gene: CYP2C9</h2><p>The cytochrome P450 (CYP450) superfamily is a large and diverse group of enzymes that form the major system for metabolizing lipids, hormones, toxins, and drugs in the liver. The <i>CYP450</i> genes are polymorphic and can result in reduced, absent, or increased enzyme activity.</p><p>The <i>CYP2C9</i> gene is highly polymorphic, with more than 50 known star (*) alleles, which are catalogued by the Pharmacogene Variation (PharmVar) consortium (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.25" rid="dronabinol.REF.25">25</a>). The <i>CYP2C9*1</i> is considered the wild-type allele when no variants are detected and is associated with normal enzyme activity and the “normal metabolizer” phenotype (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.26" rid="dronabinol.REF.26">26</a>). Individuals who have 2 normal function alleles (for example, <i>CYP2C9 *1/*1</i>) are classified as “normal metabolizers” (<a href="/books/NBK564166/table/dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobdronabinolTthecpicassignmentoflike">Table 2</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figdronabinolTthecpicassignmentoflike"><a href="/books/NBK564166/table/dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobdronabinolTthecpicassignmentoflike"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like"><a href="/books/NBK564166/table/dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobdronabinolTthecpicassignmentoflike">Table 2. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The CPIC Assignment of likely <i>CYP2C9</i> Phenotype based on Genotype (2020) </p></div></div><p>Multiple allelic variants associated with reduced enzyme activity (with definitive or moderate evidence), these include <i>CYP2C9*2</i>, <i>*5</i>, <i>*8, *11, *14</i> and others (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.28" rid="dronabinol.REF.28">28</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.29" rid="dronabinol.REF.29">29</a>). The <i>*2</i> allele is more common in Caucasian (10–20%) than Asian (1–3%) or African (0–6%) populations. Alleles assigned an activity score of zero include <i>CYP2C9*3</i> and <i>*13.</i> The <i>*3</i> allele has a frequency of <10% in most populations and is extremely rare in African populations. Of note, among African-Americans, the <i>CYP2C9*5</i>, <i>*6</i>, <i>*8</i> and <i>*11</i> variants are more common (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.30" rid="dronabinol.REF.30">30</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.31" rid="dronabinol.REF.31">31</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.32" rid="dronabinol.REF.32">32</a>).</p></div><div id="dronabinol.Linking_Gene_Variation_with_T"><h2 id="_dronabinol_Linking_Gene_Variation_with_T_">Linking Gene Variation with Treatment Response</h2><p>One small study (43 healthy volunteers) reported that while orally administered THC pharmacokinetics did not differ by <i>CYP2C9*2</i> allele status, the <i>CYP2C9*3</i> allele did influence pharmacokinetics, therapeutics, and adverse effects. On average, individuals who were <i>CYP2C9*3/*3</i> homozygotes had a greater exposure to THC (the median area under the curve of THC was 3-fold higher than in than in <i>CYP2C9*1/*1</i> homozygotes), and these individuals showed a trend toward increased sedation following administration of THC (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.19" rid="dronabinol.REF.19">19</a>). However, it is not possible to draw conclusions for the influence of the <i>CYP2C9*3/*3</i> genotype on dronabinol response, due to the small sample size (n=43) and nonblinded study design (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.19" rid="dronabinol.REF.19">19</a>). Another study examined the pharmacokinetics of intravenously- and orally-administered THC and observed there was a significant contribution from the <i>CYP2C9*3</i> allele to individual dose exposure following oral ingestion, contributing to adverse effects in these individuals (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.21" rid="dronabinol.REF.21">21</a>).</p></div><div id="dronabinol.Genetic_Testing"><h2 id="_dronabinol_Genetic_Testing_">Genetic Testing</h2><p>Clinical genotyping tests are available for several <i>CYP2C9</i> alleles. The NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides examples of the genetic tests that are available for the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/all/tests/?term=1559%5Bgeneid%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"><i>CYP2C9</i> gene</a> and the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/CN258190/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">dronabinol response</a>. In addition, variant <i>CYP2C9</i> alleles to be included in clinical genotyping assays have been recommended by the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.33" rid="dronabinol.REF.33">33</a>).</p><p>The <i>CYP2C9</i> variants are usually reported as a diplotype, such as <i>CYP2C9 *1/*1</i>, and may also include an interpretation of the individual’s predicted metabolizer phenotype (normal, intermediate, or poor) (<a href="/books/NBK564166/table/dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobdronabinolTthecpicassignmentoflike">Table 2</a>).</p></div><div id="dronabinol.Therapeutic_Recommendations_b"><h2 id="_dronabinol_Therapeutic_Recommendations_b_">Therapeutic Recommendations based on Genotype</h2><p><b>This section contains excerpted</b><sup><a href="#dronabinol.FN1">1</a></sup>
|
|
<b>information on gene-based dosing recommendations. Neither this section nor other parts of this review contain the complete recommendations from the sources.</b></p><div id="dronabinol.2020_Statement_from_the_US_Fo"><h3>2020 Statement from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</h3><p>Dronabinol is primarily metabolized by CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 enzymes based on published in vitro studies. Inhibitors of these enzymes may increase, while inducers may decrease, the systemic exposure of dronabinol and/or its active metabolite resulting in an increase in dronabinol-related adverse reactions or loss of efficacy of dronabinol capsules.</p><p>Monitor for potentially increased dronabinol-related adverse reactions when dronabinol capsules is coadministered with inhibitors of CYP2C9 (e.g., amiodarone, fluconazole) and inhibitors of CYP3A4 enzymes (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin, ritonavir, erythromycin, grapefruit juice).</p><p>[…]</p><p>Published data suggest that systemic clearance of dronabinol may be reduced and concentrations may be increased in the presence of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism. Monitoring for potentially increased adverse reactions is recommended in patients known to carry genetic variants associated with diminished CYP2C9 function.</p><p>[…]</p><p>Published data indicate a potentially 2-to 3-fold higher dronabinol exposure in individuals carrying genetic variants associated with diminished CYP2C9 function.</p><p><b>Please review the complete therapeutic recommendations that are located here:</b> (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>)</p></div></div><div id="dronabinol.Nomenclature_for_Selected_CYP"><h2 id="_dronabinol_Nomenclature_for_Selected_CYP_">Nomenclature for Selected <i>CYP2C9</i> Alleles</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figdronabinolTe"><a href="/books/NBK564166/table/dronabinol.Te/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobdronabinolTe"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="dronabinol.Te"><a href="/books/NBK564166/table/dronabinol.Te/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobdronabinolTe">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="dronabinol.Acknowledgments"><h2 id="_dronabinol_Acknowledgments_">Acknowledgments</h2><p>The authors would like to thank Sumit Bansal, PhD, Aditya Kumar, and Jashvant D. Unadkat, PhD, Milo Gibaldi Endowed Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and William R. Wolowich, PharmD, Associate Professor, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA for reviewing this summary.</p></div><div id="dronabinol.References"><h2 id="_dronabinol_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="dronabinol.REF.1">DRONABINOL- dronabinol capsule [Packet insert]. Pulaski, TN: AvKARE, L.; 2020. Available from: <a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b60052fd-c0fd-4ec1-9774-81b3a48dbac5" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://dailymed<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nlm<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.cfm?setid=b60052fd-c0fd-4ec1-9774-81b3a48dbac5</a>.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="dronabinol.REF.2"><em>Cannabis (Marijuana) and Cannabinoids: What You Need To Know</em>. 2019 Nov 2019 [cited 2020; Available from: <a href="https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cannabis-marijuana-and-cannabinoids-what-you-need-to-know" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nccih.nih<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gov/health/cannabis-marijuana-and-cannabinoids-what-you-need-to-know</a>.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="dronabinol.REF.3">Drug Enforcement Administration. D.o.J., <em>Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of FDA-Approved Products of Oral Solutions Containing Dronabinol [(-)-delta-9-trans- tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC)] in Schedule II. Final rule.</em> <span><span class="ref-journal">Fed Regist. </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">82</span>(224):55504–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29232070" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29232070</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="dronabinol.REF.4">Badowski M.E., Perez S.E. Clinical utility of dronabinol in the treatment of weight loss associated with HIV and AIDS. <span><span class="ref-journal">HIV AIDS (Auckl). </span>2016;<span class="ref-vol">8</span>:37–45.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4755463/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4755463</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26929669" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26929669</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="dronabinol.REF.5">DeJesus E., Rodwick B.M., Bowers D., Cohen C.J., et al. Use of Dronabinol Improves Appetite and Reverses Weight Loss in HIV/AIDS-Infected Patients. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic). </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">6</span>(2):95–100.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17538000" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17538000</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="dronabinol.REF.6">Struwe M., Kaempfer S.H., Geiger C.J., Pavia A.T., et al. Effect of dronabinol on nutritional status in HIV infection. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Pharmacother. </span>1993;<span class="ref-vol">27</span>(7-8):827–31.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8395916" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8395916</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="dronabinol.REF.7">Beal J.E., Olson R., Laubenstein L., Morales J.O., et al. Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Pain Symptom Manage. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>(2):89–97.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7730690" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7730690</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="dronabinol.REF.8">May M.B., Glode A.E. Dronabinol for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting unresponsive to antiemetics. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cancer Manag Res. </span>2016;<span class="ref-vol">8</span>:49–55.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4869612/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4869612</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27274310" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27274310</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="dronabinol.REF.9">Häuser W., Fitzcharles M.A., Radbruch L., Petzke F. Cannabinoids in Pain Management and Palliative Medicine. <span><span class="ref-journal">Dtsch Arztebl Int. </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">114</span>(38):627–634.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5645627/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5645627</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29017688" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29017688</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="dronabinol.REF.10">Perwitasari D.A., Gelderblom H., Atthobari J., Mustofa M., et al. 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Characterization of Dronabinol Usage in a Pediatric Oncology Population. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">20</span>(6):462–7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4708955/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4708955</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26766935" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26766935</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="dronabinol.REF.14">Mücke M., Weier M., Carter C., Copeland J., et al. 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Inflammation-induced phenoconversion of polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes: hypothesis with implications for personalized medicine. <span><span class="ref-journal">Drug Metab Dispos. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">43</span>(3):400–10.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25519488" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25519488</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="dronabinol.REF.24">Toth K., Budi T., Kiss A., Temesvari M., et al. 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Dalgleish, D.R.
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Maglott, R.K.
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Hart, et al. <span class="ref-title">HGVS Recommendations for the Description of Sequence Variants: 2016 Update. </span><span class="ref-journal">Hum Mutat</span>, 2016.37(6): p.564-9.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26931183" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26931183</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><h2 id="NBK564166_footnotes">Footnotes</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>
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<sup>1</sup>
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</dt><dd><div id="dronabinol.FN1"><p class="no_top_margin"> The FDA labels specific drug formulations. We have substituted the generic names for any drug labels in this excerpt. The FDA may not have labeled all formulations containing the generic drug.</p></div></dd></dl></dl><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK564166_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Laura Dean</span>, MD<sup>1</sup> and <span itemprop="author">Megan Kane</span>, PhD<sup>2</sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> NCBI<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@sgm" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@sgm</a></div></div><div class="affiliation"><sup>2</sup> NCBI<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@sgm" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@sgm</a></div></div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">November 17, 2020</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a><p class="small">All Medical Genetics Summaries content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</a> license which permits copying, distribution, and adaptation of the work, provided the original work is properly cited and any changes from the original work are properly indicated. Any altered, transformed, or adapted form of the work may only be distributed under the same or similar license to this one.</p></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=books" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Dean L, Kane M. Dronabinol Therapy and CYP2C9 Genotype. 2020 Nov 17. In: Pratt VM, Scott SA, Pirmohamed M, et al., editors. Medical Genetics Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2012-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/gtrbook/diazepam/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/gtrbook/eliglustat/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobdronabinolTthefdadruglabelfordron"><div id="dronabinol.T.the_fda_drug_label_for_dron" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>The FDA Drug Label for Dronabinol. Effect of <i>CYP2C9</i> Polymorphism (2020)</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK564166/table/dronabinol.T.the_fda_drug_label_for_dron/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__dronabinol.T.the_fda_drug_label_for_dron_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_fda_drug_label_for_dron_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Phenotype</th><th id="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_fda_drug_label_for_dron_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recommendations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_fda_drug_label_for_dron_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CYP2C9 poor metabolizer</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_fda_drug_label_for_dron_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Published data suggest that systemic clearance of dronabinol may be reduced and concentrations may be increased in the presence of <i>CYP2C9</i> genetic polymorphism. Monitoring for potentially increased adverse reactions is recommended in individuals known to have genetic variants associated with diminished CYP2C9 function.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">This table is adapted from (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.1" rid="dronabinol.REF.1">1</a>).</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobdronabinolTthecpicassignmentoflike"><div id="dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>The CPIC Assignment of likely <i>CYP2C9</i> Phenotype based on Genotype (2020)</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK564166/table/dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Likely phenotype<sup>a,b</sup></th><th id="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Activity score</th><th id="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Genotype</th><th id="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Examples of diplotype</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Normal metabolizer</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An individual with 2 normal function alleles</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*1/*1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intermediate metabolizer</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.5<br />1</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An individual with one normal function allele plus one decreased function allele; OR<br />one normal function allele plus one no function allele<br />OR<br />2 decreased function alleles</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*1/*2<br />*1/*3<br />*2/*2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Poor metabolizer</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.5<br />0</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An individual with one no function allele plus one decreased function allele; OR<br />2 no function alleles</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*2/*3<br />*3/*3</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indeterminate</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n/a</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An individual with allele combinations with uncertain or unknown function alleles</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.T.the_cpic_assignment_of_like_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*1/*7<br />*1/*10<br />*7/*10<br />*1/*58</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">This CPIC table has been adapted from (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.27" rid="dronabinol.REF.27">27</a>). Additional information on allele function is available from <a href="https://www.pharmvar.org/gene/CYP2C9" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PharmVar</a> and <a href="https://files.cpicpgx.org/data/report/current/allele_function_reference/CYP2C9_allele_functionality_reference.xlsx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CPIC</a>.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobdronabinolTe"><div id="dronabinol.Te" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK564166/table/dronabinol.Te/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__dronabinol.Te_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Common allele name</th><th id="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Alternative names</th><th id="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HGVS reference sequence</th><th id="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">dbSNP reference identifier for allele location</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Coding</th><th headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Protein</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>CYP2C9*2</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">430C>T<br />Arg144Cys</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="/clinvar/variation/8409/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NM_000771.4:c.430C>T</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="/clinvar/variation/8409/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NP_000762.2:p.Arg144Cys</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs1799853" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">rs1799853</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>CYP2C9*3</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1075A>C<br />Ile359Leu</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="/clinvar/variation/8408/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NM_000771.4:c.1075A>C</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="/clinvar/variation/8408/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NP_000762.2:p.Ile359Leu</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs1057910" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">rs1057910</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>CYP2C9*5</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1080C>G<br />Asp360Glu</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/225984/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NM_000771.4:c.1080C>G</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/225984/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NP_000762.2:p.Asp360Glu</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs28371686" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">rs28371686</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>CYP2C9*6</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">817delA<br />Lys273Argfs</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/285601/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NM_000771.4:c.817delA</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/285601/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NP_000762.2:p.Lys273Argfs</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs9332131" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">rs9332131</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>CYP2C9*7</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55C>A<br />Leu19Ile</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/nuccore/1445144634" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=nuccore">NM_000771.4</a>:c.55C>A</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/protein/13699818/?report=GenPept" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=genpept">NP_000762.2</a>:p.Leu19Ile</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs67807361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">rs67807361</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>CYP2C9*8</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">449G>A<br />Arg150His</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/226024/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NM_000771.4:c.449G>A</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/226024/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NP_000762.2:p.Arg150His</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs7900194" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">rs7900194</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>CYP2C9*10</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10598A>G<br />Glu272Gly</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/nuccore/1445144634" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=nuccore">NM_000771.4</a>:c.815A>G</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/protein/13699818/?report=GenPept" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=genpept">NP_000762.2</a>:p.Glu272Gly</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs9332130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">rs9332130</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>CYP2C9*11</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1003C>T<br />Arg335Trp</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/nuccore/1445144634" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=nuccore">NM_000771.4</a>:c.1003C>T</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/protein/13699818/?report=GenPept" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=genpept">NP_000762.2</a>:p.Arg335Trp</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs28371685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">rs28371685</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>CYP2C9*13</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3276T>C<br />Leu90Pro</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/nuccore/1445144634" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=nuccore">NM_000771.4</a>:c.269T>C</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/protein/13699818/?report=GenPept" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=genpept">NP_000762.2</a>:p.Leu90Pro</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs72558187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">rs72558187</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>CYP2C9*14</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3552G>A<br />Arg125His</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/nuccore/1445144634" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=nuccore">NM_000771.4</a>:c.374G>A</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/protein/13699818/?report=GenPept" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=genpept">NP_000762.2</a>:p.Arg125His</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs72558189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">rs72558189</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>CYP2C9*58</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1009C>A<br />Pro337Thr</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/nuccore/1445144634" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=nuccore">NM_000771.4</a>:c.1009C>A</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_3 hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/protein/13699818/?report=GenPept" class="bk_tag" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=genpept">NP_000762.2</a>:p.Pro337Thr</td><td headers="hd_h_dronabinol.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs1274535931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">rs1274535931</a>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Note: the normal “wild type” allele is <i>CYP2C9*1</i> and is reported when no variant is detected.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Pharmacogenetic Allele Nomenclature: International Workgroup Recommendations for Test Result Reporting (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.34" rid="dronabinol.REF.34">34</a>).</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Guidelines for the description and nomenclature of gene variations are available from the Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS (<a class="bibr" href="#dronabinol.REF.35" rid="dronabinol.REF.35">35</a>)).</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Nomenclature for cytochrome P450 enzymes is available from Pharmacogene Variation (<a href="http://www.pharmvar.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PharmVar</a>) Consortium.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">if (typeof (jQuery) != 'undefined') { (function ($) { $(function () { var min = Math.ceil(1); var max = Math.floor(100000); var randomNum = Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min)) + min; var surveyUrl = "/projects/Gene/portal/surveys/seqdbui-survey.js?rando=" + randomNum.toString(); $.getScript(surveyUrl, function () { try { ncbi.seqDbUISurvey.init(); } catch (err) { console.info(err); } }).fail(function (jqxhr, settings, exception) { console.info('Cannot load survey script', jqxhr); });; }); })(jQuery); };</script></div></div>
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