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stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style"><div class="fm-sec bkr_bottom_sep"><div class="bkr_thumb"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng157er10-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Evidence review for wrong implant selection" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK561421_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for wrong implant selection</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Joint replacement (primary): hip, knee and shoulder</div><p><b>Evidence review J</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 157</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2020 Jun</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3722-6</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2020.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1"><h2 id="_niceng157er10_s1_">1. Wrong implant selection</h2><div id="niceng157er10.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question: What interventions would reduce the number of intraoperative implant selection errors, including systems and processes for selection, in adults having primary elective joint replacement?</h3></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Introduction</h3><p>Wrong implant selection for primary elective joint replacement refers to a situation when the prosthesis implanted into a patient by the surgeon is the incorrect size, wrong side or where parts of the prosthesis used are incompatible with each other. This is often termed a ‘mismatch’ and is a rare event. Sometimes this is recognised by the surgeon and operating theatre team and can be addressed at the time of the person’s replacement, but often it requires a revision. If not recognised at the time, the situation is picked up by the National Joint Register as a ‘Never Event’ and the person informed.</p><p>This review seeks to establish what systems or processes could be implemented to prevent any never events in relation to wrong implant selection.</p></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng157er10.appa">Appendix A</a>:</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er10tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er10tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er10.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="niceng157er10.s1.4.1"><h4>1.4.1. Included studies</h4><p>A search was conducted for randomised trials comparing interventions to reduce wrong implant selection with usual care, and no relevant clinical studies were identified.</p><p>See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng157er10.appc">Appendix C</a>: study evidence tables in <a href="#niceng157er10.appd">Appendix D</a>: forest plots in in <a href="#niceng157er10.appe">Appendix E</a>: and GRADE tables in in <a href="#niceng157er10.apph">Appendix H</a>:</p></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1.4.2"><h4>1.4.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>See the excluded studies list in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er10appitab1" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appitab1">Table 6</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1.5"><h3>1.5. Economic evidence</h3><div id="niceng157er10.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. Included studies</h4><p>No health economic studies were included.</p></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in in <a href="#niceng157er10.appg">Appendix G</a>:</p></div></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Evidence statements</h3><div id="niceng157er10.s1.6.1"><h4>1.6.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><p>No relevant published evidence was identified.</p></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1.6.2"><h4>1.6.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><p>No relevant economic evaluations were identified.</p></div></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1.7"><h3>1.7. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="niceng157er10.s1.7.1"><h4>1.7.1. Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="niceng157er10.s1.7.1.1"><h5>1.7.1.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The critical outcomes were incorrect implant use, revision rate, revision surgery, mortality and quality of life. The most critical outcome was incorrect implant selection and use as this is the issue this evidence review seeks to address. The other outcomes are thought likely to be affected by incorrect implant use such as earlier revision surgery and reduced quality of life that might be associated with revision surgery or a joint replacement that is not functioning as well as it could if the correct implant was used. The important outcomes were hospital readmission, length of stay and enhanced follow up.</p></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1.7.1.2"><h5>1.7.1.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>No evidence was found comparing interventions to reduce incorrect implant use with usual care.</p></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1.7.1.3"><h5>1.7.1.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>The committee agreed that wrong implant selection and implantation is a very rare event but the implications of such an error are potentially significant for the person who has undergone joint replacement surgery. These are often referred to as “never events” because they are viewed as preventable and caused by human and process error. It was noted that this is an issue that exists in a wider context than simply orthopaedic surgery and indeed the evidence review was expanded to look for studies in people who are having other implant surgery such as having a pacemaker fitted, maxillofacial implant surgery, or ocular prosthesis surgery.</p><p>How implant selection errors can occur was discussed by the committee. The implant should be ultimately checked by the surgeon before implantation, after initial checks by the scrub nurse, runner, and sometimes by an industry representative supporting the case. However despite multiple parties checking the prosthesis, implant selection errors still occur. The committee agreed that there is unlikely to be a single intervention that will solve this and it should be approached from multiple angles.</p><p>The committee discussed the work that has been done to reduce or eradicate implant selection errors. Two national safety initiatives have provided guidance in this area. The National Safety Standards for Invasive Procedures<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref48" rid="niceng157er10.ref48"><sup>48</sup></a> (NatSSIPs), an NHS Improvement initiative to reduce the number of patient safety incidents related to invasive procedures in which surgical never events could occur. Recommendations have been for prosthesis verification before the procedure, during the procedure, and after the procedure. The Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch (HSIB) published a report on its investigation into the implantation of wrong prostheses during joint replacement surgery.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref31" rid="niceng157er10.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a> This made 5 safety recommendations aimed at reducing wrong implant selection.</p><p>Current joint replacement surgery practice requires the use of the WHO surgical safety checklist to address local and national safety data which could include Never Events and National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) alerts.</p><p>The evidence review found no relevant evidence, resulting in the committee using their experience and knowledge of current evidence to make consensus recommendations to reduce implant selection errors. They spoke of the importance of stop moments during surgery. This is where other actions are ceased by all staff and the details of the prosthesis components are checked so everyone agrees the correct prostheses are going to be implanted. The committee believe these time outs are common practice but are uncertain it is universal and stated how important it is to formally undertake them.</p><p>The 2<sup>nd</sup> recommendation is to use real time data entry before implantation using a system that will highlight some instances of wrong selection. The committee spoke about NJR Data collection forms that are normally completed after the surgery is completed. All hip and knee joint replacement operations undertaken in the UK are put into this database. When these data collection forms are inputted onto the NJR database incorrect combinations of implants are highlighted. However at this point the joint replacement operation has already occurred and any changes would require revision surgery. The committee considered the advantage of detecting incorrect combinations of implants intraoperatively so they could be prevented from occurring and made a recommendation to consider this.</p><p>The committee were aware that undertaking this intraoperative data entry has process implications for the orthopaedic centres undertaking the surgery. The committee were keen not to be prescriptive in terms of the specific system used whether it is the NJR database or an alternative system or how the data is entered, the method of data entry be it barcode, RFID or manual entry, or indeed the person entering the data be it OR staff or a HCA data collection clerk. The key result is “real time” warnings of wrong implant selection that can be acted on prior to implantation.</p><p>The committee agreed that there could be technological solutions to supplement current manual checks that may help reduce errors and therefore the made a research recommendation.</p></div></div><div id="niceng157er10.s1.7.2"><h4>1.7.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>No economic evidence was found for this review question. The first recommendation would not represent any significant additional use of resources. An intraoperative pause to check implant details and compatibility would not require additional personal and could also be conducted in a matter of seconds.</p><p>It was noted there may be economic implications to entering data intraoperatively, depending on how this is done. One option would be to install scanners that can inform the surgeons if the correct components are being used. This option is likely to have a large resource impact as there is national variability in terms of technology and IT infrastructure in hospitals. Therefore if technological investments were required for real time scanning, the costs incurred for some hospitals may be more than for others. There is also the option of having this check done manually. Component details are already entered into the NJR manually post-operatively for all procedures, however, it could be possible to move or copy this process during the intraoperative period. This would represent less of a resource impact and is better than no check; however, the implementation of technology would be the safest choice.</p><p>Given there was no clinical or cost effectiveness evidence, the committee did not specify how the real time scanning should be done.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng157er10.rl.r1"><h2 id="_niceng157er10_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er10.ref1">Actrn. Visual images to assist in positioning for spinal and epidural anaesthesia. 2016. 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R. Errors of computer-assisted migration analysis in conventional radiographs of femoral hip implants--an experimental study. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1999; 119(1-2):50–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10076945" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10076945</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng157er10.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="niceng157er10.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK561421/bin/niceng157er10-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 2. Review protocol: Wrong implant selection</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 207K)</span></p><p id="niceng157er10.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 3. Health economic review protocol</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er10.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref46" rid="niceng157er10.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></p><p><i>For more detailed information, please see the</i>
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<a href="/books/NBK561421/bin/niceng157er10_bm1.pdf">Methodology Review</a>.</p><div id="niceng157er10.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>Searches were constructed using a PICO framework where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and in some cases Comparison (C) terms. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions as these concepts may not be well described in title, abstract or indexes and therefore difficult to retrieve. Search filters were applied to the searches where appropriate.</p><p id="niceng157er10.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appbtab1" class="figpopup">Table 4. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="niceng157er10.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appbtab2" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng157er10.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appbtab3" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng157er10.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appbtab4" class="figpopup">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er10.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to the joint replacement population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional health economics searches were run in Medline and Embase.</p><p id="niceng157er10.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appbtab5" class="figpopup">Table 5. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="niceng157er10.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appbtab6" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng157er10.appb.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appbtab7" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng157er10.appb.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appbtab8" class="figpopup">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng157er10.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><p id="niceng157er10.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK561421/figure/niceng157er10.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appcfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of wrong implant selection</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er10.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p>No clinical studies were included in this review</p></div><div id="niceng157er10.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><p>No clinical studies were included in this review</p></div><div id="niceng157er10.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p>No clinical studies were included in this review</p></div><div id="niceng157er10.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="niceng157er10.appg.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK561421/figure/niceng157er10.appg.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appgfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er10.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Health economic evidence tables</h3><p>No health economic studies were included in this review</p></div><div id="niceng157er10.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng157er10.appi.s1"><h4>I.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="niceng157er10.appi.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appitab1" class="figpopup">Table 6. Studies excluded from the clinical review</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er10.appi.s2"><h4>I.2. Excluded health economic studies</h4><p id="niceng157er10.appi.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appitab2" class="figpopup">Table 7. Studies excluded from the health economic review</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng157er10.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Research recommendations</h3><div id="niceng157er10.appj.s1"><h4>J.1. Avoiding implant selection errors</h4><p>
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<b>Research question: What is the most effective technological solution for minimising wrong implant selection during joint replacement surgery?</b>
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</p><p>
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<b>Why this is important:</b>
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</p><p>The committee agreed that wrong implant selection and implantation is a very rare event but the implications of such an error are potentially significant for the person who has undergone joint replacement surgery. These are often referred to as “never events” because they are viewed as preventable and caused by human and process error.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er10appjtab1"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er10appjtab1" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appjtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appj.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appj.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er10.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er10appjtab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Population: Adults undergoing primary hip, knee or shoulder joint replacement surgery Intervention(s): technological solution to prevent implant selection errors</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Intervention evidence review underpinning recommendations 1.6.1, 1.6.2 and the research recommendation in the NICE guideline</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Centre, hosted by the Royal College of Physicians</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and, where appropriate, their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2020.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK561421</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32881467" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">32881467</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10tab1"><div id="niceng157er10.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er10.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er10.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adults having primary elective joint replacement.</div></li></ul>
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Indirect populations that will be considered:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People having a pacemaker fitted</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People having maxillofacial implant surgery</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People having ocular prosthesis surgery</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er10.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention(s)</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er10.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interventions to reduce incorrect implant use. For example:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clearer labelling on the implant packaging</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regimen for implant verification</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of new technology</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Colour coding</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shared learning/training</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Scan for safety</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unique device identifiers</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er10.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison(s)</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er10.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Usual care</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er10.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er10.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Critical</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Incorrect implant use (dichotomous)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Revision rate</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Revision surgery (time to event)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: life expectancy (time to event)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: 30 day (dichotomous)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life (continuous)</div></li></ul>
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<b>Important</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hospital readmission (dichotomous)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Length of stay (continuous)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enhanced follow up – recommend blood tests, cross sectional imaging (dichotomous)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er10.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er10.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised controlled trials</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10appatab1"><div id="niceng157er10.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er10.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er10.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Objectives</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify health economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search criteria</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the clinical review protocol above.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant health economic study design (cost–utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–benefit analysis, cost–consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of health economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed. The bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A health economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and a health economic study filter – see in <a href="#niceng157er10.appb">appendix B</a> below.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Review strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2003, abstract-only studies and studies from low or middle-income countries (e.g. most non-OECD countries) or the USA will also be excluded.</p>
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<p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in in appendix H of Developing NICE guidelines: the manual (2014).<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref46" rid="niceng157er10.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></p>
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<p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’ then it will be included in the guideline. A health economic evidence table will be completed and it will be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’ then it will usually be excluded from the guideline. If it is excluded then a health economic evidence table will not be completed and it will not be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul>
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<b>Where there is discretion</b></p>
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<p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question, in discussion with the guideline committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include health economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to selectively exclude the remaining studies. All studies excluded on the basis of applicability or methodological limitations will be listed with explanation in the excluded health economic studies appendix below.</p>
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<p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p>
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<p><i>Setting:</i>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the USA will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Health economic study type:</i>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost–utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost–benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–consequences analysis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Year of analysis:</i>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2003 or later but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly from before 2003 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2003 will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis:</i>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis match with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10appbtab1"><div id="niceng157er10.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 01 May 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 01 May 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Cochrane Reviews to 2019 Issue 5 of 12</p>
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<p>CENTRAL to 2019 Issue 5 of 12</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10appbtab2"><div id="niceng157er10.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">arthroplasty/ or arthroplasty, replacement/ or arthroplasty, replacement, hip/ or arthroplasty, replacement, knee/ or arthroplasty, replacement, shoulder/ or hemiarthroplasty/ or exp Maxillofacial Prosthesis Implantation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">joint prosthesis/ or hip prosthesis/ or knee prosthesis/ or shoulder prosthesis/ or eye, artificial/ or exp maxillofacial prosthesis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((joint* or knee* or shoulder* or hip* or ocular* or maxillofacial*) adj5 (surger* or replace* or prosthe* or endoprosthe* or implant* or artificial or arthroplast* or hemiarthroplast*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((femoral or patellar or polyethylene or tibial or humeral or glenoid) adj2 component*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((femoral or humeral) adj2 (steam or head)) or (acetabular or liner)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pacemaker, Artificial/ or Cardiac Pacing, Artificial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pacemaker* adj3 (implant* or fit* or surg*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-7</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/9-16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 not 18</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/19-25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 not 26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 27 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">“Prostheses and Implants”/ae, st [Adverse Effects, Standards]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(wrong* or incorrect* or erroneous or error* or mistak* or unsuitabl* or incompatibl*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">medical errors/ or diagnostic errors/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Malpractice/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(malpractice* or negligen*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(confus* or disorganiz* or disorganis* or distract*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((never or sentinel) adj4 event*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/29-35</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28 and 36</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Trials as topic.sh.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/38-44</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Meta-Analysis as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/46-55</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epidemiologic studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Cohort studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Controlled Before-After Studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Historically Controlled Study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interrupted Time Series Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/57-66</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/68-69</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67 or 70</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/72-73</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67 or 74</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67 or 70 or 74</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37 and (45 or 56 or 76)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10appbtab3"><div id="niceng157er10.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*arthroplasty/ or *replacement arthroplasty/ or *hip replacement/ or *knee replacement/ or *shoulder replacement/ or *hemiarthroplasty/ or *maxillofacial implant/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*joint prosthesis/ or *hip prosthesis/ or *knee prosthesis/ or *shoulder prosthesis/ or *maxillofacial prosthesis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((joint* or knee* or shoulder* or hip* or ocular* or maxillofacial*) adj5 (surger* or replace* or prosthe* or endoprosthe* or implant* or artificial or arthroplast* or hemiarthroplast*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((femoral or patellar or polyethylene or tibial or humeral or glenoid) adj2 component*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((femoral or humeral) adj2 (steam or head)) or (acetabular or liner)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*artificial heart pacemaker/ or *heart pacing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pacemaker* adj3 (implant* or fit* or surg*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-7</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/9-13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14 not 15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/16-23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 not 24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 25 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(wrong* or incorrect* or erroneous or error* or mistak* or unsuitabl* or incompatibl*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*medical error/ or *diagnostic error/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*malpractice/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(malpractice* or negligen*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(confus* or disorganiz* or disorganis* or distract*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((never or sentinel) adj4 event*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27-32</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 and 33</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">crossover procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">single blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">double blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/35-43</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">systematic review/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">meta-analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/45-54</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">family study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">longitudinal study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">retrospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">prospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">follow-up/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63 and 64</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/56-62,65-69</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/71-72</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70 or 73</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cross-sectional study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/75-76</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70 or 77</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70 or 73 or 77</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34 and (44 or 55 or 79)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10appbtab4"><div id="niceng157er10.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Arthroplasty] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Arthroplasty, Replacement] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Arthroplasty, Replacement, Shoulder] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Hemiarthroplasty] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Maxillofacial Prosthesis Implantation] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #1-#7)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Joint Prosthesis] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Hip Prosthesis] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Knee Prosthesis] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Shoulder Prosthesis] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Maxillofacial Prosthesis] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #9-#13)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((joint* or knee* or shoulder* or hip* or ocular* or maxillofacial*) near/5 (surger* or replace* or prosthe* or endoprosthe* or implant* or artificial or arthroplast* or hemiarthroplast*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((femoral or humeral) near/2 (steam or head)) or (acetabular or liner)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((femoral or patellar or polyethylene or tibial or humeral or glenoid) near/2 component*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Pacemaker, Artificial] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Cardiac Pacing, Artificial] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pacemaker* near/3 (implant* or fit* or surg*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #15-#20)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #8, #14, #21)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(wrong* or incorrect* or erroneous or error* or mistak* or unsuitabl* or incompatibl*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Medical Errors] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Diagnostic Errors] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Malpractice] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(malpractice* or negligen*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(confus* or disorganiz* or disorganis* or distract*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((never or sentinel) near/4 event*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #23-#29)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#22 AND #30</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10appbtab5"><div id="niceng157er10.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 01 May 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusions Health economics studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 01 May 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusions Health economics studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>HTA - Inception – 01 May 2019</p>
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<p>NHSEED - Inception to March 2015</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10appbtab6"><div id="niceng157er10.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">arthroplasty/ or arthroplasty, replacement/ or arthroplasty, replacement, hip/ or arthroplasty, replacement, knee/ or arthroplasty, replacement, shoulder/ or hemiarthroplasty/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">joint prosthesis/ or hip prosthesis/ or knee prosthesis/ or shoulder prosthesis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((joint* or knee* or shoulder* or hip*) adj5 (surger* or replace* or prosthe* or endoprosthe* or implant* or artificial or arthroplast* or hemiarthroplast*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/5-12</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 not 14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/15-21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 not 22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 23 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25-40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 41</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10appbtab7"><div id="niceng157er10.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*arthroplasty/ or *replacement arthroplasty/ or *hip replacement/ or *knee replacement/ or *shoulder replacement/ or *hemiarthroplasty/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*joint prosthesis/ or *hip prosthesis/ or *knee prosthesis/ or *shoulder prosthesis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((joint* or knee* or shoulder* or hip*) adj5 (surger* or replace* or prosthe* or endoprosthe* or implant* or artificial or arthroplast* or hemiarthroplast*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/5-9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 not 11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/12-19</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 not 20</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 21 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">health economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp economic evaluation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp health care cost/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp fee/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">funding/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/23-35</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 and 36</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10appbtab8"><div id="niceng157er10.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR arthroplasty, replacement</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR arthroplasty, replacement, hip</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR arthroplasty, replacement, knee</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR arthroplasty, replacement, shoulder</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR hemiarthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR joint prosthesis</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR hip prosthesis</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR knee prosthesis</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR shoulder prosthesis</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((joint* or knee* or shoulder* or hip*) adj5 (surger* or replace* or prosthe* or endoprosthe* or implant* or artificial or arthroplast* or hemiarthroplast*)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11) IN NHSEED</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11) IN HTA</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er10appcfig1"><div id="niceng157er10.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20wrong%20implant%20selection.&p=BOOKS&id=561421_niceng157er10appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561421/bin/niceng157er10appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of wrong implant selection." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of wrong implant selection</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er10appgfig1"><div id="niceng157er10.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20health%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=561421_niceng157er10appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561421/bin/niceng157er10appgf1.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>a) Non-relevant population, intervention, comparison, design or setting; non-English language</p><p>b) One study was applicable to both Q3.1 and Q3.2</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10appitab1"><div id="niceng157er10.appi.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.appi.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Actrn 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref1" rid="niceng157er10.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trial web page</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Al-Bataineh 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref2" rid="niceng157er10.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design, incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asada 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref3" rid="niceng157er10.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ast 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref4" rid="niceng157er10.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bai 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref5" rid="niceng157er10.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ballas 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref6" rid="niceng157er10.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design, incorrect comparisons</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bandeira 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref7" rid="niceng157er10.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bargar 1998<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref8" rid="niceng157er10.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bell 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref9" rid="niceng157er10.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bellemans 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref10" rid="niceng157er10.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Benedek 1984<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref11" rid="niceng157er10.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design, incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bernstein 1986<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref12" rid="niceng157er10.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bjorkenheim 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref13" rid="niceng157er10.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bove 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref14" rid="niceng157er10.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brandicourt 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref15" rid="niceng157er10.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Buchbender 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref16" rid="niceng157er10.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design, incorrect intervention, incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cobb 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref17" rid="niceng157er10.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elmallah 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref18" rid="niceng157er10.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparisons</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fu 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref19" rid="niceng157er10.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review; references individually checked</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gan 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref20" rid="niceng157er10.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gandhi 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref21" rid="niceng157er10.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gauci 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref22" rid="niceng157er10.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Goebel 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref23" rid="niceng157er10.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hafez 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref24" rid="niceng157er10.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study population</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hampp 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref25" rid="niceng157er10.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study population</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Harrison 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref26" rid="niceng157er10.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hashemian 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref27" rid="niceng157er10.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hassan 1998<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref28" rid="niceng157er10.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hassanein 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref29" rid="niceng157er10.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design, incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hayward 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref30" rid="niceng157er10.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention, incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hoenecke 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref32" rid="niceng157er10.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Holt 1986<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref33" rid="niceng157er10.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparisons</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hourlier 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref34" rid="niceng157er10.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Isrctn 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref35" rid="niceng157er10.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trial web page</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Issa 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref36" rid="niceng157er10.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jacobs 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref37" rid="niceng157er10.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparisons</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jacquot 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref38" rid="niceng157er10.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparisons</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Knafo 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref39" rid="niceng157er10.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lin 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref40" rid="niceng157er10.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Liow 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref41" rid="niceng157er10.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Martelli 2000<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref42" rid="niceng157er10.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Marx 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref43" rid="niceng157er10.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Michaels 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref44" rid="niceng157er10.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Naqvi 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref45" rid="niceng157er10.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nguyen 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref47" rid="niceng157er10.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ozsoy 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref49" rid="niceng157er10.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparisons</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pagkalos 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref50" rid="niceng157er10.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Parsonnet 1974<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref52" rid="niceng157er10.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design, incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Parsonnet 1975<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref51" rid="niceng157er10.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparisons</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Riddick 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref53" rid="niceng157er10.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rodriguez 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref54" rid="niceng157er10.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schulz 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref55" rid="niceng157er10.ref55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sendtner 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref56" rid="niceng157er10.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Seyler 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref57" rid="niceng157er10.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Steppacher 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref58" rid="niceng157er10.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stockl 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref59" rid="niceng157er10.ref59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect intervention</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Strik 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref60" rid="niceng157er10.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design, incorrect comparisons</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wirtz 1999<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er10.ref61" rid="niceng157er10.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study population</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10appitab2"><div id="niceng157er10.appi.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the health economic review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.appi.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er10.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er10.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No studies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er10.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er10appjtab1"><div id="niceng157er10.appj.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561421/table/niceng157er10.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er10.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er10.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PICO question</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er10.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Population: Adults undergoing primary hip, knee or shoulder joint replacement surgery</p>
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<p>Intervention(s): technological solution to prevent implant selection errors</p>
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<p>Comparison: Usual care</p>
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<p>Outcome(s): Implant selection errors and the resulting reduction in quality of life and economic costs</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er10.appj.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er10.appj.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised controlled trial</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er10.appj.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other details</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er10.appj.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Two national safety initiatives have been asked to provide guidance in this area. The National Safety Standards for Invasive Procedures (NatSSIPs) and the Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch (HSIB). NatSSIPs is an NHS Improvement initiative that aims to reduce the number of patient safety incidents related to invasive procedures in which surgical never events could occur.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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