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class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK561391_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for anaesthesia for hip replacement</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Joint replacement (primary): hip, knee and shoulder</div><p><b>Evidence review D</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 157</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2020 Jun</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3722-6</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2020.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1"><h2 id="_niceng157er4_s1_">1. Anaesthesia for elective hip joint replacement</h2><div id="niceng157er4.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question: In adults having primary elective hip joint replacement, what is the clinical and cost effectiveness of intraoperative anaesthetic approaches: regional anaesthesia or general anaesthesia, with or without nerve blocks and local infiltration analgesia, compared with each other or in combination?</h3></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Introduction</h3><p>Total hip replacement surgery is painful. The anaesthetist and person undergoing surgery can choose from a number of interventions which aim to minimise this.</p><p>Firstly there is a choice of underlying anaesthesia and the options are general anaesthesia, regional anaesthesia, or a combination of both. General anaesthesia is where the patient is put into a deep sleep. Regional anaesthesia is where only part of the body is anaesthetised, using local anaesthetic to ‘turn off’ the nerves temporarily. During this time, the patient is typically aware of some pushing or pulling, but no pain.</p><p>Once it has been decided whether to use general, regional anaesthesia or both, then the technique or combination of techniques, needed to prevent pain after the operation should be considered. Preventing early pain is important in itself and, it is also recognised that reducing pain in the first few hours after surgery may help reduce pain over a longer period.</p><p>There are 2 supplementary anaesthetic options that can be utilised. Firstly, local anaesthetic infiltration where a large volume of anaesthetic is injected into the tissues around the operation site. This technique typically lasts for 8 to 10 hours. A second approach is to target an injection of anaesthetic to the nerves that supply the hip joint, often using an ultrasound machine to identify the nerve. Local anaesthetic infiltration and nerve blocks can be performed separately, or together.</p><p>This review seeks to determine the most clinically effective and cost-effective approach to both types of anaesthetic, and the type of supplementary anaesthetic options for total hip replacement.</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng157er4.appa">Appendix A</a>:</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="niceng157er4.s1.4.1"><h4>1.4.1. Included studies</h4><p>A search was conducted for trials comparing the effectiveness of intraoperative anaesthesia and analgesia routines utilised for hip joint replacement surgery.</p><p>Twenty four RCTs and five observational studies were included in the review;<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref18" rid="niceng157er4.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref40" rid="niceng157er4.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref56" rid="niceng157er4.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref61" rid="niceng157er4.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref62" rid="niceng157er4.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref64" rid="niceng157er4.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref66" rid="niceng157er4.ref66"><sup>66</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref69" rid="niceng157er4.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref89" rid="niceng157er4.ref89"><sup>89</sup></a><sup>–</sup><a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref91" rid="niceng157er4.ref91"><sup>91</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref96" rid="niceng157er4.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref97" rid="niceng157er4.ref97"><sup>97</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref101" rid="niceng157er4.ref101"><sup>101</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref102" rid="niceng157er4.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref105" rid="niceng157er4.ref105"><sup>105</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref132" rid="niceng157er4.ref132"><sup>132</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref133" rid="niceng157er4.ref133"><sup>133</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref140" rid="niceng157er4.ref140"><sup>140</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref143" rid="niceng157er4.ref143"><sup>143</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref151" rid="niceng157er4.ref151"><sup>151</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref162" rid="niceng157er4.ref162"><sup>162</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref165" rid="niceng157er4.ref165"><sup>165</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref171" rid="niceng157er4.ref171"><sup>171</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref222" rid="niceng157er4.ref222"><sup>222</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref224" rid="niceng157er4.ref224"><sup>224</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref230" rid="niceng157er4.ref230"><sup>230</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref236" rid="niceng157er4.ref236"><sup>236</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref238" rid="niceng157er4.ref238"><sup>238</sup></a> these are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab2">Table 2</a> below. The RCTs were too small to accurately assess an outcome as rare as mortality and this was thought to be a key difference between regional anaesthesia and general anaesthesia. Therefore observational studies were included for the mortality within 90 days outcome for the regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia comparison. Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summary below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab3">Table 3</a>). See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng157er4.appc">Appendix C</a>: study evidence tables in <a href="#niceng157er4.appd">Appendix D</a>: forest plots in <a href="#niceng157er4.appe">Appendix E</a>: and GRADE tables in <a href="#niceng157er4.apph">Appendix H</a>:</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.4.2"><h4>1.4.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>See the excluded studies list in <a href="#niceng157er4.appi">Appendix I</a>:</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.4.3"><h4>1.4.3. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab2"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng157er4.appd">Appendix D</a>: for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.4.4"><h4>1.4.4. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab3"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. RCT evidence summary: regional anaesthesia with nerve block versus regional anaesthesia." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">RCT evidence summary: regional anaesthesia with nerve block versus regional anaesthesia. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab4"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab4" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. RCT evidence summary: Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia with nerve block." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">RCT evidence summary: Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia with nerve block. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab5"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab5" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. RCT evidence summary: Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">RCT evidence summary: Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab6"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab6" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. RCT evidence summary: regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">RCT evidence summary: regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab7"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab7" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 7. Observational studies evidence summary: regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab7">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Observational studies evidence summary: regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab8"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 8" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab8" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab8/?report=previmg" alt="Table 8. RCT evidence summary: General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia with nerve block." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab8">Table 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">RCT evidence summary: General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia with nerve block. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab9"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 9" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab9" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab9"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab9/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab9/?report=previmg" alt="Table 9. RCT evidence summary: General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab9">Table 9</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">RCT evidence summary: General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab10"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 10" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab10" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab10"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab10/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab10/?report=previmg" alt="Table 10. RCT evidence summary: General anaesthesia with nerve block versus general anaesthesia." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab10">Table 10</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">RCT evidence summary: General anaesthesia with nerve block versus general anaesthesia. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng157er4.appf">Appendix F</a>: for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.5"><h3>1.5. Economic evidence</h3><div id="niceng157er4.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. Included studies</h4><p>Two health economic studies were identified with the relevant comparison and have been included in this review.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref88" rid="niceng157er4.ref88"><sup>88</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref147" rid="niceng157er4.ref147"><sup>147</sup></a>. The studies are summarised in the health economic evidence profile below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab11" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab11">Table 11</a>) and the health economic evidence table in <a href="#niceng157er4.apph">Appendix H</a>: One original threshold analysis was conducted which can be found in <a href="#niceng157er4.appi">Appendix I</a>:</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>No health economic studies that were relevant to this question were excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng157er4.appg">Appendix G</a>:</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.5.3"><h4>1.5.3. Summary of studies included in the economic evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab11"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 11" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab11" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab11"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab11/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab11/?report=previmg" alt="Table 11. Health economic evidence profile: LAI in addition to a standard anaesthetic regimen versus standard anaesthetic regimen only." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab11"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab11">Table 11</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Health economic evidence profile: LAI in addition to a standard anaesthetic regimen versus standard anaesthetic regimen only. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab12"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 12" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab12" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab12"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab12/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab12/?report=previmg" alt="Table 12. Health economic evidence profile: Spinal anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab12"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab12">Table 12</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Health economic evidence profile: Spinal anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.5.4"><h4>1.5.4. Health economic modelling</h4><p>A threshold analysis was conducted on the addition of nerve blocks to an anaesthetic regimen. The method and results of the analysis can be found in <a href="#niceng157er4.appi">Appendix I:Nerve block threshold analysis</a>. The analysis uses estimates of incremental cost to find what QALY or utility gain is required at a given threshold of cost effectiveness. The threshold selected for this analysis was £20,000 in line with the NICE reference case. A range of incremental costs driven by the time required to administer the nerve block (30 minutes, 10 minutes and 5 minutes) and if the cost of theatre time was incorporated (yes or no) were included in the analysis. The rationale for having theatre time included as a cost variable is that the committee suggested that if 2 anaesthetists are available a nerve block can be administered in the anaesthesia room, not incurring additional theatre time costs. Therefore, for scenarios where theatre time was not included, 2 consultant anaesthetists were costed in. Whereas when theatre time was included, only one consultant anaesthetist was costed in. The results found that a nerve block is unlikely to be cost effective the longer it takes to administer, the shorter the effect duration, and if theatre time cost is included. However there are circumstances, such as when administration time is short, effect duration is long and theatre time is not included, when a nerve block could be cost effective. The different combinations of these factors are present across the NHS, so nerve blocks may be a viable cost-effective anaesthetic intervention for some hospitals but not for others.</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.5.5"><h4>1.5.5. Unit costs</h4><p>The unit costs presented in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab13" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab13">Table 13</a> are for general and regional anaesthesia in a hip fracture population. Hip fracture is outside of the scope for this guideline. However, the committee felt the costs would be informative for a primary elective hip arthroplasty population. <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab14" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab14">Table 14</a> shows the UK cost for the addition of a nerve block to any anaesthetic regimen when varying the time it takes to administer a nerve block and if the cost of theatre time is included or not.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab13"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 13" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab13" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab13"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab13/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab13/?report=previmg" alt="Table 13. Mean costs of anaesthesia for hip fracture in a UK hospital in 2010." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab13"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab13">Table 13</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Mean costs of anaesthesia for hip fracture in a UK hospital in 2010. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng157er4tab14"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 14" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4tab14" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab14"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab14/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab14/?report=previmg" alt="Table 14. UK 2018 cost for the addition of a nerve block to an anaesthetic regimen for primary elective joint replacement when varying administration time and the inclusion of theatre time cost." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng157er4.tab14"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4tab14">Table 14</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">UK 2018 cost for the addition of a nerve block to an anaesthetic regimen for primary elective joint replacement when varying administration time and the inclusion of theatre time cost. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Evidence statements</h3><div id="niceng157er4.s1.6.1"><h4>1.6.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><p>24 RCTs covering 8 comparisons were included in the evidence review with relevant outcomes found for 7 of the comparisons. Data from 2 observational studies was utilised for the mortality within 90 days outcome for the regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia comparison.</p><p>Regional anaesthesia with nerve block versus regional anaesthesia was compared in 2 RCTs (n=145) with the majority of outcomes graded very low quality. A benefit was found for regional anaesthesia with nerve block in postoperative pain. No difference between treatment groups was found for 2 postoperative use of analgesia outcomes, nausea, or mobilisation. No outcomes favoured regional anaesthesia alone.</p><p>Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia with nerve block was compared in 1 RCT (n=56). All outcomes favoured regional anaesthesia with LIA. These were postoperative use of analgesia (moderate quality) and nausea (low quality).</p><p>Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia was compared in 7 RCTs (n=900) with quality ranging from high to very low. A benefit was found for regional anaesthesia with LIA in 2 postoperative use of analgesia outcomes, and 1 mobilisation outcome. All other outcomes indicated no difference between treatment groups, these were 2 postoperative pain outcomes, thromboembolic complications, length of stay, nausea, and 1 mobilisation outcome.</p><p>Regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia was compared in 5 RCTs (n=308) and 5 observational studies (n=314,352). The RCT evidence indicated a benefit of regional anaesthesia in postoperative use of analgesia (very low quality) and conversely a benefit was found for general anaesthesia in terms of length of stay (very low quality). No difference between interventions for mobilisation (moderate quality). 2 observational studies did not find a clinically important difference between treatment groups in terms of mortality (n=283,176, very low quality).</p><p>General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia with nerve block was compared in 1 RCT (n=100) with outcomes graded as moderate or high quality. A benefit was found for general anaesthesia with LIA in terms of quality of life. No difference between treatment groups was found for postoperative use of analgesia and length of stay. No outcomes favoured general anaesthesia with nerve block.</p><p>General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia was compared in 4 RCTs (n=342). All 8 outcomes indicated no difference between interventions. These were postoperative pain (very low quality), postoperative neurocognitive decline (very low quality), postoperative use of analgesia (moderate quality), length of stay (moderate quality), nausea (very low quality), and 2 mobilisation outcomes (moderate or very low quality).</p><p>General anaesthesia with nerve block versus general anaesthesia was compared in 3 RCTs (n=136). 1 RCT contained 2 relevant outcomes and both found a benefit for general anaesthesia with nerve block. These 2 outcomes were postoperative pain (low quality) and postoperative use of analgesia (very low quality).</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.6.2"><h4>1.6.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><p>One cost utility analysis found that using local anaesthetic wound infiltration in addition to a regional and/or general anaesthesia was dominant (less costly and more effective) compared to regional and/or general anaesthesia alone in people having an elective total hip replacement. This analysis was assessed as directly applicable with minor limitations.</p><p>One cost comparison found that using spinal anaesthesia was cost saving compared to general anaesthesia in people having an elective total hip replacement. This analysis was assessed as partially applicable with potentially serious limitations.</p><p>One original threshold analysis for the addition of a nerve block to any anaesthetic regimen found that nerve blocks are unlikely to be cost effective if theatre time is included in the incremental cost or if administration time is longer. However, it is possible the addition of a nerve block is cost effective if administration time is short, the cost of theatre time is not included and if the duration of effect used in the analysis is longer. The cost of theatre time can be excluded when there are two anaesthetists present so that the nerve block can be administered in the anaesthesia room, therefore not taking up extra theatre time.</p></div></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.7"><h3>1.7. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="niceng157er4.s1.7.1"><h4>1.7.1. Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="niceng157er4.s1.7.1.1"><h5>1.7.1.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The critical outcomes are mortality, quality of life, postoperative pain, postoperative neurocognitive decline, thromboembolic complications, and hospital readmission. The follow-up time point for mortality, the most critical outcome, was specified to be within 90 days because the committee were concerned that there are confounding factors that will not be adequately resolved over longer time periods. There are many factors outside of anaesthetic utilised during joint replacement surgery that contribute towards mortality and these expand as a person moves further on in their life. The committee were aware the trials would not be of an adequate size to balance these factors between treatment groups. Postoperative pain is of critical importance as it represents a central aspect of a person’s initial experience of joint replacement surgery. In addition the committee agreed that there is an argument that acute pain is a predictor of chronic pain and therefore reducing postoperative pain reduces future chronic pain. Postoperative neurocognitive decline is a key decision making outcome for the people undergoing joint replacement surgery. The committee anaesthetist said that neurocognitive decline was a major concern highlighted by people when these decision making conversations occur.</p><p>Important outcomes are postoperative use of analgesia, length of stay, nausea, and mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery. Postoperative use of analgesia is an indirect indicator of postoperative pain and as such is a useful measure for anaesthetic approach. Reduced length of stay is a very important outcome to those undergoing surgery and has economic implications. The anaesthetic approach may impact when a person can mobilise themselves. A person’s ability mobilise themselves shortly after surgery represents the early experience of a hip joint replacement and also whether they can be discharged from hospital.</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.7.1.2"><h5>1.7.1.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The overall outcome quality ranged from high to very low. More outcomes were assessed as low or very low quality than moderate or high quality.</p><p>The evidence was often downgraded for risk of bias because studies that did not state an adequate method of randomisation or gave an adequate description of allocation concealment. A further reason for risk of bias was due to the difficulty of blinding in surgical treatment meant that subjective outcomes were occasionally assessed by people who knew the anaesthetic treatment used.</p><p>Two thirds of the outcomes were downgraded in quality due to imprecision. Only 1 outcome was downgraded for inconsistency. This was not explained by subgroup analysis and a random effects model was utilised.</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.7.1.3"><h5>1.7.1.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>24 randomised controlled trials were included in the evidence review. These trials encompassed 8 comparisons though relevant evidence was found for 7 of the comparisons. The study investigating the 8<sup>th</sup> comparison did not contain relevant outcomes. A network meta-analysis was considered for this analysis but there were no suitable outcomes reported across the comparisons to facilitate this approach. Many studies were excluded as it was unclear if the hip arthroplasty being undertaken was primary arthroplasty. The committee agreed that revision surgery is different enough from primary arthroplasty that studies where primary arthroplasty was not specified should be excluded. In addition it was important that the postoperative analgesia followed the same protocol for both treatment groups in each study to prevent confounding.</p><div id="niceng157er4.s1.7.1.3.1"><h5>Comparisons including only regional anaesthesia</h5><p>Regional anaesthesia alone was compared to regional anaesthesia with LIA and regional anaesthesia with nerve block. Regional anaesthesia alone often appeared to be of similar effectiveness to regional anaesthesia augmented with LIA or nerve blocks. 9 outcomes indicated no difference between the two anaesthetic regimes. However 4 outcomes did favour augmented regional over regional alone though conversely 1 outcome indicated a benefit of regional alone over augmented regional. When regional with LIA was compared to regional with nerve block, the only 2 outcomes indicated a benefit of the former. However these outcomes came from 1 study with 56 participants.</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.7.1.3.2"><h5>Comparisons including only general anaesthesia</h5><p>General anaesthesia alone was compared to general anaesthesia with LIA and all 9 outcomes indicated no difference between the approaches. General anaesthesia alone was compared to general anaesthesia with nerve block in 2 outcomes taken from 1 study with 80 participants, and both indicated a benefit of general with nerve block. General with LIA was compared to general with nerve block in 3 outcomes taken from 1 study with 100 participants. These indicated a benefit for general with LIA for quality life and no difference for the other 2 outcomes.</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.7.1.3.3"><h5>Comparisons including both regional and general anaesthesia</h5><p>2 studies with extractable outcomes compared general to regional anaesthesia. The studies found a benefit for regional in postoperative use of analgesia, a benefit for general in mobilization within 24 hours, and no difference in length of stay. The RCT clinical evidence data did not provide strong enough evidence to differentiate between regional or general anaesthesia.</p><p>It was then decided to look for mortality outcomes in non-randomised studies comparing regional anaesthesia to general anaesthesia. The committee were interested in this particular comparison because it is thought that general anaesthesia leads to greater mortality than regional anaesthesia and this might be a method by which they could be separated. This data was sought because the RCTs were of insufficient size to accurately assess an outcome as rare as mortality. NJR data was utilised in one study where it was adjusted for confounding factors. 5 relevant non-randomised studies were found but only two reported mortality. Both studies consistently reported a small benefit for regional anaesthesia over general anaesthesia though one study did have very wide confidence intervals. However despite the studies showing a small benefit of regional anaesthesia, the rarity of mortality in this surgery did not indicate a clinically important effect and the committee did not decide to recommend regional anaesthesia over general anaesthesia.</p><p>When discussing the overall arc of the evidence the committee discussed when regional anaesthesia alone was compared to regional anaesthesia augmented with LIA or nerve blocks and when general anaesthesia alone was compared to general anaesthesia augmented with LIA or nerve blocks. There was commonly outcomes that indicated no difference between treatments but outside of that there was a benefit of the augmented anaesthesia. The solo interventions rarely show a clinically important benefit.</p><p>The committee agreed that overall there was no evidence found for postoperative neurocognitive decline for any of the approaches and this is an important benefit for the person undergoing surgery. The evidence found did not indicate any differences in length of stay and in nearly every case in terms of mobilisation.</p><p>The committee agreed that the evidence did not indicate a difference between general or regional anaesthesia. In addition there did appear to be some benefit of augmenting these approaches with LIA or nerve blocks. The guideline anaesthetist indicated that it makes sense to utilise additional techniques on top of regional or general because multimodal anaesthesia approaches the complex problem from multiple angles and provides more ways of reducing postoperative pain.</p><p>The committee made recommendations for offering regional or general anaesthesia in combination with LIA, or nerve blocks as an alternative to LIA, based on their experience and the evidence. They agreed the combination reduces postoperative pain and the evidence showed that both nerve blocks and LIA are beneficial when used with general or regional anaesthesia.</p><p>The committee were keen to highlight the personalised care aspect that should stay within the anaesthetist’s sphere of control. The knowledge and experience of the anaesthetist should be utilised when considering patient characteristics in accordance with best practice. Thus all options can be considered by the anaesthetist given individual patient circumstances/characteristics.</p><p>A patient member of committee indicated that people get confused around anaesthesia choices and full explanations of the risks and benefits of each approach are important person’s wellbeing both before and after surgery. These explanations must be pitched correctly for a benefit to be seen.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.7.2"><h4>1.7.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>Two studies were presented; the first found that the addition of LIA to regional or general was dominant (less costly and more effective) compared to regional or general alone. The second found that regional (spinal) anaesthesia was cost saving over general anaesthesia. There was a lack of economic evidence presented regarding the use of nerve blocks.</p><p>Any difference in mortality and morbidity was not fully accounted for in the initial clinical review as the time horizon for inclusion was too short. The observational evidence subsequently presented suggested that there was not a significant difference in mortality between regional and general anaesthesia.</p><p>Unit costs of regional and general anaesthesia for a hip fracture population were presented. These showed that regional anaesthesia was cost saving. There was suggestion that these were representative of costs for a primary total hip replacement as well. However, there were also differing views put forward on if there was a true difference in costs. There was consensus that time is gained at the end of a total hip replacement using spinal anaesthesia as the patient leaves the theatre straight away. By contrast, for general anaesthesia the patient leaving the theatre must be timed with certain factors such as the different dressings applied. The lay perspective also discussed about personal experience of longer recovery times whilst under general anaesthetic. The cost of the extra recovery time represents an additional cost, however general may still be more appropriate for certain people.</p><p>The committee discussed that there is a difference in analgesic time between LIA and nerve blocks. There was consensus that using LIA is unlikely to represent significant additional costs in terms of time or personnel as it is often administered in redundant theatre time.</p><p>A nerve block may take up to 5 minutes of additional theatre time for those who are familiar with the procedure. There may be further additional time required initially for those who are not familiar with using nerve blocks. Some members of the committee shared experience of nerve block administration time being as high as 45 minutes, although this would be a rarity. The unit cost of £14.22 per minute for theatre time (including implant cost, personnel, overheads, consumables and facilities) presented from the economic evidence was thought to be very low; a more realistic unit cost of theatre time would be around £20.50 as included in CG124<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref168" rid="niceng157er4.ref168"><sup>168</sup></a>.</p><p>Given the lack of evidence and uncertainty surrounding the augmentation of an anaesthetic regimen with nerve blocks, a threshold analysis was conducted. The analysis showed what gain in quality adjusted life years (QALY) and health related quality of life (HRQoL) is necessary for an anaesthetic regimen augmented with nerve block to be cost effective at a threshold of £20,000 per QALY. Three factors highlighted by the committee as variable across the NHS were explored in the analysis. These factors were the time it takes to administer the nerve block (5 minutes, 10 minutes and 30 minutes); the length of time that the nerve block has an effect for (24 hours, 3 days, 10 days and 30 days); and if the cost of theatre time should be included or not. The rationale for having theatre time included as a cost variable was that the committee suggested that if 2 anaesthetists are available a nerve block can be administered in the anaesthesia room, not incurring additional theatre time costs. Therefore, for scenarios where theatre time was not included, 2 consultant anaesthetists were costed in. Whereas when theatre time was included, only one consultant anaesthetist was costed in.</p><p>Outlined below is the QALY gain needed based on the time taken to administer the nerve block and whether or not theatre time was included:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Administration time 30 minutes with theatre time: 0.034</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Administration time 10 minutes with theatre time: 0.012</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Administration time 5 minutes with theatre time: 0.006</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Administration time 30 minutes with no theatre time: 0.006</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Administration time 10 minutes with no theatre time: 0.002</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Administration time 5 minutes with no theatre time: 0.002</div></li></ul></p><p>The gain in HRQoL necessary at range of time horizons for all scenarios listed in the bullet points above was calculated (24 hours, 3 days, 10 days and 30 days). The results indicated that for a number of scenarios; particularly when the time to administer was 30 minutes, the intervention effect was 24 hours and when the cost of theatre time was included; the likelihood of nerve blocks being cost effective was impossible given that the gain in HRQoL needed was greater than 1 (given the assumed scale ranges from 0 to 1). When the assumptions were softened to their respective middle values, the gain in HRQoL was often not impossible (the gain needed was less than 1) but improbable. Finally, when time to administer was 5 minutes, the intervention effect was 30 days and when theatre time was excluded, the gain in HRQoL and therefore cost-effectiveness was more realistic.</p><p>The committee acknowledged that the time required for administration and the inclusion of the cost of theatre time was dependent on the experience of the anaesthetist and if two anaesthetists are available, respectively. All combinations of personnel numbers and time taken for administration can be found on the NHS at present. The third factor, the length of time that nerve blocks have an effect could be argued to be anything between a matter of hours to a lifetime. The analgesic effect of a nerve block is variable but may be 8 hours on average for hip replacements. However, a 24 hour time horizon may be the most appropriate when considering acute post-operative outcomes (for example, pain, post-operative nausea and vomiting). A longer effect duration of 10 days to 30 days may be most appropriate to account for the possible effect of anaesthetic choice on adverse clinical outcomes (for example post-operative morbidity and mortality). Lastly, an even longer time horizon would be needed to account for long term outcomes (such as chronic pain, opioid dependence and range of motion).</p><p>The committee agreed that there is clinical benefit to the addition of nerve blocks, although they are only likely to be cost effective when administered by an experienced anaesthetist, theatre time is not included (so two anaesthetists are present) and the effect duration is longer. The circumstances when nerve blocks are cost effective may be found in some hospitals but not in others.</p><p>Due to evidence suggesting that the addition of LIA to regional or general anaesthesia is clinically and cost effective, a recommendation was made offering this combination of anaesthesia. As the committee thought there may be a clinical benefit when adding a nerve block to regional or general anaesthesia, but concerns remained regarding the cost effectiveness, a weaker recommendation was made to consider the use of a nerve block over LIA. As no clinical evidence was found for the addition of a nerve block to LIA and regional or general anaesthesia, no recommendation was made for this combination. There were roughly 75,000 total hip replacements in 2017, all of which require some form of anaesthetic. All orthopaedic units currently offer a choice of general or regional anaesthesia. Most will augment this with either LIA or a nerve block. Although the cost of nerve blocks varies, it is not expected that services currently offering LIA will change to nerve blocks. This recommendation is unlikely to lead to significant change from current practice.</p></div><div id="niceng157er4.s1.7.3"><h4>1.7.3. Other factors the committee took into account</h4><p>A committee member spoke about the NHS history vis-a-vis regional anaesthesia. In 1946 in the Chesterfield Royal Infirmary spinal anaesthetic was used in 3 people who were paralysed as a result. It was found that this was because the local anaesthetic used was contaminated but this led to a move away from regional anaesthesia and the legacy of this catastrophe is ongoing today.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng157er4.rl.r1"><h2 id="_niceng157er4_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref1">Affas
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H. High-volume infiltration analgesia in bilateral hip arthroplasty. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Acta Orthopaedica. 2011; 82(4):423–6 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3237031/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3237031</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21751861" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21751861</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref10">Anonymous. Erratum: A prospective randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of fascia iliaca compartment block versus local anesthetic infiltration after hip arthroscopic surgery. Arthroscopy - Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery. 2018; 34(1):348 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28003068" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28003068</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref11">Asajima
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K. Effect of the continuous epidural buprenorphine injection in patients after lower extremity arthroplasty. Masui Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology. 1998; 47(4):466–469 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9594519" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9594519</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref12">Atchabahian
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AV, Churadze
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MI, Gel’fand
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BR. Comparative analysis of the efficiency and safety of different types of neuroaxial blocks during total hip replacement. Anesteziologiia i Reanimatologiia. 2008; (3):17–20 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18655272" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18655272</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref15">Bakalov
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S, Hristoca
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R. Quadratus lumborum block for postoperative analgesia after total hip replacement. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2016; 41(5 Suppl 1):e81</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref16">Bang
|
|
S, Chung
|
|
J, Jeong
|
|
J, Bak
|
|
H, Kim
|
|
D. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block after hip hemiarthroplasty: A prospective, randomized trial. Medicine. 2016; 95(39):e5018 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5265964/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5265964</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27684871" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27684871</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref17">Banwait
|
|
S, Sharma
|
|
S, Pawar
|
|
M, Garg
|
|
R, Sood
|
|
R. Evaluation of single epidural bolus dose of magnesium as an adjuvant to epidural fentanyl for postoperative analgesia: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012; 6(3):273–8 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3498668/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3498668</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23162403" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23162403</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref18">Basques
|
|
BA, Toy
|
|
JO, Bohl
|
|
DD, Golinvaux
|
|
NS, Grauer
|
|
JN. General compared with spinal anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume). 2015; 97(6):455–61 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4357526/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4357526</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25788301" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25788301</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref19">Becchi
|
|
C, Al Malyan
|
|
M, Coppini
|
|
R, Campolo
|
|
M, Magherini
|
|
M, Boncinelli
|
|
S. Opioid-free analgesia by continuous psoas compartment block after total hip arthroplasty. A randomized study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2008; 25(5):418–23 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18028577" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18028577</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref20">Bertini
|
|
L, Mancini
|
|
S, Di Benedetto
|
|
P, Ciaschi
|
|
A, Martini
|
|
O, Nava
|
|
S
|
|
et al. Postoperative analgesia by combined continuous infusion and patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) following hip replacement: Ropivacaine versus bupivacaine. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2001; 45(6):782–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11421841" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11421841</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref21">Bertini
|
|
L, Tagariello
|
|
V, Molino
|
|
FM, Posteraro
|
|
CM, Mancini
|
|
S, Rossignoli
|
|
L. Patient-controlled postoperative analgesia in orthopedic surgery: Epidural PCA versus intravenous PCA. Minerva Anestesiologica. 1995; 61(7-8):319–328 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8948744" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8948744</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref22">Bianconi
|
|
M, Ferraro
|
|
L, Traina
|
|
GC, Zanoli
|
|
G, Antonelli
|
|
T, Guberti
|
|
A
|
|
et al. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ropivacaine continuous wound instillation after joint replacement surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003; 91(6):830–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14633754" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14633754</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref23">Biboulet
|
|
P, Morau
|
|
D, Aubas
|
|
P, Bringuier-Branchereau
|
|
S, Capdevila
|
|
X. Postoperative analgesia after total-hip arthroplasty: Comparison of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine and single injection of femoral nerve or psoas compartment block. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2004; 29(2):102–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15029544" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15029544</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref24">Bichel
|
|
T. Analgesia for total hip replacement: Epidural analgesia versus femoral nerve blockade?
|
|
Cahiers d’Anesthésiologie. 1998; 46(5):311–6</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref25">Bogoch
|
|
ER, Henke
|
|
M, Mackenzie
|
|
T, Olschewski
|
|
E, Mahomed
|
|
NN. Lumbar paravertebral nerve block in the management of pain after total hip and knee arthroplasty: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Arthroplasty. 2002; 17(4):398–401 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12066266" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12066266</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref26">Borghi
|
|
B, Casati
|
|
A, Iuorio
|
|
S, Celleno
|
|
D, Michael
|
|
M, Serafini
|
|
P
|
|
et al. Frequency of hypotension and bradycardia during general anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, or integrated epidural-general anesthesia for total hip replacement. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2002; 14(2):102–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11943521" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11943521</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref27">Borghi
|
|
B, Casati
|
|
A, Iuorio
|
|
S, Celleno
|
|
D, Michael
|
|
M, Serafini
|
|
PL
|
|
et al. Effect of different anesthesia techniques on red blood cell endogenous recovery in hip arthroplasty. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2005; 17(2):96–101 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15809124" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15809124</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref28">Borghi
|
|
B, Laici
|
|
C, Iuorio
|
|
S, Casati
|
|
A, Fanelli
|
|
G, Celleno
|
|
D
|
|
et al. Epidural vs general anaesthesia. Minerva Anestesiologica. 2002; 68(4):171–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12024077" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12024077</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref29">Borisov
|
|
DB, Kapinos
|
|
AA, Tiuriapin
|
|
AA, Shevelev
|
|
AV, Istomina
|
|
NA. Iliofascial versus epidural block during hip endoprosthesis. Anesteziologiia i Reanimatologiia. 2012; (3):19–21 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22993917" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22993917</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref30">Brinker
|
|
MR, Reuben
|
|
JD, Mull
|
|
JR, Cox
|
|
DD, Daum
|
|
WJ, Parker
|
|
JR. Comparison of general and epidural anesthesia in patients undergoing primary unilateral THR. Orthopedics. 1997; 20(2):109–15 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9048387" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9048387</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref31">Brueckner
|
|
S, Reinke
|
|
U, Roth-Isigkeit
|
|
A, Eleftheriadis
|
|
S, Schmucker
|
|
P, Siemens
|
|
HJ. Comparison of general and spinal anesthesia and their influence on hemostatic markers in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2003; 15(6):433–40 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14652120" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14652120</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref32">Brueckner
|
|
S, Siemens
|
|
A, Reinke
|
|
U, Eleftheriadis
|
|
S, Schmucker
|
|
P, Wagner
|
|
T. Different thrombophilic states in total hip replacement (THR) in general versus regional anesthesia?
|
|
Annals of Hematology. 1997; 74:(Suppl 2):A123</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref33">Burton
|
|
BN, Padwal
|
|
JA, Swisher
|
|
MW, Salinas
|
|
CR, Gabriel
|
|
RA. Postoperative outcomes with neuraxial versus general anesthesia in bilateral total hip arthroplasty. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2019; 52:71–75 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30218884" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30218884</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref34">Busch
|
|
CA, Whitehouse
|
|
MR, Shore
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|
BJ, MacDonald
|
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SJ, McCalden
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RW, Bourne
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RB. The efficacy of periarticular multimodal drug infiltration in total hip arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2010; 468:2152–9 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2895844/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2895844</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20020333" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20020333</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref35">Carpintero Benítez
|
|
P, Mesa Ramos
|
|
M, Carpintero Renedo
|
|
A, Lluch Fernández
|
|
M, Belmonte Sánchez
|
|
M, Saldaña Sicilia
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|
G. Comparative study of spinal and general anesthesia in arthroplastic substitution of the hip. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación. 1986; 33(6):401–404 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3823529" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3823529</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref36">Casati
|
|
A, Aldegheri
|
|
G, Vinciguerra
|
|
E, Marsan
|
|
A, Fraschini
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G, Torri
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G. Randomized comparison between sevoflurane anaesthesia and unilateral spinal anaesthesia in elderly patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2003; 20(8):640–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12932066" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12932066</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref37">Celidonio
|
|
L, Caterini
|
|
P, Nahmias
|
|
S, Marchione
|
|
MG, Divizia
|
|
F, Delcogliano
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|
MT
|
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et al. Epidural block, continuous lumbar plexus block, both continuous lumbar plexus and parasacral sciatic block for analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: 485. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2008; 33(5):e178</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref38">Chakladar
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A, White
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SM. Cost estimates of spinal versus general anaesthesia for fractured neck of femur surgery. Anaesthesia. 2010; 65(8):810–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20528835" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20528835</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref39">Chen
|
|
C, Li
|
|
M, Wang
|
|
K, Shen
|
|
J, Yang
|
|
L, Bu
|
|
X
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et al. Protective effect of combined general and regional anesthesia on postoperative cognitive function in older arthroplasty patients. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2017; 10(11):15453–15458</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref40">Chen
|
|
DW, Hsieh
|
|
PH, Huang
|
|
KC, Hu
|
|
CC, Chang
|
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YH, Lee
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MS. Continuous intra-articular infusion of bupivacaine for post-operative pain relief after total hip arthroplasty: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2010; 14(5):529–34 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19781964" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19781964</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref41">Chen
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JH, Xi
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ZL, Yuan
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Z. Comprehensive prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. 2015; 19(17):2642–2647</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref42">Chen
|
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WH, Hung
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KC, Tan
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PH, Shi
|
|
HY. Neuraxial anesthesia improves long-term survival after total joint replacement: A retrospective nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2015; 62(4):369–76 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25608641" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25608641</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref43">Chen
|
|
XF, Fang
|
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L, Yuan
|
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GM, Zhang
|
|
Y. Spinal anesthesia in combination with epidural anesthesia for surgeries of hips and lower limbs. Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology. 1998; 18(1):42–43</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref44">ChiCTR. A prospective randomized controlled study of cognitive function and quality of life in patients with hip replacement after different anesthesia. 2017. Available from: <a href="http://www.chictr.org.cn/hvshowproject.aspx?id=11833" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.chictr.org<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.cn/hvshowproject.aspx?id=11833</a> Last accessed: 14/12/2018</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref45">Chu
|
|
CC, Weng
|
|
SF, Chen
|
|
KT, Chien
|
|
CC, Shieh
|
|
JP, Chen
|
|
JY
|
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et al. Propensity score-matched comparison of postoperative adverse outcomes between geriatric patients given a general or a neuraxial anesthetic for hip surgery: A population-based study. Anesthesiology. 2015; 123(1):136–47 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25955981" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25955981</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>46.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref46">Chudinov
|
|
A, Berkenstadt
|
|
H, Salai
|
|
M, Cahana
|
|
A, Perel
|
|
A. Continuous psoas compartment block for anesthesia and perioperative analgesia in patients with hip fractures. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1999; 24(6):563–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10588563" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10588563</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>47.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref47">Curtis
|
|
LA, Burns
|
|
A. Unit costs of health and social care 2018. Project report. Kent. University of Kent, 2018. Available from: <a href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/70995/1/Unit%20Costs%202018%20-%20FINAL%20with%20bookmarks%20and%20covers%20%282%29.pdf" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://kar<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.kent.ac.uk<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/70995/1/Unit%20Costs<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​%202018%20-%20FINAL<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​%20with%20bookmarks<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​%20and%20covers%20%282%29.pdf</a></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>48.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref48">Dahn
|
|
J, Eckert
|
|
S, Oster
|
|
M, Süselbeck
|
|
T, Ellinger
|
|
K, van Ackern
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K
|
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et al. Cognitive functions and cerebral oxygenation of older patients after general and regional anaesthesia. Der anaesthesist. 2003; 52(7):596–605 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12898044" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12898044</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>49.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref49">Dahn
|
|
J, Oster
|
|
M, Möltner
|
|
A, Wöhrle
|
|
C, Rätzer-Frey
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A, van Ackern
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|
K
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A, Raymer
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KE, Stanton
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EB, Fuller
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HD. Comparison of general anesthesia with and without lumbar epidural for total hip arthroplasty: Effects of epidural block on hip arthroplasty. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1997; 9(3):200–3 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9172026" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9172026</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>51.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref51">Davis
|
|
FM, Laurenson
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VG, Gillespie
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WJ, Foate
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J, Seagar
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AD. Leg blood flow during total hip replacement under spinal or general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1989; 17(2):136–43 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2719233" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2719233</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>52.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref52">Davis
|
|
FM, Laurenson
|
|
VG, Gillespie
|
|
WJ, Wells
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|
JE, Foate
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J, Newman
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E. Deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. A comparison between spinal and general anaesthesia. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British Volume). 1989; 71(2):181–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2925731" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2925731</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>53.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref53">Davis
|
|
FM, Laurenson
|
|
VG, Lewis
|
|
J, Wells
|
|
JE, Gillespie
|
|
WJ. Metabolic response to total hip arthroplasty under hypobaric subarachnoid or general anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1987; 59(6):725–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3606916" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3606916</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>54.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref54">Davis
|
|
FM, McDermott
|
|
E, Hickton
|
|
C, Wells
|
|
E, Heaton
|
|
DC, Laurenson
|
|
VG
|
|
et al. Influence of spinal and general anaesthesia on haemostasis during total hip arthroplasty. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1987; 59(5):561–71 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3107600" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3107600</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>55.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref55">Demirel
|
|
I, Ozer
|
|
AB, Duzgol
|
|
O, Bayar
|
|
MK, Karakurt
|
|
L, Erhan
|
|
OL. Comparison of unilateral spinal anesthesia and L1 paravertebral block combined with psoas compartment and sciatic nerve block in patients to undergo partial hip prosthesis. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2014; 18(7):1067–72 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24763888" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24763888</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>56.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref56">den Hartog
|
|
YM, Mathijssen
|
|
NM, van Dasselaar
|
|
NT, Langendijk
|
|
PN, Vehmeijer
|
|
SB. No effect of the infiltration of local anaesthetic for total hip arthroplasty using an anterior approach: a randomised placebo controlled trial. Bone & Joint Journal. 2015; 97-B(6):734–40 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26033051" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26033051</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>57.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref57">Deng
|
|
LC, Luo
|
|
SJ, Zhu
|
|
HJ. Comparison of epidural anesthesia and combined spinal-epidural anesthesia in elderly patients with hip arthroplasty: Hemodynamic difference. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. 2015; 19(13):1984–1989</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>58.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref58">Deniz
|
|
S, Atim
|
|
A, Kurklu
|
|
M, Cayci
|
|
T, Kurt
|
|
E. Comparison of the postoperative analgesic efficacy of an ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block versus 3 in 1 block in hip prosthesis surgery. Agri Dergisi. 2014; 26(4):151–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25551810" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25551810</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>59.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref59">Desmet
|
|
M, Vermeylen
|
|
K, Van Herreweghe
|
|
I, Carlier
|
|
L, Soetens
|
|
F, Lambrecht
|
|
S
|
|
et al. A longitudinal supra-inguinal fascia iliaca compartment block reduces morphine consumption after total hip arthroplasty. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2017; 42(3):327–333 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28059869" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28059869</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>60.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref60">Divella
|
|
M, Cecconi
|
|
M, Fasano
|
|
N, Langiano
|
|
N, Buttazzoni
|
|
M, Gimigliano
|
|
I
|
|
et al. Pain relief after total hip replacement: Oral CR oxycodone plus IV paracetamol versus epidural levobupivacaine and sufentanil. A randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiologica. 2012; 78(5):534–41 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22327039" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22327039</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>61.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref61">Dobie
|
|
I, Bennett
|
|
D, Spence
|
|
DJ, Murray
|
|
JM, Beverland
|
|
DE. Periarticular local anesthesia does not improve pain or mobility after THA. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2012; 470:1958–65 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3369082/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3369082</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22270468" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22270468</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>62.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref62">Donauer
|
|
K, Bomberg
|
|
H, Wagenpfeil
|
|
S, Volk
|
|
T, Meissner
|
|
W, Wolf
|
|
A. Regional vs. General anesthesia for total knee and hip replacement: An analysis of postoperative pain perception from the international PAIN OUT registry. Pain Practice. 2018; 18(8):1036–1047 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29758587" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29758587</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>63.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref63">Drakeford
|
|
MK, Pettine
|
|
KA, Brookshire
|
|
L, Ebert
|
|
F. Spinal narcotics for postoperative analgesia in total joint arthroplasty. A prospective study. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume). 1991; 73(3):424–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1705938" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1705938</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>64.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref64">Duarte
|
|
LT, Beraldo
|
|
PS, Saraiva
|
|
RA. Epidural lumbar block or lumbar plexus block combined with general anesthesia: Efficacy and hemodynamic effects on total hip arthroplasty. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia. 2009; 59(6):657–64 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20011855" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20011855</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>65.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref65">Duarte
|
|
LTD, Beraldo
|
|
PSS, Saraiva
|
|
RA. Effects of epidural analgesia and continuous lumbar plexus block on functional rehabilitation after total hip arthroplasty. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia. 2009; 59(5):531–544 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19784509" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19784509</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>66.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref66">Eroglu
|
|
A, Uzunlar
|
|
H, Erciyes
|
|
N. Comparison of hypotensive epidural anesthesia and hypotensive total intravenous anesthesia on intraoperative blood loss during total hip replacement. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2005; 17(6):420–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16171661" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16171661</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>67.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref67">Essving
|
|
P, Axelsson
|
|
K, Aberg
|
|
E, Spannar
|
|
H, Gupta
|
|
A, Lundin
|
|
A. Local infiltration analgesia versus intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain management after total knee arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2011; 113(4):926–33 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21821506" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21821506</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>68.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref68">Etches
|
|
RC, Warriner
|
|
CB, Badner
|
|
N, Buckley
|
|
DN, Beattie
|
|
WS, Chan
|
|
VW
|
|
et al. Continuous intravenous administration of ketorolac reduces pain and morphine consumption after total hip or knee arthroplasty. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1995; 81(6):1175–80 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7486100" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7486100</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>69.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref69">Fahs
|
|
AM, Koueiter
|
|
DM, Kurdziel
|
|
MD, Huynh
|
|
KA, Perry
|
|
CR, Verner
|
|
JJ. Psoas compartment block vs periarticular local anesthetic infiltration for pain management after anterior total hip arthroplasty: A prospective, randomized study. Journal of Arthroplasty. 2018; 33(7):2192–2196 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555492" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29555492</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>70.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref70">Fields
|
|
AC, Dieterich
|
|
JD, Buterbaugh
|
|
K, Moucha
|
|
CS. Short-term complications in hip fracture surgery using spinal versus general anaesthesia. Injury. 2015; 46(4):719–23 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25704139" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25704139</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>71.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref71">Fletcher
|
|
D, Zetlaoui
|
|
P, Monin
|
|
S, Bombart
|
|
M, Samii
|
|
K. Influence of timing on the analgesic effect of intravenous ketorolac after orthopedic surgery. Pain. 1995; 61(2):291–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7659440" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7659440</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>72.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref72">Fogarty
|
|
DJ, O’Hanlon
|
|
JJ, Milligan
|
|
KR. Intramuscular ketorolac following total hip replacement with spinal anaesthesia and intrathecal morphine. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1995; 39(2):191–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7793185" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7793185</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>73.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref73">Forget
|
|
P. Less long term pain with an iliofascial than an epidural block after hip arthroplasty. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2009; 56(2):178–179 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19247770" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19247770</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>74.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref74">Forst
|
|
J, Wolff
|
|
S, Thamm
|
|
P, Forst
|
|
R. Pain therapy following joint replacement. A randomized study of patient-controlled analgesia versus conventional pain therapy. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1999; 119(5-6):267–70 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10447620" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10447620</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>75.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref75">Foss
|
|
NB, Kristensen
|
|
MT, Kristensen
|
|
BB, Jensen
|
|
PS, Kehlet
|
|
H. Effect of postoperative epidural analgesia on rehabilitation and pain after hip fracture surgery: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2005; 102(6):1197–204 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15915033" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15915033</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>76.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref76">Fouad
|
|
A, Asano
|
|
I, Shibata
|
|
Y, Suzuki
|
|
S, Nishiwaki
|
|
K. Analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: Continuous epidural versus continuous lumbar plexus block. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2010; 110(3S Suppl):S480</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>77.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref77">Fournier
|
|
R, Gessel
|
|
E, Bocossi
|
|
S, Gaggero
|
|
G, Forster
|
|
A, Gamulin
|
|
Z. Validity of a 3 in 1 femoral block (FB) in complement in general anesthesia for prosthetic hip surgery. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift Journal Suisse de Médecine. 1996; 126:(Suppl 83):5</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>78.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref78">Fournier
|
|
R, Van Gessel
|
|
E, Boccovi
|
|
S, Gaggero
|
|
G, Gamulin
|
|
Z. Validity of “3 in 1” femoral block in complement to general anaesthesia for prosthetic hip surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1996; 76:(Suppl 2):70</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>79.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref79">Fournier
|
|
R, Van Gessel
|
|
E, Gaggero
|
|
G, Boccovi
|
|
S, Forster
|
|
A, Gamulin
|
|
Z. Postoperative analgesia with “3-in-1” femoral nerve block after prosthetic hip surgery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998; 45(1):34–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9466024" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9466024</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>80.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref80">Fournier
|
|
R, Weber
|
|
A, Gamulin
|
|
Z. Intrathecal sufentanil is more potent than intravenous for postoperative analgesia after total-hip replacement. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2005; 30(3):249–54 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15898028" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15898028</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>81.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref81">Frassanito
|
|
L, Rodola
|
|
F, Concina
|
|
G, Messina
|
|
A, Chierichini
|
|
A, Vergari
|
|
A. The efficacy of the psoas compartment block versus the intrathecal combination of morphine, fentanyl and bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia after primary hip arthroplasty: A randomized single-blinded study. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2008; 12(2):117–22 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18575162" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18575162</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>82.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref82">Fredin
|
|
H, Rosberg
|
|
B. Anaesthetic techniques and thromboembolism in total hip arthroplasty. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1986; 3(4):273–81 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2429834" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2429834</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>83.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref83">Fredrickson
|
|
MJ, Danesh-Clough
|
|
TK. Spinal anaesthesia with adjunctive intrathecal morphine versus continuous lumbar plexus blockade: A randomised comparison for analgesia after hip replacement. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2015; 43(4):449–53 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26099755" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26099755</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>84.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref84">Gasanova
|
|
I, Alexander
|
|
JC, Estrera
|
|
K, Wells
|
|
J, Sunna
|
|
M, Minhajuddin
|
|
A
|
|
et al. Ultrasound-guided suprainguinal fascia iliaca compartment block versus periarticular infiltration for pain management after total hip arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2019; 44(2):206–211 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30700615" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30700615</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>85.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref85">Gelmanas
|
|
A, Macas
|
|
A, Gelman
|
|
D, Rimaitis
|
|
K. Postoperative pain management after hip replacement: Efficiency comparison of epidural analgesia and continuous lumbar plexus block. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2010; 35(5):E163–E164</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>86.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref86">Ghabach
|
|
MB, Elmawieh
|
|
JM, Matta
|
|
MS, Helou
|
|
MR. Combined block of the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves under ultrasound for post- operative analgesia in patients undergoing hip surgery: A double blind randomized trial. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology. 2016; 23(4):421–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382811" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27382811</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>87.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref87">Ghoneim
|
|
MM, Hinrichs
|
|
JV, O’Hara
|
|
MW, Mehta
|
|
MP, Pathak
|
|
D, Kumar
|
|
V
|
|
et al. Comparison of psychologic and cognitive functions after general or regional anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1988; 69(4):507–15 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3177911" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3177911</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>88.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref88">Gonano
|
|
C, Leitgeb
|
|
U, Sitzwohl
|
|
C, Ihra
|
|
G, Weinstabl
|
|
C, Kettner
|
|
SC. Spinal versus general anesthesia for orthopedic surgery: Anesthesia drug and supply costs. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2006; 102(2):524–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16428554" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16428554</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>89.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref89">Gottschalk
|
|
A, Rink
|
|
B, Smektala
|
|
R, Piontek
|
|
A, Ellger
|
|
B, Gottschalk
|
|
A. Spinal anesthesia protects against perioperative hyperglycemia in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2014; 26(6):455–60 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25200644" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25200644</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>90.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref90">Goytizolo
|
|
EA, Stundner
|
|
O, Rua
|
|
SH, Marcello
|
|
D, Buschiazzo
|
|
V, Vaz
|
|
AM
|
|
et al. The effect of regional analgesia on vascular tone in hip arthroplasty patients. HSS Journal. 2016; 12(2):125–31 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4916085/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4916085</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27385940" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27385940</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>91.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref91">Green
|
|
C, Byrne
|
|
AM, O’Loughlin
|
|
P, Molony
|
|
D, Harmon
|
|
D, Masterson
|
|
E. Surgeon delivered psoas compartment block in total hip arthroplasty. Journal of Arthroplasty. 2014; 29(2):393–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23937924" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23937924</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>92.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref92">Greimel
|
|
F, Maderbacher
|
|
G, Zeman
|
|
F, Grifka
|
|
J, Meissner
|
|
W, Benditz
|
|
A. No clinical difference comparing general, regional, and combination anesthesia in hip arthroplasty: A multicenter cohort-study regarding perioperative pain management and patient satisfaction. Journal of Arthroplasty. 2017; 32(11):3429–3433 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28641966" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28641966</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>93.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref93">Guay
|
|
J, Choi
|
|
P, Suresh
|
|
S, Albert
|
|
N, Kopp
|
|
S, Pace
|
|
N. Neuraxial blockade for the prevention of postoperative mortality and major morbidity: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|
|
2014, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD010108. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010108.pub2. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7087466/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7087466</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24464831" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24464831</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010108.pub2" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>94.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref94">Guay
|
|
J, Johnson
|
|
R, Kopp
|
|
S. Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|
|
2017, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD011608. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011608.pub2. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6485776/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6485776</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29087547" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29087547</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011608.pub2" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>95.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref95">Haghighi
|
|
M, Sedighinejad
|
|
A, Nabi
|
|
BN, Mardani-Kivi
|
|
M, Tehran
|
|
SG, Mirfazli
|
|
SA
|
|
et al. Is spinal anesthesia with low dose lidocaine better than sevoflorane anesthesia in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Archives of Bone & Joint Surgery. 2017; 5(4):226–230 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5592363/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5592363</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28913379" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28913379</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>96.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref96">Harsten
|
|
A, Kehlet
|
|
H, Ljung
|
|
P, Toksvig-Larsen
|
|
S. Total intravenous general anaesthesia vs. spinal anaesthesia for total hip arthroplasty: A randomised, controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2015; 59(3):298–309 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25522681" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25522681</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>97.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref97">Haughom
|
|
BD, Schairer
|
|
WW, Nwachukwu
|
|
BU, Hellman
|
|
MD, Levine
|
|
BR. Does neuraxial anesthesia decrease transfusion rates following total hip arthroplasty?
|
|
Journal of Arthroplasty. 2015; 30:(9 Suppl):116–20 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26077150" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26077150</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>98.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref98">Heidari
|
|
SM, Soltani
|
|
H, Hashemi
|
|
SJ, Talakoub
|
|
R, Soleimani
|
|
B. Comparative study of two anesthesia methods according to postoperative complications and one month mortality rate in the candidates of hip surgery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2011; 16(3):323–30 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3214341/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3214341</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091252" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22091252</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>99.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref99">Helwani
|
|
MA, Avidan
|
|
MS, Ben Abdallah
|
|
A, Kaiser
|
|
DJ, Clohisy
|
|
JC, Hall
|
|
BL
|
|
et al. Effects of regional versus general anesthesia on outcomes after total hip arthroplasty: A retrospective propensity-matched cohort study. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume). 2015; 97(3):186–93 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25653318" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25653318</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>100.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref100">Hemmerling
|
|
TM, Minardi
|
|
C, Bevilacqua
|
|
L, Zaouter
|
|
C, Sinha
|
|
A, Tanzer
|
|
M. Continuous block of the articular branches of the femoral nerve as a novel technique for pain control after hip arthroplasty. International Journal of Ultrasound and Applied Technologies in Perioperative Care. 2010; 1(1):13–7</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>101.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref101">Hofstad
|
|
JK, Winther
|
|
SB, Rian
|
|
T, Foss
|
|
OA, Husby
|
|
OS, Wik
|
|
TS. Perioperative local infiltration anesthesia with ropivacaine has no effect on postoperative pain after total hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthopaedica. 2015; 86(6):654–8 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4750762/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4750762</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25997827" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25997827</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>102.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref102">Hogevold
|
|
HE, Lyberg
|
|
T, Kahler
|
|
H, Haug
|
|
E, Reikeras
|
|
O. Changes in plasma IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 after total hip replacement surgery in general or regional anaesthesia. Cytokine. 2000; 12(7):1156–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10880268" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10880268</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>103.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref103">Hole
|
|
A, Terjesen
|
|
T, Breivik
|
|
H. Epidural versus general anaesthesia for total hip arthroplasty in elderly patients. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1980; 24(4):279–87 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7468115" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7468115</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>104.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref104">Hua
|
|
X, Hu
|
|
Y, Chen
|
|
D, Xiao
|
|
Y, Luo
|
|
L. Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block using dexmedetomidine combined with ropivacaine in aged patients undergoing hip replacement. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2017; 10(12):16484–16491</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>105.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref105">Hunt
|
|
LP, Ben-Shlomo
|
|
Y, Clark
|
|
EM, Dieppe
|
|
P, Judge
|
|
A, MacGregor
|
|
AJ
|
|
et al. 90-day mortality after 409,096 total hip replacements for osteoarthritis, from the National Joint Registry for England and Wales: A retrospective analysis. Lancet. 2013; 382(9898):1097–104 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24075049" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24075049</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>106.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref106">Ilango
|
|
S, Pulle
|
|
RC, Bell
|
|
J, Kuys
|
|
SS. General versus spinal anaesthesia and postoperative delirium in an orthogeriatric population. Australasian Journal on Ageing. 2016; 35(1):42–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26364948" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26364948</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>107.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref107">Ilfeld
|
|
BM, Ball
|
|
ST, Gearen
|
|
PF, Mariano
|
|
ER, Le
|
|
LT, Vandenborne
|
|
K
|
|
et al. Health-related quality of life after hip arthroplasty with and without an extended-duration continuous posterior lumbar plexus nerve block: A prospective, 1-year follow-up of a randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2009; 109(2):586–91 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2725431/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2725431</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19608835" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19608835</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>108.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref108">Ilfeld
|
|
BM, Moeller
|
|
LK, Mariano
|
|
ER, Loland
|
|
VJ, Stevens-Lapsley
|
|
JE, Fleisher
|
|
AS
|
|
et al. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks: Is local anesthetic dose the only factor, or do concentration and volume influence infusion effects as well?
|
|
Anesthesiology. 2010; 112(2):347–54 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20098137" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20098137</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>109.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref109">Jakobsen
|
|
BW, Pedersen
|
|
J, Egeberg
|
|
BB. Postoperative lymphocytopenia and leucocytosis after epidural and general anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1986; 30(8):668–71 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3811811" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3811811</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>110.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref110">Jia
|
|
XF, Ji
|
|
Y, Huang
|
|
GP, Zhou
|
|
Y, Long
|
|
M. Comparison of intrathecal and local infiltration analgesia by morphine for pain management in total knee and hip arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Surgery. 2017; 40:97–108 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28254422" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28254422</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>111.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref111">Jimenez-Almonte
|
|
JH, Wyles
|
|
CC, Wyles
|
|
SP, Norambuena-Morales
|
|
GA, Baez
|
|
PJ, Murad
|
|
MH
|
|
et al. Is local infiltration analgesia superior to peripheral nerve blockade for pain management after THA: A network meta-analysis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2016; 474:495–516 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4709309/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4709309</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26573322" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26573322</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>112.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref112">Johnson
|
|
RL, Amundson
|
|
AW, Abdel
|
|
MP, Sviggum
|
|
HP, Mabry
|
|
TM, Mantilla
|
|
CB
|
|
et al. Continuous posterior lumbar plexus nerve block versus periarticular injection with ropivacaine or liposomal bupivacaine for total hip arthroplasty: A three-arm randomized clinical trial. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume). 2017; 99(21):1836–1845 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29088038" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29088038</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>113.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref113">Johnson
|
|
RL, Kopp
|
|
SL, Burkle
|
|
CM, Duncan
|
|
CM, Jacob
|
|
AK, Erwin
|
|
PJ
|
|
et al. Neuraxial vs general anaesthesia for total hip and total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review of comparative-effectiveness research. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2016; 116(2):163–76 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26787787" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26787787</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>114.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref114">Jones
|
|
MJ, Piggott
|
|
SE, Vaughan
|
|
RS, Bayer
|
|
AJ, Newcombe
|
|
RG, Twining
|
|
TC
|
|
et al. Cognitive and functional competence after anaesthesia in patients aged over 60: Controlled trial of general and regional anaesthesia for elective hip or knee replacement. BMJ. 1990; 300(6741):1683–7 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1663336/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1663336</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2390547" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2390547</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>115.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref115">Juelsgaard
|
|
P, Sand
|
|
NP, Felsby
|
|
S, Dalsgaard
|
|
J, Jakobsen
|
|
KB, Brink
|
|
O
|
|
et al. Perioperative myocardial ischaemia in patients undergoing surgery for fractured hip randomized to incremental spinal, single-dose spinal or general anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1998; 15(6):656–63 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9884850" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9884850</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>116.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref116">Jules-Elysee
|
|
KM, Goon
|
|
AK, Westrich
|
|
GH, Padgett
|
|
DE, Mayman
|
|
DJ, Ranawat
|
|
AS
|
|
et al. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia or multimodal pain regimen with periarticular injection after total hip arthroplasty: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume). 2015; 97(10):789–98 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4430099/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4430099</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25995489" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25995489</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>117.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref117">Kacha
|
|
NJ, Jadeja
|
|
CA, Patel
|
|
PJ, Chaudhari
|
|
HB, Jivani
|
|
JR, Pithadia
|
|
VS. Comparative study for evaluating efficacy of fascia iliaca compartment block for alleviating pain of positioning for spinal anesthesia in patients with hip and proximal femur fractures. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2018; 52(2):147–153 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5858208/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5858208</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29576642" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29576642</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>118.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref118">Kai
|
|
K, Xi-jing
|
|
Z, Li-ze
|
|
X. Lumbar plexus block combined with isobaric bupivacaine anesthesia in elderly total hip replacement. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research. 2010; 14(39):7394–7</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>119.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref119">Kampe
|
|
S, Kiencke
|
|
P, Delis
|
|
A, Auweiler
|
|
M, Konig
|
|
DP, Kasper
|
|
SM. The continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine 0.1% with 0.5 microg x mL(-1) sufentanil provides effective postoperative analgesia after total hip replacement: A pilot study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003; 50(6):580–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12826550" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12826550</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>120.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref120">Kampe
|
|
S, Randebrock
|
|
G, Kiencke
|
|
P, Hunseler
|
|
U, Cranfield
|
|
K, Konig
|
|
DP
|
|
et al. Comparison of continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine and sufentanil with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after total hip replacement. Anaesthesia. 2001; 56(12):1189–93 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11736778" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11736778</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>121.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref121">Kampe
|
|
S, Weigand
|
|
C, Kaufmann
|
|
J, Klimek
|
|
M, Konig
|
|
DP, Lynch
|
|
J. Postoperative analgesia with no motor block by continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine 0.1% and sufentanil after total hip replacement. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999; 89(2):395–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10439754" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10439754</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>122.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref122">Kandler
|
|
D, Lisander
|
|
B. Analgesic action of metoclopramide in prosthetic hip surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1993; 37(1):49–53 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8424294" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8424294</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>123.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref123">Karaaslan
|
|
P, Pirat
|
|
A, Tandogan
|
|
R, Kocay
|
|
AM, Arslan
|
|
G. Comparison of continuous spinal, continuous epidural and isoflorane-remifentanil anesthesia in geriatric patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Anestezi Dergisi. 2006; 14(3):186–191</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>124.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref124">Kaya
|
|
M, Ozalp
|
|
G, Tuncel
|
|
G, Canoler
|
|
O, Turgut
|
|
S, Savli
|
|
S
|
|
et al. Patient-controlled regional analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: Psoas compartment block versus three-in one femoral nerve block. Anestezi Dergisi. 2006; 14(1):43–47</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>125.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref125">Kearns
|
|
R, Macfarlane
|
|
A, Grant
|
|
A, Puxty
|
|
K, Harrison
|
|
P, Shaw
|
|
M
|
|
et al. A randomised, controlled, double blind, non-inferiority trial of ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca block vs. spinal morphine for analgesia after primary hip arthroplasty. Anaesthesia. 2016; 71(12):1431–1440 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27714758" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27714758</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>126.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref126">Kehlet
|
|
H, Aasvang
|
|
EK. Regional or general anesthesia for fast-track hip and knee replacement - what is the evidence?
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|
F1000Research. 2015; 4:1449 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4753997/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4753997</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26918127" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26918127</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>127.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref127">Kendrisic
|
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M, Surbatovic
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M, Djordjevic
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D, Trifunovic
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B, Jevdjic
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J. Analgesic efficacy and safety of four different anesthesia/postoperative analgesia protocols in patients following total hip arthroplasty. Vojnosanitetski Pregled. 2017; 74(9):814–820</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>128.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref128">Kim
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JM, Hong
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JH, Jang
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YH, Lee
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YC, Kwon
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SH. Comparison of blood loss according to different anesthetic technique for total hip replacement. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 2007; 53(5):583–588</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>129.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref129">Kim
|
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KH, Kim
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TH, Kim
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|
CH, Kwon
|
|
JY, Suh
|
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KT, Chung
|
|
KS. Comparison of motor block of 1.0% ropivacaine and 0.5% bupivacaine in epidural anesthesia for hip arthroplasty surgery. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 2002; 42(4):461–465</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>130.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref130">Koehler
|
|
D, Marsh
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JL, Karam
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M, Fruehling
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C, Willey
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M. Efficacy of surgical-site, multimodal drug injection following operative management of femoral fractures: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume). 2017; 99(6):512–519 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28291185" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28291185</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>131.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref131">Koroglu
|
|
S, Takmaz
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SA, Kaymak
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C, Narli
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A, Karalezli
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K, Dikmen
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B. The preoperative analgesic effect of 3-in-1 block on postoperative pain and tramadol consumption in total hip arthroplasty. Agri Dergisi. 2008; 20(1):19–25 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18338275" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18338275</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>132.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref132">Kratz
|
|
T, Dette
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F, Schmitt
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|
J, Wiesmann
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T, Wulf
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H, Zoremba
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M. Impact of regional femoral nerve block during general anesthesia for hip arthoplasty on blood pressure, heart rate and pain control: A randomized controlled study. Technology and Health Care. 2015; 23(3):313–22 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25669214" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25669214</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>133.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref133">Kuchalik
|
|
J, Granath
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B, Ljunggren
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A, Magnuson
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A, Lundin
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A, Gupta
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A. Postoperative pain relief after total hip arthroplasty: A randomized, double-blind comparison between intrathecal morphine and local infiltration analgesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2013; 111(5):793–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23872462" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23872462</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>134.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref134">Kuchalik
|
|
J, Magnuson
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A, Lundin
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A, Gupta
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A. Local infiltration analgesia or femoral nerve block for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. A randomized, double-blind study. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. 2017; 16(1):223–230 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28850408" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28850408</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>135.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref135">Kuchalik
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|
J, Magnuson
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A, Lundin
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A, Gupta
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A. Local infiltration analgesia: A 2-year follow-up of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Journal of Anesthesia. 2017; 31(6):837–845 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5680378/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5680378</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28856511" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28856511</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>136.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref136">Kuchalik
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|
J, Magnuson
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A, Tina
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E, Gupta
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A. Does local infiltration analgesia reduce peri-operative inflammation following total hip arthroplasty? A randomized, double-blind study. BMC Anesthesiology. 2017; 17(1):63 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5415732/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5415732</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28468607" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28468607</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>137.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref137">Lee
|
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KJ, Min
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BW, Bae
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KC, Cho
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CH, Kwon
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DH. Efficacy of multimodal pain control protocol in the setting of total hip arthroplasty. Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery. 2009; 1(3):155–60 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2766745/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2766745</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19885051" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19885051</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>138.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref138">Li
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J, Dong
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B, Cai
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W, Wang
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G. Continuous lumbar plexus block reduces the incidence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences. 2018; 43(8):858–863 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30197313" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30197313</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>139.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref139">Liu
|
|
JL, Wang
|
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XL, Gong
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MW, Mai
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HX, Pei
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SJ, Yuan
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WX
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W, Cong
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R, Li
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X, Wu
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Y, Wu
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H. Reduced opioid consumption and improved early rehabilitation with local and intraarticular cocktail analgesic injection in total hip arthroplasty: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Pain Medicine. 2011; 12(3):387–93 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266004" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21266004</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>141.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref141">Loncar Stojiljkovic
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D, Stojiljkovic
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MP, Golijanin
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R, Bursac
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SN, Skrbic
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R. Comparative postoperative analgesia with femoral nerve block “3-in-1” and with fascia iliaca compartment nerve block after hip alloarthroplasty. Medicinski Casopis. 2016; 50(1):12–6</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>142.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref142">Lu
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ZD, Li
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P. Analgesic effect of periarticular Ropivacaine infiltration and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor following total hip arthroplasty. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research. 2010; 14(43):7991–7994</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>143.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref143">Lunn
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TH, Husted
|
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H, Solgaard
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S, Kristensen
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|
BB, Otte
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KS, Kjersgaard
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AG
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|
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S, Basu
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M, Kirtania
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J, Sarbapalli
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D, Pal
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R, Kar
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S
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et al. Impact of general versus epidural anesthesia on early post-operative cognitive dysfunction following hip and knee surgery. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock. 2011; 4(1):23–8 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3097574/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3097574</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21633563" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21633563</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>145.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref145">Marino
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J, Russo
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J, Kenny
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M, Herenstein
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R, Livote
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E, Chelly
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JE. Continuous lumbar plexus block for postoperative pain control after total hip arthroplasty. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume). 2009; 91(1):29–37 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19122076" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19122076</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>146.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref146">Markel
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DC, Urquhart
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B, Derkowska
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I, Salvati
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EA, Sharrock
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NE. Effect of epidural analgesia on venous blood flow after hip arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1997; (334):168–74 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9005910" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9005910</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>147.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref147">Marques
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EM, Blom
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AW, Lenguerrand
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E, Wylde
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V, Noble
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SM. Local anaesthetic wound infiltration in addition to standard anaesthetic regimen in total hip and knee replacement: long-term cost-effectiveness analyses alongside the APEX randomised controlled trials. BMC Medicine. 2015; 13:151 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4496938/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4496938</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26116078" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26116078</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>148.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref148">Marshall
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N, Watts
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S. Comparison of epidural anaesthesia with continuous lumbar plexus block for total hip arthroplasty: 278. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2008; 33(5):e155</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>149.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref149">Martin
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G, Hartmannsgruber
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E, Manvelian
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G. Single-dose extended-release epidural morphine for pain after hip arthroplasty. Journal of Opioid Management. 2006; 2(4):209–18 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17319482" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17319482</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>150.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref150">Maurer
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K, Bonvini
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JM, Ekatodramis
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G, Serena
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S, Borgeat
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A. Continuous spinal anesthesia/analgesia vs. single-shot spinal anesthesia with patient-controlled analgesia for elective hip arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003; 47(7):878–83 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12859310" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12859310</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>151.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref151">Maurer
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SG, Chen
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AL, Hiebert
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GC, Di Cesare
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PE. Comparison of outcomes of using spinal versus general anesthesia in total hip arthroplasty. American Journal of Orthopedics. 2007; 36(7):E101–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17694193" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17694193</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>152.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref152">McBeath
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DM, Shah
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L, Sledzinski
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K. The effect of patient controlled analgesia and continuous epidural infusion on length of hospital stay after total knee or total hip replacement. CRNA. 1995; 6(1):31–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7599545" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7599545</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>153.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref153">McGraw-Tatum
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MA, Groover
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MT, George
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NE, Urse
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JS, Heh
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B, Zha
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H, Lu
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X, Cheng
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X, Chen
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S, Liu
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JM, Fernández-Liesa
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JI, Marco
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G, Panadero
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A, Sánchez-Ledesma
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MJ, Macías
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A, Frassanito
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L, Colombo
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D, Vergari
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A, Draisci
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G, Della Corte
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P, Bouvet
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L, Villet
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B, Hafez
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M, Allaouchiche
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J, Borg
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J, Hjelmstedt
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G, Vasiliadis
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G, Lasanianos
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N, Nikolaras
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|
DF, MacGrath
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P, Stritch
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M. Postoperative analgesia in hip surgery. A controlled comparison of epidural buprenorphine with intramuscular morphine. Anaesthesia. 1984; 39(2):181–3 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6703273" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6703273</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>165.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref165">Murphy
|
|
TP, Byrne
|
|
DP, Curtin
|
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P, Baker
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JF, Mulhall
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KJ. Can a periarticular levobupivacaine injection reduce postoperative opiate consumption during primary hip arthroplasty?
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Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2012; 470:1151–7 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3293978/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3293978</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21960156" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21960156</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>166.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref166">Nakai
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T, Nakamura
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T, Nakai
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T, Onishi
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A, Hashimoto
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K. A study of the usefulness of a periarticular multimodal drug cocktail injection for pain management after total hip arthroplasty. Journal of Orthopaedics. 2013; 10(1):5–7 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3768242/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3768242</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24403740" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24403740</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>167.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref167">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Developing NICE guidelines: the manual [updated 2018]. London. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2014. Available from: <a href="http://www.nice.org.uk/article/PMG20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/article/PMG20/chapter<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview</a> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26677490" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26677490</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>168.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref168">National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Hip fracture: management. London. 2011. Available from: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg124" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg124</a></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>169.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref169">Neuman
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|
MD, Ellenberg
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SS, Sieber
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|
FE, Magaziner
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|
JS, Feng
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R, Carson
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JL
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et al. Regional versus General Anesthesia for Promoting Independence after Hip Fracture (REGAIN): Protocol for a pragmatic, international multicentre trial. BMJ Open. 2016; 6(11):e013473 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5129073/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5129073</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27852723" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27852723</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>170.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref170">Neuman
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MD, Mehta
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S, Bannister
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ER, Hesketh
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PJ, Horan
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AD, Elkassabany
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NM. Pilot randomized controlled trial of spinal versus general anesthesia for hip fracture surgery. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2016; 64(12):2604–2606 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5180205/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5180205</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27996117" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27996117</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>171.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref171">Nicholson
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G, Bryant
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AE, Macdonald
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IA, Hall
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GM. Osteocalcin and the hormonal, inflammatory and metabolic response to major orthopaedic surgery. Anaesthesia. 2002; 57(4):319–25 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11939988" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11939988</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>172.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref172">Nielsen
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ND, Runge
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C, Clemmesen
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L, Borglum
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J, Mikkelsen
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LR, Larsen
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JR
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L, Pitkanen
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M, Dunkel
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P, Laakso
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E, Rosenberg
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PH. Evaluation of the usefulness of intrathecal bupivacaine infusion for analgesia after hip and knee arthroplasty. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1996; 77(4):544–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8942345" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8942345</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>174.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref174">Niemi
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L, Pitkanen
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MT, Tuominen
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MK, Rosenberg
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PH. Comparison of intrathecal fentanyl infusion with intrathecal morphine infusion or bolus for postoperative pain relief after hip arthroplasty. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1993; 77(1):126–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8317719" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8317719</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>175.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref175">Nishi
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T, Maeda
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T, Imatoh
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T, Babazono
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A. Comparison of regional with general anesthesia on mortality and perioperative length of stay in older patients after hip fracture surgery. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2018; Epublication [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30452640" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30452640</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>176.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref176">Nishio
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|
S, Fukunishi
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S, Fukui
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T, Fujihara
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Y, Okahisa
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S, Takeda
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Y
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et al. Comparison of continuous femoral nerve block with and without combined sciatic nerve block after total hip arthroplasty: A prospective randomized study. Orthopedic Reviews. 2017; 9(2):7063 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5505096/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5505096</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28713527" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28713527</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>177.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref177">Nishio
|
|
S, Fukunishi
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S, Juichi
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|
M, Sahoko
|
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K, Fujihara
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Y, Fukui
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T
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et al. Comparison of continuous femoral nerve block, caudal epidural block, and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in pain control after total hip arthroplasty: A prospective randomized study. Orthopedic Reviews. 2014; 6(1):5138 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3980153/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3980153</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24744837" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24744837</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>178.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref178">Nohel
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P, Aguilar
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JL, Camboni
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M, Sevcik
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P. Postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty: a comparison of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia and patient-controlled femoral nerve analgesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2011; 28:(Suppl 48):200</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>179.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref179">Onal
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B, Akkaya
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T, Arik
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E, Gumus
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H. Effects of continuous spinal anesthesia and combined spinal-epidural anesthesia techniques on post-operative pain in total hip replacement patients. Anestezi Dergisi. 2007; 15(1):47–52</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>180.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref180">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Purchasing power parities (PPP). 2012. Available from: <a href="http://www.oecd.org/std/ppp" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.oecd.org/std/ppp</a> Last accessed: 17/06/2019</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>181.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref181">Ozhan
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M, Orhan
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E, Kurklu
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M, Demiralp
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B, Suzer
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A, Cekmen
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N
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et al. Comparison of peripheral nerve blocks, spinal anesthesia and general anesthesia for ambulatory surgery of the lower limb. Nobel Medicus. 2012; 8(2):73–80</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>182.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref182">Pandazi
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A, Kanellopoulos
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I, Kalimeris
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K, Batistaki
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C, Nikolakopoulos
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N, Matsota
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P
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et al. Periarticular infiltration for pain relief after total hip arthroplasty: A comparison with epidural and PCA analgesia. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2013; 133(11):1607–12 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24036613" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24036613</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>183.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref183">Park
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JC, Kang
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H, Lim
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SW. A comparison of spinal anesthesia and general anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 1994; 27(8):990–995</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>184.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref184">Parker
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MJ, Griffiths
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R. General versus regional anaesthesia for hip fractures. A pilot randomised controlled trial of 322 patients. Injury. 2015; 46(8):1562–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26049662" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26049662</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>185.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref185">Parvataneni
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HK, Shah
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VP, Howard
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H, Cole
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N, Ranawat
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AS, Ranawat
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CS. Controlling pain after total hip and knee arthroplasty using a multimodal protocol with local periarticular injections: A prospective randomized study. Journal of Arthroplasty. 2007; 22(6 Suppl 2):33–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17823012" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17823012</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>186.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref186">Patorno
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E, Neuman
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MD, Schneeweiss
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S, Mogun
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H, Bateman
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BT. Comparative safety of anesthetic type for hip fracture surgery in adults: Retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2014; 348:g4022 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4073666/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4073666</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24972901" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24972901</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>187.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref187">Pavy
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E, Compère
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V, Fourdrinier
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V, Beghin
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CE, Dujardin
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F, Dureuil
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B. Evaluation of postoperative analgesia with continuous iliofascial nerve sheath block after total hip arthroplasty replacement: A pilot study. Annales Françaises d’Anesthésie et de Réanimation. 2007; 26(2):125–31 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17223306" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17223306</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>188.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref188">Pedersen
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J, Jakobsen
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B, Egeberg
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BB. Intraoperative and postoperative hemorrhage in total hip replacement. A comparison between epidural analgesia and general anesthesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger. 1986; 148(29):1819–1822 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3529550" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3529550</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>189.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref189">Perlas
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A, Chan
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VW, Beattie
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S. Anesthesia technique and mortality after total hip or knee arthroplasty: A retrospective, propensity score-matched cohort study. Anesthesiology. 2016; 125(4):724–31 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27466030" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27466030</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>190.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref190">Racle
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JP, Benkhadra
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A, Poy
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JY, Gleizal
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B, Gaudray
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A. Comparative study of general and spinal anesthesia in elderly women in hip surgery. Annales Françaises d’Anesthésie et de Réanimation. 1986; 5(1):24–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3706840" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3706840</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>191.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref191">Rashid
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RH, Shah
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AA, Shakoor
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A, Noordin
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J, Lomholt
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B, Haxholdt
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O, Kehlet
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H, Valentin
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N, Danielsen
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|
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R, Forster
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JG, Makela
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K, Virolainen
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P, Leino
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KA, Pitkanen
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MT
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Y, Yazicioglu
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D, Cicekler
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O, Gumus
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H. Investigation of effects of epidural anaesthesia combined with general anaesthesia on the stress response in patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty. Turk Anestezi Ve Reanimasyon Dergisi. 2015; 43(3):154–61 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4917183/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4917183</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27366488" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27366488</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>195.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref195">Saksena Shrivastava
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S, Butani
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M, J
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DM, Kluba
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V. To study the effectiveness of continuous femoral block as an alternative for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2011; 36:(Suppl 2):E274–E275</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>196.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref196">Salo
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M, Nissila
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J, Taffe
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B, ADS Study Group. Higher occurrence of nausea and vomiting after total hip arthroplasty using general versus spinal anesthesia: An observational study. BMC Anesthesiology. 2016; 16(1):44 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4962505/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4962505</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27459997" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27459997</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>198.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref198">Seet
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E, Leong
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AN, Hadzic
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A, Xu
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D, Shastri
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U, Kwofie
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HJ, Xue
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XH, Wang
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YL, Zhang
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WS, Wang
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ZS, Yu
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AL. Effects of different anesthesia methods on cognitive dysfunction after hip replacement operation in elder patients. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2015; 8(3):3883–8 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4443122/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4443122</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26064288" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26064288</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>201.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref201">Siddiqui
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|
ZI, Cepeda
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|
MS, Denman
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|
W, Schumann
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|
R, Carr
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DB. Continuous lumbar plexus block provides improved analgesia with fewer side effects compared with systemic opioids after hip arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2007; 32(5):393–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17961837" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17961837</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>202.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref202">Singelyn
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FJ, Ferrant
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T, Malisse
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MF, Joris
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D. Effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine, continuous epidural analgesia, and continuous femoral nerve sheath block on rehabilitation after unilateral total-hip arthroplasty. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2005; 30(5):452–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16135349" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16135349</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>203.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref203">Singelyn
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FJ, Gouverneur
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JM. Postoperative analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: i.v. PCA with morphine, patient-controlled epidural analgesia, or continuous “3-in-1” block?: A prospective evaluation by our acute pain service in more than 1,300 patients. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1999; 11(7):550–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10624638" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10624638</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>204.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref204">Sitsen
|
|
E, van Poorten
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F, van Alphen
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W, Rose
|
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L, Dahan
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A, Stienstra
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R. Postoperative epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty with sufentanil 1 microg/ml combined with ropivacaine 0.2%, ropivacaine 0.125%, or levobupivacaine 0.125%: a randomized, double-blind comparison. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2007; 32(6):475–80 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18035292" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18035292</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>205.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref205">Smet
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I, Vlaminck
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E, Vercauteren
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M. Randomized controlled trial of patient-controlled epidural analgesia after orthopaedic surgery with sufentanil and ropivacaine 0.165% or levobupivacaine 0.125%. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2008; 100(1):99–103 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17977859" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17977859</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>206.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref206">Solovyova
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O, Lewis
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CG, Abrams
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JH, Grady-Benson
|
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J, Joyce
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ME, Schutzer
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SF
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et al. Local infiltration analgesia followed by continuous infusion of local anesthetic solution for total hip arthroplasty: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume). 2013; 95(21):1935–41 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24196463" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24196463</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>207.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref207">Souron
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V, Delaunay
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L, Schifrine
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P. Intrathecal morphine provides better postoperative analgesia than psoas compartment block after primary hip arthroplasty. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003; 50(6):574–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12826549" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12826549</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>208.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref208">Specht
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K, Leonhardt
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JS, Revald
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P, Mandoe
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H, Andresen
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EB, Brodersen
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et al. No evidence of a clinically important effect of adding local infusion analgesia administrated through a catheter in pain treatment after total hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthopaedica. 2011; 82(3):315–20 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3235309/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3235309</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21619503" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21619503</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>209.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref209">Srampickal
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GM, Jacob
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KM, Kandoth
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JJ, Yadev
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BK, Palraj
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T, Oommen
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AT
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et al. How effective is periarticular drug infiltration in providing pain relief and early functional outcome following total hip arthroplasty?
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Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2019; 10(3):550–554 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6492212/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6492212</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31061588" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31061588</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>210.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref210">Stevens
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M, Harrison
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G, McGrail
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M. A modified fascia iliaca compartment block has significant morphine-sparing effect after total hip arthroplasty. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2007; 35(6):949–52 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18084988" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18084988</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>211.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref211">Stevens
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RD, Van Gessel
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E, Flory
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N, Fournier
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R, Gamulin
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Z. Lumbar plexus block reduces pain and blood loss associated with total hip arthroplasty. Anesthesiology. 2000; 93(1):115–21 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10861154" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10861154</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>212.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref212">Striebel
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HW, Wilker
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E. Postoperative pain therapy following total endoprosthetic surgery on the hip using a continuous 3-in-1 blockade. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie. 1993; 28(3):168–73 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8318601" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8318601</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>213.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref213">Stundner
|
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O, Chiu
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YL, Sun
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X, Mazumdar
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M, Fleischut
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P, Poultsides
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L
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|
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XJ, Zhang
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HX, Dong
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BH, Li
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J, Wu
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XC, Xiao
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L
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et al. Analgesic effects of continuous fascia iliaca compartment block versus continuous epidural analgesia after total hip arthroplasty. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. 2014; 18(31):4934–4938</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>215.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref215">Surange
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PN, Venkata Rama Mohan
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BC. Comparative evaluation of continuous lumbar paravertebral versus continuous epidural block for post-operative pain relief in hip surgeries. Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine. 2012; 1(3):178–83 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4018698/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4018698</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24904789" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24904789</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>216.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref216">Sveticic
|
|
G, Gentilini
|
|
A, Eichenberger
|
|
U, Zanderigo
|
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E, Sartori
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V, Luginbuhl
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M
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N, Kanitnate
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S, Manuwong
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S, Yakumpor
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T, Panichkul
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P. Is pain after TKA better with periarticular injection or intrathecal morphine?
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Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2013; 471:1992–9 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3706684/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3706684</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23397315" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23397315</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>218.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref218">Tetsunaga
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T, Sato
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T, Shiota
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N, Tetsunaga
|
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T, Yoshida
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M, Okazaki
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Y
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H, Brui
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B, Ferrant
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T, Lavand’homme
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P. Intravenous lidocaine versus continuous femoral nerve block for postoperative analgesia and rehabilitation after total hip arthroplasty. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2009; 26:(Suppl 45):121</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>220.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref220">Thybo
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KH, Mathiesen
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O, Dahl
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JB, Schmidt
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H, Hagi-Pedersen
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D. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block after total hip arthroplasty: A randomised trial. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2016; 60(9):1297–305 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27426231" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27426231</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>221.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref221">Thybo
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KH, Schmidt
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H, Hagi-Pedersen
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D. Effect of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve-block on pain after total hip arthroplasty: A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiology. 2016; 16:21 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4804512/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4804512</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27006014" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27006014</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>222.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref222">Titman
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S, Hommel
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A, Dobrydnjov
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I, Johansson
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A. The efficacy of high volume of local infiltration analgesia for postoperative pain relief after total hip arthroplasty under general anaesthesia - A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing. 2018; 28:16–21 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29133161" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29133161</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>223.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref223">Turker
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G, Uckunkaya
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N, Yavascaoglu
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B, Yilmazlar
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A, Ozcelik
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S. Comparison of the catheter-technique psoas compartment block and the epidural block for analgesia in partial hip replacement surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003; 47(1):30–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12492794" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12492794</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>224.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref224">Twyman
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P, Samara
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E, Petrou
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A, Korompilias
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A, Chalkias
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A, Papadopoulos
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N, Lomholt
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B, Jensen
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JS, Hejgaard
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I, Vermeylen
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K, Carlier
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L, Soetens
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F, Roos
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J, Desmet
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K, Leunen
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G, Engels
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E, Erivan
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R, Mulliez
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A, Caumon
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N, Boisgard
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G, Sun
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GJ, Lin
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Y, Gao
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F, Sun
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W, Wang
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W, Li
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PS, Molina
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CS, Greenberg
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SE, Thakore
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RV, Obremskey
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WT, Sethi
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MK. Regional anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery is associated with significantly more peri-operative complications compared with general anaesthesia. International Orthopaedics. 2015; 39(7):1321–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25797416" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25797416</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>234.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref234">Wiesmann
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T, Steinfeldt
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T, Wagner
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G, Wulf
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H, Schmitt
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H, Biscoping
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J, Beland
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B, Bachmann-Mennenga
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B, Motsch
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V, Lenguerrand
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E, Gooberman-Hill
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R, Beswick
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HY, Lee
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J, Lee
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JY, Lee
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JO, Bang
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SM. Pharmacological thromboprophylaxis and its impact on venous thromboembolism following total knee and hip arthroplasty in Korea: A nationwide population-based study. PloS One. 2017; 12(5):e0178214 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5443574/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5443574</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28542415" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28542415</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>238.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref238">Zoric
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L, Cuvillon
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P, Alonso
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S, Demattei
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C, Vialles
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N, Asencio
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G
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et al. Single-shot intraoperative local anaesthetic infiltration does not reduce morphine consumption after total hip arthroplasty: A double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2014; 112(4):722–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24431385" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24431385</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>239.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng157er4.ref239">Zorrilla-Vaca
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A, Grant
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MC, Mathur
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V, Li
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J, Wu
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CL. The impact of neuraxial versus general anesthesia on the incidence of postoperative surgical site infections following knee or hip arthroplasty: A meta-analysis. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2016; 41(5):555–63 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27380106" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27380106</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng157er4.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="niceng157er4.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 15. Review protocol: anaesthesia for hip joint replacement surgery</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 211K)</span></p><p id="niceng157er4.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 16. Health economic review protocol</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref167" rid="niceng157er4.ref167"><sup>167</sup></a></p><p><i>For more detailed information, please see the</i>
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<a href="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4_bm1.pdf">Methodology Review</a>.</p><div id="niceng157er4.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>Searches were constructed using a PICO framework where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and in some cases Comparison (C) terms. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions as these concepts may not be well described in title, abstract or indexes and therefore difficult to retrieve. Search filters were applied to the searches where appropriate.</p><p id="niceng157er4.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appbtab1" class="figpopup">Table 17. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appbtab2" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appbtab3" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appbtab4" class="figpopup">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appbtab5" class="figpopup">Epistemonikos search terms</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to the joint replacement population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional health economics searches were run in Medline and Embase.</p><p id="niceng157er4.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appbtab6" class="figpopup">Table 18. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appb.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appbtab7" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appb.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appbtab8" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appb.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appbtab9" class="figpopup">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng157er4.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><p id="niceng157er4.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appcfig1" class="figpopup">figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of anaesthesia for hip replacement surgery</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng157er4.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (927K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="niceng157er4.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. Regional anaesthesia with nerve block versus regional anaesthesia</h4><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig1" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Postoperative pain within 30 days</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig2" class="figpopup">Figure 3. Postoperative use of analgesia</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig3" class="figpopup">Figure 4. Time to postoperative use of analgesia</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig4" class="figpopup">Figure 5. Nausea within 30 days</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig5"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig5" class="figpopup">Figure 6. Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appe.s2"><h4>E.2. Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia with nerve block</h4><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig6"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig6" class="figpopup">Figure 7. Postoperative use of analgesia</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig7"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig7" class="figpopup">Figure 8. Nausea within 30 days</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appe.s3"><h4>E.3. Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia</h4><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig8"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig8" class="figpopup">Figure 9. Postoperative pain within 30 days</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig9"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig9" class="figpopup">Figure 10. Postoperative pain: no pain on admission to recovery ward</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig10"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig10" class="figpopup">Figure 11. Thromboembolic complications within 90 days</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig11"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig11" class="figpopup">Figure 12. Postoperative use of analgesia</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig12"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig12" class="figpopup">Figure 13. Number of people with postoperative use of analgesia</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig13"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig13" class="figpopup">Figure 14. Length of stay</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig14"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig14" class="figpopup">Figure 15. Nausea within 30 days</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig15"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig15" class="figpopup">Figure 16. Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appe.s4"><h4>E.4. Regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia</h4><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig16"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig16" class="figpopup">Figure 17. Mortality within 90 days of surgery</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig17"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig17/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig17" class="figpopup">Figure 18. Mortality within 30 days of surgery</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig18"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig18/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig18" class="figpopup">Figure 19. Postoperative use of analgesia</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig19"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig19" class="figpopup">Figure 20. Length of stay</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig20"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig20" class="figpopup">Figure 21. Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appe.s5"><h4>E.5. General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia with nerve block</h4><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig21"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig21/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig21" class="figpopup">Figure 22. Quality of life within 30 days</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig22"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig22/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig22" class="figpopup">Figure 23. Postoperative use of analgesia</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig23"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig23/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig23" class="figpopup">Figure 24. Length of stay</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appe.s6"><h4>E.6. General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia</h4><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig24"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig24/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig24" class="figpopup">Figure 25. Postoperative pain within 30 days</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig25"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig25/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig25" class="figpopup">Figure 26. Postoperative neurocognitive decline within 30 days</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig26"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig26/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig26" class="figpopup">Figure 27. Postoperative use of analgesia</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig27"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig27/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig27" class="figpopup">Figure 28. Number of people using postoperative NSAIDs</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig28"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig28/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig28" class="figpopup">Figure 29. Length of stay</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig29"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig29/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig29" class="figpopup">Figure 30. Nausea within 30 days</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig30"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig30/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig30" class="figpopup">Figure 31. Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig31"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig31/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig31" class="figpopup">Figure 32. Time to mobilisation</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appe.s7"><h4>E.7. General anaesthesia with nerve block versus general anaesthesia</h4><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig32"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig32/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig32" class="figpopup">Figure 33. Postoperative pain within 30 days</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appe.fig33"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appe.fig33/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appefig33" class="figpopup">Figure 34. Postoperative use of analgesia</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng157er4.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="niceng157er4.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appftab1" class="figpopup">Table 19. Clinical evidence profile: regional anaesthesia with nerve block versus regional anaesthesia</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appf.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appftab2" class="figpopup">Table 20. Clinical evidence profile: regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia with nerve block</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appf.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appftab3" class="figpopup">Table 21. Clinical evidence profile: regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appf.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appftab4" class="figpopup">Table 22. Clinical evidence profile: regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appf.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appftab5" class="figpopup">Table 23. Clinical evidence profile: general anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia with nerve block</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appf.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appftab6" class="figpopup">Table 24. Clinical evidence profile: general anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia</a></p><p id="niceng157er4.appf.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appftab7" class="figpopup">Table 25. Clinical evidence profile: general anaesthesia with nerve block versus general anaesthesia</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="niceng157er4.appg.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/figure/niceng157er4.appg.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appgfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 35. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Health economic evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng157er4.apph.et1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4-apph-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (199K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Nerve block threshold analysis</h3><p>A threshold analysis was conducted in order to determine the likelihood of the addition of nerve block to any anaesthetic regimen being cost effective. The analysis was deemed necessary by the committee given the lack of health economic evidence about the addition of nerve block.</p><div id="niceng157er4.appi.s1"><h4>I.1. Method</h4><p>The analysis uses estimates of incremental cost to find what QALY or health related quality of life (HRQoL) gain is required at a given threshold of cost effectiveness. The threshold selected for this analysis was £20,000 in line with the NICE reference case. A range of incremental costs (see <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4appitab1" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appitab1">Table 26</a>) driven by the time required to administer the nerve block (30 minutes, 10 minutes and 5 minutes) and if the cost of theatre time was incorporated (yes or no) were included in the analysis. The rationale for having theatre time included as a cost variable was that the committee suggested that if 2 anaesthetists are available a nerve block can be administered in the anaesthesia room, not incurring additional theatre time costs. Therefore, for scenarios where theatre time was not included, 2 consultant anaesthetists were costed in. Whereas when theatre time was included, only one consultant anaesthetist was costed in. The time required to administer a nerve block reflected the experience of the staff member in giving it, a quicker time equates to a more experienced staff member. These factors were investigated in line with the committee’s agreement that they were variable in current practice. Other resources used for nerve block administration were taken from CG124<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref168" rid="niceng157er4.ref168"><sup>168</sup></a> and agreed by the committee.</p><p>The different incremental cost estimates were substituted into the equation for the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). The equation was then rearranged (see equation below) to find the incremental QALY gain needed for the nerve block intervention to be cost effective at £20,000.</p><div class="pmc_disp_formula whole_rhythm clearfix" id="niceng157er4.appi.deq1"><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow twelve_col">
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<math id="niceng157er4.appi.eq1" display="block"><mtext mathvariant="italic">ICER</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mo>=</mo><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">Incremental</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">costs</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mo>÷</mo><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">Incremental</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">QALY</mtext></math>
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</div><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow last bk_equ_label "><div><span class="nowrap"></span></div></div></div><p>Therefore:
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<div class="pmc_disp_formula whole_rhythm clearfix" id="niceng157er4.appi.deq2"><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow twelve_col">
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<math id="niceng157er4.appi.eq2" display="block"><mtext mathvariant="italic">Incremental</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">QALY</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mo>=</mo><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">Incremental</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">costs</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mo>÷</mo><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">ICER</mtext></math>
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</div><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow last bk_equ_label "><div><span class="nowrap"></span></div></div></div></p><p>Following this an additional factor was analysed that was deemed variable by the committee; the time that nerve blocks have an effect upon people. The committee suggested that it could be argued the effect ranges from a matter of hours to a lifetime. The analgesic effect of a nerve block is variable but may be 8 hours on average for hip replacements. However, a 24 hour time horizon may be the most appropriate when considering acute post-operative outcomes (for example, pain, post-operative nausea and vomiting). A longer duration of effect of 10 days to 30 days may be most appropriate to account for the possible effect of anaesthetic choice on adverse clinical outcomes (for example post-operative morbidity and mortality). Lastly, an even longer time horizon would be needed if it is considered that nerve blocks have an effect upon longer term outcomes (such as chronic pain, opioid dependence and range of motion). However, in line with the pain score outcome included in the protocol, the maximum effect horizon included in the analysis was 30 days. The different QALY gains calculated as outlined above were then substituted into the QALY equation with the different time horizons (24 hours, 3 days, 10 days and 30 days). The equation was then rearranged to find the gain in HRQoL gain needed to be cost effective at a threshold of £20,000 under each scenario.</p><div class="pmc_disp_formula whole_rhythm clearfix" id="niceng157er4.appi.deq3"><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow twelve_col">
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<math id="niceng157er4.appi.eq3" display="block"><mtext mathvariant="italic">Incremental</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">QALY</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mo>=</mo><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">Incremental</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">life</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">years</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">gained</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mo>×</mo><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">Incremental</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">utility</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mtext>HRQoL</mtext><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math>
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</div><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow last bk_equ_label "><div><span class="nowrap"></span></div></div></div><p>Therefore:
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<div class="pmc_disp_formula whole_rhythm clearfix" id="niceng157er4.appi.deq4"><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow twelve_col">
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<math id="niceng157er4.appi.eq4" display="block"><mtext mathvariant="italic">Incremental</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">utility</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mtext>HRQoL</mtext><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mtext> </mtext><mo>=</mo><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">Incremental</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">QALY</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mo>÷</mo><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">Incremental</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">Life</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">years</mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext mathvariant="italic">gained</mtext></math>
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</div><div class="inline_block pmc_inline_block pmc_va_middle pmc_hide_overflow last bk_equ_label "><div><span class="nowrap"></span></div></div></div></p><p>If the requisite HRQoL gain was greater than 1, then it was deemed not possible for the addition of nerve blocks to be cost effective under that scenario. The assumed scale of health related quality of life was 0 to 1 where 1 is the maximum health related quality of life and 0 the least. This was chosen as the NICE Reference case states to use the EQ-5D instrument that also uses a 0 to 1 scale. The smaller the gain needed in HRQoL, the more likely the addition of nerve block was to be cost effective.</p><p><a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4appitab1" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appitab1">Table 26</a> shows the unit costs used to calculate the cost for the addition of a nerve block to an anaesthetic regimen for a the different scenarios likely to represent current practice ion the NHS</p><p id="niceng157er4.appi.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appitab1" class="figpopup">Table 26. UK 2018 cost for the addition of a nerve block to an anaesthetic regimen for primary elective joint replacement when varying administration time and the inclusion of theatre time cost</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appi.s2"><h4>I.2. Results</h4><p>The gain in QALY and gain in HRQoL needed under a range of different scenarios is shown in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng157er4appitab2" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appitab2">Table 27</a>. For a number of scenarios; particularly when the time to administer was 30 minutes, the duration of effect was 24 hours and when theatre time was included; the likelihood of nerve blocks being cost effective was impossible given that the gain in HRQoL needed was greater than 1. When the assumptions were softened to the middle values, the gain in HRQoL was often not impossible (the gain needed was less than 1) but improbable. Finally, when time to administer was 5 minutes, the intervention effect was 30 days and when theatre time was excluded, the gain in HRQoL and therefore cost-effectiveness was more realistic.</p><p id="niceng157er4.appi.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appitab2" class="figpopup">Table 27. Threshold analysis results</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appi.s3"><h4>I.3. Conclusions</h4><p>The results indicated that for some scenarios it is impossible for nerve blocks to be cost effective, for others cost effectiveness is improbable, whilst for some it is possible.</p><p>The committee agreed that there is clinical benefit to the addition of nerve blocks, although they are only likely to be cost effective when administered by an experienced anaesthetist (leading to reduced administration time), theatre time is not included (so two anaesthetists are present) and the duration of effect is longer (as discussed, the most appropriate duration of effect is arguable). The circumstances when nerve blocks are cost effective may be found in some hospitals but not in others. Therefore the committee decided on a recommendation to consider a nerve block as an alternative to LIA.</p></div></div><div id="niceng157er4.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng157er4.appj.s1"><h4>J.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="niceng157er4.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appjtab1" class="figpopup">Table 28. Studies excluded from the clinical review</a></p></div><div id="niceng157er4.appj.s2"><h4>J.2. Excluded health economic studies</h4><p>Studies that meet the review protocol population and interventions, and the economic study inclusion criteria but have not been included in the review based on applicability and/or methodological quality are summarised below with reasons for exclusion.</p><p id="niceng157er4.appj.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng157er4appjtab2" class="figpopup">Table 29. Studies excluded from the health economic review</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Intervention evidence review underpinning recommendation 1.3.1 in the NICE guideline</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Centre, hosted by the Royal College of Physicians</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer:</b> The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and, where appropriate, their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2020.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK561391</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32881453" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">32881453</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab1"><div id="niceng157er4.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults having primary elective hip joint replacement</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interventions</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>General anaesthesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>General anaesthesia with nerve block</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>General anaesthesia with local infiltration analgesia (during or after procedure)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>General anaesthesia with nerve block and local infiltration analgesia (during or after procedure)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regional anaesthesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regional anaesthesia with nerve block</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regional anaesthesia with local infiltration analgesia (during or after surgery)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regional anaesthesia with nerve block and local infiltration analgesia (during or after surgery)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>General and regional anaesthesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>General and regional anaesthesia with nerve block</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>General and regional anaesthesia with local infiltration analgesia (during or after procedure)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>General and regional anaesthesia with nerve block and local infiltration analgesia (during or after procedure)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison of interventions</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Critical</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality: within 90 days (dichotomous)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life within 30 days (continuous)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative pain within 30 days (continuous)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative neurocognitive decline within 30 days (dichotomous)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thromboembolic complications within 90 days (VTE; dichotomous)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hospital readmission within 30 days (dichotomous)</div></li></ul>
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<b>Important</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative use of analgesia (dichotomous)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Length of stay (continuous)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nausea within 30 days (dichotomous)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>If no well-conducted RCTs are available, then observational studies with multivariate analysis will be investigated. Multivariate analysis must account for ASA score and age.</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab2"><div id="niceng157er4.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Details of interventions</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia (RCTs)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Den hartog 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref56" rid="niceng157er4.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>All people had spinal anaesthesia using bupivacaine and propofol used for sedation.</p>
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<p>LIA was done with ropivacaine and adrenaline. There were two LIA groups, one utilising “reverse” LIA.</p>
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<p>Those not in the LIA groups received a placebo LIA with saline.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>People with osteoarthritis of the hip and ASA I-II for whom primary THA has been recommended.</p>
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<p>Mean (range) age: 64 (43-84) and 69 (49-85) and 68 (55-84)</p>
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<p>N=75</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Number of people with postoperative use of analgesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nausea within 30 days</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dobie 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref61" rid="niceng157er4.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>All people had spinal anaesthesia.</p>
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<p>The LIA group received LIA before wound closure. A solution of levobupivacaine with adrenaline in saline was utilised. 160ml of this mixture was infiltrated into soft tissues.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>People with degenerative or rheumatoid arthritis undergoing primary THA.</p>
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<p>ASA: I-III</p>
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<p>Mean (SD) age: 67 (10) and 70 (8)</p>
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<p>N=96</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative pain within 30 days</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative use of analgesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Length of stay</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">UK</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hofstad 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref101" rid="niceng157er4.ref101"><sup>101</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>All people had regional through spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine.</p>
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<p>The LIA group had ropivacaine and epinephrine in saline injected into the soft tissue as 3 specific points during surgery.</p>
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<p>An LIA placebo with saline was used in the other group.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>People scheduled for elective primary THA regardless of age, ASA score, or type of prosthesis.</p>
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<p>Mean (range) age: 65 (24-88) and 66 (49-85)</p>
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<p>N=116</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes extracted</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Norway</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Liu 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref140" rid="niceng157er4.ref140"><sup>140</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>All people had regional via spinal anaesthesia.</p>
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<p>The LIA group had morphine, bupivacaine, betamethasone, and epinephrine, mixed with saline. Injected into soft tissue three times during surgery.</p>
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<p>The non-LIA group was given LIA placebo using saline.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Adults under 80 years of age with osteoarthritis, ASA I–III, normal or low body mass index, scheduled total primary unilateral hip arthroplasty under standard spinal anaesthesia.</p>
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<p>Mean (SD) age: 79 (9)</p>
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<p>N=80</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thromboembolic complications within 90 days</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nausea within 30 days</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">China</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lunn 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref143" rid="niceng157er4.ref143"><sup>143</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>All people had regional via lumbar spinal anaesthesia with option of sedation with propofol.</p>
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<p>The LIA group had intraoperative LIA using ropivacaine.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Adults scheduled for elective unilateral primary total hip replacement.</p>
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<p>Mean (range) age: 67 (48-82) and 67 (35-87)</p>
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<p>ASA grade: I-III</p>
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<p>N=120</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Number of people with postoperative use of analgesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Denmark</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Murphy 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref165" rid="niceng157er4.ref165"><sup>165</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>All people had regional via spinal anaesthesia using bupivacaine.</p>
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<p>The LIA group had levobupivacaine in saline that was injected in various locations intraoperatively.</p>
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<p>Placebo LIA was using saline was used the other group.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>People undergoing primary hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis</p>
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<p>ASA grade: not detailed</p>
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<p>Mean (SD) age: 54 (15) and 57 (11)</p>
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<p>N=91</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative use of analgesia</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Republic of Ireland</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wylde 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref236" rid="niceng157er4.ref236"><sup>236</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<p>All people had regional via spinal anaesthesia using bupivacaine.</p>
|
|
<p>The LIA group had intraoperative bupivacaine with adrenaline mixed in saline injected into the joint capsule and short external rotators, fascia, fat, and subcutaneous tissue before closure of the wound.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People undergoing primary unilateral THR for osteoarthritis</p>
|
|
<p>ASA grade: not detailed</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 66 (11) and 66 (10)</p>
|
|
<p>N=322</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative pain: no pain on admission to recovery ward</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nausea within 30 days</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">UK</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_9_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Regional anaesthesia with nerve block versus regional anaesthesia (RCTs)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Goytizolo 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref90" rid="niceng157er4.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All people had regional anaesthesia via combined spinal–epidural (CSE) anaesthesia.</p>
|
|
<p>The nerve block received a lumbar plexus block.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People 60 to 100 years old with ASA score I-III who could safely undergo neuraxial anaesthesia and were scheduled for primary total hip arthroplasty.</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 70 (8) and 70 (11)</p>
|
|
<p>N=92</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative use of analgesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nausea within 30 days</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Republic of Ireland</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Green 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref91" rid="niceng157er4.ref91"><sup>91</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All people had regional via spinal anaesthesia.</p>
|
|
<p>The nerve block group received a psoas compartment block using bupivacaine.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People scheduled for primary total hip replacement.</p>
|
|
<p>ASA: unclear</p>
|
|
<p>Age: unclear</p>
|
|
<p>N=53</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative pain within 30 days</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Time to postoperative use of analgesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Republic of Ireland</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_12_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia with nerve block (RCT)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kuchalik 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref134" rid="niceng157er4.ref134"><sup>134</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All people had regional via spinal anaesthesia using bupivacaine.</p>
|
|
<p>The LIA group had ropivacaine, ketorloac and adrenaline injected in 3 locations during surgery.</p>
|
|
<p>The nerve block group had a femoral nerve block using ropivacaine.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Adults 80 years old or younger with ASA I-III and scheduled for hip arthroplasty.</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 64 (7) and 63 (8)</p>
|
|
<p>N=56</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative use of analgesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nausea within 30 days</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sweden</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia (RCTs)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chen 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref40" rid="niceng157er4.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All people had general anaesthesia with propofol and fentanyl.</p>
|
|
<p>The LIA group had a subcutaneous injection of bupivacaine after closing of the capsule followed by regular bupivacaine.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People with osteoarthritis or osteonecrosis, aged 18 to 80 years old, undergoing unilateral THA.</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 52 (13) and 54 (14)</p>
|
|
<p>ASA status: I-III</p>
|
|
<p>N=92</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative use of analgesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Length of stay</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nausea within 30 days</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Taiwan</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Titman 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref222" rid="niceng157er4.ref222"><sup>222</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All people had general anaesthesia via target controlled infusion (TCI) with propofol and remifentanil.</p>
|
|
<p>The LIA group had a mixture of ropivacaine and saline through 3 injections into the periarticular tissues.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People with ASA I-III scheduled for elective cemented THA.</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 76 (7) and 77 (6)</p>
|
|
<p>N=40</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative neurocognitive decline within 30 days</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative use of analgesia</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sweden</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Villatte 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref230" rid="niceng157er4.ref230"><sup>230</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All people had general anaesthesia with standardised protocol: a combination of hypnotic, opioid and curare.</p>
|
|
<p>The LIA group had ropivicaine and epinephrine administered twice during surgery.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People 50 to 85 years old with degenerative hip disease or rheumatoid arthritis undergoing THA</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 67</p>
|
|
<p>ASA grade: unclear</p>
|
|
<p>N=150</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative pain within 30 days</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative use of analgesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Time to mobilisation</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">France</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zoric 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref238" rid="niceng157er4.ref238"><sup>238</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All people had standardised general anaesthesia. Administration of anaesthetic drugs was left to the discretion of the attending physician.</p>
|
|
<p>The LIA group had ropivacaine after putting in the implants.</p>
|
|
<p>Those not in the LIA group were given a LIA placebo using saline.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People aged from 18 to 80 years old undergoing primary homolateral THA by postero-lateral incision under general anaesthesia.</p>
|
|
<p>ASA grade: I-III</p>
|
|
<p>Age range: 38-70 and 42-80</p>
|
|
<p>N=60</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Number of people using postoperative NSAIDs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Length of stay</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nausea within 30 days</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">France</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">General anaesthesia with nerve block versus general anaesthesia (RCTs)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kratz 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref132" rid="niceng157er4.ref132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All people had general anaesthesia.</p>
|
|
<p>The nerve block group had a supplemental femoral nerve block.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People undergoing hip arthroplasty</p>
|
|
<p>ASA grade I or II</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 67 (12) and 66 (14)</p>
|
|
<p>N=80</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative pain within 30 days</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative use of analgesia</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Germany</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nicholson 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref171" rid="niceng157er4.ref171"><sup>171</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All people had general anaesthesia induced with fentanyl and propofol or etomidate.</p>
|
|
<p>The Nerve block group received a three-in-one nerve block (femoral nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh and obturator nerve) performed using lidocaine and bupivacaine.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Women aged over 55 years who had been amenorrhoeic for at least 2 years undergoing primary total hip replacement.</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 76 (8) and 75 (8) and 78 (8)</p>
|
|
<p>ASA grade: not detailed</p>
|
|
<p>N=36</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes extracted</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">UK</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Twyman 1990<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref224" rid="niceng157er4.ref224"><sup>224</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All people had normotensive general anaesthesia.</p>
|
|
<p>The Nerve block group received a lumbar plexus block.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Women with osteoarthritis undergoing cemented primary total hip replacement</p>
|
|
<p>ASA grade: not detailed</p>
|
|
<p>Age: not detailed</p>
|
|
<p>N=20</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes extracted</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">UK</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_23_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia with nerve block (RCT)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fahs 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref69" rid="niceng157er4.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All people had general endotracheal anaesthesia (without neuraxial blockade).</p>
|
|
<p>The LIA group had periarticular anaesthetic soft-tissue infiltration used ropivacaine, epinephrine, morphine, and ketorolac diluted in saline injected after component implantation and before closure, into the tissues surrounding the hip joint.</p>
|
|
<p>The nerve block group received a psoas compartment block used ropivacaine in saline.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People with primary osteoarthritis, undergoing unilateral primary THA via DAA by the senior surgeon.</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) ASA score: 2.4 (0.5) and 2.2 (0.5)</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 68 (8) and 65 (8)</p>
|
|
<p>N=100</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quality of life within 30 days</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative use of analgesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Length of stay</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">USA</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">RCTs</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eroglu 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref66" rid="niceng157er4.ref66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The regional group had hypotensive epidural anaesthesia (HEA). A combination of an extensive epidural block and an intravenous (IV) infusion of low-dose epinephrine.</p>
|
|
<p>The general anaesthesia group had hypotensive total IV anaesthesia (HTIVA). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with propofol and remifentanil.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People 50 - 80 years old and ASA I-III who were scheduled for primary unilateral total hip replacement.</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 64 (13) and 62 (10)</p>
|
|
<p>N=40</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes extracted</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Turkey</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gottschalk 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref89" rid="niceng157er4.ref89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The regional group had lumbar spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine. The general anaesthesia group was induced using sufentanil and propofol and maintained with sevoflurane.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People aged 18-75 years old with ASA physical status I - III undergoing elective total hip replacement</p>
|
|
<p>The trial was stratified into those people with diabetes and those without diabetes. The results presented separately for each group.</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 74 (6) and 71 (10) and 70 (8) and 73 (7)</p>
|
|
<p>N=98</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postoperative use of analgesia</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Germany</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Harsten 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref96" rid="niceng157er4.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The regional group had spinal anaesthesia using bupivacaine. The general anaesthesia group had anaesthesia with remifentanil and propofol.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People 45-85 years old and ASA I-III with osteoarthritis scheduled for THA.</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 68 (9), 66 (8)</p>
|
|
<p>N=120</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Length of stay</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sweden</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hogevold 2000<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref102" rid="niceng157er4.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The regional group had spinal/epidural anaesthesia using bipuvicaine. The general anaesthesia group were induced by IV thiopental, pancuronium, and fentanyl.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People ASA I-II undergoing uncemented primary hip arthroplasty</p>
|
|
<p>ASA grade I or II</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 53</p>
|
|
<p>N=12</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes extracted</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Norway</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Modig 1987<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref162" rid="niceng157er4.ref162"><sup>162</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The regional group had continuous lumbar epidural anaesthesia using bupivicaine and epinephrine.</p>
|
|
<p>The general anaesthesia groups had either inhalational general anaesthesia or intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Both induced by IV thiopentone after IV atropine.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People with advanced osteoarthritis of the hip and ASA I or II who are scheduled to undergo total hip replacement.</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 67 (7) and 68 (8) and 65 (8)</p>
|
|
<p>N=38</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes extracted</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_25_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_26_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sweden</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Observational studies</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Basques 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref18" rid="niceng157er4.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Regional anaesthesia was always spinal anaesthesia. No details of the medications use for regional or general anaesthesia.</p>
|
|
<p>Intervention groups were propensity score matched to control for selection bias between the spinal and general anaesthesia.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People who had primary elective total hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis</p>
|
|
<p>N=20936</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Mortality within 90 days</p>
|
|
<p>Propensity-adjusted multivariate logistic regression used to analyse the data.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
<p>American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database from 2010 to 2012.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Donauer 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref62" rid="niceng157er4.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No details of the medications use for regional or general anaesthesia.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People who had hip replacement surgery under ICD-9 code: 81.54</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 63 (13) and 63 (11)</p>
|
|
<p>N=1713</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No outcomes extracted</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Europe, Israel, and USA</p>
|
|
<p>Analysis of people in the International PAIN OUT Registry. This takes data from institutions.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Haughom 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref97" rid="niceng157er4.ref97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regional anaesthesia was either spinal or epidural. No details of the medications use for regional or general anaesthesia.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People who had primary total hip arthroplasty.</p>
|
|
<p>Mean age: 66 and 64</p>
|
|
<p>N=28857</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No outcomes extracted</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
<p>National Surgical Quality Improvement Database (NSQIP). It gathered data from 400 hospitals in 2012. This dataset was from 2005 to 2012.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hunt 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref105" rid="niceng157er4.ref105"><sup>105</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regional anaesthesia as always spinal anaesthesia. No details of the medications use for regional or general anaesthesia.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People who had primary total hip replacement surgery</p>
|
|
<p>N=262240 (in the two intervention groups of interest)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Mortality within 90 days</p>
|
|
<p>Cox proportional hazards model utilised to analyse the data</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
<p>Data taken from National Joint Registry for England and Wales from April 2003 to December 2011. The NHS Personal Demographics Service provided dates of death from the Office for National Statistics.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Maurer 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref151" rid="niceng157er4.ref151"><sup>151</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regional anaesthesia as always spinal anaesthesia normally using bupivavaine. Propofol used to induce general anaesthesia.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People who underwent primary unilateral total hip replacement</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 55 (16) and 63 (14)</p>
|
|
<p>N=606</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No outcomes extracted</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_32_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
<p>Data from surgery at Hospital for Joint Diseases in New York, USA from January 1995 to January 1998</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_38_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">General and regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia with nerve block (RCT)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duarte 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref64" rid="niceng157er4.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All people had general anaesthesia using alfentanil, propofol, and succinylcholine.</p>
|
|
<p>The regional anaesthesia group had continuous epidural lumbar block using ropivacaine.</p>
|
|
<p>The nerve block group received posterior lumbar plexus nerve block using ropivacaine.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Consecutive people (ASA I to III) scheduled for THA</p>
|
|
<p>Mean (SD) age: 61 (15) and 58 (16)</p>
|
|
<p>N=41</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes extracted</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab2_1_1_38_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brazil</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab3"><div id="niceng157er4.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">RCT evidence summary: regional anaesthesia with nerve block versus regional anaesthesia</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Regional anaesthesia with nerve block versus regional anaesthesia (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Postoperative pain within 30 days</p>
|
|
<p>numerical rating scale. Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>53</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>2 hours after surgery</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative pain within 30 days in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.23</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative pain within 30 days in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.08 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(1.9 to 0.26 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative neurocognitive decline</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thromboembolic complications</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospital readmission</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative use of analgesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>92</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>during hospital stay</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>71 mg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>11 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(25.33 lower to 3.33 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Time to postoperative use of analgesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>53</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean time to postoperative use of analgesia in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>261 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean time to postoperative use of analgesia in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>63.27 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(24.82 lower to 151.36 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nausea within 30 days</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>90</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>1 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.22</p>
|
|
<p>(0.62 to 2.39)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">250 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>55 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 95 fewer to 348 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>53</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.95</p>
|
|
<p>(0.77 to 1.18)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">889 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>44 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 204 fewer to 160 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab4"><div id="niceng157er4.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">RCT evidence summary: Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia with nerve block</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia with nerve block (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative pain</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative neurocognitive decline</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thromboembolic complications</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospital readmission</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative use of analgesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>56</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>0-24 hours after surgery</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>30 mg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>13.6 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(20.97 to 6.23 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nausea within 30 days</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>56</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4-24 hours after surgery</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.74</p>
|
|
<p>(0.43 to 1.29)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">556 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>144 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 317 fewer to 161 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab5"><div id="niceng157er4.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">RCT evidence summary: Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Postoperative pain within 30 days</p>
|
|
<p>Visual Analogue Scale. Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>92</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>19-24 hours after surgery</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative pain within 30 days in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.98</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative pain within 30 days in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.3 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(0.66 lower to 0.06 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative pain no pain on admission to recovery ward</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>322</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.01</p>
|
|
<p>(0.88 to 1.17)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">698 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 84 fewer to 119 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative neurocognitive decline</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thromboembolic complications within 90 days</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>78</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>6-12 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.86</p>
|
|
<p>(0.32 to 2.32)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">179 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>25 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 122 fewer to 237 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospital readmission</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative use of analgesia mg. Scale from: 0 to 1.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>183</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>3.5 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>17.5 mg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.55 standard deviations lower</p>
|
|
<p>(1.31 lower to 0.21 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of people with postoperative use of analgesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>201</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>at varying in-hospital time points</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.63</p>
|
|
<p>(0.31 to 1.27)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">185 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>68 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 127 fewer to 50 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Length of stay</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>92</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean length of stay in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.9 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean length of stay in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.4 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(1.31 lower to 0.51 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nausea within 30 days</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>487</p>
|
|
<p>(4 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>unclear</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.85</p>
|
|
<p>(0.69 to 1.03)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">449 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>67 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 139 fewer to 13 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mobilisation on day 1 after surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>92</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.02</p>
|
|
<p>(0.88 to 1.19)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">870 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>17 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 104 fewer to 165 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mobilisation 8 hours after surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>120</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.57</p>
|
|
<p>(0.65 to 3.78)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">117 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>67 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 41 fewer to 324 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because the point estimate varies widely across studies, unexplained by subgroup analysis. Random effects (DerSimonian and Laird) model was employed.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab5_4"><p class="no_margin">Outcome is 8 hours after surgery rather than 1 day</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab6"><div id="niceng157er4.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">RCT evidence summary: regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with General anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Regional anaesthesia (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative pain</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative neurocognitive decline</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thromboembolic complications</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospital readmission</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative use of analgesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>68</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>unclear</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.3 mg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.89 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(4.27 to 1.51 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Length of stay</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>118</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean length of stay in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>26 hours</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean length of stay in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>4 hours higher</p>
|
|
<p>(1.33 to 6.67 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>118</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>12 hours after surgery</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.98</p>
|
|
<p>(0.94 to 1.03)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1000 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 60 fewer to 30 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality within 30 days of surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20936</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>30 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR 1.19</p>
|
|
<p>(0.57 to 2.53)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1344 per 1000000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>255 more per 1,000,000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 578 fewer to 2049 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab7"><div id="niceng157er4.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Observational studies evidence summary: regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Adjustment for confounding factors</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality within 90 days of surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>262,240</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Adjusted HR 0.85</p>
|
|
<p>(0.74 to 0.97)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multivariate analysis using age and gender, mechanical and chemical thromboprophylaxis, and year of operation, approach, comorbidity, body-mass index, ethnic origin, and social deprivation area.</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_2_1" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Comparison below is general anaesthesia versus regional anaesthesia as reported in the study</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality within 30 days of surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>20,936</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Adjusted OR 1.19</p>
|
|
<p>(0.57 to 2.53)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Propensity-adjusted multivariate logistic regression. Multivariate regression adjusted for baseline differences in patient demographic characteristics and comorbidities as well as the propensity score.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab8"><div id="niceng157er4.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">RCT evidence summary: General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia with nerve block</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participa nts (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia with nerve block (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life within 30 days via Quality of Recovery QoR-40. Scale from: 40 to 200.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>99</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>1 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life within 30 days via quality of recovery in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>177</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean quality of life within 30 days via quality of recovery in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>5.9 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(1.05 to 10.75 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative pain</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative neurocognitive decline</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thromboembolic complications</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospital readmission</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative use of analgesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>99</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>1 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>46.2 mg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.2 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(15.42 lower to 9.02 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Length of stay</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>99</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊕</p>
|
|
<p>HIGH</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean length of stay in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.4 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean length of stay in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(0.28 lower to 0.28 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab9"><div id="niceng157er4.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">RCT evidence summary: General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative pain within 30 days Visual Analogue Scale. Scale from: 0 to 10.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>150</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 hours after surgery</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative pain within 30 days in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.87</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative pain within 30 days in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.48 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(0.97 lower to 0.01 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative neurocognitive decline within 30 days</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>35</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>10 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>5</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RD 0</p>
|
|
<p>(-0.11 to 0.11)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 110 fewer to 110 more)<sup>3</sup></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative use of analgesia varying methods</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>276</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>2 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>24 mg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.94 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(6.2 lower to 2.33 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thromboembolic complications</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospital readmission</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of people using postoperative NSAIDs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>58</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>while admitted in hospital</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1</p>
|
|
<p>(0.28 to 3.62)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">138 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 99 fewer to 361 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Length of stay</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>241</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean length of stay in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>6.15 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean length of stay in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.1 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(0.4 lower to 0.2 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nausea within 30 days days</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>149</p>
|
|
<p>(2 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>4 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.82</p>
|
|
<p>(0.51 to 1.32)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">347 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>62 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 170 fewer to 111 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>58</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>6</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1</p>
|
|
<p>(0.22 to 4.55)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">103 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 81 fewer to 367 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Time to mobilisation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>150</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean time to mobilisation in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.9 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean time to mobilisation in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.1 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(0.4 lower to 0.2 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab9_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab9_3"><p class="no_margin">Absolute effect calculated using the risk difference</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab9_4"><p class="no_margin">Comparative effect analysed using risk difference due to zero events in both treatment arms</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab9_5"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded one increment for imprecision as it is a small study with no events.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab9_6"><p class="no_margin">Study outcome was walk in the corridor on postoperative day 2</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab10"><div id="niceng157er4.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">RCT evidence summary: General anaesthesia with nerve block versus general anaesthesia</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with General anaesthesia with nerve block versus general anaesthesia (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Postoperative pain within 30 days</p>
|
|
<p>Visual Analogue Scale. Scale from: 0 to 10.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>52</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>1 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative pain within 30 days in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>4</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative pain within 30 days in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.3 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(3.42 to 1.18 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative neurocognitive decline</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thromboembolic complications</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hospital readmission</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postoperative use of analgesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>52</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>unclear</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>292 mg</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean postoperative use of analgesia in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>223 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(426.43 to 19.57 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab10_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab10_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab11"><div id="niceng157er4.tab11" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Health economic evidence profile: LAI in addition to a standard anaesthetic regimen versus standard anaesthetic regimen only</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Limitations</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Other comments</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incremental cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incremental effects</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Cost effectiveness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Uncertainty</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Marques 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref147" rid="niceng157er4.ref147"><sup>147</sup></a> [UK]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly applicable<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor limitations<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A within-trial cost-utility analysis comparing a 1) standard anaesthetic regimen<sup>(c)</sup> to 2) a LAI in addition to a standard anaesthetic regimen. The population was people who underwent a primary THR with a 12 month time horizon.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LAI in addition to a standard anaesthetic regimen saved £86 per person.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LAI in addition to a standard anaesthetic regimen gave 0.052 more QALYS per person.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LAI in addition to a standard anaesthetic regimen dominates (is less costly and more effective) standard anaesthetic alone.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab11_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A series of one way deterministic sensitivity analyses (cost of medication, inpatient stays and anomalous patients) were conducted. The dominance of the intervention was robust to all scenarios. LAI was cost effective at a threshold of £20,000 per QALY gained in over 98% of simulations.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Abbreviations: LAI; local anaesthetic wound infiltration; QALY= quality-adjusted life years; RCT= randomised controlled trial; THR: total hip replacement;</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab11_1"><p class="no_margin">A within-trial cost-utility analysis with relevant comparators. QALYs are used as the outcome and derived using EQ-5D.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab11_2"><p class="no_margin">Complete cost and QALY data was available for only 159/322 (49%) of participants. The final dataset therefore included imputed missing costs and outcome data. Outcomes are from a single RCT rather than a systematic review.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab11_3"><p class="no_margin">The standard anaesthetic regimen consisted of spinal anaesthesia alone or in combination with sedation/light general anaesthesia.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab12"><div id="niceng157er4.tab12" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Health economic evidence profile: Spinal anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab12_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Limitations</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Other comments</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incremental cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incremental effects</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Cost effectiveness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Uncertainty</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gonano 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref88" rid="niceng157er4.ref88"><sup>88</sup></a> [Austria]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A cost comparison of individuals who have undergone a THR and taking part in an RCT comparing spinal anaesthesia to general anaesthesia. Time horizon is restricted to inpatient time.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Spinal anaesthesia saves £29.18 per patient</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Spinal anaesthesia is cost saving compared to general anaesthesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab12_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Four scenario analyses were conducted. These explored varying the use of muscle relaxants, fresh gas flow, and use of isoflurane instead of sevoflurane. Spinal anaesthesia being cost saving was robust to all these analyses.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Abbreviations: RCT= randomised controlled trial; THR: Total hip replacement; TKR: Total knee replacement.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab12_1"><p class="no_margin">A cost comparison study which does not include all relevant costs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab12_2"><p class="no_margin">No health outcomes are used to conduct a cost effectiveness analysis. Personnel costs are not included. The overall study population included both TKR and THR procedures but the results presented are from the THR sub-group, so the sample size is small. The time horizon only covers part of the inpatient time period.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab13"><div id="niceng157er4.tab13" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Mean costs of anaesthesia for hip fracture in a UK hospital in 2010</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab13_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Type of anaesthesia</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anaesthesia equipment (SD)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Airway equipment (SD)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Personnel (SD)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Drugs (SD)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Gases/inhalat ion agents (SD)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total (SD)_</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Spinal</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£ 66.73 (30.05)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1.81 (0)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£105.90 (0)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£19.03 (11.00)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£0.43 (0.13)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£193.81 (37.49)*</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">General</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£108.15 (38.53)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£25.68 (2.28)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£106.76 (0)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£25.17 (11.04)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£6.26 (3.94)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab13_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£270.58 (44.68)*</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Source: Chakladar2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref38" rid="niceng157er4.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4tab14"><div id="niceng157er4.tab14" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">UK 2018 cost for the addition of a nerve block to an anaesthetic regimen for primary elective joint replacement when varying administration time and the inclusion of theatre time cost</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.tab14_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Extra time in theatre</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Resource</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Unit cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="12" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>5 min</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Biogel</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.07</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Chlorhexidine</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.08</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vial with Lidocaine 1% 10ml ampoule</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">BNF</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vial of 0.5% Levobupivacaine (5mg/ml)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£3.88</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">BNF</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Syringes (10ml)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.06</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Filter needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Regional block needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£5.78</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Hypodermic needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cost per consultant anaesthetist (£1.80 per minute)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£9.00</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">PSSRU 2018</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Total cost excluding theatre time</b>
|
|
<sup>
|
|
(a)
|
|
</sup>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>£31.83</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cost of theatre time (£20.50 per min)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£102.50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">CG124</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Total cost including theatre time</b>
|
|
<sup>
|
|
(b)
|
|
</sup>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>£125.33</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="12" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>10 min</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Biogel</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.07</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Chlorhexidine</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.08</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vial with Lidocaine 1% 10ml ampoule</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">BNF</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vial of 0.5% Levobupivacaine (5mg/ml)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£3.88</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">BNF</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Syringes (10ml)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.06</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Filter needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Regional block needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£5.78</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Hypodermic needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cost per consultant anaesthetist (£1.80 per minute)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£18.00</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">PSSRU 2018</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Total cost excluding theatre time</b>
|
|
<sup>
|
|
(a)
|
|
</sup>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>£49.83</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cost of theatre time (£20.50 per min)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£205.00</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">CG124</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Total cost including theatre time</b>
|
|
<sup>
|
|
(b)
|
|
</sup>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>£236.83</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="12" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>30 min</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Biogel</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.07</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Chlorhexidine</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.08</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vial with Lidocaine 1% 10ml ampoule</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">BNF</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vial of 0.5% Levobupivacaine (5mg/ml)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£3.88</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">BNF</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Syringes (10ml)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.06</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Filter needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Regional block needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£5.78</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Hypodermic needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cost per consultant anaesthetist (£1.80 per minute)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£54.00</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">PSSRU 2018</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Total cost excluding theatre time</b>
|
|
<sup>
|
|
(a)
|
|
</sup>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>£121.83</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cost of theatre time (£20.50 per min)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£615.00</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">CG124</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<b>Total cost including theatre time</b>
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<sup>
|
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(b)
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</sup>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">
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<b>£682.83</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Source: PSSRU (Personal Social Services Research Unit)<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref47" rid="niceng157er4.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a>; CG124<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref168" rid="niceng157er4.ref168"><sup>168</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab14_1"><p class="no_margin">Total costs excluding theatre time included the cost of 2 anaesthetists</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab14_2"><p class="no_margin">It was assumed that the cost of theatre time from CG124<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref168" rid="niceng157er4.ref168"><sup>168</sup></a> did not include personnel costs</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.tab14_3"><p class="no_margin">NHS Hospital is Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust which provided information for CG124<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref168" rid="niceng157er4.ref168"><sup>168</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appatab1"><div id="niceng157er4.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Objectives</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify health economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search criteria</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the clinical review protocol above.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant health economic study design (cost–utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–benefit analysis, cost–consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of health economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed. The bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A health economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and a health economic study filter – see <a href="#niceng157er4.appb">appendix B</a> below.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Review strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2003, abstract-only studies and studies from low or middle-income countries (e.g. most non-OECD countries) or the USA will also be excluded.</p><p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in appendix H of Developing NICE guidelines: the manual (2014).<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref167" rid="niceng157er4.ref167"><sup>167</sup></a></p><p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’ then it will be included in the guideline. A health economic evidence table will be completed and it will be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’ then it will usually be excluded from the guideline. If it is excluded then a health economic evidence table will not be completed and it will not be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p><b>Where there is discretion</b></p><p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question, in discussion with the guideline committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include health economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to selectively exclude the remaining studies. All studies excluded on the basis of applicability or methodological limitations will be listed with explanation in the excluded health economic studies appendix below.</p><p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p><p><i>Setting:</i>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the USA will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p><i>Health economic study type:</i>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost–utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost–benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–consequences analysis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p><i>Year of analysis:</i>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2003 or later but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly from before 2003 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2003 will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p><i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis:</i>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis match with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li></ul></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appbtab1"><div id="niceng157er4.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 01 May 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
|
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
|
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
|
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<p>Observational studies</p>
|
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 01 May 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
|
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Cochrane Reviews to 2019 Issue 5 of 12</p>
|
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<p>CENTRAL to 2019 Issue 5 of 12</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epistemonikos</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inception – 01 May 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appbtab2"><div id="niceng157er4.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">arthroplasty/ or arthroplasty, replacement/ or arthroplasty, replacement, hip/ or arthroplasty, replacement, knee/ or arthroplasty, replacement, shoulder/ or hemiarthroplasty/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">joint prosthesis/ or hip prosthesis/ or knee prosthesis/ or shoulder prosthesis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((joint* or knee* or shoulder* or hip*) adj5 (surger* or replace* or prosthe* or endoprosthe* or implant* or artificial or arthroplast* or hemiarthroplast*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/5-12</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 not 14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/15-21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 not 22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 23 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Anesthesia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((an?esthet* or an?esthesia) adj4 (regional* or local* or general or spinal or epidural)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nerve Block/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((nerve* or neurax* or regional or peripheral*) adj3 block*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((plexus or sciatic* or interscalene or femor* or tibia* or posterior or obturator or fascia iliaca) adj3 block).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(CNB or PNB or FNB or TNB or ONB or LPB or ISBB or FIB or LIA).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((periarticular or local*) adj2 infiltration).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25-31</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 32</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Trials as topic.sh.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/34-40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Meta-Analysis as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/42-51</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epidemiologic studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Cohort studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Controlled Before-After Studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Historically Controlled Study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interrupted Time Series Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/54-63</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/65-66</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64 or 67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/69-70</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64 or 71</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64 or 67 or 71</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33 and (41 or 52 or 72)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appbtab3"><div id="niceng157er4.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*arthroplasty/ or *replacement arthroplasty/ or *hip replacement/ or *knee replacement/ or *shoulder replacement/ or *hemiarthroplasty/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*joint prosthesis/ or *hip prosthesis/ or *knee prosthesis/ or *shoulder prosthesis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((joint* or knee* or shoulder* or hip*) adj5 (surger* or replace* or prosthe* or endoprosthe* or implant* or artificial or arthroplast* or hemiarthroplast*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/5-9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 not 11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/12-19</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 not 20</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 21 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*anesthesia/ or general anesthesia/ or regional anesthesia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((an?esthet* or an?esthesia) adj4 (regional* or local* or general or spinal or epidural)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nerve block/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((nerve* or neurax* or regional or peripheral*) adj3 block*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((plexus or sciatic* or interscalene or femor* or tibia* or posterior or obturator or fascia iliaca) adj3 block).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(CNB or PNB or FNB or TNB or ONB or LPB or ISBB or FIB or LIA).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((periarticular or local*) adj2 infiltration).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/23-29</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 and 30</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">crossover procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">single blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">double blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/32-40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">systematic review/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">meta-analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/42-51</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">family study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">longitudinal study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">retrospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">prospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">follow-up/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61 and 62</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/54-60,63-67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/69-70</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68 or 71</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cross-sectional study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/73-74</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68 or 75</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68 or 71 or 75</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31 and (41 or 52 or 76)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appbtab4"><div id="niceng157er4.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Arthroplasty] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Arthroplasty, Replacement] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Arthroplasty, Replacement, Shoulder] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Hemiarthroplasty] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #1-#6)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Joint Prosthesis] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Hip Prosthesis] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Knee Prosthesis] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Shoulder Prosthesis] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #8-#11)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((joint* or knee* or shoulder* or hip*) near/5 (surger* or replace* or prosthe* or endoprosthe* or implant* or artificial or arthroplast* or hemiarthroplast*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #7, #12-#13)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Anesthesia] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((anaesthet* or anesthet* or anaesthesia or anesthesia) near/4 (regional* or local* or general or spinal or epidural)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Nerve Block] this term only</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((nerve* or neurax* or regional or peripheral*) near/3 block*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((plexus or sciatic* or interscalene or femor* or tibia* or posterior or obturator or fascia iliaca) near/3 block):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(CNB or PNB or FNB or TNB or ONB or LPB or ISBB or FIB or LIA):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((periarticular or local*) near/2 infiltration):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(or #15-#21)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14 and #22</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appbtab5"><div id="niceng157er4.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Epistemonikos search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((joint* OR knee* OR shoulder* OR hip*) AND (surger* OR replace* OR prosthe* OR endoprosthe* OR implant* OR artificial OR arthroplast* OR hemiarthroplast*)) AND (((an?esthet* OR an?esthesia) AND (regional* OR local* OR general OR spinal OR epidural)) OR ((nerve* OR neurax* OR regional OR peripheral*) AND block*) OR ((plexus OR sciatic* OR interscalene OR femor* OR tibia* OR posterior OR obturator OR fascia iliaca) AND block) OR (CNB OR PNB OR FNB OR TNB OR ONB OR LPB OR ISBB OR FIB OR LIA) OR ((periarticular OR local*) AND infiltration)) [Filters: protocol=no, classification=systematic-review]</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appbtab6"><div id="niceng157er4.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 01 May 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014 – 01 May 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HTA - Inception – 01 May 2019</p>
|
|
<p>NHSEED - Inception to March 2015</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appb.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appbtab7"><div id="niceng157er4.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">arthroplasty/ or arthroplasty, replacement/ or arthroplasty, replacement, hip/ or arthroplasty, replacement, knee/ or arthroplasty, replacement, shoulder/ or hemiarthroplasty/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">joint prosthesis/ or hip prosthesis/ or knee prosthesis/ or shoulder prosthesis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((joint* or knee* or shoulder* or hip*) adj5 (surger* or replace* or prosthe* or endoprosthe* or implant* or artificial or arthroplast* or hemiarthroplast*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/5-12</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 not 14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/15-21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 not 22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 23 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25-40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 and 41</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appbtab8"><div id="niceng157er4.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*arthroplasty/ or *replacement arthroplasty/ or *hip replacement/ or *knee replacement/ or *shoulder replacement/ or *hemiarthroplasty/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*joint prosthesis/ or *hip prosthesis/ or *knee prosthesis/ or *shoulder prosthesis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((joint* or knee* or shoulder* or hip*) adj5 (surger* or replace* or prosthe* or endoprosthe* or implant* or artificial or arthroplast* or hemiarthroplast*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/5-9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 not 11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/12-19</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 not 20</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 21 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">health economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp economic evaluation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp health care cost/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp fee/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">funding/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/23-35</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 and 36</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appbtab9"><div id="niceng157er4.appb.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appb.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appb.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR arthroplasty, replacement</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR arthroplasty, replacement, hip</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR arthroplasty, replacement, knee</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR arthroplasty, replacement, shoulder</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR hemiarthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR joint prosthesis</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR hip prosthesis</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR knee prosthesis</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR shoulder prosthesis</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(((joint* or knee* or shoulder* or hip*) adj5 (surger* or replace* or prosthe* or endoprosthe* or implant* or artificial or arthroplast* or hemiarthroplast*)))</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11) IN NHSEED</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11) IN HTA</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appcfig1"><div id="niceng157er4.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=figure%201.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20anaesthesia%20for%20hip%20replacement%20surgery.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appcf1.jpg" alt="figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of anaesthesia for hip replacement surgery." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of anaesthesia for hip replacement surgery</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig1"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Postoperative%20pain%20within%2030%20days.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef1.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Postoperative pain within 30 days." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Postoperative pain within 30 days</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig2"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Postoperative%20use%20of%20analgesia.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef2.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Postoperative use of analgesia." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Postoperative use of analgesia</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig3"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Time%20to%20postoperative%20use%20of%20analgesia.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef3.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Time to postoperative use of analgesia." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Time to postoperative use of analgesia</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig4"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Nausea%20within%2030%20days.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef4.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Nausea within 30 days." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Nausea within 30 days</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig5"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%206.%20Mobilisation%20within%2024%20hours%20after%20surgery.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef5.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig6"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%207.%20Postoperative%20use%20of%20analgesia.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef6.jpg" alt="Figure 7. Postoperative use of analgesia." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 7</span><span class="title">Postoperative use of analgesia</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig7"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%208.%20Nausea%20within%2030%20days.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef7.jpg" alt="Figure 8. Nausea within 30 days." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 8</span><span class="title">Nausea within 30 days</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig8"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%209.%20Postoperative%20pain%20within%2030%20days.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef8.jpg" alt="Figure 9. Postoperative pain within 30 days." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 9</span><span class="title">Postoperative pain within 30 days</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig9"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2010.%20Postoperative%20pain%3A%20no%20pain%20on%20admission%20to%20recovery%20ward.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef9.jpg" alt="Figure 10. Postoperative pain: no pain on admission to recovery ward." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 10</span><span class="title">Postoperative pain: no pain on admission to recovery ward</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig10"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2011.%20Thromboembolic%20complications%20within%2090%20days.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef10.jpg" alt="Figure 11. Thromboembolic complications within 90 days." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 11</span><span class="title">Thromboembolic complications within 90 days</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig11"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig11" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2012.%20Postoperative%20use%20of%20analgesia.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef11.jpg" alt="Figure 12. Postoperative use of analgesia." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 12</span><span class="title">Postoperative use of analgesia</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig12"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig12" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2013.%20Number%20of%20people%20with%20postoperative%20use%20of%20analgesia.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef12.jpg" alt="Figure 13. Number of people with postoperative use of analgesia." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 13</span><span class="title">Number of people with postoperative use of analgesia</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig13"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig13" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2014.%20Length%20of%20stay.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef13.jpg" alt="Figure 14. Length of stay." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 14</span><span class="title">Length of stay</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig14"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig14" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2015.%20Nausea%20within%2030%20days.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef14.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef14.jpg" alt="Figure 15. Nausea within 30 days." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 15</span><span class="title">Nausea within 30 days</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig15"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig15" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2016.%20Mobilisation%20within%2024%20hours%20after%20surgery.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef15.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef15.jpg" alt="Figure 16. Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 16</span><span class="title">Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig16"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig16" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2017.%20Mortality%20within%2090%20days%20of%20surgery.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef16.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef16.jpg" alt="Figure 17. Mortality within 90 days of surgery." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 17</span><span class="title">Mortality within 90 days of surgery</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig17"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig17" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2018.%20Mortality%20within%2030%20days%20of%20surgery.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef17.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef17.jpg" alt="Figure 18. Mortality within 30 days of surgery." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 18</span><span class="title">Mortality within 30 days of surgery</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig18"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig18" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2019.%20Postoperative%20use%20of%20analgesia.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef18.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef18.jpg" alt="Figure 19. Postoperative use of analgesia." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 19</span><span class="title">Postoperative use of analgesia</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig19"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig19" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2020.%20Length%20of%20stay.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef19.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef19.jpg" alt="Figure 20. Length of stay." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 20</span><span class="title">Length of stay</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig20"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig20" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2021.%20Mobilisation%20within%2024%20hours%20after%20surgery.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef20.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef20.jpg" alt="Figure 21. Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 21</span><span class="title">Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig21"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig21" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2022.%20Quality%20of%20life%20within%2030%20days.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef21.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef21.jpg" alt="Figure 22. Quality of life within 30 days." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 22</span><span class="title">Quality of life within 30 days</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig22"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig22" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2023.%20Postoperative%20use%20of%20analgesia.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef22.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef22.jpg" alt="Figure 23. Postoperative use of analgesia." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 23</span><span class="title">Postoperative use of analgesia</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig23"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig23" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2024.%20Length%20of%20stay.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef23.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef23.jpg" alt="Figure 24. Length of stay." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 24</span><span class="title">Length of stay</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig24"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig24" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2025.%20Postoperative%20pain%20within%2030%20days.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef24.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef24.jpg" alt="Figure 25. Postoperative pain within 30 days." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 25</span><span class="title">Postoperative pain within 30 days</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig25"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig25" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2026.%20Postoperative%20neurocognitive%20decline%20within%2030%20days.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef25.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef25.jpg" alt="Figure 26. Postoperative neurocognitive decline within 30 days." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 26</span><span class="title">Postoperative neurocognitive decline within 30 days</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig26"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig26" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2027.%20Postoperative%20use%20of%20analgesia.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef26.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef26.jpg" alt="Figure 27. Postoperative use of analgesia." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 27</span><span class="title">Postoperative use of analgesia</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig27"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig27" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2028.%20Number%20of%20people%20using%20postoperative%20NSAIDs.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef27.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef27.jpg" alt="Figure 28. Number of people using postoperative NSAIDs." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 28</span><span class="title">Number of people using postoperative NSAIDs</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig28"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig28" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2029.%20Length%20of%20stay.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef28.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef28.jpg" alt="Figure 29. Length of stay." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 29</span><span class="title">Length of stay</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig29"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig29" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2030.%20Nausea%20within%2030%20days.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef29.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef29.jpg" alt="Figure 30. Nausea within 30 days." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 30</span><span class="title">Nausea within 30 days</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig30"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig30" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2031.%20Mobilisation%20within%2024%20hours%20after%20surgery.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef30.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef30.jpg" alt="Figure 31. Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 31</span><span class="title">Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig31"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig31" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2032.%20Time%20to%20mobilisation.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef31.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef31.jpg" alt="Figure 32. Time to mobilisation." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 32</span><span class="title">Time to mobilisation</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig32"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig32" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2033.%20Postoperative%20pain%20within%2030%20days.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef32.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef32.jpg" alt="Figure 33. Postoperative pain within 30 days." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 33</span><span class="title">Postoperative pain within 30 days</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appefig33"><div id="niceng157er4.appe.fig33" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2034.%20Postoperative%20use%20of%20analgesia.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appef33.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appef33.jpg" alt="Figure 34. Postoperative use of analgesia." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 34</span><span class="title">Postoperative use of analgesia</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appftab1"><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 19</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: regional anaesthesia with nerve block versus regional anaesthesia</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Regional anaesthesia with nerve block versus regional anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative pain within 30 days (follow-up mean 2 hours after surgery; measured with: numerical rating scale; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.08 lower (1.9 to 0.26 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative use of analgesia (follow-up during hospital stay; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 11 lower (25.33 lower to 3.33 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
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<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Time to postoperative use of analgesia (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 63.27 higher (24.82 lower to 151.36 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Nausea within 30 days (follow-up mean 1 days)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>14/46</p>
|
|
<p>(30.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>11/44</p>
|
|
<p>(25%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.22 (0.62 to 2.39)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55 more per 1000 (from 95 fewer to 348 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>22/26</p>
|
|
<p>(84.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>24/27</p>
|
|
<p>(88.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.95 (0.77 to 1.18)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">44 fewer per 1000 (from 204 fewer to 160 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appftab2"><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 20</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia with nerve block</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appf.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia with nerve block</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative use of analgesia (follow-up 0-24 hours after surgery; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 13.6 lower (20.97 to 6.23 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
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<p>MODERATE</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Nausea within 30 days days (follow-up 4-24 hours after surgery)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>12/29</p>
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<p>(41.4%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>15/27</p>
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<p>(55.6%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.74 (0.43 to 1.29)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">144 fewer per 1000 (from 317 fewer to 161 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appftab3"><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 21</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appf.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Regional anaesthesia with LIA versus regional anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative pain within 30 days (follow-up 19-24 hours after surgery; measured with: Visual Analogue Scale; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.3 lower (0.66 lower to 0.06 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative pain (assessed with: no pain on admission to recovery ward)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>115/163</p>
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<p>(70.6%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>111/159</p>
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<p>(69.8%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.01 (0.88 to 1.17)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7 more per 1000 (from 84 fewer to 119 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁⨁⨁</p>
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<p>HIGH</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Thromboembolic complications within 90 days (follow-up mean 6-12 months)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>6/39</p>
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<p>(15.4%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>7/39</p>
|
|
<p>(17.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.86 (0.32 to 2.32)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25 fewer per 1000 (from 122 fewer to 237 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative use of analgesia (follow-up mean 3.5 days; measured with: mg; range of scores: 0-1; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">91</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">92</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">SMD 0.55 lower (1.31 lower to 0.21 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Number of people with postoperative use of analgesia (follow-up at varying in-hospital time points)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>13/109</p>
|
|
<p>(11.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>17/92</p>
|
|
<p>(18.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.63 (0.31 to 1.27)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">68 fewer per 1000 (from 127 fewer to 50 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Length of stay (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.4 lower (1.31 lower to 0.51 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Nausea within 30 days (follow-up unclear)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>92/242</p>
|
|
<p>(38%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>110/245</p>
|
|
<p>(44.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.85 (0.69 to 1.03)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">67 fewer per 1000 (from 139 fewer to 13 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mobilisation on day 1 after surgery</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>41/46</p>
|
|
<p>(89.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>40/46</p>
|
|
<p>(87%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.02 (0.88 to 1.19)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17 more per 1000 (from 104 fewer to 165 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mobilisation 8 hours after surgery</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>11/60</p>
|
|
<p>(18.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7/60</p>
|
|
<p>(11.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.57 (0.65 to 3.78)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">67 more per 1000 (from 41 fewer to 324 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab3_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because the point estimate varies widely across studies, unexplained by subgroup analysis. Random effects (DerSimonian and Laird) model was employed.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab3_4"><p class="no_margin">Outcome is 8 hours after surgery rather than 1 day</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appftab4"><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 22</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appf.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Regional anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">General anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative use of analgesia (measured with: Unclear follow-up time; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.89 lower (4.27 to 1.51 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Length of stay (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 4 higher (1.33 to 6.67 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery (follow-up mean 12 hours)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>57/58</p>
|
|
<p>(98.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>60/60</p>
|
|
<p>(100%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.98 (0.94 to 1.03)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20 fewer per 1000 (from 60 fewer to 30 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
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|
<p>MODERATE</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mortality within 30 days of surgery (follow-up 30 days)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">OR 1.19 (0.57 to 2.53)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mortality within 90 days of surgery (follow-up 30 days)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR 0.85 (0.74 to 0.97)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appftab5"><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 23</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: general anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia with nerve block</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appf.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia with nerve block</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Quality of life within 30 days via Quality of Recovery (follow-up mean 1 days; measured with: QoR-40; range of scores: 40-200; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 5.9 higher (1.05 to 10.75 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
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<p>MODERATE</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative use of analgesia (follow-up mean 1 days; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 3.2 lower (15.42 lower to 9.02 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁⨁⨁</p>
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<p>HIGH</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Length of stay (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0 higher (0.28 lower to 0.28 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁⨁⨁</p>
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<p>HIGH</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appftab6"><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 24</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: general anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appf.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">General anaesthesia with LIA versus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative pain within 30 days (follow-up mean 4 hours after surgery; measured with: Visual Analogue Scale; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.48 lower (0.97 lower to 0.01 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative neurocognitive decline within 30 days (follow-up mean 10 days)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>0/19</p>
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<p>(0%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>0/16</p>
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<p>(0%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">See comment<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 110 fewer to 110 more)<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative use of analgesia (follow-up mean 2 days; measured with: varying methods; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">139</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">137</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.94 lower (6.2 lower to 2.33 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
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<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Number of people using postoperative NSAIDs (follow-up while admitted in hospital)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/29</p>
|
|
<p>(13.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/29</p>
|
|
<p>(13.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1 (0.28 to 3.62)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 99 fewer to 361 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Length of stay (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">120</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">121</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.1 lower (0.4 lower to 0.2 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Nausea within 30 days days (follow-up mean 4 days)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>21/74</p>
|
|
<p>(28.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>26/75</p>
|
|
<p>(34.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.82 (0.51 to 1.32)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62 fewer per 1000 (from 170 fewer to 111 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mobilisation within 24 hours after surgery</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/29</p>
|
|
<p>(10.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3/29</p>
|
|
<p>(10.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 1 (0.22 to 4.55)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 81 fewer to 367 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Time to mobilisation (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.1 lower (0.4 lower to 0.2 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
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<p>MODERATE</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab6_3"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded one increment for imprecision as it is a small study with no events.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab6_4"><p class="no_margin">Comparative effect analysed using risk difference due to zero events in both treatment arms</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab6_5"><p class="no_margin">Absolute effect calculated using the risk difference</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab6_6"><p class="no_margin">Study outcome was walk in the corridor on postoperative day 2</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appftab7"><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 25</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: general anaesthesia with nerve block versus general anaesthesia</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appf.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appf.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">General anaesthesia with nerve block versus general anaesthesia</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_11" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative pain within 30 days (follow-up mean 1 days; measured with: Visual Analogue Scale; range of scores: 0-10; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.3 lower (3.42 to 1.18 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_11" id="hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Postoperative use of analgesia (follow-up unclear; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 223 lower (426.43 to 19.57 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_b_niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appf.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng157er4appgfig1"><div id="niceng157er4.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2035.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20health%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=561391_niceng157er4appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK561391/bin/niceng157er4appgf1.jpg" alt="Figure 35. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 35</span><span class="title">Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>a) Non-relevant population, intervention, comparison, design or setting; non-English language</p><p>b) One study was applicable to both Q3.1 and Q3.2</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appitab1"><div id="niceng157er4.appi.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 26</span><span class="title">UK 2018 cost for the addition of a nerve block to an anaesthetic regimen for primary elective joint replacement when varying administration time and the inclusion of theatre time cost</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appi.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Extra time in theatre</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Resource</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Unit cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="12" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
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<b>5 min</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Biogel</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.07</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Chlorhexidine</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.08</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vial with Lidocaine 1% 10ml ampoule</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">BNF</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vial of 0.5% Levobupivacaine (5mg/ml)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£3.88</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">BNF</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Syringes (10ml)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.06</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Filter needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Regional block needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£5.78</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Hypodermic needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cost per consultant anaesthetist (£1.80 per minute)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£9.00</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">PSSRU 2018</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Total cost excluding theatre time</b>
|
|
<sup>
|
|
(a)
|
|
</sup>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>£31.83</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cost of theatre time (£20.50 per min)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£102.50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">CG124</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Total cost including theatre time</b>
|
|
<sup>
|
|
(b)
|
|
</sup>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>£125.33</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="12" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>10 min</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Biogel</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.07</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Chlorhexidine</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.08</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vial with Lidocaine 1% 10ml ampoule</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">BNF</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vial of 0.5% Levobupivacaine (5mg/ml)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£3.88</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">BNF</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Syringes (10ml)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.06</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Filter needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Regional block needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£5.78</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Hypodermic needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cost per consultant anaesthetist (£1.80 per minute)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£18.00</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">PSSRU 2018</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Total cost excluding theatre time</b>
|
|
<sup>
|
|
(a)
|
|
</sup>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>£49.83</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cost of theatre time (£20.50 per min)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£205.00</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">CG124</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Total cost including theatre time</b>
|
|
<sup>
|
|
(b)
|
|
</sup>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>£236.83</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="12" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>30 min</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Biogel</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.07</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Chlorhexidine</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.08</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vial with Lidocaine 1% 10ml ampoule</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">BNF</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vial of 0.5% Levobupivacaine (5mg/ml)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£3.88</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">BNF</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Syringes (10ml)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.06</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Filter needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£0.23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Regional block needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£5.78</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Hypodermic needle</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£1.35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cost per consultant anaesthetist (£1.80 per minute)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£54.00</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">PSSRU 2018</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Total cost excluding theatre time</b>
|
|
<sup>
|
|
(a)
|
|
</sup>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>£121.83</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Cost of theatre time (£20.50 per min)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">£615.00</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">CG124</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Total cost including theatre time</b>
|
|
<sup>
|
|
(b)
|
|
</sup>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>£682.83</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">NHS Hospital</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Source: PSSRU (Personal Social Services Research Unit)<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref47" rid="niceng157er4.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a>; CG124<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref168" rid="niceng157er4.ref168"><sup>168</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appi.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Total costs excluding theatre time included the cost of 2 anaesthetists</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appi.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">It was assumed that the cost of theatre time from CG124 did not include personnel costs</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng157er4.appi.tab1_3"><p class="no_margin">NHS hospital is Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust which provided information for CG124<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref168" rid="niceng157er4.ref168"><sup>168</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appitab2"><div id="niceng157er4.appi.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 27</span><span class="title">Threshold analysis results</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appi.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Time to add nerve block</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Theatre time included</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incremental cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Gain in QALY needed</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Health related quality of life gain needed in:</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">24 hours</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">3 days</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">10 days</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">30 days</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">30 mins</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">£682.83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">0.034</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.462</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.154</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.246</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.415</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10 mins</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">£236.83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">0.012</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.322</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.441</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.432</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.144</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5 mins</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">£125.33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">0.006</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.287</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.762</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.229</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.076</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">30 mins</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">£121.83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">0.006</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.223</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.741</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.222</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.074</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10 mins</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">£49.83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">0.002</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.909</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.303</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.091</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.030</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5 mins</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">£31.83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">0.002</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.581</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.194</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.058</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng157er4.appi.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.019</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appjtab1"><div id="niceng157er4.appj.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 28</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Exclusion reason</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Affas 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref1" rid="niceng157er4.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aguirre 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref2" rid="niceng157er4.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ahmed 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref3" rid="niceng157er4.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aksoy 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref4" rid="niceng157er4.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Andersen 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref6" rid="niceng157er4.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Andersen 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref7" rid="niceng157er4.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Andersen 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref9" rid="niceng157er4.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Andersen 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref8" rid="niceng157er4.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review with different inclusion criteria however included studies were checked for this review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Andersen 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref5" rid="niceng157er4.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anonymous 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref10" rid="niceng157er4.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Correction of excluded paper</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asajima 1998<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref11" rid="niceng157er4.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Atchabahian 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref12" rid="niceng157er4.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review with different inclusion criteria however included studies were checked for this review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Axelsson 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref13" rid="niceng157er4.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Babaiants 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref14" rid="niceng157er4.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bakalov 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref15" rid="niceng157er4.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unable to obtain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bang 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref16" rid="niceng157er4.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Banwait 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref17" rid="niceng157er4.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Becchi 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref19" rid="niceng157er4.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bertini 1995<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref21" rid="niceng157er4.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bertini 2001<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref20" rid="niceng157er4.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bianconi 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref22" rid="niceng157er4.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Biboulet 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref23" rid="niceng157er4.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bichel 1998<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref24" rid="niceng157er4.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bogoch 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref25" rid="niceng157er4.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borghi 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref26" rid="niceng157er4.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borghi 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref28" rid="niceng157er4.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borghi 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref27" rid="niceng157er4.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borisov 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref29" rid="niceng157er4.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brinker 1997<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref30" rid="niceng157er4.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brueckner 1997<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref32" rid="niceng157er4.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brueckner 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref31" rid="niceng157er4.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Burton 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref33" rid="niceng157er4.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Busch 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref34" rid="niceng157er4.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Carpintero Benítez 1986<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref35" rid="niceng157er4.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Casati 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref36" rid="niceng157er4.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Celidonio 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref37" rid="niceng157er4.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unable to obtain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chen 1998<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref43" rid="niceng157er4.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chen 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref41" rid="niceng157er4.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chen 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref42" rid="niceng157er4.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included people having revision joint replacement surgery</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chen 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref39" rid="niceng157er4.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ChiCTR 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref44" rid="niceng157er4.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chu 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref45" rid="niceng157er4.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chudinov 1999<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref46" rid="niceng157er4.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dahn 1999<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref49" rid="niceng157er4.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dahn 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref48" rid="niceng157er4.ref48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dauphin 1997<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref50" rid="niceng157er4.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Davis 1987<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref53" rid="niceng157er4.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Davis 1987<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref54" rid="niceng157er4.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Davis 1989<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref51" rid="niceng157er4.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Davis 1989<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref52" rid="niceng157er4.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Demirel 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref55" rid="niceng157er4.ref55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Deng C 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref57" rid="niceng157er4.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Deniz 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref58" rid="niceng157er4.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Desmet 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref59" rid="niceng157er4.ref59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Divella 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref60" rid="niceng157er4.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Drakeford 1991<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref63" rid="niceng157er4.ref63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duarte 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref65" rid="niceng157er4.ref65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Essving 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref67" rid="niceng157er4.ref67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Etches 1995<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref68" rid="niceng157er4.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fields 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref70" rid="niceng157er4.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fletcher 1995<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref71" rid="niceng157er4.ref71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fogarty 1995<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref72" rid="niceng157er4.ref72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Forget 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref73" rid="niceng157er4.ref73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Forst 1999<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref74" rid="niceng157er4.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Foss 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref75" rid="niceng157er4.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fouad 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref76" rid="niceng157er4.ref76"><sup>76</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fournier 1996<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref77" rid="niceng157er4.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fournier 1996<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref78" rid="niceng157er4.ref78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fournier 1998<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref79" rid="niceng157er4.ref79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fournier 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref80" rid="niceng157er4.ref80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Frassanito 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref81" rid="niceng157er4.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fredin 1986<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref82" rid="niceng157er4.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fredrickson 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref83" rid="niceng157er4.ref83"><sup>83</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gasanova 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref84" rid="niceng157er4.ref84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gelmanas 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref85" rid="niceng157er4.ref85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ghabach 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref86" rid="niceng157er4.ref86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ghoneim 1988<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref87" rid="niceng157er4.ref87"><sup>87</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gonano 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref88" rid="niceng157er4.ref88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Greimel 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref92" rid="niceng157er4.ref92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study without adjustment for confounding factors</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Guay 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref93" rid="niceng157er4.ref93"><sup>93</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Overview of Cochrane reviews</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Guay 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref94" rid="niceng157er4.ref94"><sup>94</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review with different inclusion criteria however included studies were checked for this review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Haghighi 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref95" rid="niceng157er4.ref95"><sup>95</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Heidari 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref98" rid="niceng157er4.ref98"><sup>98</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Helwani 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref99" rid="niceng157er4.ref99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included people having revision joint replacement surgery</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hemmerling 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref100" rid="niceng157er4.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hole 1980<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref103" rid="niceng157er4.ref103"><sup>103</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hua 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref104" rid="niceng157er4.ref104"><sup>104</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ilango 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref106" rid="niceng157er4.ref106"><sup>106</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ilfeld 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref107" rid="niceng157er4.ref107"><sup>107</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ilfeld 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref108" rid="niceng157er4.ref108"><sup>108</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jakobsen 1986<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref109" rid="niceng157er4.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jia 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref110" rid="niceng157er4.ref110"><sup>110</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review with different inclusion criteria however included studies were checked for this review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jimenez-almonte 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref111" rid="niceng157er4.ref111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review with different inclusion criteria however included studies were checked for this review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Johnson 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref113" rid="niceng157er4.ref113"><sup>113</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review with different inclusion criteria however included studies were checked for this review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Johnson 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref112" rid="niceng157er4.ref112"><sup>112</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jones 1990<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref114" rid="niceng157er4.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Juelsgaard 1998<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref115" rid="niceng157er4.ref115"><sup>115</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jules-elysee 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref116" rid="niceng157er4.ref116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kacha 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref117" rid="niceng157er4.ref117"><sup>117</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kai 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref118" rid="niceng157er4.ref118"><sup>118</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kampe 1999<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref121" rid="niceng157er4.ref121"><sup>121</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kampe 2001<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref120" rid="niceng157er4.ref120"><sup>120</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kampe 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref119" rid="niceng157er4.ref119"><sup>119</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kandler 1993<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref122" rid="niceng157er4.ref122"><sup>122</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Karaaslan 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref123" rid="niceng157er4.ref123"><sup>123</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kaya 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref124" rid="niceng157er4.ref124"><sup>124</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kearns 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref125" rid="niceng157er4.ref125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kehlet 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref126" rid="niceng157er4.ref126"><sup>126</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Literature review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kendrisic 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref127" rid="niceng157er4.ref127"><sup>127</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kim 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref129" rid="niceng157er4.ref129"><sup>129</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kim 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref128" rid="niceng157er4.ref128"><sup>128</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Koehler 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref130" rid="niceng157er4.ref130"><sup>130</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Koroglu 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref131" rid="niceng157er4.ref131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kuchalik 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref133" rid="niceng157er4.ref133"><sup>133</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kuchalik 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref135" rid="niceng157er4.ref135"><sup>135</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kuchalik 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref136" rid="niceng157er4.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref137" rid="niceng157er4.ref137"><sup>137</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Li 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref138" rid="niceng157er4.ref138"><sup>138</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Liu 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref139" rid="niceng157er4.ref139"><sup>139</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Loncar Stojiljkovic 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref141" rid="niceng157er4.ref141"><sup>141</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lu 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref142" rid="niceng157er4.ref142"><sup>142</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mandal 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref144" rid="niceng157er4.ref144"><sup>144</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Marino 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref145" rid="niceng157er4.ref145"><sup>145</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Markel 1997<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref146" rid="niceng157er4.ref146"><sup>146</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Marshall 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref148" rid="niceng157er4.ref148"><sup>148</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unable to obtain</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Martin 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref149" rid="niceng157er4.ref149"><sup>149</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People undergoing revision surgery included in the study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Maurer 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref150" rid="niceng157er4.ref150"><sup>150</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mcbeath 1995<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref152" rid="niceng157er4.ref152"><sup>152</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study with no adjustment for confounding factors</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mcgraw-tatum 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref153" rid="niceng157er4.ref153"><sup>153</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mei 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref154" rid="niceng157er4.ref154"><sup>154</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mendieta sánchez 1999<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref155" rid="niceng157er4.ref155"><sup>155</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Messina 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref156" rid="niceng157er4.ref156"><sup>156</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meuret 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref157" rid="niceng157er4.ref157"><sup>157</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Modig 1976<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref158" rid="niceng157er4.ref158"><sup>158</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study with no adjustment for confounding factors</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Modig 1981<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref161" rid="niceng157er4.ref161"><sup>161</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Modig 1983<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref159" rid="niceng157er4.ref159"><sup>159</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Modig 1983<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref160" rid="niceng157er4.ref160"><sup>160</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mouzopoulos 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref163" rid="niceng157er4.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Murphy 1984<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref164" rid="niceng157er4.ref164"><sup>164</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nakai 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref166" rid="niceng157er4.ref166"><sup>166</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neuman 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref169" rid="niceng157er4.ref169"><sup>169</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neuman 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref170" rid="niceng157er4.ref170"><sup>170</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nielsen 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref172" rid="niceng157er4.ref172"><sup>172</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Niemi 1993<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref174" rid="niceng157er4.ref174"><sup>174</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included people having revision joint replacement surgery</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Niemi 1996<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref173" rid="niceng157er4.ref173"><sup>173</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nishi 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref175" rid="niceng157er4.ref175"><sup>175</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nishio 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref177" rid="niceng157er4.ref177"><sup>177</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nishio 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref176" rid="niceng157er4.ref176"><sup>176</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nohel 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref178" rid="niceng157er4.ref178"><sup>178</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Onal 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref179" rid="niceng157er4.ref179"><sup>179</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ozhan 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref181" rid="niceng157er4.ref181"><sup>181</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pandazi 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref182" rid="niceng157er4.ref182"><sup>182</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Park 1994<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref183" rid="niceng157er4.ref183"><sup>183</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Parker 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref184" rid="niceng157er4.ref184"><sup>184</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Parvataneni 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref185" rid="niceng157er4.ref185"><sup>185</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Patorno 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref186" rid="niceng157er4.ref186"><sup>186</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pavy 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref187" rid="niceng157er4.ref187"><sup>187</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pedersen 1986<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref188" rid="niceng157er4.ref188"><sup>188</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Perlas 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref189" rid="niceng157er4.ref189"><sup>189</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Racle 1986<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref190" rid="niceng157er4.ref190"><sup>190</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rashid 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref191" rid="niceng157er4.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Riis 1983<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref192" rid="niceng157er4.ref192"><sup>192</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rikalainen-salmi 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref193" rid="niceng157er4.ref193"><sup>193</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Saglik 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref194" rid="niceng157er4.ref194"><sup>194</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Saksena Shrivastava 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref195" rid="niceng157er4.ref195"><sup>195</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Salo 1990<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref196" rid="niceng157er4.ref196"><sup>196</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sansonnens 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref197" rid="niceng157er4.ref197"><sup>197</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Seet 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref198" rid="niceng157er4.ref198"><sup>198</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shariat 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref199" rid="niceng157er4.ref199"><sup>199</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shi 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref200" rid="niceng157er4.ref200"><sup>200</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study without adjustment for confounding factors</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Siddiqui 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref201" rid="niceng157er4.ref201"><sup>201</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Singelyn 1999<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref203" rid="niceng157er4.ref203"><sup>203</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Singelyn 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref202" rid="niceng157er4.ref202"><sup>202</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sitsen 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref204" rid="niceng157er4.ref204"><sup>204</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smet 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref205" rid="niceng157er4.ref205"><sup>205</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Solovyova 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref206" rid="niceng157er4.ref206"><sup>206</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Souron 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref207" rid="niceng157er4.ref207"><sup>207</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specht 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref208" rid="niceng157er4.ref208"><sup>208</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Srampickal 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref209" rid="niceng157er4.ref209"><sup>209</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stevens 2000<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref211" rid="niceng157er4.ref211"><sup>211</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stevens 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref210" rid="niceng157er4.ref210"><sup>210</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Striebel 1993<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref212" rid="niceng157er4.ref212"><sup>212</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stundner 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref213" rid="niceng157er4.ref213"><sup>213</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sun 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref214" rid="niceng157er4.ref214"><sup>214</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Surange 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref215" rid="niceng157er4.ref215"><sup>215</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sveticic 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref216" rid="niceng157er4.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tammachote 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref217" rid="niceng157er4.ref217"><sup>217</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tetsunaga 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref218" rid="niceng157er4.ref218"><sup>218</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study with no adjustment for confounding factors</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thomas 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref219" rid="niceng157er4.ref219"><sup>219</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thybo 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref220" rid="niceng157er4.ref220"><sup>220</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thybo 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref221" rid="niceng157er4.ref221"><sup>221</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Turker 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref223" rid="niceng157er4.ref223"><sup>223</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tzimas 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref225" rid="niceng157er4.ref225"><sup>225</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Uhrbrand 1992<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref226" rid="niceng157er4.ref226"><sup>226</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Valentin 1986<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref227" rid="niceng157er4.ref227"><sup>227</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Van herreweghe 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref228" rid="niceng157er4.ref228"><sup>228</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vermeylen 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref229" rid="niceng157er4.ref229"><sup>229</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wang 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref231" rid="niceng157er4.ref231"><sup>231</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wang 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref232" rid="niceng157er4.ref232"><sup>232</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review with different inclusion criteria however included studies were checked for this review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Whiting 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref233" rid="niceng157er4.ref233"><sup>233</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wiesmann 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref234" rid="niceng157er4.ref234"><sup>234</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wulf 1999<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref235" rid="niceng157er4.ref235"><sup>235</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yhim 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref237" rid="niceng157er4.ref237"><sup>237</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear if the study population is people undergoing primary hip arthroplasty</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zorrilla-vaca 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng157er4.ref239" rid="niceng157er4.ref239"><sup>239</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review with different inclusion criteria however included studies were checked for this review</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng157er4appjtab2"><div id="niceng157er4.appj.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 29</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the health economic review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK561391/table/niceng157er4.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng157er4.appj.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Reference</th><th id="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng157er4.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/core/mathjax/2.7.9/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG"> </script></div></div>
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