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id="_NBK558087_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for indications for surgery</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Diverticular disease: diagnosis and management</div><p><b>Evidence review I</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 147</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2019 Nov</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3603-8</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="ch9.s1"><h2 id="_ch9_s1_">1. Diverticulitis</h2><div id="ch9.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question: What are the indications for surgery in people with complicated acute diverticulitis and acute diverticulitis?</h3></div><div id="ch9.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Introduction</h3><p>Diverticulitis is one of the most common reasons for elective bowel resections after cancer. However, there seems to be significant differences between clinicians about how to treat acute diverticulitis. Treatment varies from ‘watch and wait’, medication and surgery. There are also great variances between clinicians about when to operate, it seems to differ on the number of recurrences, the severity of the condition and how the condition affects the patient’s quality of life. Age and comorbidities are also taken into consideration.</p><p>This question is aimed to review the evidence and aid the clinician’s decision when considering surgery on these patients.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#ch9.appa">Appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch9tab1"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch9tab1" rid-ob="figobch9tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch9.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch9.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="ch9.s1.4.1"><h4>1.4.1. Included studies</h4><p>One study was included in the review;<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref49" rid="ch9.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a> this is summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch9tab2" rid-ob="figobch9tab2">Table 2</a> below. Evidence from this study is summarised in the clinical evidence summary below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch9tab3" rid-ob="figobch9tab3">Table 3</a>).</p><p>See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch9.appc">appendix C</a>, study evidence tables in <a href="#ch9.appd">appendix D</a>, forest plots in <a href="#ch9.appe">appendix E</a> and GRADE tables in <a href="#ch9.appf">appendix F</a>.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.4.2"><h4>1.4.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>See the excluded studies list in appendix I.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.4.3"><h4>1.4.3. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch9tab2"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch9tab2" rid-ob="figobch9tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch9.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch9.appd">appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.4.4"><h4>1.4.4. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch9tab3"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch9tab3" rid-ob="figobch9tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Clinical evidence summary: Recurrent diverticulitis." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch9.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Recurrent diverticulitis. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch9.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div><div id="ch9.s1.5"><h3>1.5. Economic evidence</h3><div id="ch9.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. Included studies</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were identified.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>No health economic studies that were relevant to this question were excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch9.appg">appendix G</a></p></div><div id="ch9.s1.5.3"><h4>1.5.3. Unit costs</h4><p>The unit costs below were presented to the Committee, to aid consideration of cost effectiveness.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch9tab4"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch9tab4" rid-ob="figobch9tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. NHS cost of non-elective sigmoid resection." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch9.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">NHS cost of non-elective sigmoid resection. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch9tab5"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch9tab5" rid-ob="figobch9tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. NHS cost of elective sigmoid resection." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch9.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">NHS cost of elective sigmoid resection. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="ch9.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Evidence statements</h3><div id="ch9.s1.6.1"><h4>1.6.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><p>One study reported on the association between recurrent episodes of diverticulitis and indications for surgery. The evidence suggested that recurrent diverticulitis was a possible indication for surgery when looking at the outcome need for surgery (n=271, moderate quality). However this was not consistent with the outcomes mortality and presence of an abscess on CT scan which suggested no association (low quality, n= 271).</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.6.2"><h4>1.6.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><p>No relevant economic evaluations were identified.</p></div></div><div id="ch9.s1.7"><h3>1.7. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="ch9.s1.7.1"><h4>1.7.1. Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="ch9.s1.7.1.1"><h5>1.7.1.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The guideline committee identified the following outcomes as critical outcomes for this review; mortality, morbidity, recurrence rates of acute diverticulitis, hospitalisation, need for surgery, progression of disease and complications including, infections, abscesses, perforation, stricture and fistula. Evidence from a single study was found for only three of the outcomes; mortality, need for surgery and presence of abscess.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.7.1.2"><h5>1.7.1.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The quality of the evidence included was medium to low due to a high risk of bias from a single study with only a univariate analysis.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.7.1.3"><h5>1.7.1.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>Only one study was identified comparing patients who had an initial episode of acute diverticulitis to those who had a recurrent episode. The committee were unable to make any evidence-based recommendations on this subject and therefore statements were included in the Delphi survey. The current guidance for surgery in patients with recurrent episodes of acute diverticulitis is to take a tailored approach to each individual patient as outlined by the ACPGBI guidance in 2008. No further clear indications for surgery in this patient group could be identified. A further group identified for surgery were those who had been treated for complications of acute diverticulitis conservatively but no evidence was found on subsequent surgical management of these patients with regard to indications for surgery.</p><p>The current evidence did not sufficiently address the harms and benefits associated with clear indications for surgery.</p></div></div><div id="ch9.s1.7.2"><h4>1.7.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>No relevant economic evaluations were identified which address the indications for surgery in people with acute diverticulitis. The committee were presented with unit costs associated with surgery.</p><p>The clinical evidence was not sufficient for the committee to make a recommendation.</p></div><div id="ch9.s1.7.3"><h4>1.7.3. Other factors the committee took into account</h4><p>The committee noted the main symptoms and signs associated with complicated acute diverticulitis. A person with a fistula may develop faecaluria (faeces in urine), pneumaturia (gas or air in urine) or pyuria (white blood cells or pus in urine). A stricture may lead to obstructive symptoms with complaints of nausea, vomiting and distension being present. Signs of sepsis including raised or lowered temperature or change in conscious level may also be present.</p><p>Statements were included in the Delphi survey on the symptoms and signs specific to complicated acute diverticulitis, namely abscess, perforation, fistula and intestinal obstruction. The committee also noted the importance of a statement on symptoms and signs of sepsis. The statement was modified after voting to be consistent with the NICE guideline on Sepsis (NG51).</p><p>All of the statements reached consensus in the first round.</p><p>Same day hospital assessment was recommended if any of the symptoms and signs of complicated acute diverticulitis are present.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch9.rl.r1"><h2 id="_ch9_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref1">Abbas
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MA. Risk factors associated with postoperative morbidity in over 500 colovesical fistula patients undergoing colorectal surgery: a retrospective cohort study from ACS-NSQIP database. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2017; 32(4):469–474 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27915373" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27915373</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref10">Bauer
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VP. Emergency management of diverticulitis. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery. 2009; 22(3):161–8 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2780262/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2780262</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20676259" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20676259</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref11">Bielecki
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M. Large bowel perforation: morbidity and mortality. Techniques in Coloproctology. 2002; 6(3):177–82 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12525912" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12525912</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref12">Biondo
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S, Borao
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JL, Kreisler
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E, Golda
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T, Millan
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M, Frago
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et al. Recurrence and virulence of colonic diverticulitis in immunocompromised patients. American Journal of Surgery. 2012; 204(2):172–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22444713" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22444713</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref13">Bohm
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SK. Risk factors for diverticulosis, diverticulitis, diverticular perforation, and bleeding: A plea for more subtle history taking. Viszeralmedizin. 2015; 31(2):84–94 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4789955/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4789955</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26989377" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26989377</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref14">Bolkenstein
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HE, van de Wall
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BJM, Consten
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ECJ, Broeders
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WA. Risk factors for complicated diverticulitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2017; 32:1375–83 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5596043/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5596043</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28799055" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28799055</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref15">Broderick-Villa
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G, Burchette
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MA, Haigh
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PI. Hospitalization for acute diverticulitis does not mandate routine elective colectomy. Archives of Surgery. 2005; 140(6):576–83 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15967905" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15967905</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref16">Carpenter
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WS, Allaben
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AA. Fistulas complicating diverticulitis of the colon. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1972; 134(4):625–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5015526" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 5015526</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref17">Ceresoli
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M, Coccolini
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F, Ansaloni
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L. 12 months results of laparoscopic lavage in perforated acute diverticulitis - update of meta-analysis results new evidences, which perspectives?
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The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2017; 83(6):1215–1216 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28863081" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28863081</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref18">Chapman
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J, Davies
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M, Wolff
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B, Dozois
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E, Tessier
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D, Harrington
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et al. Complicated diverticulitis: is it time to rethink the rules?
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Annals of Surgery. 2005; 242(4):576–81; discussion 581–3 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1402355/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1402355</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16192818" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16192818</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref19">Chapman
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JR, Dozois
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EJ, Wolff
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BG, Gullerud
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RE, Larson
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DR. Diverticulitis: a progressive disease? Do multiple recurrences predict less favorable outcomes?
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Annals of Surgery. 2006; 243(6):876–830; discussion 880–3 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1570566/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1570566</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16772791" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16772791</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref20">Chiu
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PW, Lam
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CY, Chow
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TL, Kwok
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SP. Conservative approach is feasible in the management of acute diverticulitis of the right colon. ANZ Journal of Surgery. 2001; 71(11):634–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11736820" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11736820</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref21">Damle
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RN, Cherng
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NB, Flahive
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JM, Davids
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JS, Maykel
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JA, Sturrock
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PR
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et al. Clinical and financial impact of hospital readmissions after colorectal resection: predictors, outcomes, and costs. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2014; 57(12):1421–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25380009" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25380009</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref22">Deenichin
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GP, Dimov
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RS, Stefanov
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CS, Dimova
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RT. Acute perforated diverticulitis of the colon as a rare cause for development of abdominal compartment syndrome. Folia Medica (Plovdiv). 2008; 50(2):32–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18702223" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18702223</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref23">Elliott
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TB, Yego
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S, Irvin
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TT. Five-year audit of the acute complications of diverticular disease. British Journal of Surgery. 1997; 84(4):535–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9112911" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9112911</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref24">Gala
|
|
T, Alvi
|
|
AR, Sheikh
|
|
GM, Habib
|
|
HY, Ghafoor
|
|
Z, Mir
|
|
TA
|
|
et al. Experience of managing complicated diverticulitis of colon: a retrospective case series from South Asian country. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2014; 64(4):409–14 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24864634" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24864634</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref25">Garfinkle
|
|
R, Kugler
|
|
A, Pelsser
|
|
V, Vasilevsky
|
|
CA, Morin
|
|
N, Gordon
|
|
P
|
|
et al. Diverticular abscess managed with long-term definitive nonoperative intent is safe. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2016; 59(7):648–55 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27270517" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27270517</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref26">Gregersen
|
|
R, Andresen
|
|
K, Burcharth
|
|
J, Pommergaard
|
|
HC, Rosenberg
|
|
J. Short-term mortality, readmission, and recurrence in treatment of acute diverticulitis with abscess formation: a nationwide register-based cohort study. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2016; 31(5):983–90 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27029799" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27029799</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref27">Haglund
|
|
U, Hellberg
|
|
R, Johnsen
|
|
C, Hulten
|
|
L. Complicated diverticular disease of the sigmoid colon. An analysis of short and long term outcome in 392 patients. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae. 1979; 68(2):41–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/507737" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 507737</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref28">Himal
|
|
HS, Ashby
|
|
DB, Duignan
|
|
JP, Richardson
|
|
DM, Miller
|
|
JL, MacLean
|
|
LD. Management of perforating diverticulitis of the colon. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1977; 144(2):225–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/835062" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 835062</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref29">Howe
|
|
HJ, Casali
|
|
RE, Westbrook
|
|
KC, Thompson
|
|
BW, Read
|
|
RC. Acute perforations of the sigmoid colon secondary to diverticulitis. American Journal of Surgery. 1979; 137(2):184–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/426174" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 426174</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref30">Hussain
|
|
A, Mahmood
|
|
H, Subhas
|
|
G, El-Hasani
|
|
S. Complicated diverticular disease of the colon, do we need to change the classical approach, a retrospective study of 110 patients in southeast England. World Journal of Emergency Surgery. 2008; 3:5 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2246106/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2246106</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18218109" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18218109</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref31">Isbister
|
|
WH. The management of colorectal perforation and peritonitis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1997; 67(11):804–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9397001" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9397001</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref32">Jalouta
|
|
T, Jrebi
|
|
N, Luchtefeld
|
|
M, Ogilvie
|
|
JW, Jr.
|
|
Diverticulitis recurrence after percutaneous abscess drainage. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2017; 32(10):1367–1373 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28555444" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28555444</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref33">Jamal Talabani
|
|
A, Lydersen
|
|
S, Ness-Jensen
|
|
E, Endreseth
|
|
BH, Edna
|
|
TH. Risk factors of admission for acute colonic diverticulitis in a population-based cohort study: The North Trondelag Health Study, Norway. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2016; 22(48):10663–10672 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5192278/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5192278</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28082819" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28082819</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref34">Janes
|
|
S, Meagher
|
|
A, Faragher
|
|
IG, Shedda
|
|
S, Frizelle
|
|
FA. The place of elective surgery following acute diverticulitis in young patients: when is surgery indicated? An analysis of the literature. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2009; 52(5):1008–16 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19502872" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19502872</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref35">Kaewlai
|
|
R, Nazinitsky
|
|
KJ. Acute colonic diverticulitis in a community-based hospital: CT evaluation in 138 patients. Emergency Radiology. 2007; 13(4):171–179 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17136376" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17136376</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref36">Kakodkar
|
|
R, Gupta
|
|
S, Nundy
|
|
S. Complicated colonic diverticulosis: surgical perspective from an Indian Centre. Tropical Gastroenterology. 2005; 26(3):152–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16512469" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16512469</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref37">Kiani
|
|
QH, George
|
|
ML, Carapeti
|
|
EA, Schizas
|
|
AM, Williams
|
|
AB. Colovesical fistula: should it be considered a single disease?
|
|
Annals of Coloproctology. 2015; 31(2):57–62 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4422988/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4422988</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25960973" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25960973</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref38">Kronborg
|
|
O. Treatment of perforated sigmoid diverticulitis: a prospective randomized trial. British Journal of Surgery. 1993; 80(4):505–507 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8495323" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8495323</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref39">Ladwa
|
|
N, Sajid
|
|
M, McFall
|
|
M, Miles
|
|
A, Sains
|
|
P, Baig
|
|
MK. The investigation and management of colovesical fistulae in the modern era-a single institutions 12-year experience. Gut. 2012; 61:(Suppl 2):A336</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref40">Lahat
|
|
A, Avidan
|
|
B, Sakhnini
|
|
E, Katz
|
|
L, Fidder
|
|
HH, Meir
|
|
SB. Acute diverticulitis: a decade of prospective follow-up. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2013; 47(5):415–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23328302" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23328302</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref41">Lanas
|
|
A, Garcia-Rodriguez
|
|
LA, Polo-Tomas
|
|
M, Ponce
|
|
M, Quintero
|
|
E, Perez-Aisa
|
|
MA
|
|
et al. The changing face of hospitalisation due to gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2011; 33(5):585–591 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21205256" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21205256</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref42">Medina
|
|
VA, Papanicolaou
|
|
GK, Tadros
|
|
RR, Fielding
|
|
LP. Acute perforated diverticulitis: primary resection and anastomosis?
|
|
Connecticut Medicine. 1991; 55(5):258–61 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1860312" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1860312</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref43">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Developing NICE guidelines: the manual. London. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2014. Available from: <a href="http://www.nice.org.uk/article/PMG20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/article/PMG20/chapter<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview</a> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26677490" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26677490</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref44">Nelson
|
|
RS, Ewing
|
|
BM, Wengert
|
|
TJ, Thorson
|
|
AG. Clinical outcomes of complicated diverticulitis managed nonoperatively. American Journal of Surgery. 2008; 196(6):969–72; discussion 973–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19095117" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19095117</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref45">Niebling
|
|
M, van Nunspeet
|
|
L, Zwaving
|
|
H, Eddes
|
|
EH, Bosker
|
|
R, Eeftinck Schattenkerk
|
|
M. Management of colovesical fistulae caused by diverticulitis: 12 years of experience in one medical centre. Acta Chirurgica Belgica. 2013; 113(1):30–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23550466" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23550466</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>46.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref46">Nishikawa
|
|
H, Maruo
|
|
T, Tsumura
|
|
T, Sekikawa
|
|
A, Kanesaka
|
|
T, Osaki
|
|
Y. Risk factors associated with recurrent hemorrhage after the initial improvement of colonic diverticular bleeding. Acta Gastroenterologica Belgica. 2013; 76(1):20–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23650778" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23650778</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>47.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref47">Nord
|
|
CE. Treatment of intraabdominal infections: Worldwide clinical trials. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice. 1995; 4(Suppl. 1):S17–S25</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>48.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref48">O’Leary
|
|
DP, Myers
|
|
E, O’Brien
|
|
O, Andrews
|
|
E, McCourt
|
|
M, Redmond
|
|
HP. Persistent perforation in non-faeculant diverticular peritonitis-incidence and clinical significance. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2013; 17(2):369–73 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23011202" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23011202</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>49.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref49">Pittet
|
|
O, Kotzampassakis
|
|
N, Schmidt
|
|
S, Denys
|
|
A, Demartines
|
|
N, Calmes
|
|
JM. Recurrent left colonic diverticulitis episodes: more severe than the initial diverticulitis?
|
|
World Journal of Surgery. 2009; 33(3):547–52 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19148697" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19148697</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>50.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref50">Rahbour
|
|
G, Gabe
|
|
SM, Ullah
|
|
MR, Thomas
|
|
GP, Al-Hassi
|
|
HO, Yassin
|
|
NA
|
|
et al. Seven-year experience of enterocutaneous fistula with univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with healing: Development of a validated scoring system. Colorectal Disease. 2013; 15(9):1162–1170 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23869525" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23869525</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>51.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref51">Shah
|
|
AM, Malhotra
|
|
A, Patel
|
|
B, Spira
|
|
R, DePasquale
|
|
JR, Baddoura
|
|
W. Acute diverticulitis in the young: a 5-year retrospective study of risk factors, clinical presentation and complications. Colorectal Disease. 2011; 13(10):1158–61 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20646011" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20646011</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>52.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref52">Solkar
|
|
MH, Forshaw
|
|
MJ, Sankararajah
|
|
D, Stewart
|
|
M, Parker
|
|
MC. Colovesical fistula - Is a surgical approach always justified?
|
|
Colorectal Disease. 2005; 7(5):467–471 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16108883" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16108883</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>53.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref53">Soreide
|
|
K, Boermeester
|
|
MA, Humes
|
|
DJ, Velmahos
|
|
GC. Acute colonic diverticulitis: modern understanding of pathomechanisms, risk factors, disease burden and severity. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2016; 51(12):1416–1422 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27539786" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27539786</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>54.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref54">Thorson
|
|
CM, Paz Ruiz
|
|
PS, Roeder
|
|
RA, Sleeman
|
|
D, Casillas
|
|
VJ. The perforated duodenal diverticulum. Archives of Surgery. 2012; 147(1):81–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250120" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22250120</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>55.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref55">Vasilevsky
|
|
CA, Belliveau
|
|
P, Trudel
|
|
JL, Stein
|
|
BL, Gordon
|
|
PH. Fistulas complicating diverticulitis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 1998; 13(2):57–60 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9638488" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9638488</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>56.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref56">Vinas-Salas
|
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J, Villalba-Acosta
|
|
J, Scaramucci
|
|
M, Rodas
|
|
JH, Rodriguez
|
|
G, Tiziana Ciutto
|
|
S
|
|
et al. Complications of colonic diverticular disease. Comparative study of two series. Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas. 2001; 93(10):649–58 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11767489" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11767489</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>57.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch9.ref57">Wood
|
|
CD. Acute perforations of the colon. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1977; 20(2):126–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/844396" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 844396</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixesappgroup9"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup9_">Appendices</h2><div id="ch9.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="ch9.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 6. Review protocol: Indications for surgery for acute diverticulitis</a></p><p id="ch9.appa.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appatab2" class="figpopup">Table 7. Health economic review protocol</a></p></div><div id="ch9.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual 2014, updated 2017</p><p>For more detailed information, please see the Methodology Review.</p><div id="ch9.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>Searches were constructed without Prognostic/risk factor terms using the following approach:
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|
<ul id="ch9.l22"><li id="ch9.lt74" class="half_rhythm"><div>Population AND Study filter(s)</div></li></ul></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab1" class="figpopup">Table 8. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab2" class="figpopup">Table 9. Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab3" class="figpopup">Table 10. Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab4" class="figpopup">Table 11. Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p></div><div id="ch9.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to Diverticular Disease population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional searches were run on Medline and Embase for health economics, economic modelling and quality of life studies.</p><p id="ch9.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab5" class="figpopup">Table 12. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab6" class="figpopup">Table 13. Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab7" class="figpopup">Table 14. Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch9.appb.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appbtab8" class="figpopup">Table 15. NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</a></p></div></div><div id="ch9.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><p id="ch9.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK558087/figure/ch9.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appcfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of indications for surgery</a></p></div><div id="ch9.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="ch9.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK558087/bin/ch9-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 16. Clinical evidence tables</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 124K)</span></p></div><div id="ch9.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="ch9.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. Recurrent diverticulitis</h4><p id="ch9.appe.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK558087/figure/ch9.appe.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig1" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Mortality</a></p><p id="ch9.appe.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK558087/figure/ch9.appe.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig2" class="figpopup">Figure 3. Need for surgery</a></p><p id="ch9.appe.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK558087/figure/ch9.appe.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appefig3" class="figpopup">Figure 4. Presence of abscess of CT scan</a></p></div></div><div id="ch9.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="ch9.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appftab1" class="figpopup">Table 17. Clinical evidence profile: Recurrent diverticulitis</a></p></div><div id="ch9.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="ch9.appg.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK558087/figure/ch9.appg.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9appgfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 5. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline</a></p></div><div id="ch9.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Excluded studies</h3><div id="ch9.apph.s1"><h4>H.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="ch9.apph.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.apph.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch9apphtab1" class="figpopup">Table 18. Studies excluded from the clinical review</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Prognostic evidence review</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Centre</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and, where appropriate, their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK558087</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32525629" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">32525629</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9tab1"><div id="ch9.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults 18 years and over with complicated acute diverticulitis and acute diverticulitis</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prognostic variables under consideration</th><td headers="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch9.l1"><li id="ch9.lt1" class="half_rhythm"><div>Complications:
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<ul id="ch9.l2" class="circle"><li id="ch9.lt2" class="half_rhythm"><div>Perforation</div></li><li id="ch9.lt3" class="half_rhythm"><div>Abscess</div></li><li id="ch9.lt4" class="half_rhythm"><div>Fistula</div></li><li id="ch9.lt5" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stricture</div></li><li id="ch9.lt6" class="half_rhythm"><div>Infection</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="ch9.lt7" class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrent episode of acute diverticulitis</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Confounding factors</th><td headers="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch9.l3"><li id="ch9.lt8" class="half_rhythm"><div>Age</div></li><li id="ch9.lt9" class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Critical outcomes:
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<ul id="ch9.l4"><li id="ch9.lt10" class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality</div></li><li id="ch9.lt11" class="half_rhythm"><div>morbidity</div></li><li id="ch9.lt12" class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrence rates of acute diverticulitis</div></li><li id="ch9.lt13" class="half_rhythm"><div>Hospitalisation</div></li><li id="ch9.lt14" class="half_rhythm"><div>Need for surgery</div></li><li id="ch9.lt15" class="half_rhythm"><div>Progression of disease/ complications:
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<ul id="ch9.l5" class="circle"><li id="ch9.lt16" class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections</div></li><li id="ch9.lt17" class="half_rhythm"><div>Abscesses</div></li><li id="ch9.lt18" class="half_rhythm"><div>Perforation</div></li><li id="ch9.lt19" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stricture</div></li><li id="ch9.lt20" class="half_rhythm"><div>Fistula</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_ch9.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch9.l6"><li id="ch9.lt21" class="half_rhythm"><div>Prospective and retrospective cohort studies</div></li><li id="ch9.lt22" class="half_rhythm"><div>Randomised controlled trials (if appropriate)</div></li><li id="ch9.lt23" class="half_rhythm"><div>Systematic reviews of the above</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9tab2"><div id="ch9.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Analysis</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Prognostic variable</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Confounders</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Limitations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pittet 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref49" rid="ch9.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Single cohort. Consecutive patients with CT diagnosis of diverticulitis. Patients were divided into two groups: those with an initial episode of diverticulitis and those with a recurrence.</p>
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<p>n=271</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prospective univariate analysis with matched (age and gender) comparison group.</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recurrent diverticulitis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Age</p>
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<p>Gender</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch9.l7"><li id="ch9.lt24" class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality</div></li><li id="ch9.lt25" class="half_rhythm"><div>Need for surgery</div></li><li id="ch9.lt26" class="half_rhythm"><div>Presence of abscess</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Risk of bias: high</p>
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<p>Univariate analysis</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9tab3"><div id="ch9.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Recurrent diverticulitis</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
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<p>Risk factor and outcome</p>
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<p>(population)</p>
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</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">GRADE Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR: 0.25 (95% CI 0.04 to 1.63)<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR: 3.06 (95% CI 1.04 to 8.99)<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Presence of abscess</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR: 1.11 (95% CI 0.51 to 2.4)<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch9.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Methods: univariate analysis, the two groups were similar regarding age and sex ratio.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="ch9.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was considered serious if the confidence intervals crossed the line of null effect.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9tab4"><div id="ch9.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">NHS cost of non-elective sigmoid resection</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Procedure (OPCS4)</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Healthcare Resource Group (HRG) code and description</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Unit Cost</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Average Length of Stay</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sigmoid colectomy and anastomosis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FF33 Distal Colon Procedures, 19 years and over, inclusive of non-elective short stay and non-elective long stay with excess bed days, weighted for complications and co morbidities for HRG codes: FF33A and FF33B; as recorded for Non-Elective Inpatients</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£7,091</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.0 days</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NHS Reference Costs 2016–2017</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Sigmoid colectomy and ileostomy HFQ</p>
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<p>Or</p>
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<p>Sigmoid colectomy and exteriorisation of bowel NEC</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FF31 Complex Large Intestine Procedures, 19 years and over, inclusive of non-elective short stay and non-elective long stay with excess bed days, weighted for complications and co morbidities for HRG codes: FF31A, FF31B, FF31C and FF31D; as recorded for Non-Elective Inpatients</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£8,312</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.0 days</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NHS Reference Costs 2016–2017</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9tab5"><div id="ch9.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">NHS cost of elective sigmoid resection</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;"></th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency Description</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Unit Cost</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Average Length of Stay</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sigmoid colectomy and anastomosis</th><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FF33 Distal Colon Procedures, 19 years and over, inclusive of excess bed days, weighted for complications and co morbidities for HRG codes: FF33A and FF33B; as recorded for Elective Inpatients</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£6,487</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.2 days</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NHS Reference Costs 2016–2017</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Sigmoid colectomy and ileostomy HFQ</p>
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<p>Or</p>
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<p>Sigmoid colectomy and exteriorisation of bowel NEC</p>
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</th><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FF31 Complex Large Intestine Procedures, 19 years and over, inclusive of excess bed days, weighted for complications and co morbidities for HRG codes: FF31A, FF31B, FF31C and FF31D; as recorded for Elective Inpatients</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£8,140</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.6 days</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NHS Reference Costs 2016–2017</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Closure of ileostomy</th><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FF22 Major Small Intestine Procedures, 19 years and over, inclusive of excess bed days, weighted for complications and co morbidities for HRG codes: FF22A, FF22B, FF22C and FF22C; as recorded for Elective Inpatients</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,151</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.97 days</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch9.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NHS Reference Costs 2016–2017</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appatab1"><div id="ch9.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Review protocol: Indications for surgery for acute diverticulitis</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Field</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Content</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">What are the indications for surgery in people with complicated acute diverticulitis and acute diverticulitis?</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Prognostic review</p>
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<p>A review of health economic evidence related to the same review question was conducted in parallel with this review. For details, see the health economic review protocol for this NICE guideline.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objective of the review</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To determine the criteria which indicate that surgery is appropriate in people with acute diverticulitis.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – population / disease / condition / issue / domain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults 18 years and over with complicated acute diverticulitis and acute diverticulitis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – intervention(s) / exposure(s) / prognostic factor(s)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch9.l8"><li id="ch9.lt27" class="half_rhythm"><div>Complications:
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<ul id="ch9.l9" class="circle"><li id="ch9.lt28" class="half_rhythm"><div>Perforation</div></li><li id="ch9.lt29" class="half_rhythm"><div>Abscess</div></li><li id="ch9.lt30" class="half_rhythm"><div>Fistula</div></li><li id="ch9.lt31" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stricture</div></li><li id="ch9.lt32" class="half_rhythm"><div>Infection</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="ch9.lt33" class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrent episode of acute diverticulitis</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – confounders</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch9.l10"><li id="ch9.lt34" class="half_rhythm"><div>Age</div></li><li id="ch9.lt35" class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes and prioritisation</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Critical outcomes:
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<ul id="ch9.l11"><li id="ch9.lt36" class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality</div></li><li id="ch9.lt37" class="half_rhythm"><div>morbidity</div></li><li id="ch9.lt38" class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrence rates of acute diverticulitis</div></li><li id="ch9.lt39" class="half_rhythm"><div>Hospitalisation</div></li><li id="ch9.lt40" class="half_rhythm"><div>Need for surgery</div></li><li id="ch9.lt41" class="half_rhythm"><div>Progression of disease/ complications:
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<ul id="ch9.l12" class="circle"><li id="ch9.lt42" class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections</div></li><li id="ch9.lt43" class="half_rhythm"><div>Abscesses</div></li><li id="ch9.lt44" class="half_rhythm"><div>Perforation</div></li><li id="ch9.lt45" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stricture</div></li><li id="ch9.lt46" class="half_rhythm"><div>Fistula</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – study design</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>RCT</p>
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<p>Systematic review</p>
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<p>Cohort studies</p>
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<p>Note: in the absence of evidence, cross-sectional studies and case series will be considered.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other inclusion exclusion criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusions:
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<ul id="ch9.l13"><li id="ch9.lt47" class="half_rhythm"><div>Children and young people aged 17 years and younger</div></li><li id="ch9.lt48" class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevention</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed sensitivity / subgroup analysis, or meta-regression</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Strata:</p>
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<p>Subgroups:
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<ul id="ch9.l14"><li id="ch9.lt49" class="half_rhythm"><div>People of Asian family origin as they are known to develop right-sided diverticula</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Selection process – duplicate screening / selection / analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Studies are sifted by title and abstract. Potentially significant publications obtained in full text are then assessed against the inclusion criteria specified in this protocol.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data management (software)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch9.l15"><li id="ch9.lt50" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pairwise meta-analyses performed using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan5).</div></li><li id="ch9.lt51" class="half_rhythm"><div>GRADEpro used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome</div></li><li id="ch9.lt52" class="half_rhythm"><div>Bibliographies, citations and study sifting managed using EndNote</div></li><li id="ch9.lt53" class="half_rhythm"><div>Data extractions performed using EviBase, a platform designed and maintained by the National Guideline Centre (NGC)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Information sources – databases and dates</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify if an update</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not applicable</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Author contacts</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/conditions-and-diseases/digestive-tract-conditions/diverticular-disease" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.uk/guidance/conditions-and-diseases<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/digestive-tract-conditions<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/diverticular-disease</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Highlight if amendment to previous protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see section 4.5 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/4-Developing-review-questions-and-planning-the-evidence-review#planning-the-evidence-review" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy – for one database</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see <a href="#ch9.appb">appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data collection process – forms / duplicate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A standardised evidence table format will be used, and published as <a href="#ch9.appd">appendix D</a> of the evidence report.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data items – define all variables to be collected</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see evidence tables in <a href="#ch9.appd">Appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#ch9.apph">H</a> (health economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for assessing bias at outcome / study level</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Standard study checklists were used to critically appraise individual studies. For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></p>
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<p>The risk of bias across all available evidence was evaluated for each outcome using an adaptation of the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) toolbox’ developed by the international GRADE working group <a href="http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gradeworkinggroup.org/</a></p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criteria for quantitative synthesis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see section 6.4 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for quantitative analysis – combining studies and exploring (in)consistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see the separate Methods report (Chapter R) for this guideline.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-bias assessment – publication bias, selective reporting bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Confidence in cumulative evidence</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see sections 6.4 and 9.1 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rationale / context – what is known</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see the introduction to the evidence review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Describe contributions of authors and guarantor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>A multidisciplinary committee developed the evidence review. The committee was convened by the National Guideline Centre (NGC) and chaired by James Dalrymple in line with section 3 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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<p>Staff from NGC undertook systematic literature searches, appraised the evidence, conducted meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis where appropriate, and drafted the evidence review in collaboration with the committee. For details, please see <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sources of funding / support</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Name of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roles of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NICE funds the NGC to develop guidelines for those working in the NHS, public health and social care in England.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROSPERO registration number</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not registered</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appatab2"><div id="ch9.appa.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appa.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objectives</th><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify health economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search criteria</th><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch9.l16"><li id="ch9.lt54" class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the clinical review protocol above.</div></li><li id="ch9.lt55" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant health economic study design (cost–utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–benefit analysis, cost–consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li id="ch9.lt56" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of health economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed. The bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li id="ch9.lt57" class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li id="ch9.lt58" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy</th><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A health economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and a health economic study filter – see <a href="#ch9.appb">appendix B</a> below.</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review strategy</th><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch9.appa.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2002, abstract-only studies and studies from non-OECD countries or the USA will also be excluded.</p>
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<p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in <a href="#ch9.apph">appendix H</a> of Developing NICE guidelines: the manual (2014).<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref43" rid="ch9.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></p>
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<p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
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<ul id="ch9.l17"><li id="ch9.lt59" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’ then it will be included in the guideline. A health economic evidence table will be completed and it will be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="ch9.lt60" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’ then it will usually be excluded from the guideline. If it is excluded then a health economic evidence table will not be completed and it will not be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="ch9.lt61" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul>
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<b>Where there is discretion</b></p>
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<p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question, in discussion with the guideline committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include health economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to selectively exclude the remaining studies. All studies excluded on the basis of applicability or methodological limitations will be listed with explanation in the excluded health economic studies appendix below.</p>
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<p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p>
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<p><i>Setting:</i>
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<ul id="ch9.l18"><li id="ch9.lt62" class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch9.lt63" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li id="ch9.lt64" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li id="ch9.lt65" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the USA will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Health economic study type:</i>
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<ul id="ch9.l19"><li id="ch9.lt66" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost–utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch9.lt67" class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost–benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–consequences analysis).</div></li><li id="ch9.lt68" class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li id="ch9.lt69" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Year of analysis:</i>
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<ul id="ch9.l20"><li id="ch9.lt70" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li id="ch9.lt71" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2002 or later but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly from before 2002 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li id="ch9.lt72" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2002 will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis:</i>
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<ul id="ch9.l21"><li id="ch9.lt73" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis match with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab1"><div id="ch9.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 13 November 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 13 November 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Cochrane Reviews to 2018 Issue 11 of 12</p>
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<p>CENTRAL to 2018 Issue 11 of 12</p>
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<p>DARE, and NHSEED to 2015 Issue 2 of 4</p>
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<p>HTA to 2016 Issue 2 of 4</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab2"><div id="ch9.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diverticul*.mp.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 1 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/3–10</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 not 12</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/13–19</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 not 20</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Trials as topic.sh.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/22–28</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Meta-Analysis as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/50–59</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epidemiologic studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Cohort studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Controlled Before-After Studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Historically Controlled Study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interrupted Time Series Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/30–39</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/41–42</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40 or 43</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/45–46</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40 or 47</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40 or 43 or 47</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21 and (29 or 40 or 60)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab3"><div id="ch9.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diverticul*.mp.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 1 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/3–7</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 not 9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/10–17</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 not 18</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">crossover procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">single blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">double blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/20–28</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">systematic review/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">meta-analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/30–39</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">family study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">longitudinal study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">retrospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">prospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">follow-up/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48 and 49</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/41–47,50–54</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/56–57</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55 or 58</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cross-sectional study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/60–61</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55 or 62</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55 or 58 or 62</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 and (29 or 40 and 64)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab4"><div id="ch9.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">diverticul*.mp.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab5"><div id="ch9.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 13 November 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics modelling studies</p>
|
|
<p>Quality of life studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 13 November 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics modelling studies</p>
|
|
<p>Quality of life studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>HTA - Inception – 13 November 2018</p>
|
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<p>NHSEED - Inception to March 2015</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab6"><div id="ch9.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diverticul*.mp.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 1 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/3–10</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 not 12</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/13–19</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 not 20</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/22–37</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp models, economic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*Models, Theoretical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">markov chains/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">monte carlo method/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Decision Theory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(markov* or monte carlo).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">econom* model*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(decision* adj2 (tree* or analy* or model*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Models, Organizational/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*models, statistical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*logistic models/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">models, nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((organi?ation* or operation* or service* or concept*) adj3 (model* or map* or program* or simulation* or system* or analys*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(econom* adj2 (theor* or system* or map* or evaluat*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(SSM or SODA).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(strateg* adj3 (option* or choice*) adj3 (analys* or decision*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">soft systems method*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Meta-heuristic* or Metaheuristic*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(dynamic* adj2 (model* or system*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(simulation adj3 (model* or discrete event* or agent)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(microsimulation* or “micro* simulation*”).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((flow or core) adj2 model*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(data adj2 envelopment*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">system* model*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/41–64</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">quality-adjusted life years/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">sickness impact profile/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(quality adj2 (wellbeing or well being)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">sickness impact profile.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">disability adjusted life.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(qal* or qtime* or qwb* or daly*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(euroqol* or eq5d* or eq 5*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(qol* or hql* or hqol* or h qol* or hrqol* or hr qol*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(health utility* or utility score* or disutilit* or utility value*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hui or hui1 or hui2 or hui3).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(health* year* equivalent* or hye or hyes).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">discrete choice*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">rosser.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(willingness to pay or time tradeoff or time trade off or tto or standard gamble*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf36* or sf 36* or short form 36* or shortform 36* or shortform36*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf20 or sf 20 or short form 20 or shortform 20 or shortform20).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf12* or sf 12* or short form 12* or shortform 12* or shortform12*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf8* or sf 8* or short form 8* or shortform 8* or shortform8*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf6* or sf 6* or short form 6* or shortform 6* or shortform6*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/22–40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21 and (38 or 63 or 83)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab7"><div id="ch9.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">diverticul*.mp.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 1 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/3–7</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 not 9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/10–17</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 not 18</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/20–35</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">statistical model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*theoretical model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonbiological model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">stochastic model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">decision theory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">decision tree/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp nursing theory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">monte carlo method/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(markov* or monte carlo).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">econom* model*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(decision* adj2 (tree* or analy* or model*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((organi?ation* or operation* or service* or concept*) adj3 (model* or map* or program* or simulation* or system* or analys*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(econom* adj2 (theor* or system* or map* or evaluat*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(SSM or SODA).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(strateg* adj3 (option* or choice*) adj3 (analys* or decision*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">soft systems method*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(Meta-heuristic* or Metaheuristic*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(dynamic* adj2 (model* or system*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(simulation adj3 (model* or discrete event* or agent)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(microsimulation* or “micro* simulation*”).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((flow or core) adj2 model*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(data adj2 envelopment*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">system* model*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/39–61</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">quality adjusted life year/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">“quality of life index”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">short form 12/ or short form 20/ or short form 36/ or short form 8/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">sickness impact profile/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(quality adj2 (wellbeing or well being)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">sickness impact profile.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">disability adjusted life.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(qal* or qtime* or qwb* or daly*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(euroqol* or eq5d* or eq 5*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(qol* or hql* or hqol* or h qol* or hrqol* or hr qol*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(health utility* or utility score* or disutilit* or utility value*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hui or hui1 or hui2 or hui3).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(health* year* equivalent* or hye or hyes).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">discrete choice*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">rosser.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(willingness to pay or time tradeoff or time trade off or tto or standard gamble*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf36* or sf 36* or short form 36* or shortform 36* or shortform36*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf20 or sf 20 or short form 20 or shortform 20 or shortform20).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf12* or sf 12* or short form 12* or shortform 12* or shortform12*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf8* or sf 8* or short form 8* or shortform 8* or shortform8*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf6* or sf 6* or short form 6* or shortform 6* or shortform6*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/20–40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 and (36 or 60 or 82)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appbtab8"><div id="ch9.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">diverticul*</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appcfig1"><div id="ch9.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20indications%20for%20surgery.&p=BOOKS&id=558087_ch9appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK558087/bin/ch9appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of indications for surgery." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of indications for surgery</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig1"><div id="ch9.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Mortality.&p=BOOKS&id=558087_ch9appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK558087/bin/ch9appef1.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Mortality." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Mortality</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig2"><div id="ch9.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Need%20for%20surgery.&p=BOOKS&id=558087_ch9appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK558087/bin/ch9appef2.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Need for surgery." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Need for surgery</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appefig3"><div id="ch9.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Presence%20of%20abscess%20of%20CT%20scan.&p=BOOKS&id=558087_ch9appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK558087/bin/ch9appef3.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Presence of abscess of CT scan." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Presence of abscess of CT scan</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9appftab1"><div id="ch9.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Recurrent diverticulitis</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Number of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations (including publication bias where possible)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Pooled effect (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mortality</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Univariate analysis. Groups were similar regarding confounding factors.</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Peto OR: 0.25 (95% CI 0.04 to 1.63)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Need for surgery</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Univariate analysis. Groups were similar regarding confounding factors.</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR: 3.06 (95% CI 1.04 to 8.99)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Presence of abscess</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Univariate analysis. Groups were similar regarding confounding factors.</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR: 1.11 (95% CI 0.51 to 2.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch9.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch9.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Methods: univariate analysis, the two groups were similar regarding age and sex ratio.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch9.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">95% CI around the median crosses null line.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch9appgfig1"><div id="ch9.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20health%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=558087_ch9appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK558087/bin/ch9appgf1.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>* Non-relevant population, intervention, comparison, design or setting; non-English language</p><p>3.4 Non-surgical treatment of acute diverticulitis (<a href="/books/n/niceng147er8/?report=reader" class="toc-item">Evidence review H</a>)</p><p>3.6.1 Timing of surgery (<a href="/books/n/niceng147er10/?report=reader" class="toc-item">Evidence review J</a>)</p><p>3.6.2 Laparoscopic versus open resection (<a href="/books/n/niceng147er11/?report=reader" class="toc-item">Evidence review K</a>)</p><p>3.6.4 Primary versus secondary anastomosis (<a href="/books/n/niceng147er13/?report=reader" class="toc-item">Evidence review M</a>)</p><p>3.8 Laparoscopic lavage versus resection for perforated diverticulitis (<a href="/books/n/niceng147er15/?report=reader" class="toc-item">Evidence review O</a>)</p><p>3.9 Management of recurrent diverticulitis (<a href="/books/n/niceng147er16/?report=reader" class="toc-item">Evidence review P</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch9apphtab1"><div id="ch9.apph.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK558087/table/ch9.apph.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch9.apph.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Reference</th><th id="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Abbas 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref1" rid="ch9.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Alvarez 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref2" rid="ch9.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ambrosetti 1996<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref3" rid="ch9.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ambrosetti 1994<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref4" rid="ch9.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ames 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref5" rid="ch9.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Amin 1984<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref6" rid="ch9.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Andeweg 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref7" rid="ch9.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect Intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Anonymous 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref8" rid="ch9.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Aydinli 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref9" rid="ch9.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Bauer 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref10" rid="ch9.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Bielecki 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref11" rid="ch9.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Biondo 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref12" rid="ch9.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Bohm 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref13" rid="ch9.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Bolkenstein 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref14" rid="ch9.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Broderick-Villa 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref15" rid="ch9.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Carpenter 1972<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref16" rid="ch9.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ceresoli 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref17" rid="ch9.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Chapman 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref18" rid="ch9.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to no relevant outcome</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Chapman 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref19" rid="ch9.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Chiu 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref20" rid="ch9.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect Intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Damle 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref21" rid="ch9.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to inappropriate review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Deenichin 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref22" rid="ch9.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Elliott 1997<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref23" rid="ch9.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gala 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref24" rid="ch9.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Garfinkle 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref25" rid="ch9.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Gregersen 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref26" rid="ch9.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Haglund 1979<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref27" rid="ch9.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect Intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Himal 1977<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref28" rid="ch9.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Howe 1979<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref29" rid="ch9.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Hussain 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref30" rid="ch9.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Isbister 1997<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref31" rid="ch9.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Jalouta 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref32" rid="ch9.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Jamal Talabani 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref33" rid="ch9.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to no relevant outcome</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Janes 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref34" rid="ch9.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kaewlai 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref35" rid="ch9.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kakodkar 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref36" rid="ch9.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kiani 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref37" rid="ch9.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to inappropriate review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Kronborg 1993<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref38" rid="ch9.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Ladwa 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref39" rid="ch9.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Lahat 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref40" rid="ch9.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Lanas 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref41" rid="ch9.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect not review population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Medina 1991<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref42" rid="ch9.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Nelson 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref44" rid="ch9.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Niebling 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref45" rid="ch9.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Nishikawa 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref46" rid="ch9.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Nord 1995<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref47" rid="ch9.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">O’Leary 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref48" rid="ch9.ref48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Rahbour 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref50" rid="ch9.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Shah 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref51" rid="ch9.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Solkar 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref52" rid="ch9.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Soreide 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref53" rid="ch9.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Thorson 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref54" rid="ch9.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to systematic review with irrelevant PICO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vasilevsky 1998<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref55" rid="ch9.ref55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Vinas-Salas 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref56" rid="ch9.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Wood 1977<a class="bibr" href="#ch9.ref57" rid="ch9.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch9.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Excluded due to incorrect comparison/analysis</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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