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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="StatPearls [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Capillary Refill Time" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2023/04/23" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Duncan McGuire" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Ari Gotlib" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Jordan King" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="32491685" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557753/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Capillary Refill Time" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Duncan McGuire" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ari Gotlib" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jordan King" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2023/04/23" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557753/" /><meta name="description" content="Capillary refill time (CRT) is a useful and rapid metric in determining the intravascular volume status of ill patients, particularly those with conditions that arise or result from hypovolemia. Examples of these pathologic states include but are not limited to hypo and hyperthermia, all forms of shock, hemorrhage, loss of plasma volume in burns, gastrointestinal losses through diarrhea or vomiting, over-diuresis, and anaphylactic reactions.[1] Information obtained from CRT assessment can then guide fluid resuscitation strategies, reassess an implemented therapy, and define the endpoint of treatment." /><meta name="og:title" content="Capillary Refill Time" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Capillary refill time (CRT) is a useful and rapid metric in determining the intravascular volume status of ill patients, particularly those with conditions that arise or result from hypovolemia. Examples of these pathologic states include but are not limited to hypo and hyperthermia, all forms of shock, hemorrhage, loss of plasma volume in burns, gastrointestinal losses through diarrhea or vomiting, over-diuresis, and anaphylactic reactions.[1] Information obtained from CRT assessment can then guide fluid resuscitation strategies, reassess an implemented therapy, and define the endpoint of treatment." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557753/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-statpearls-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/statpearls/article-82154/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557753/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK557753_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Capillary Refill Time</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Duncan McGuire</span><sup>1</sup>; <span itemprop="author">Ari Gotlib</span><sup>2</sup>; <span itemprop="author">Jordan King</span><sup>3</sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> McLaren Oakland</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>2</sup> Michigan State University</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>3</sup> Des Moines University, Tucson Hospitals Medical Education Program</div><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">April 23, 2023</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="article-82154.s1"><h2 id="_article-82154_s1_">Introduction</h2><p>Capillary refill time (CRT) is a useful and rapid metric in determining the intravascular volume status of ill patients, particularly those with conditions that arise or result from hypovolemia. Examples of these pathologic states include but are not limited to hypo and hyperthermia, all forms of shock, hemorrhage, loss of plasma volume in burns, gastrointestinal losses through diarrhea or vomiting, over-diuresis, and anaphylactic reactions.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r1">[1]</a> Information obtained from CRT assessment can then guide fluid resuscitation strategies, reassess an implemented therapy, and define the endpoint of treatment.</p><p>Volume status can also be assessed via other clinical exams and objective measurements. Briefly, markers of reduced perfusion include abnormal vital signs (hypotension, tachycardia, increased pulse pressure variation) and deranged physical exam findings (delayed CRT, dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, absence of diaphoresis, altered mental status). More objective indicators of hypovolemia include laboratory abnormalities (increased BUN, increased creatinine, increasing lactate, fluctuating hemoglobin levels, increased urine specific gravity, oliguria, or anuria) and radiographic derangements (increased collapsibility of the IVC on ultrasound, reduced cardiac chamber diameters on ultrasound or CT, changes in transpulmonary thermodilution).<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r1">[1]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r2">[2]</a> </p><p>While accurate assessment of intravascular volume status is best accomplished through a combination of these methods, this article will focus specifically on measuring capillary refill time and its growing application in guiding medical diagnosis and subsequent management.</p></div><div id="article-82154.s2"><h2 id="_article-82154_s2_">Specimen Requirements and Procedure</h2><p>Capillary refill time is a physical examination technique that provides clinicians with a simple, reliable, and quick way of determining peripheral perfusion adequacy in adults and children.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r3">[3]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r4">[4]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r5">[5]</a> Though CRT is subject to examiner variability, as discussed in the next section, standardization is defined here by its original introduction in 1947 by Beecher et al. The performing examiner applies manual pressure to the ventral surface of the distal phalanx of fingers or toes until the nailbed is blanched. This pressure is maintained for ten seconds and then released. The amount of time, in seconds, that transpires before reperfusion occurs and normal color returns to the digit is the CRT.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r6">[6]</a> The upper limit of normal time to reperfusion is less than 3 seconds.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r4">[4]</a> Reassessment of CRT should depend on the clinical scenario, but in critically ill persons, CRT can be performed as frequently as every 30 minutes.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r7">[7]</a></p></div><div id="article-82154.s3"><h2 id="_article-82154_s3_">Interfering Factors</h2><p>It should be acknowledged that the validity of CRT results may be affected by many factors, including differences in ambient conditions, patient age, skin pigmentation, and the presence of nail polish or artificial nails; it is even subject to intraobserver and interobserver reliability.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r8">[8]</a> One study conducted in an urban pediatric emergency department (ED) examined the effect of room temperature on CRT in mildly ill but well-hydrated patients aged one month to 12 years and found a statistically significant difference (0.85 +/- 0.45 seconds in the warm room vs. 2.39 +/- 0.76 seconds in the cool room, 95% CI, P < .001).<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r9">[9]</a> Another study found that CRT was roughly three times more likely to be reported as normal in daylight conditions when compared to a dark room (94.2% vs. 37.1%, respectively).<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r10">[10]</a> A prospective observational study in 1,000 ED patients found that CRT increased by 3.3% every decade of life, baseline CRT was lower in males, and that interpretation of CRT as normal or abnormal differed among clinicians.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r11">[11]</a> </p><p>Specific guidelines to standardize the setting of CRT do not currently exist. As such, healthcare providers must be aware of potentially confounding elements and their implications, especially in treating patients in dissimilar circumstances, austere environments (paramedics, wilderness first responders), or hypothermia. Newer methods to increase reliability have been proposed, including photoplethysmography and fiberoptic force sensors.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r12">[12]</a></p></div><div id="article-82154.s4"><h2 id="_article-82154_s4_">Clinical Significance</h2><p>Although CRT has been incorporated into different support guidelines (e.g., concerning advanced pediatric life-support), controversies exist regarding its accuracy in different clinical settings, as discussed above.</p><p>In February 2019, The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Randomized Clinical Trial comparing mortality of fluid resuscitation guided by CRT vs. serum lactate in 424 patients with newly diagnosed septic shock from 28 different ICUs around the world.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r13">[13]</a> Normalization of CRT measured and steadily decreasing lactate levels were the goals of each arm, respectively. Measuring serum lactate every 2 to 4 hours throughout the resuscitation of patients with septic shock until levels fall below two mmol/L is the current standard of care; however, it should be acknowledged that comorbid conditions, including active malignancy, cardiac arrest, liver dysfunction, and some medications may simultaneously elevate lactate levels as a surrogate of tissue perfusion in response to fluid administration.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r14">[14]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r15">[15]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r16">[16]</a> Results of the trial demonstrated a slight improvement in the primary outcome, all-cause mortality at 28 days, in the capillary refill arm (34.9% vs. 43.4% with a 95% CI, P = 0.06).<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r13">[13]</a> A statistically significant improvement in one of the secondary endpoints, organ dysfunction at 72 hours as measured by the SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment) score, was also noted in the CRT group (P = 0.045).<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r13">[13]</a> There were no significant differences in the other secondary outcomes measured (death within 90 days, mechanical ventilator-free days, ICU and hospital length of stay, vasopressor-free days within 28 days, and need for renal replacement therapy).<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r13">[13]</a> The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Randomized Clinical Trial illustrates that CRT can be as effective as more conventional perfusion biomarkers in gauging the fluid status and governing fluid administration. </p><p>CRT may also be of prognostic value in critically ill patients. One study conducted by Lima et al. examined the relationship between peripheral perfusion and progression of organ failure by relative SOFA score increase in a cohort of 50 hemodynamically stable ICU patients with a recent diagnosis of circulatory shock. Perfusion status was characterized by examiner-measured CRT and cutaneous temperature readings to increase reliability, as discussed above. Results showed that patients in the reduced perfusion group were 7.4 times more likely to have worsening organ dysfunction and 4.6 times more likely to have hyperlactatemia (p < 0.05). The authors conclude that the worsening of organ dysfunction in hemodynamically stable patients following resuscitation can be identified through the subjective assessment of perfusion status.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r17">[17]</a></p><p>CRT is also an important examination component in patients with hemorrhage and can help differentiate stages of hemorrhagic shock. CRT may or may not be prolonged in patients with class II shock but will undoubtedly be prolonged in both class III and IV shock.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r18">[18]</a> Classes of shock are characterized by the amount of blood lost and associated physiologic changes that result from decreased intravascular volume and subsequently compromised perfusion. Class II shock occurs after losing 15 to 30% of the body’s total blood volume and is associated with a compensatory increase in heart rate but normotensive blood pressure. Class III can be distinguished from class II by the presence of hypotension, with or without decreasing Glasgow Coma Scale scores, and generally occurs when 31 to 40% of circulating blood is lost. Progression to class IV occurs in>40% blood loss with altered mental status and previously noted hypotension and tachycardia.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-82154.r19">[19]</a> In a setting where accurate blood pressure measurements are unobtainable, evaluation of CRT can be used in conjunction with cardiac and mental status assessments to estimate the extent of blood loss and commensurate life-sustaining therapies.</p></div><div id="article-82154.s5"><h2 id="_article-82154_s5_">Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes </h2><p>While accurate assessment of intravascular volume status is best accomplished through various methods, CRT can provide rapid and practical information regarding peripheral perfusion status without the associated patient inconvenience, cost, or time delay associated with more conventional markers. As demonstrated by the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial, its utility extends beyond diagnostic purposes and may be used to guide fluid resuscitation strategies in unstable patients. While interpretation is subject to external factors and examiner variability, developing newer technologies to measure CRT emphasizes its usefulness and emerging role in medicine.</p><p>Capillary refill time is an easily performed and interpreted examination, and all interprofessional team members should at least be knowledgeable regarding the importance and interpretation of results. This includes clinicians, specialists, mid-level practitioners, and nurses, all sharing information and coordinating activities to optimize patient outcomes. [Level 5]</p></div><div id="article-82154.s6"><h2 id="_article-82154_s6_">Review Questions</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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</div></li></ul></div><div class="floats-group" id="article-82154.s7"></div><div id="article-82154.s8"><h2 id="_article-82154_s8_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-82154.r1">Van der Mullen J, Wise R, Vermeulen G, Moonen PJ, Malbrain MLNG. Assessment of hypovolaemia in the critically ill. <span><span class="ref-journal">Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">50</span>(2):141-149.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29182211" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29182211</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-82154.r2">Rotondo A, Catalano O, Grassi R, Scialpi M, Angelelli G. 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Adverse lighting condition effects on the assessment of capillary refill. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Emerg Med. </span>1994 Jan;<span class="ref-vol">12</span>(1):46-7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8285971" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8285971</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-82154.r11">Anderson B, Kelly AM, Kerr D, Clooney M, Jolley D. Impact of patient and environmental factors on capillary refill time in adults. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Emerg Med. </span>2008 Jan;<span class="ref-vol">26</span>(1):62-5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18082783" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18082783</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-82154.r12">Liu C, Correia R, Ballaji H, Korposh S, Hayes-Gill B, Morgan S. Optical Fibre Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Capillary Refill Time and Contact Pressure. <span><span class="ref-journal">Sensors (Basel). </span>2020 Mar 03;<span class="ref-vol">20</span>(5)</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7085692/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7085692</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32138378" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32138378</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-82154.r13">Hernández G, Cavalcanti AB, Ospina-Tascón G, Dubin A, Hurtado FJ, Damiani LP, Friedman G, Castro R, Alegría L, Cecconi M, Teboul JL, Bakker J. Statistical analysis plan for early goal-directed therapy using a physiological holistic view - the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK: a randomized controlled trial. <span><span class="ref-journal">Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. </span>2018 Jul-Sept;<span class="ref-vol">30</span>(3):253-263.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6180476/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6180476</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30066731" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30066731</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-82154.r14">Ryoo SM, Lee J, Lee YS, Lee JH, Lim KS, Huh JW, Hong SB, Lim CM, Koh Y, Kim WY. Lactate Level Versus Lactate Clearance for Predicting Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock Defined by Sepsis-3. <span><span class="ref-journal">Crit Care Med. </span>2018 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">46</span>(6):e489-e495.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29432347" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29432347</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-82154.r15">Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016. <span><span class="ref-journal">Intensive Care Med. </span>2017 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">43</span>(3):304-377.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28101605" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28101605</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-82154.r16">Madias NE. Lactic acidosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Kidney Int. </span>1986 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>(3):752-74.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3702227" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3702227</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-82154.r17">Lima A, Jansen TC, van Bommel J, Ince C, Bakker J. The prognostic value of the subjective assessment of peripheral perfusion in critically ill patients. <span><span class="ref-journal">Crit Care Med. </span>2009 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">37</span>(3):934-8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19237899" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19237899</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-82154.r18">Lawton LD, Roncal S, Leonard E, Stack A, Dinh MM, Byrne CM, Petchell J. The utility of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) clinical shock grading in assessment of trauma. <span><span class="ref-journal">Emerg Med J. </span>2014 May;<span class="ref-vol">31</span>(5):384-9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23513233" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23513233</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-82154.r19">Mutschler M, Nienaber U, Brockamp T, Wafaisade A, Wyen H, Peiniger S, Paffrath T, Bouillon B, Maegele M., TraumaRegister DGU. A critical reappraisal of the ATLS classification of hypovolaemic shock: does it really reflect clinical reality? <span><span class="ref-journal">Resuscitation. </span>2013 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">84</span>(3):309-13.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22835498" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22835498</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Duncan McGuire declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Ari Gotlib declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Jordan King declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd></dl></div><div class="bk_prnt_sctn"><h2>Figures</h2><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj bk_first_prnt_obj"><div id="article-82154.image.f1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK557753/bin/Screen__Shot__2019-07-24__at__6.04.35__PM.jpg" alt="Classification of hemorrhagic shock - Information obtained from 'A critical reappraisal of the ATLS classification of hypovolaemic shock: does it really reflect clinical reality?' by Mutschler et al" /></div><div class="caption"><p>Classification of hemorrhagic shock - Information obtained from 'A critical reappraisal of the ATLS classification of hypovolaemic shock: does it really reflect clinical reality?' by Mutschler et al. and edited from original format. Information obtained from 'A critical reappraisal of the ATLS classification of hypovolaemic shock: does it really reflect clinical reality?' by Mutschler et al. and edited from original format.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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