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stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style"><div class="fm-sec bkr_bottom_sep"><div class="bkr_thumb"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng155er12-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Evidence review for sound therapy and amplification devices" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK557026_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for sound therapy and amplification devices</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Tinnitus: assessment and management</div><p><b>Evidence review M</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 155</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2020 Mar</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3711-0</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2020.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1"><h2 id="_niceng155er12_s1_">1. Sound therapy and amplification devices</h2><div id="niceng155er12.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Introduction</h3><p>Hearing loss is a common factor underlying tinnitus, although some people with normal hearing also experience tinnitus. Loss of hearing is often an unnoticeable and gradual process and many people are surprised when they are told that they have a hearing loss. It is quite common for people to assume, incorrectly, that it is their tinnitus rather than their hearing loss that is causing hearing difficulties. Management of hearing loss in adults is covered by NICE guideline NG98. In this review we focus on only those people who have tinnitus.</p><p>Nationally, there are differences in how people with a hearing loss and tinnitus are treated. In some locations people with tinnitus and a measurable hearing loss are offered hearing aids to reduce the impact of their tinnitus.</p><p>People who have tinnitus often report that it is more noticeable and bothersome in a quiet environment, for example at night, and that listening to other sounds can make it less intrusive. The deliberate use of any sound to reduce tinnitus awareness or reduce the distress associated with it can be called <i>sound enrichment or sound therapy</i>. Sound therapy/ enrichment can be used as a self-help technique or as a component of a broader tinnitus management programme delivered with the support of a healthcare professional. Various types of sound are used including relaxing music, natural sounds such as waves and white noise.</p><p>Using sound to help manage tinnitus is common but practice varies across the country and may include hearing aids with a sound generator activated, wearable sound devices or other types of sound enrichment. Sound therapy/enrichment covers many different aspects from wearable devices, environmental sound, smart phone apps, bedside/ table top generators. The provision of sound therapy devices is inconsistent across the country.</p><p>The purpose of this review is to identify evidence as to whether hearing aids, sound therapy/ sound enrichment are a clinically and cost effective way of reducing the impact of tinnitus.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Review question: What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of sound therapy and sound enrichment for people with tinnitus?</h3></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng155er12.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng155er12tab1"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of sound therapy review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng155er12.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of sound therapy review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Review question: What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of amplification devices for people with tinnitus who do not require an amplification device for a hearing loss alone?</h3></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.5"><h3>1.5. PICO table</h3><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng155er12.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng155er12tab2"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. PICO characteristics of amplification devices review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng155er12.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of amplification devices review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="niceng155er12.s1.6.1"><h4>1.6.1. Included studies</h4><p>The two review questions on sound therapy (including sound enrichment) and amplification devices were combined into a single evidence review.</p><p>A Cochrane review of sound therapy (using amplification devices and/or sound generators) with 8 studies<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref45" rid="niceng155er12.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a> was included in its entirety as it matched our protocols. The methods of data analysis and quality assessment for this part of the review are therefore in accordance with the methods described in the Cochrane review.</p><p>NICE methods include the avoidance of an overall risk of bias assessment of “unclear”, whilst Cochrane methods allow the use of “unclear”. For the included Cochrane review, the Cochrane ‘risk of bias’ tool in Review Manager 5.3 was used for risk of bias assessments, whereas NICE methods include the use of Cochrane ‘risk of bias’ 2.0 tool. For data analysis, NICE methods consist of the use of Peto odds ratio analyses where there are zero events in either arm or a less than 1% event rate. Cochrane reviews however include the use of risk ratio analyses where there are zero events in both arms of included studies. Additionally, Cochrane selected different populations for potential subgroup analyses to investigate heterogeneity (see <a href="#niceng155er12.appa">Appendix A</a>: for our selected subgroup populations). The subgroups selected by Cochrane were: hearing loss, differing baseline tinnitus symptom severity and baseline anxiety or depression.</p><p>Two further randomised controlled trials that were outside the scope of the Cochrane review were also included in our review.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref27" rid="niceng155er12.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref28" rid="niceng155er12.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a> These compared customised sound therapy (pitch matched) to non-customised sound therapy (broadband noise), and customised sound therapy (altered music) to sound enrichment, respectively.</p><p>The included studies are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab3">Table 3</a> below.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref27" rid="niceng155er12.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref28" rid="niceng155er12.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a> Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summaries below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab4" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab4">Table 4</a>, <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab5" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab5">Table 5</a>, <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab6" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab6">Table 6</a> and <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab7" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab7">Table 7</a>).</p><p>See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng155er12.appc">appendix C</a>, study evidence tables in <a href="#niceng155er12.appd">appendix D</a>, forest plots in <a href="#niceng155er12.appe">appendix E</a> and GRADE tables in <a href="#niceng155er12.apph">appendix H</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.6.2"><h4>1.6.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>One Cochrane review was excluded (Hoare 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref24" rid="niceng155er12.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a> as it was superseded by the more recent Cochrane review).</p><p>See the excluded studies list in <a href="#niceng155er12.apph">appendix H</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.6.3"><h4>1.6.3. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng155er12tab3"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng155er12.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng155er12.appd">appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.6.4"><h4>1.6.4. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng155er12tab4"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab4" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Clinical evidence summary: Amplification (hearing aid) only versus ear-level sound generator only." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng155er12.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Amplification (hearing aid) only versus ear-level sound generator only. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng155er12tab5"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab5" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. Clinical evidence summary: Amplification and sound generator (combination hearing aid) versus amplification (hearing aid) only." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng155er12.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Amplification and sound generator (combination hearing aid) versus amplification (hearing aid) only. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng155er12tab6"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab6" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. Clinical evidence summary: Customised sound therapy versus non-customised sound therapy (broadband noise)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng155er12.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Customised sound therapy versus non-customised sound therapy (broadband noise). </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng155er12tab7"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab7" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 7. Clinical evidence summary: Customised sound therapy (altered music) versus sound enrichment." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng155er12.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab7">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Customised sound therapy (altered music) versus sound enrichment. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng155er12.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.7"><h3>1.7. Economic evidence</h3><div id="niceng155er12.s1.7.1"><h4>1.7.1. Included studies</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were identified.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.7.2"><h4>1.7.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>No health economic studies that were relevant to this question were excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng155er12.appg">appendix G</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.7.3"><h4>1.7.3. Unit costs</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng155er12tab8"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 8" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12tab8" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab8/?report=previmg" alt="Table 8. UK costs of sound therapy and amplification." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng155er12.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12tab8">Table 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">UK costs of sound therapy and amplification. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.8"><h3>1.8. Evidence statements</h3><div id="niceng155er12.s1.8.1"><h4>1.8.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><div id="niceng155er12.s1.8.1.1"><h5>Amplification (hearing aid) only versus ear-level sound generator only</h5><p>One study (n=91) were included in this comparison; no clinical evidence was reported for the critical outcomes: tinnitus distress, tinnitus annoyance, general quality of life and tinnitus-related quality of life. There was no clinical difference between amplification devices (hearing aid) and sound generators in terms of improving tinnitus severity. The overall quality of the evidence was low due to risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.8.1.2"><h5>Amplification and ear-level sound generator (combination hearing aid) versus amplification (hearing aid) only</h5><p>Three studies (n=114) were included in this comparison; no clinical evidence was reported for the critical outcomes: tinnitus distress, tinnitus annoyance, general quality of life and tinnitus-related quality of life. There was no clinical difference between combination hearing aids and hearing aids in terms of improving tinnitus severity. The overall quality of the evidence was Low due to risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.8.1.3"><h5>Customised sound therapy versus non-customised sound therapy (broadband noise)</h5><p>One study (n=36) was included in this comparison; no clinical evidence was reported for the critical outcomes: tinnitus distress, tinnitus annoyance, general quality of life and tinnitus-related quality of life. There was no clinical difference between customised sound therapy and non-customised sound therapy (broadband noise) in terms of improving depression, anxiety and tinnitus loudness. There was clinical benefit of customised sound therapy in terms of tinnitus severity. The overall quality of the evidence was Very Low due to risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.8.1.4"><h5>Customised sound therapy (altered music) versus sound enrichment</h5><p>One study (n=28) was included in this comparison; no clinical evidence was reported for the critical outcomes: tinnitus annoyance, general quality of life and tinnitus-related quality of life. There was a clinical benefit of customised sound therapy in terms of tinnitus distress and tinnitus severity. There was no clinical difference between altered music and sound enrichment for the outcomes of depression and anxiety. The overall quality of evidence was Low due to risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.8.2"><h4>1.8.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No relevant economic evaluations were identified.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.9"><h3>1.9. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="niceng155er12.s1.9.1"><h4>1.9.1. Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="niceng155er12.s1.9.1.1"><h5>1.9.1.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>Tinnitus distress, annoyance and tinnitus awareness were critical outcomes as they were thought to be common factors for people with tinnitus and impact their quality of life. Quality of life (tinnitus-related) and general quality of life were also critical outcomes due to their impact on the person with tinnitus.</p><p>Tinnitus loudness, anxiety, depression, sleep, safety, tolerability and side effects were thought to be important outcomes.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.9.1.2"><h5>1.9.1.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>A Cochrane review was identified and was included in this review. The Cochrane review identified evidence for sound therapy (using amplification devices and/or sound generators) for the management of tinnitus. We included two additional studies on sound therapy.</p><div id="niceng155er12.s1.9.1.2.1"><h5>Amplification devices</h5><p>The Cochrane review identified studies which evaluated the use of hearing aids and combination hearing aids. One study evaluated the use of hearing aids compared to sound generators and reported outcome data for tinnitus severity at different time-points (3 months, 6 months and 12 months). Three studies were identified which compared combination hearing aids (amplification and sound generator) with a standard hearing aid. These three studies also reported outcome data for tinnitus severity. Overall, the evidence was low quality due to risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.9.1.2.2"><h5>Sound therapy</h5><p>Two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) relating to sound therapy were included in addition to the studies found in the relevant Cochrane Review. They were not included in the Cochrane Review as they compared one type of sound therapy to another. The Cochrane Review included studies that compared amplification devices, ear-level sound generators or combination devices to either placebo or education/information only with no device or in comparison to one another. The two trials evaluated customised sound therapy; the evidence was graded from very low to low for the various outcomes due to risk of bias and imprecision.</p></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.9.1.3"><h5>1.9.1.3. Benefits and harms</h5><div id="niceng155er12.s1.9.1.3.1"><h5>Amplification devices</h5><p>The committee recommended amplification devices (hearing aids and combination devices) for those who present with tinnitus and have hearing loss. This was a strong recommendation and is in line with the NICE Hearing loss guideline (NG98) which recommends offering hearing aids to those whose ability to communicate and hear is hampered by their hearing loss. The committee agreed that this should also apply to children and young people, although they are not covered by NG98.</p><p>For those with hearing loss but no self-perceived hearing difficulties the committee recommended that amplification devices should be considered. We did not find evidence for this population but the committee noted that sometimes those with a hearing loss but no self-perceived hearing difficulties may not always be offered a hearing aid for their hearing loss alone, but with co-occurring tinnitus they may experience a benefit for both their tinnitus and their hearing loss. The committee agreed to make a recommendation for further research to evaluate amplification devices for people with tinnitus who have hearing loss but no perceived hearing difficulties (see <a href="#niceng155er12.appi">Appendix I</a>:).</p><p>The committee also noted that there was no evidence for the use of amplification devices for people who are d/Deaf or who have a severe-to-profound hearing loss. Standard care for tinnitus in this population is not feasible, it is important that effective interventions are developed and investigated. The committee agreed that a research recommendation is made for the use of amplification devices for this population (see <a href="#niceng155er12.appi">Appendix I</a>:).</p><p>The committee recommended that people with tinnitus and normal hearing should not be offered amplification devices because there is unlikely to be an improvement to the impact of the tinnitus and amplification of sound where it is not required is inappropriate.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.9.1.3.2"><h5>Sound therapies</h5><p>With the limited evidence available for sound therapy as a sole intervention, the committee agreed that a recommendation cannot be made for its use in isolation. There are many different types of sound therapy and there was insufficient evidence for any particular type. The use of customised sound therapies is not part of current clinical practice in the UK. Two studies included in this review evaluated customised sound therapies. Whilst, these studies showed evidence of clinical benefit for customised sound therapies, the committee agreed that this evidence was insufficient for a practice recommendation at present. The evidence for sound therapy in combination with other interventions is discussed in evidence review P, where a research recommendation was made for the evaluation of sound therapy with tinnitus support.</p><p>Occasionally people report an increase or change in their tinnitus when using sound or hearing aids. While changes to the sound processing settings may help to alleviate this for some people, it is important to be alert to this possibility and include this in the discussion of the various management options.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.9.2"><h4>1.9.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>There were no economic evaluations available for this review question. The committee indicated that offering amplification devices (hearing aids) to people with tinnitus and hearing loss (that impacts their ability to communicate and hear) should be in line with NG98. However, the committee have also included children in their recommendation which is an extension to NG98 but as this recommendation is consistent with current practice it would not lead to added expenditure.</p><p>The committee indicated the existence of a subgroup of people who have a hearing loss (that they do not perceive to affect their ability to communicate and hear) alongside bothersome tinnitus that may also benefit from hearing aids. Due to the economic uncertainty and the potential for added expenditure, the committee concluded that this should be a ‘consider’ recommendation and be determined by clinicians on a case by case basis (as is current practice) as opposed to offering these devices routinely.</p><p>Finally, the committee provided a negative recommendation for the provision of hearing aids in the absence of hearing loss (as there is potential for harm) which has the potential to generate modest cost savings.</p><p>Sound therapy and sound enrichment devices are widely used in the NHS and the committee highlighted that from their clinical experience people with tinnitus do benefit from the use of these interventions. However, a concern raised by the committee was the existence of many different variants of sound therapy from environmental sounds (i.e. windows open) or audio generated from one’s mobile phone (which would not incur cost for the NHS) to expensive sound masking and customisable devices where the sounds generated are tuned specifically for a person’s tinnitus. As there is a lack of clarity on which of these variants would be most clinically effective and cost-effective, the committee opted to form a research recommendation to explore this question further.</p></div><div id="niceng155er12.s1.9.3"><h4>1.9.3. Other factors the committee took into account</h4><p>Whilst people with tinnitus and a hearing loss that affects their ability to communicate are covered by NICE guideline NG98 (recommendation 1.6.1) and they should be receiving hearing aids currently, there are a group with hearing loss (but no self- perceived hearing difficulties) where practice is more variable. Some units may need to review their local guidelines for these people and amplification devices will need to be considered on a case by case basis. The person’s choice is important as different management strategies will suit people differently. These strategies should be offered with a discussion of the possible benefits and the alternatives available. The rationale for using hearing aids should be clearly explained as some people find it confusing that adding sound can help.</p><p>Lay members reported that there is a lack of knowledge in the general population about how hearing aids may help them cope with their tinnitus. This, coupled with the belief that ‘nothing can be done about tinnitus’, means that many people with hearing difficulties but who do not have hearing aids do not consult their GP about their tinnitus. Some who have hearing difficulties do not report having tinnitus. This may mean they are referred inappropriately and do not receive the tinnitus support they need. There are some people who have chosen not to accept hearing aids for their hearing difficulties but have welcomed them when they learn it may also help with their tinnitus.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.rl.r1"><h2 id="_niceng155er12_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref1">Arfeller
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HV. Heidelberg Neuro-Music Therapy for chronic-tonal tinnitus-treatment outline and psychometric evaluation. International Tinnitus Journal. 2012; 17(1):31–41 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28422029" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28422029</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref4">Argstatter
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H, Krick
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C, Plinkert
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P, Bolay
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HV. Music therapy for noisiform tinnitus. Concept development and evaluation. HNO. 2010; 58(11):1085–1093 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20809193" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20809193</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref5">Argstatter
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H, Plinkert
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P, Bolay
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HV. Music therapy for tinnitus patients: an interdisciplinary pilot study of the Heidelberg Model. HNO. 2007; 55(5):375–383 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17082957" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17082957</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref6">Arndt
|
|
S, Aschendorff
|
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A, Laszig
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R, Beck
|
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R, Schild
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C, Kroeger
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S
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|
|
RA, George
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EL, Janssen
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|
M, Griessner
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A, Zierhofer
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C, Stokroos
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RJ. Tinnitus suppression by intracochlear electrical stimulation in single sided deafness - a prospective clinical trial: Follow-up. PloS One. 2016; 11(4):e0153131 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4844154/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4844154</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27111333" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27111333</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref8">Basile
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CE, Fournier
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P, Hutchins
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S, Hebert
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S. Psychoacoustic assessment to improve tinnitus diagnosis. PloS One. 2013; 8(12):e82995 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3861445/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3861445</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24349414" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24349414</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref9">Blasco
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MA, Redleaf
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MI. Cochlear implantation in unilateral sudden deafness improves tinnitus and speech comprehension: meta-analysis and systematic review. Otology & Neurotology. 2014; 35(8):1426–1432 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24786540" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24786540</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref10">Davis
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PB, Paki
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B, Hanley
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PJ. Neuromonics tinnitus treatment: Third clinical trial. Ear and Hearing. 2007; 28(2):242–259 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17496674" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17496674</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref11">Del Bo
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L, Ambrosetti
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U. Hearing aids for the treatment of tinnitus. Progress in Brain Research. 2007; 166:341–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17956798" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17956798</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref12">Derks
|
|
LS, Wegner
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I, Smit
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AL, Thomeer
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HG, Topsakal
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V, Grolman
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W. Effect of day-case unilateral cochlear implantation in adults on general and disease-specific quality of life, postoperative complications and hearing results, tinnitus, vertigo and cost-effectiveness: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2016; 6(10):e012219 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5073651/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5073651</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27697874" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27697874</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref13">dos Santos
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GM, Bento
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RF, de Medeiros
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IR, Oiticcica
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J, da Silva
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EC, Penteado
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S. The influence of sound generator associated with conventional amplification for tinnitus control: randomized blind clinical trial. Trends in hearing. 2014; 18:1–9 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4222183/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4222183</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25073131" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25073131</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref14">dos Santos
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GM, Silva
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EM, Penteado
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S, Bento
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RF. The use of hearing aids generic sound generator with integrated control of tinnitus-pilot study. International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology. 2012; 16:(Suppl 1):26</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref15">Erlandsson
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S, Ringdahl
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A, Hutchins
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T, Carlsson
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SG. Treatment of tinnitus: a controlled comparison of masking and placebo. British Journal of Audiology. 1987; 21(1):37–44 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3828583" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3828583</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref16">Ferrari
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GMS, Sanchez
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TG. The influence of BTE hearing aid earmold ventilation on tinnitus control: crossover blind randomized clinical trial. XVIII World Congress of the International Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies Rome, Italy, 25-30 June, 2005. 2005:Abstract No. F74</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref17">Heijneman
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KM, Kleine
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E, Dijk
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P. A randomized double-blind crossover study of phase-shift sound therapy for tinnitus. Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery. 2012; 147(2):308–315 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22467284" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22467284</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref18">Henry
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JA, Frederick
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M, Sell
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S, Griest
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S, Abrams
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H. Validation of a novel combination hearing aid and tinnitus therapy device. Ear and Hearing. 2015; 36(1):42–52 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25211767" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25211767</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref19">Henry
|
|
JA, McMillan
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G, Dann
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S, Bennett
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K, Griest
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S, Theodoroff
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S
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C, Diges
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I, Cobo
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P, Aparicio
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JM, Toledano
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A. Auditory discrimination training for tinnitus treatment: the effect of different paradigms. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2010; 267(7):1067–1074 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20044759" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20044759</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref21">Hesser
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H, Pereswetoff-Morath
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CE, Andersson
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G. Consequences of controlling background sounds: the effect of experiential avoidance on tinnitus interference. Rehabilitation Psychology. 2009; 54(4):381–389 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19929119" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19929119</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref22">Hiller
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W, Haerkotter
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C. Does sound stimulation have additive effects on cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronic tinnitus?
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Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2005; 43(5):595–612 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15865915" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15865915</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref23">Hoare
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DJ, Edmondson-Jones
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M, Sereda
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M, Akeroyd
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MA, Hall
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D. Amplification with hearing aids for patients with tinnitus and co-existing hearing loss. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD010151. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010151.pub2. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10559339/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10559339</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24482186" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24482186</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010151.pub2" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref24">Hoare
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DJ, Kowalkowski
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VL, Hall
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DA. Effects of frequency discrimination training on tinnitus: results from two randomised controlled trials. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology. 2012; 13(4):543–559 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3387303/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3387303</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22476724" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22476724</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref25">Hodgson
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SA, Herdering
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G, Searchfield
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GD. A crossover trial comparing wide dynamic range compression and frequency compression in hearing aids for tinnitus therapy. Disability & Rehabilitation Assistive Technology. 2017; 12(1):97–103 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27915580" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27915580</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref26">Li
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SA, Bao
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M. Investigating the effects of a personalized, spectrally altered music-based sound therapy on treating tinnitus: A blinded, randomized controlled trial. Audiology and Neuro-Otology. 2016; 21(5):296–304 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27838685" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27838685</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref27">Mahboubi
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H, Haidar
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YM, Kiumehr
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S, Ziai
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K, Djalilian
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HR. Customized versus noncustomized sound therapy for treatment of tinnitus: A randomized crossover clinical trial. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology. 2017; 126(10):681–687 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28831839" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28831839</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref28">Mahboubi
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H, Ziai
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K, Brunworth
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J, Djalilian
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HR. Accuracy of tinnitus pitch matching using a web-based protocol. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology. 2012; 121(10):671–674 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23130542" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23130542</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref29">Mahboubi
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H, Ziai
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K, Djalilian
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HR. Customized web-based sound therapy for tinnitus. International Tinnitus Journal. 2012; 17(1):26–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23906824" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23906824</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref30">Mei
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ZG, Yang
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SB, Cai
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SJ, Lei
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HP, Zhou
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P, Lyttkens
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I, Arslan
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F, Hizal
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E, Erbek
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SH, Eryaman
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E, Senkal
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C, Rudack
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C, Stein
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A, Wunderlich
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R, Engell
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M, Bo
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L, Jastreboff
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M, Tognola
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G, Ravazzani
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P. Open ear hearing aids in tinnitus therapy: an efficacy comparison with sound generators. International Journal of Audiology. 2011; 50(8):548–553 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21595527" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21595527</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref39">Ramakers
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GGJ, Kraaijenga
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VJC, Smulders
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YE, van Zon
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A, Stegeman
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I, Stokroos
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RJ
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GGJ, Van Zon
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A, Stegeman
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I, Grolman
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W. The effect of cochlear implantation on tinnitus in patients with bilateral hearing loss: A systematic review. Laryngoscope. 2015; 125(11):2584–2592 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26153087" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26153087</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref41">Schad
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ML, McMillan
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GP, Thielman
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EJ, Groon
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K, Morse-Fortier
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C, Martin
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JL
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et al. Comparison of acoustic therapies for tinnitus suppression: a preliminary trial. International Journal of Audiology. 2018; 57(2):143–149 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29022411" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29022411</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref42">Schilder
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AG, Burton
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MJ, Eby
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TL, Rosenfeld
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RM. Cochrane corner: Amplification with hearing aids for patients with tinnitus and co-existing hearing loss. Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery. 2014; 150(6):915–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24748588" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24748588</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref43">Searchfield
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GD, Kobayashi
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K, Hodgson
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SA, Hodgson
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C, Tevoitdale
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H, Irving
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S. Spatial masking: Development and testing of a new tinnitus assistive technology. Assistive Technology. 2016; 28(2):115–125 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26817495" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26817495</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref44">Sereda
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M, Xia
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J, El
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RA, Hall
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D, Hoare
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D. Sound therapy (using amplification devices and/or sound generators) for tinnitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD013094. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013094.pub2. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6517157/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6517157</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30589445" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30589445</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013094.pub2" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref45">Shekhawat
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GS, Searchfield
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GD, Stinear
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CM. Role of hearing aids in tinnitus intervention: A scoping review. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 2013; 24(8):747–762 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24131610" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24131610</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>46.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref46">Stein
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A, Wunderlich
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R, Lau
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P, Engell
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A, Wollbrink
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A, Shaykevich
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A
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et al. Clinical trial on tonal tinnitus with tailor-made notched music training. BMC Neurology. 2016; 16:17 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4797223/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4797223</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26987755" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26987755</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>47.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref47">Stephens
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SD, Corcoran
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AL. A controlled study of tinnitus masking. British Journal of Audiology. 1985; 19(2):159–167 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3896354" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3896354</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>48.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref48">Tao
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Y, Chang
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X, Ye
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S, Chu
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G, Guan
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T, Wang
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J
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et al. Multiple-frequency matching treatment strategy for tinnitus. Journal of International Advanced Otology. 2017; 13(2):221–225 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28816693" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28816693</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>49.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref49">Theodoroff
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SM, McMillan
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GP, Zaugg
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TL, Cheslock
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M, Roberts
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C, Henry
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JA. Randomized controlled trial of a novel device for tinnitus sound therapy during sleep. American Journal of Audiology. 2017; 26(4):543–554 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29090311" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29090311</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>50.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref50">Tian
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RR, Diao
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MF, Tian
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FJ, Sun
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JJ, Lin
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X. Preliminary analysis of the effects of tailor-made notched music therapy on chronic idiopathic tinnitus. Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery. 2017; 52(5):343–348 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28558452" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28558452</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>51.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref51">Vanneste
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S, Dongen
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M, Vree
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B, Hiseni
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S, Velden
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E, Strydis
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C
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et al. Does enriched acoustic environment in humans abolish chronic tinnitus clinically and electrophysiologically? A double blind placebo controlled study. Hearing Research. 2013; 296:141–148 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23104014" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23104014</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>52.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref52">Zhang
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M, Zhou
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H, Zhang
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J, Guo
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Y, Wang
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X, Wang
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N. Evaluating the effects of hearing aids combined with psychological counseling on tinnitus in patients with deafness. Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. 2013; 27(10):461–464 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23937007" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23937007</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>53.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng155er12.ref53">Zon
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A, Smulders
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YE, Ramakers
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GG, Stegeman
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I, Smit
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AL, Zanten
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GA
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et al. Effect of unilateral and simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation on tinnitus: A prospective study. Laryngoscope. 2016; 126(4):956–961 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26255618" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26255618</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng155er12.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="niceng155er12.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 9. Review protocol: Sound therapy and sound enrichment</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 398K)</span></p><p id="niceng155er12.appa.et2"><a href="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12-appa-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 10. Review protocol: Amplification devices</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 357K)</span></p><p id="niceng155er12.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 11. Health economic review protocol</a></p></div><div id="niceng155er12.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref34" rid="niceng155er12.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></p><p><i>For more detailed information, please see the</i>
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<a href="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12_bm1.pdf">Methodology Review</a>.</p><div id="niceng155er12.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>Searches were constructed using a PICO framework where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and in some cases Comparison (C) terms. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions as these concepts may not be well described in title, abstract or indexes and therefore difficult to retrieve. Search filters were applied to the search where appropriate.</p><p id="niceng155er12.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appbtab1" class="figpopup">Table 12. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appbtab2" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appbtab3" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appbtab4" class="figpopup">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appbtab5" class="figpopup">CINAHL (EBSCO) search terms</a></p></div><div id="niceng155er12.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to the tinnitus population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional searches were run on Medline and Embase for health economics and quality of life studies.</p><p id="niceng155er12.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appbtab6" class="figpopup">Table 13. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appb.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appbtab7" class="figpopup">Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appb.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appbtab8" class="figpopup">Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appb.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appbtab9" class="figpopup">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><p id="niceng155er12.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appcfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of sound therapy and amplification devices</a></p></div><div id="niceng155er12.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng155er12.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (198K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng155er12.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="niceng155er12.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. Amplification devices</h4><div id="niceng155er12.appe.s1.1"><h5>E.1.1. Amplification devices (hearing aids) versus ear-level sound enrichment (sound generator)</h5><p id="niceng155er12.appe.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appe.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appefig1" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Tinnitus severity at 3 months; scale 0-100</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appe.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appe.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appefig2" class="figpopup">Figure 3. Tinnitus severity at 6 months; scale 0-100</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appe.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appe.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appefig3" class="figpopup">Figure 4. Tinnitus severity at 12 months; scale 0-100</a></p></div><div id="niceng155er12.appe.s1.2"><h5>E.1.2. Amplification and sound generator (combination hearing aid) versus amplification (hearing aid)</h5><p id="niceng155er12.appe.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appe.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appefig4" class="figpopup">Figure 5. Tinnitus severity at 3-5 months; scale 0-100</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.appe.s2"><h4>E.2. Sound therapies</h4><div id="niceng155er12.appe.s2.1"><h5>E.2.1. Customised sound therapy versus non-customised sound therapy (broadband noise)</h5><p id="niceng155er12.appe.fig5"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appe.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appefig5" class="figpopup">Figure 6. Tinnitus loudness at 3 months; scale range not reported</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appe.fig6"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appe.fig6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appefig6" class="figpopup">Figure 7. Depression at 3 months (BDI), scale range 0-63</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appe.fig7"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appefig7" class="figpopup">Figure 8. Anxiety at 3 months (BAI), scale range 0-63</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appe.fig8"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appe.fig8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appefig8" class="figpopup">Figure 9. Severity at 3 months (THI), scale range 0-100</a></p></div><div id="niceng155er12.appe.s2.2"><h5>E.2.2. Customised sound therapy (altered music) versus sound enrichment</h5><p id="niceng155er12.appe.fig9"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appe.fig9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appefig9" class="figpopup">Figure 10. Tinnitus distress at 12 months (THI), scale range 0-100</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appe.fig10"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appe.fig10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appefig10" class="figpopup">Figure 11. Tinnitus severity at 12 months (TFI), scale range 0-100</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appe.fig11"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appe.fig11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appefig11" class="figpopup">Figure 12. Depression at 12 months (HADS), scale range 0-21</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appe.fig12"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appe.fig12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appefig12" class="figpopup">Figure 13. Anxiety at 12 months (HADS), scale range 0-21</a></p></div></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="niceng155er12.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appftab1" class="figpopup">Table 14. Clinical evidence profile: Amplification (hearing aid) only versus sound generator only</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appf.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appftab2" class="figpopup">Table 15. Clinical evidence profile: Amplification and sound generator (combination hearing aid) versus amplification (hearing aid) only</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appf.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appftab3" class="figpopup">Table 16. Clinical evidence profile: Customised sound therapy versus non-customised sound therapy (broadband noise)</a></p><p id="niceng155er12.appf.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appftab4" class="figpopup">Table 17. Clinical evidence profile: Customised sound therapy (altered music) versus sound enrichment</a></p></div><div id="niceng155er12.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="niceng155er12.appg.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK557026/figure/niceng155er12.appg.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appgfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 14. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline</a></p></div><div id="niceng155er12.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng155er12.apph.s1"><h4>H.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="niceng155er12.apph.tab1all"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.apph.tab1all/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12apphtab1all" class="figpopup">Table 18. Studies excluded from the clinical review</a></p></div><div id="niceng155er12.apph.s2"><h4>H.2. Excluded health economic studies</h4><p>None.</p></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Research recommendations</h3><div id="niceng155er12.appi.s1"><h4>I.1. Amplification devices for people who are d/Deaf or who have a severe-to-profound hearing loss</h4><div id="niceng155er12.appi.s1.1"><h5>Research question: What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of amplification devices for people who are d/Deaf or who have a severe-to-profound hearing loss?</h5><p>
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<b>Why this is important:</b>
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</p><p>Improving access to sound can be beneficial for those with tinnitus and hearing loss. There is no current evidence regarding the effectiveness of amplification, hearing aids or implant devices, for managing tinnitus in those who may only receive limited hearing benefit from the amplification. However it may be that even some hearing benefit from amplification may improve perception of tinnitus.</p><p id="niceng155er12.appi.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appitab1" class="figpopup">Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations</a></p></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.appi.s2"><h4>I.2. Amplification devices for people with tinnitus who have hearing loss but no perceived hearing difficulties</h4><div id="niceng155er12.appi.s2.1"><h5>Research question: What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of fitting amplification devices in people with tinnitus who have hearing loss but no perceived hearing difficulties?</h5><p>
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<b>Why this is important:</b>
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</p><p>People with mild hearing loss do not always report difficulty with hearing and/or communication, but may present in the tinnitus clinic because they have noticed tinnitus and upon testing their hearing, an underling hearing loss is detected. Amplification devices (e.g. hearing aids) should be available for people with hearing loss who present with hearing difficulties and have been recommended for people with hearing loss and tinnitus in order to manage tinnitus. For those who do not experience hearing and/or communication difficulties, it is uncertain whether or not hearing aids may be of benefit for managing tinnitus.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng155er12appitab2"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng155er12appitab2" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appitab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appi.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appi.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng155er12.appi.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appitab2">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin"><i>Population:</i> Children, young people and adults presenting with tinnitus-who have a hearing loss but no perceived hearing and/or communication difficulties <i>Intervention(s):</i>
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Amplification devices for those with hearing loss
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○Hearing aids○Implantable <a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng155er12appitab2">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Intervention evidence review</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Centre</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer:</b> The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and, where appropriate, their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2020.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK557026</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32437107" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">32437107</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12tab1"><div id="niceng155er12.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of sound therapy review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Children, young people and adults presenting with tinnitus</p>
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<p>Strata: Children/young people (up to 18 years) and adults</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention(s)</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sound enrichment (e.g. environmental sound, a CD or mp3 download or the radio, a smartphone App, bedside/table-top sound generators, a wearable sound generator)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Combination hearing devices (hearing aid combined with sound generator)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Customised sound-based therapies, e.g. amplitude modulated tones, notched noise/music</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Masking</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison(s)</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Interventions compared with each other</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>“Tinnitus counselling” - education including coping strategies, provision of information and advice and relaxation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological therapy
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cognitive Behavioural therapy (CBT)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mindfulness-based interventions e.g. Cognitive therapy and MBSR</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Brief solution focused therapy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Narrative therapy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Family therapy/Systemic therapy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>EMDR</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Amplification devices for those with a hearing loss
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing aids</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Implantable devices (including cochlear implants, bone-anchored hearing aids, bone-conduction hearing implants, bone-bridge/middle-ear devices)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Combination device (sound generator and hearing aids)</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Control group (i.e. no sound therapy)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus severity (critical)</div></li></ul>
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Impact of tinnitus (critical):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus distress</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus annoyance</div></li></ul>
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Health related QoL(critical):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>QoL (tinnitus)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>QoL</div></li></ul>
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Tinnitus percept (important):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus loudness</div></li></ul>
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Other co-occurring complaints (important):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Depression</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anxiety</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anxiety and depression</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sleep</div></li></ul>
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Adverse events (important):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Safety</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tolerability</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Side effects (e.g. skin irritation and hyperacusis)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systematic review of RCTs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>RCT</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If there is an inadequate amount of RCT data, non-randomised comparative studies will be considered.</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12tab2"><div id="niceng155er12.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of amplification devices review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Children, young people and adults with tinnitus and hearing loss</p>
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<p>Strata: Children/young people (up to 18 years) and adults</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention(s)</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing aids</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Implantable devices (including cochlear implants, bone-anchored hearing aids, bone-conduction hearing implants, bone-bridge/middle-ear devices)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Combination device (sound generator and hearing aids)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison(s)</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Compared to each other</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Control group/usual care</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus severity (critical)</div></li></ul>
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Impact of tinnitus (critical):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus distress</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus annoyance</div></li></ul>
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Health related QoL(critical):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>QoL (tinnitus)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>QoL</div></li></ul>
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Tinnitus percept (important):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus loudness</div></li></ul>
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Other co-occurring complaints (important):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Depression</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anxiety</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anxiety and depression</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sleep</div></li></ul>
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Adverse events (important):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Safety</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tolerability</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Side effects (e.g. skin irritation and hyperacusis)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systematic review of RCTs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>RCT</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If there is an inadequate amount of RCT data, non-randomised comparative studies will be considered.</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12tab3"><div id="niceng155er12.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention and comparison</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sereda 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref45" rid="niceng155er12.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a> (Systematic review including: Henry 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref19" rid="niceng155er12.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a>, Erlandsson 1987<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref15" rid="niceng155er12.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a>, Stephens 1985<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref48" rid="niceng155er12.ref48"><sup>48</sup></a>, Melin 1987<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref32" rid="niceng155er12.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a>, Dos santos 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref13" rid="niceng155er12.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a>, Parazzini 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref39" rid="niceng155er12.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a>, Zhang 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref53" rid="niceng155er12.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a>, Henry 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref20" rid="niceng155er12.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Systematic review comparing amplification devices, sound generators and combination devices, with each other or with no device.</p>
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<p>Eight studies were included:</p>
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<p>Seven studies investigated the effects of hearing aids.</p>
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<p>Four studies investigated the effects of combination hearing devices (hearing aids combined with sound generators).</p>
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<p>Three studies investigated the effects of ear-level sound generator devices.</p>
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<p>Four studies included control arms with no amplification or sound generation device.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=590</p>
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<p>The review included studies of adults (≥ 18 years) with acute (≤ 3 months) or chronic (> 3 months) subjective idiopathic tinnitus.</p>
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<p>Age (range of means): 38.8 to 74.4 years.</p>
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<p>Gender: 44% female.</p>
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<p>Duration of tinnitus (range): 3 months to over 20 years.</p>
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<p>Various countries (USA, Brazil, Sweden, China, UK, Italy)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<u>Hearing aids versus sound generator (1 study):</u>
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</p>
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<p>Tinnitus severity (follow up: 3 months): measured using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), scale range 0-100</p>
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<p>Tinnitus severity (follow up: 6 months): measured using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), scale range 0-100</p>
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<p>Tinnitus severity (follow up: 12 months): measured using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), scale range 0-100</p>
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<p>
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<u>Hearing aids versus sound generator (3 studies):</u>
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</p>
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<p>Tinnitus severity (follow up: 3 – 5 months): various measures used, scale range 0-100</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Most of the included studies did not report data for the outcomes specified in the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Li 2016 <a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref27" rid="niceng155er12.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Intervention (n=25)</p>
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<p>Customised sound-based therapy - participants were instructed to listen to altered music at least 2 hours per day. Music was altered according to changes observed at the auditory cortex using proprietary software. For every participant, a music therapy package with 6 hours of altered music was created using the software.</p>
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<p>Comparison (n=25)</p>
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<p>Control group – sound enrichment without altered sounds, participants were instructed to listen to the music for at least 2 hours per day. No further details reported.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=50</p>
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<p>People with unilateral or bilateral tinnitus for ≥12 months</p>
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<p>Age (mean) : 55.5 years</p>
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<p>Gender (male to female ratio: 2:1</p>
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<p>Duration of tinnitus: ≥10 years - 42%</p>
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<p>Canada</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Tinnitus distress (follow-up: 12 months): measured using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), scale range 0-100</p>
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<p>Tinnitus severity (follow-up: 12 months): measured using the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI), scale range 0-100</p>
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<p>Depression (follow-up: 12 months): measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (depression sub-scale used), scale range 0-21</p>
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<p>Anxiety (follow-up: 12 months): measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (depression sub-scale used), scale range 0-21</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Mahboubi 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref28" rid="niceng155er12.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></p>
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<p>Crossover RCT</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Intervention (n=23)</p>
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<p>Customised sound therapy where software pitch-matched the person’s frequency and intra-aural and inter-frequency attenuation characteristics for tonal and non-tonal tinnitus to create a sound file that sounded similar to broadband noise but with less acoustic energy. This sound file was then mixed with 6 hours of classical music and uploaded onto an MP3 player and given to the subjects along with open ear headphones.</p>
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<p>Comparison (n=23)</p>
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<p>The non-customised sound therapy involved the creation of a broadband noise with a spectral frequency of 1, meaning that equal proportions of all frequencies were present.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>n=23</p>
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<p>People presenting with tinnitus (of 3 months or more)</p>
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<p>Age (mean): 53 (11) years</p>
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<p>Gender (male to female ratio): 12/6 (completers data provided only)</p>
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<p>Duration of tinnitus (mean): 118 +/- 9 months</p>
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<p>USA</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Tinnitus loudness (follow-up: post-treatment 3 months): measured using a tinnitus loudness rating scale, scale range not reported</p>
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<p>Tinnitus depression (follow-u: post-treatment 3 months: measured using the Beck Depression Index, scale range 0-63</p>
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<p>Tinnitus anxiety (follow-up: post-treatment 3 months): measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory, scale range 0-63</p>
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<p>Tinnitus severity (follow-up posttreatment 3 months): measured using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, scale range 0-100</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12tab4"><div id="niceng155er12.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Amplification (hearing aid) only versus ear-level sound generator only</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Sound generator only</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Amplification only (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Tinnitus symptom severity</p>
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<p>THI. Scale from: 0 to 100.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>91</p>
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<p>(1 study)</p>
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<p>3 months</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean tinnitus symptom severity in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>-20.2</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean tinnitus symptom severity in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.3 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(5.72 lower to 8.32 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Tinnitus symptom severity at 6 months</p>
|
|
<p>THI. Scale from: 0 to 100.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>91</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>6 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean tinnitus symptom severity at 6 months in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>-23.8</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean tinnitus symptom severity in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.8 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(8.82 lower to 5.22 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Tinnitus symptom severity at 12 months</p>
|
|
<p>THI. Scale from: 0 to 100.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>91</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>12 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean tinnitus symptom severity at 12 months in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>-29.2</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean tinnitus symptom severity in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.9 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(7.92 lower to 6.12 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12tab5"><div id="niceng155er12.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Amplification and sound generator (combination hearing aid) versus amplification (hearing aid) only</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Hearing aid</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Combination hearing aid (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Tinnitus symptom severity at 3-5 months</p>
|
|
<p>THI and TFI. Scale from: 0 to 100.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>114</p>
|
|
<p>(3 studies)</p>
|
|
<p>3-5 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean tinnitus symptom severity in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>-32.9</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean tinnitus symptom severity in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>3.61 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(11.4 lower to 4.17 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12tab6"><div id="niceng155er12.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Customised sound therapy versus non-customised sound therapy (broadband noise)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Non-customised sound therapy (broadband noise)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Customised sound therapy (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Loudness</p>
|
|
<p>Tinnitus loudness rating scale</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>36</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean loudness in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>6.1</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean loudness in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.2 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(2.58 lower to 0.18 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Depression (BDI)</p>
|
|
<p>BDI. Scale from: 0 to 63.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>36</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean depression in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>6.9</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean depression in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.6 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(6.12 lower to 4.92 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Anxiety (BAI)</p>
|
|
<p>BAI. Scale from: 0 to 63.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>36</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean anxiety in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>7.9</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean anxiety in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>0.4 higher</p>
|
|
<p>(6.04 lower to 6.84 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Severity (THI)</p>
|
|
<p>THI Scale from 0 to 100</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>36</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>3 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean severity in the control group was</p>
|
|
<p>41</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean severity in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>9.5 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(22.8 lower to 3.8 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12tab7"><div id="niceng155er12.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Customised sound therapy (altered music) versus sound enrichment</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Sound enrichment</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Customised sound therapy (altered music) (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Tinnitus distress (12 months)</p>
|
|
<p>THI. Scale from: 0 to 100.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>28</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>12 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean tinnitus distress in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>48.13</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean tinnitus distress in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>18.46 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(31.65 to 5.27 lower)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Tinnitus severity (12 months)</p>
|
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<p>TFI Scale from 0 to 100</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>28</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>12 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean tinnitus severity in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>52.03</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean tinnitus severity in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>12.7 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(29.47 lower to 4.07 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Depression (12 months)</p>
|
|
<p>HADS - depression. Scale from: 0 to 21.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>28</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>12 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean depression in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>5.63</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean depression in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>1.88 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(4.89 lower to 1.13 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Anxiety (12 months)</p>
|
|
<p>HADS - anxiety. Scale from: 0 to 21.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>28</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>12 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean anxiety in the control groups was</p>
|
|
<p>8.81</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>The mean anxiety in the intervention groups was</p>
|
|
<p>2.73 lower</p>
|
|
<p>(6 lower to 0.54 higher)</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12tab8"><div id="niceng155er12.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">UK costs of sound therapy and amplification</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Procedure</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">National Average Unit Cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fitting of hearing aid or device for Tinnitus<sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£117</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">NHS reference cost<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref36" rid="niceng155er12.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appatab1"><div id="niceng155er12.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Objectives</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify health economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Search criteria</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the clinical review protocol above.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant health economic study design (cost–utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–benefit analysis, cost–consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of health economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed. The bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Search strategy</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A health economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and a health economic study filter – see <a href="#niceng155er12.appb">appendix B</a> below.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Review strategy</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2003, abstract-only studies and studies from non-OECD countries or the USA will also be excluded.</p>
|
|
<p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in appendix H of Developing NICE guidelines: the manual (2014).<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref34" rid="niceng155er12.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></p>
|
|
<p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’ then it will be included in the guideline. A health economic evidence table will be completed and it will be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’ then it will usually be excluded from the guideline. If it is excluded then a health economic evidence table will not be completed and it will not be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul>
|
|
<b>Where there is discretion</b></p>
|
|
<p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question, in discussion with the guideline committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include health economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to selectively exclude the remaining studies. All studies excluded on the basis of applicability or methodological limitations will be listed with explanation in the excluded health economic studies appendix below.</p>
|
|
<p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p>
|
|
<p><i>Setting:</i>
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the USA will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
|
|
<i>Health economic study type:</i>
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost–utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost–benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–consequences analysis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
|
|
<i>Year of analysis:</i>
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2003 or later but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly from before 2003 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2003 will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
|
|
<i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis:</i>
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis match with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appbtab1"><div id="niceng155er12.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946 – 02 April 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974 – 02 April 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Cochrane Reviews to 2019 Issue 4 of 12</p>
|
|
<p>CENTRAL to 2019 Issue 4 of 12</p>
|
|
<p>DARE, and NHSEED to 2015 Issue 2 of 4</p>
|
|
<p>HTA to 2016 Issue 4 of 4</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CINAHL, Current Nursing and Allied Health Literature (EBSCO)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inception – 02 April 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusions</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appbtab2"><div id="niceng155er12.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tinnitus/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tinnit*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 or 2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/4-11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 not 13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/14-20</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 not 21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 22 to English language</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appbtab3"><div id="niceng155er12.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tinnitus/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tinnit*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 or 2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Case report/ or Case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/4-8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9 not 10</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/11-18</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 not 19</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 20 to English language</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appbtab4"><div id="niceng155er12.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [Tinnitus] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tinnit*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1 or #2</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appbtab5"><div id="niceng155er12.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="title">CINAHL (EBSCO) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">S1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(MH “Tinnitus”)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">S2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(MH “Tinnitus Retraining Therapy”)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">S3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tinnit*</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">S4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">S1 OR S2 OR S3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">S5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PT anecdote or PT audiovisual or PT bibliography or PT biography or PT book or PT book review or PT brief item or PT cartoon or PT commentary or PT computer program or PT editorial or PT games or PT glossary or PT historical material or PT interview or PT letter or PT listservs or PT masters thesis or PT obituary or PT pamphlet or PT pamphlet chapter or PT pictorial or PT poetry or PT proceedings or PT “questions and answers” or PT response or PT software or PT teaching materials or PT website</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">S6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">S4 NOT S5</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appbtab6"><div id="niceng155er12.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2002 – 02 March 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
<p>Quality of life studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2002 – 02 March 2019</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
<p>Quality of life studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HTA - Inception – 31 Mar 2018</p>
|
|
<p>NHSEED - Inception to March 2015</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appb.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appbtab7"><div id="niceng155er12.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tinnitus/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tinnit*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 or 2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/4-11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 not 13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/14-20</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 not 21</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 22 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/24-39</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">quality-adjusted life years/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">sickness impact profile/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(quality adj2 (wellbeing or well being)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">sickness impact profile.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">disability adjusted life.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(qal* or qtime* or qwb* or daly*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(euroqol* or eq5d* or eq 5*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(qol* or hql* or hqol* or h qol* or hrqol* or hr qol*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(health utility* or utility score* or disutilit* or utility value*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hui or hui1 or hui2 or hui3).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(health* year* equivalent* or hye or hyes).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">discrete choice*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">rosser.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(willingness to pay or time tradeoff or time trade off or tto or standard gamble*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf36* or sf 36* or short form 36* or shortform 36* or shortform36*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf20 or sf 20 or short form 20 or shortform 20 or shortform20).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf12* or sf 12* or short form 12* or shortform 12* or shortform12*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf8* or sf 8* or short form 8* or shortform 8* or shortform8*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf6* or sf 6* or short form 6* or shortform 6* or shortform6*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/41-59</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 and (40 or 60)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appbtab8"><div id="niceng155er12.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tinnitus/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">tinnit*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 or 2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Case report/ or Case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/4-8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9 not 10</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/11-18</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 not 19</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">health economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp economic evaluation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp health care cost/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp fee/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">funding/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/21-33</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">quality adjusted life year/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">"quality of life index"/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">short form 12/ or short form 20/ or short form 36/ or short form 8/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">sickness impact profile/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(quality adj2 (wellbeing or well being)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">sickness impact profile.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">disability adjusted life.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(qal* or qtime* or qwb* or daly*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(euroqol* or eq5d* or eq 5*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(qol* or hql* or hqol* or h qol* or hrqol* or hr qol*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(health utility* or utility score* or disutilit* or utility value*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(hui or hui1 or hui2 or hui3).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(health* year* equivalent* or hye or hyes).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">discrete choice*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">rosser.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(willingness to pay or time tradeoff or time trade off or tto or standard gamble*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf36* or sf 36* or short form 36* or shortform 36* or shortform36*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf20 or sf 20 or short form 20 or shortform 20 or shortform20).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf12* or sf 12* or short form 12* or shortform 12* or shortform12*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf8* or sf 8* or short form 8* or shortform 8* or shortform8*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(sf6* or sf 6* or short form 6* or shortform 6* or shortform6*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/35-55</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20 and (34 or 56)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 57 to English language</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appbtab9"><div id="niceng155er12.appb.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appb.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appb.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Tinnitus EXPLODE ALL TREES</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(tinnit*)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1 OR #2</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appcfig1"><div id="niceng155er12.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20sound%20therapy%20and%20amplification%20devices.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of sound therapy and amplification devices." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of sound therapy and amplification devices</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appefig1"><div id="niceng155er12.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Tinnitus%20severity%20at%203%20months%3B%20scale%200-100.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appef1.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Tinnitus severity at 3 months; scale 0-100." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Tinnitus severity at 3 months; scale 0-100</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appefig2"><div id="niceng155er12.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Tinnitus%20severity%20at%206%20months%3B%20scale%200-100.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appef2.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Tinnitus severity at 6 months; scale 0-100." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Tinnitus severity at 6 months; scale 0-100</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appefig3"><div id="niceng155er12.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Tinnitus%20severity%20at%2012%20months%3B%20scale%200-100.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appef3.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Tinnitus severity at 12 months; scale 0-100." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Tinnitus severity at 12 months; scale 0-100</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appefig4"><div id="niceng155er12.appe.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Tinnitus%20severity%20at%203-5%20months%3B%20scale%200-100.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appef4.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Tinnitus severity at 3-5 months; scale 0-100." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Tinnitus severity at 3-5 months; scale 0-100</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appefig5"><div id="niceng155er12.appe.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%206.%20Tinnitus%20loudness%20at%203%20months%3B%20scale%20range%20not%20reported.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appef5.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Tinnitus loudness at 3 months; scale range not reported." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">Tinnitus loudness at 3 months; scale range not reported</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appefig6"><div id="niceng155er12.appe.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%207.%20Depression%20at%203%20months%20(BDI)%2C%20scale%20range%200-63.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appef6.jpg" alt="Figure 7. Depression at 3 months (BDI), scale range 0-63." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 7</span><span class="title">Depression at 3 months (BDI), scale range 0-63</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appefig7"><div id="niceng155er12.appe.fig7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%208.%20Anxiety%20at%203%20months%20(BAI)%2C%20scale%20range%200-63.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appef7.jpg" alt="Figure 8. Anxiety at 3 months (BAI), scale range 0-63." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 8</span><span class="title">Anxiety at 3 months (BAI), scale range 0-63</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appefig8"><div id="niceng155er12.appe.fig8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%209.%20Severity%20at%203%20months%20(THI)%2C%20scale%20range%200-100.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appef8.jpg" alt="Figure 9. Severity at 3 months (THI), scale range 0-100." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 9</span><span class="title">Severity at 3 months (THI), scale range 0-100</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appefig9"><div id="niceng155er12.appe.fig9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2010.%20Tinnitus%20distress%20at%2012%20months%20(THI)%2C%20scale%20range%200-100.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appef9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appef9.jpg" alt="Figure 10. Tinnitus distress at 12 months (THI), scale range 0-100." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 10</span><span class="title">Tinnitus distress at 12 months (THI), scale range 0-100</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appefig10"><div id="niceng155er12.appe.fig10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2011.%20Tinnitus%20severity%20at%2012%20months%20(TFI)%2C%20scale%20range%200-100.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appef10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appef10.jpg" alt="Figure 11. Tinnitus severity at 12 months (TFI), scale range 0-100." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 11</span><span class="title">Tinnitus severity at 12 months (TFI), scale range 0-100</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appefig11"><div id="niceng155er12.appe.fig11" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2012.%20Depression%20at%2012%20months%20(HADS)%2C%20scale%20range%200-21.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appef11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appef11.jpg" alt="Figure 12. Depression at 12 months (HADS), scale range 0-21." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 12</span><span class="title">Depression at 12 months (HADS), scale range 0-21</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appefig12"><div id="niceng155er12.appe.fig12" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2013.%20Anxiety%20at%2012%20months%20(HADS)%2C%20scale%20range%200-21.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appef12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appef12.jpg" alt="Figure 13. Anxiety at 12 months (HADS), scale range 0-21." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 13</span><span class="title">Anxiety at 12 months (HADS), scale range 0-21</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appftab1"><div id="niceng155er12.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Amplification (hearing aid) only versus sound generator only</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Amplification only</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Sound generator only</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tinnitus symptom severity at 3 months (follow-up mean 3 months; measured with: THI; range of scores: 0-100; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.3 higher (5.72 lower to 8.32 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
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<p>LOW</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tinnitus symptom severity at 6 months (follow-up mean 6 months; measured with: THI; range of scores: 0-100; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.8 lower (8.82 lower to 5.22 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tinnitus symptom severity at 12 months (follow-up mean 12 months; measured with: THI; range of scores: 0-100; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.9 lower (7.92 lower to 6.12 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appftab2"><div id="niceng155er12.appf.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Amplification and sound generator (combination hearing aid) versus amplification (hearing aid) only</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appf.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Combination hearing aid</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Hearing aid</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tinnitus symptom severity at 3-5 months (follow up 3-5 months; measured with: THI and TFI; range of scores: 0-100; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 3.61 lower (11.4 lower to 4.17 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.appf.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.appf.tab2_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appftab3"><div id="niceng155er12.appf.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Customised sound therapy versus non-customised sound therapy (broadband noise)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appf.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Customised sound therapy</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Non-customised sound therapy (broadband noise)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Loudness (follow-up mean 3 months; measured with: Tinnitus loudness rating scale; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.2 lower (2.58 lower to 0.18 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Depression (BDI) (follow-up mean 3 months; measured with: BDI; range of scores: 0-63; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.6 lower (6.12 lower to 4.92 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anxiety (BAI) (follow-up mean 3 months; measured with: BAI; range of scores: 0-63; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.4 higher (6.04 lower to 6.84 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Severity (THI) (follow-up mean 3 months; measured with: THI; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 9.5 lower (22.8 lower to 3.8 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.appf.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.appf.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appftab4"><div id="niceng155er12.appf.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Customised sound therapy (altered music) versus sound enrichment</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appf.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Customised sound therapy (altered music)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Sound enrichment</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tinnitus distress (12 months) (follow-up mean 12 months; measured with: THI; range of scores: 0-100; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 18.46 lower (31.65 to 5.27 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tinnitus severity (12 months) (follow-up mean 12 months; measured with: TFI; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 12.7 lower (29.47 lower to 4.07 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Depression (12 months) (follow-up mean 12 months; measured with: HADS - depression; range of scores: 0-21; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.88 lower (4.89 lower to 1.13 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anxiety (12 months) (follow-up mean 12 months; measured with: HADS - anxiety; range of scores: 0-21; Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.73 lower (6 lower to 0.54 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.appf.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of the evidence was at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of the evidence was at very high risk of bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng155er12.appf.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed one MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng155er12appgfig1"><div id="niceng155er12.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2014.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20health%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=557026_niceng155er12appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK557026/bin/niceng155er12appgf1.jpg" alt="Figure 14. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 14</span><span class="title">Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>* Non-relevant population, intervention, comparison, design or setting; non-English language</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap-group" id="figobniceng155er12apphtab1all"><div id="niceng155er12.apph.tab1all" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><div id="niceng155er12.apph.tab1" class="table"><h4><span class="title">Review: What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of sound therapy and sound enrichment?</span></h4><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.apph.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.apph.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusion reason</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arfeller 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref1" rid="niceng155er12.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions (theta burst stimulation rTMS)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Argstatter 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref5" rid="niceng155er12.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design (non-randomised study). Study not available</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Argstatter 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref4" rid="niceng155er12.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design (non-randomised study). Study not available</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Argstatter 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref3" rid="niceng155er12.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design (non-randomised study)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Argstatter 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref2" rid="niceng155er12.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design (non-randomised study)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Basile 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref8" rid="niceng155er12.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design (non-randomised study). Incorrect interventions (tinnitus pitch matching)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Davis 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref10" rid="niceng155er12.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions (neuromonics one stage versus two stage)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Heijneman 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref18" rid="niceng155er12.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions (pure tone versus pure tone + phase shifting)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Herraiz 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref21" rid="niceng155er12.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No extractable data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hesser 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref22" rid="niceng155er12.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions (control of sounds versus no control of sounds)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hiller 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref23" rid="niceng155er12.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in combination review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hoare 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref25" rid="niceng155er12.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design (results from two RCTs)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mahboubi 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref29" rid="niceng155er12.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions (tinnitus pitch matching)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mahboubi 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref30" rid="niceng155er12.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design (non-randomised study)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mei 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref31" rid="niceng155er12.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions (electrical stimulation)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Newman 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref35" rid="niceng155er12.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design (non-randomised study)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pantev 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref38" rid="niceng155er12.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate study design (protocol)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schad 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref42" rid="niceng155er12.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No extractable data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searchfield 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref44" rid="niceng155er12.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions. More relevant to combination review. No relevant outcome data reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stein 2016 <a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref47" rid="niceng155er12.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No extractable data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tao 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref49" rid="niceng155er12.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions (multiple-frequency matching versus traditional masking therapy)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Theodoroff 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref50" rid="niceng155er12.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No extractable data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tian 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref51" rid="niceng155er12.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not English language</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vanneste 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref52" rid="niceng155er12.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No extractable data</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="niceng155er12.apph.tab2" class="table"><h4><span class="title">Review: What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of amplification devices for people with tinnitus who do not require an amplification device for a hearing loss alone?</span></h4><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.apph.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.apph.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusion reason</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arndt 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref6" rid="niceng155er12.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design (non-randomised study)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arts 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref7" rid="niceng155er12.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions (electrical stimulation)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blasco 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref9" rid="niceng155er12.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate study design (systematic review and meta-analysis of case studies)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Del Bo 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref11" rid="niceng155er12.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate study design (narrative)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Derks 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref12" rid="niceng155er12.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate study design (protocol)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dos Santos 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref14" rid="niceng155er12.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate study design (abstract)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ferrari 2005<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref17" rid="niceng155er12.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate study design (abstract)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hoare 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref24" rid="niceng155er12.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cochrane review but includes one study and in process of being updated</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hodgson 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref26" rid="niceng155er12.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No extractable data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Munhoes dos Santos Ferrari 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref33" rid="niceng155er12.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions (hearing aid ear molds)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oz 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref37" rid="niceng155er12.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions (compares betahistine plus combined hearing aid or sound generator versus betahistine)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ramakers 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref41" rid="niceng155er12.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate study design (systematic review of case series studies)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ramakers 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref40" rid="niceng155er12.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate study design (secondary analysis of an RCT)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schilder 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref43" rid="niceng155er12.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate study design (abstract)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shekhawat 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref46" rid="niceng155er12.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate study design (scoping review of study designs)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zhang 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng155er12.ref53" rid="niceng155er12.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not English language</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zon 2016<sup>54</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng155er12.apph.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No extractable data (results were combined)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appitab1"><div id="niceng155er12.appi.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appi.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PICO question</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p><b>Population:</b> Children, young people and adults presenting with tinnitus who are d/Deaf or who have a severe-to-profound hearing loss</p>
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<p><b>Intervention(s):</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Amplification devices for those with hearing loss
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Implantable devices (including cochlear implants, bone-anchored hearing aids, bone-conduction hearing implants, bone-bridge/middle-ear devices)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Combination device (sound generator and hearing aids)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing aids</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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<b>Comparison:</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Waiting-list control</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Interventions compared with each other</div></li></ul>
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<b>Outcome(s):</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus severity (critical)</div></li></ul>
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Impact of tinnitus:(critical)
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus Distress</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus Annoyance</div></li></ul>
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Health related QoL (critical):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>QoL (EQ-5D)</div></li></ul>
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Tinnitus percept:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus Loudness (important)</div></li></ul>
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Other co-occurring complaints (important)
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Depression</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anxiety</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anxiety and depression</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sleep</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to patients or the population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is currently very limited research regarding how to manage tinnitus in patients who are D/deaf or who have a severe-to-profound hearing loss. Therefore there is no clinical evidence or guidance on how to manage this important group of people. Tinnitus often coexists alongside hearing loss, so understanding how to manage tinnitus within this population should be a priority, as standard care is not feasible for people who are D/deaf or who have a severe -to-profound hearing loss.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">It would help to ensure future guidance is relevant to a key group for whom tinnitus is an issue and who are identified as such within the equality impact assessment.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to the NHS</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>This may impact on strategic delivery or service delivery depending on findings.</p>
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<p>In the SignHealth Report of 2014, ‘Sick of it: how the health service is failing deaf people’(<a href="https://www.signhealth.org.uk/health-information/sick-of-it-report/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.signhealth<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.org.uk/health-information<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/sick-of-it-report/</a>), it was pointed out that deaf people have worse health and lower life expectancy than people who are not deaf. It is important to find evidence to help reduce this inequality.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">National priorities</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No evidence was identified that evaluated amplification in people presenting with tinnitus who are d/Deaf or who have a severe-to-profound hearing loss</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This research recommendation addresses people with who are d/Deaf or who have a severe-to-profound hearing loss, a group that needs special consideration.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised controlled trial or well-designed prospective or retrospective cohort stud y.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Feasibility</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other comments</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low: the research is of interest and will fill existing evidence gaps.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng155er12appitab2"><div id="niceng155er12.appi.tab2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK557026/table/niceng155er12.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng155er12.appi.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PICO question</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p><b>Population:</b> Children, young people and adults presenting with tinnitus-who have a hearing loss but no perceived hearing and/or communication difficulties</p>
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<p><b>Intervention(s):</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Amplification devices for those with hearing loss
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing aids</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Implantable devices (including cochlear implants, bone-anchored hearing aids, bone-conduction hearing implants, bone-bridge/middle-ear devices)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Combination device (sound generator and hearing aids)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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<b>Comparison:</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Interventions compared with each other</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Interventions in combination with each other</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Waiting-list control</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sound therapy and sound enrichment
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>sound enrichment (e.g. environmental sound, a CD or mp3 download or the radio, a smartphone App, bedside/table-top sound generators, a wearable sound generator)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Customised sound-based therapies</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Masking</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus support, intervention involving the following components:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Discussion of experience of tinnitus, including any concerns and its impact with individuals presenting with tinnitus. This discussion occurs between the person with tinnitus or their family members or carers and healthcare professional.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A management plan is also developed to include information and opportunities for discussion about different management options</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological therapies
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cognitive Behavioural therapy (CBT)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mindfulness-based interventions e.g. Cognitive therapy and MBSR</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Brief solution focused therapy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Narrative therapy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Family therapy/Systemic therapy</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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<b>Outcome(s):</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus severity (critical)</div></li></ul>
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Impact of tinnitus:(critical)
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus Distress</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus Annoyance</div></li></ul>
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Health related QoL (critical):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>QoL (EQ-5D)</div></li></ul>
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Tinnitus percept:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tinnitus Loudness (important)</div></li></ul>
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Other co-occurring complaints (important)
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Depression</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anxiety</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anxiety and depression</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sleep</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to patients or the population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Practice is varied across the country in terms of fitting hearing aids for mild hearing loss when there is tinnitus but no perceived hearing and/or communication difficulty. Evidence would improve the health-related quality of life and would allow patients to make decisions based on evidence instead of the opinion of their clinic ian.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is currently low quality evidence of hearing aids and tinnitus and no evidence regarding the effectiveness of hearing aids in people with mild hearing loss who do not seek help for hearing loss. Future NICE guidance would be able to include or exclude this group of people from the current recommendation to fit hearing aids.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to the NHS</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There may be an increase in hearing aid fittings for people who have milder hearing loss.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">National priorities</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No evidence was identified that evaluated hearing aids in people with tinnitus who have hearing loss but no perceived hearing difficulties.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The research recommendation should include people who have additional needs, e.g. learning disability.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised controlled trial or well-designed prospective or retrospective cohort study.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Feasibility</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other comments</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is a risk of bias if hearing aid manufacturers fund research in this area.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng155er12.appi.tab2_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low: the research is of interest and will fill existing evidence gaps.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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