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preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style"><div class="fm-sec bkr_bottom_sep"><div class="bkr_thumb"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng156er13-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Anaesthesia and analgesia for people having surgical repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK556900_"><span itemprop="name">Anaesthesia and analgesia for people having surgical repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Abdominal aortic aneurysm: diagnosis and management</div><p><b>Evidence review L</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 156</i></p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2020 Mar</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3452-2</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2020.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1"><h2 id="_niceng156er13_s1_">Anaesthesia and analgesia for people having surgical repair of unruptured and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm</h2><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1"><h3>Review questions</h3><p>What is the most effective approach to anaesthesia and/or analgesia in improving surgical outcome in people undergoing i) endovascular repair (EVAR) and ii) open repair of an unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm?</p><p>What is the most effective approach to anaesthesia and/or analgesia in improving surgical outcome in people undergoing i) EVAR and ii) open repair of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm?</p><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.1"><h4>Introduction</h4><p>Repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is associated with a variety of risks, including bleeding, infection, nerve or spinal damage, as well as cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal complications. People undergoing AAA repair often have cardiovascular and respiratory comorbidities, which can increase the incidence and severity of the aforementioned risks. Optimising how anaesthesia and analgesia are used is an important part of minimising the incidence of complications. This review aims to assess the use of local, regional or general anaesthesia and different analgesic regimens in ‘optimising’ surgical outcome amongst people undergoing surgery for unruptured and ruptured AAA.</p></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.2"><h4>PICO table</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13tab1"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. Inclusion criteria." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Inclusion criteria. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.3"><h4>Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng156er13.appa">Appendix A</a>.</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to NICE’s 2014 conflicts of interest policy.</p><p>A focused search strategy was used to pull in all studies that assessed the effectiveness of perioperatively administered local or regional anaesthesia and/or analgesia compared to general anaesthesia and/or analgesia in ‘optimising’ surgical outcome amongst people undergoing surgery for an AAA. Randomised, quasi-randomised and non-randomised controlled trials were considered for inclusion. Studies were excluded if they:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>were not in English;</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>were not full reports of the study (for example, published only as an abstract);</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>were not peer-reviewed;</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>focused on postoperative anaesthesia and/or analgesia.</div></li></ul></p><p>Prospective cohort studies were to be considered for inclusion if insufficient trial evidence was identified and if they had sample sizes larger than 500 and were conducted across multiple centres. Full details of the inclusion criteria are available in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng156er13.appa">Appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.4"><h4>Clinical evidence</h4><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.4.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>From an initial database of 2,201 abstracts, 116 full-text articles were ordered. Of these 7 studies conducted in people with unruptured AAA met inclusion criteria for this review, whereas no studies were identified relating to ruptured AAA.</p><p>An update search was conducted in December 2017, to identify any relevant studies published during guideline development. The search found 222 abstracts; all of which were not considered relevant to this review question. As a result no additional studies were included.</p></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.4.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>The list of papers excluded at full-text review, with reasons, is given in <a href="#niceng156er13.apph">Appendix H</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.5"><h4>Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13tab2"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of included studies." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of included studies. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng156er13.appd">Appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.6"><h4>Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><p>See <a href="#niceng156er13.appf">Appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.7"><h4>Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.7.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>A literature search was conducted jointly for all review questions by applying standard health economic filters to a clinical search for AAA. This search returned a total of 5,173 citations. Following review of all titles and abstracts, no studies were identified as being potentially relevant to review question 13 or review question 24.</p><p>An update search was conducted in December 2017, to identify any relevant health economic analyses published during guideline development. The search found 814 abstracts; all of which were not considered relevant to this review question. As a result no additional studies were included.</p></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.7.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>No studies were retrieved for full-text review.</p></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.8"><h4>Evidence statements</h4><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.8.1"><h5>Use of anaesthesia and analgesia during repair of unruptured AAA general anaesthesia combined with an epidural compared with general anaesthesia alone during elective open repair</h5><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.8.1.1"><h5>Mortality</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low-quality evidence from up to 3 RCTs, including up to 400 people undergoing elective open repair of an AAA, could not differentiate levels of in-hospital mortality or 12-month mortality between people who received general anaesthesia combined with an epidural and those who received general anaesthesia alone.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.8.1.2"><h5>Adverse events</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low-quality evidence from up to 4 RCTs, including up to 450 people undergoing elective open repair of an AAA, could not differentiate the postoperative incidence of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure or general cardiovascular morbidity between people who received general anaesthesia combined with an epidural and those who received general anaesthesia-alone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low-quality evidence from up to 4 RCTs, including up to 450 people undergoing elective open repair of an AAA, could not differentiate the postoperative incidence of acute respiratory failure or pneumonia between people who received general anaesthesia combined with an epidural and those who received general anaesthesia alone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low-quality evidence from up to 4 RCTs, including up to 327 people undergoing elective open repair of an AAA, could not differentiate the postoperative incidence of renal failure or renal insufficiency between people who received general anaesthesia combined with an epidural and those who received general anaesthesia alone.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.8.1.3"><h5>Surgical complications</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low-quality evidence from up to 5 RCTs, including up to 327 people undergoing elective open repair of an AAA, could not differentiate the levels of surgical complications between people who received general anaesthesia combined with an epidural and those who received general anaesthesia alone. Moderate quality evidence from 1 RCT, including 40 people undergoing elective open repair of an AAA, reported less need for additional analgesia in people who received general anaesthesia combined with an epidural compared with those who received general anaesthesia alone.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.8.1.4"><h5>Need for reoperation</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low-quality evidence from 1 RCT, including 160 people undergoing elective open repair of an AAA, could not differentiate reoperation rates between people who received general anaesthesia combined with an epidural and those who received general anaesthesia alone.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.8.1.5"><h5>Resource use</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low-quality evidence from up to 2 RCTs, including up to 217 people undergoing elective open repair of an AAA, could not differentiate the duration of postoperative hospital stay or postoperative stay in the intensive care unit between people who received general anaesthesia combined with an epidural and those who received general anaesthesia-alone.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.8.2"><h5>General anaesthesia combined with intrathecal opioid compared with general anaesthesia alone during elective open repair</h5><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.8.2.1"><h5>Mortality</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low-quality evidence from 1 RCT of 217 people undergoing elective open repair of an AAA could not differentiate levels of in-hospital mortality between people who received general anaesthesia combined with intrathecal opioid injection and those who received general anaesthesia alone.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.8.2.2"><h5>Adverse events</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low quality evidence from 1 RCT of 217 people undergoing elective open repair of an AAA could not differentiate the postoperative incidence of myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure between people who received general anaesthesia combined with intrathecal opioid injection and those who received general anaesthesia alone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low quality evidence from up to 2 RCTs, including up to 242 people undergoing elective open repair of an AAA, could not differentiate the postoperative incidence of respiratory depression, acute respiratory failure or pneumonia between people who received general anaesthesia combined with intrathecal opioid injection and those who received general anaesthesia alone.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.8.3"><h5>Anaesthesia and analgesia during elective EVAR</h5><p>No evidence was identified relating to anaesthesia and/or analgesia during elective EVAR.</p></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.8.4"><h5>Use of anaesthesia and analgesia during repair of ruptured AAA</h5><p>No evidence was identified relating to ruptured AAA.</p></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9"><h4>The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9.1"><h5>Interpreting the evidence</h5><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9.1.1"><h5>The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The guideline committee discussed the relative importance of a variety of outcomes and agreed that the following would be useful to their decision-making:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The adverse events of anaesthesia or analgesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Additional surgical interventions or changes to the approach to anaesthesia and/or analgesia</div></li></ul></p></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9.1.2"><h5>The quality of the evidence</h5><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9.1.2.1"><h5>Use of anaesthesia and analgesia during repair of unruptured AAA</h5><p>The committee noted that the evidence was limited to the comparison of general anaesthesia alone with general anaesthesia with an epidural or an intrathecal opioid. No evidence was found for other combinations of anaesthesia and analgesia. It was considered that some of the evidence may not have been generalisable to the UK context, primarily because of the formulations and doses of the interventions used. This affected the applicability of the evidence. This applicability was further affected by the populations in a number of the studies, which included people other than those undergoing open repair of an AAA, such as those undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease, and those undergoing visceral or renal arterial reconstruction requiring abdominal aortic cross-clamping.</p><p>The committee noted that only 1 outcome in 1 comparison reached significance (the need for additional analgesia in the comparison of epidural plus general anaesthesia and general anaesthesia-alone), though this was likely a result of low event rates and small sample sizes. For this reason, the committee noted that there is an absence of evidence, not evidence of absence with regard to differences in the effects of the interventions and comparators studied.</p><p>No evidence was identified for anaesthesia and/or analgesia in people undergoing EVAR for unruptured AAA. The committee agreed that it was not necessary to draft consensus recommendations as they had recommended that EVAR should not be used to treat unruptured infrarenal aneurysms elsewhere in the guideline.</p><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9.1.2.1.1"><h5>Use of anaesthesia and analgesia during repair of ruptured AAA</h5><p>Since no evidence was identified for anaesthesia and/or analgesia in people undergoing any type of repair of ruptured AAA, the committee agreed that it was appropriate to draft consensus recommendations based on their collective skills, knowledge and experiences (discussed in the benefits and harms section below).</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9.1.3"><h5>Benefits and harms</h5><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9.1.3.1"><h5>Use of anaesthesia and analgesia during repair of unruptured AAA</h5><p>On the whole, the identified evidence relating to elective open repair did not allow the committee to draw many distinctions between the use of general anaesthesia alone, general anaesthesia with an epidural, and general anaesthesia with an intrathecal injection of opioid. However, the committee noted that the addition of an epidural to general anaesthesia was associated with a lower need for additional analgesia compared with the use of general anaesthesia alone. This preference for the addition of an epidural to general anaesthesia was also supported by the committee’s own clinical experience. The superior analgesic effect of adding an epidural has also been demonstrated and accepted in more general terms, such as in abdominal surgery more broadly, and the committee noted that there was no biological reason to expect that this result would be different in this population.</p><p>The committee subsequently discussed the possible populations in which the addition of an epidural to general anaesthesia would be contraindicated, but concluded that there were no such populations that could be specified. In the absence of explicit contraindications, possible reasons not to undertake an epidural might include possible side effects (including cardiac, respiratory, or gastrointestinal complications), the failure rate of epidurals, and the need for relatively intensive postoperative management to maximise benefits of an epidural. However, the committee did not feel that these concerns, when properly accounted for in the management of the patient, outweighed the possible benefits of using an epidural in conjunction with general anaesthesia in people undergoing open repair of an unruptured AAA.</p><p>The potential complications of epidural mean that some are now trying alternative methods, including the use of wound catheters to apply local anaesthesia, a technique that is being used more and more in abdominal surgery and which some are starting to use in the open repair of unruptured AAAs. However, the group did not feel that they had sufficient evidence or cause to explicitly recommend the use of wound catheters at this point.</p><p>No evidence was identified for optimal use of anaesthesia or analgesia in people undergoing elective EVAR. The committee noted that they recommended the procedure should not be performed in elective cases but acknowledged that in some circumstances, such as a hostile abdomen, EVAR may be warranted. In such situations no approach to anaesthesia and/or analgesia is considered superior to another. The committee agreed that it was important to tailor the approach to the individual patient, particularly in the case of people undergoing complex EVAR. They agreed that some important factors that should be considered include the ‘ease’ of the planned surgery, based upon the size, morphology and position of the aneurysm as well as the estimated duration of surgery, the patient’s preference and concerns (for example, general anaesthesia may be preferable to patients who are anxious about being in the operating theatre). The committee agreed any recommendations on the use of anaesthesia or analgesia in people undergoing elective EVAR would be misleading as they had recommended that the procedure should not be performed in elective cases, elsewhere in the guideline.</p></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9.1.3.2"><h5>Use of anaesthesia and analgesia during repair of ruptured AAA</h5><p>No evidence was identified for the optimal management of anaesthesia and/or analgesia in people having open repair or EVAR of a ruptured AAA.</p><p>The committee agreed that the use of general anaesthesia alone is widely accepted as best practice when performing open surgical repair of a ruptured AAA. Furthermore, the committee agreed that the use of epidurals in addition to general anaesthesia is not considered safe or appropriate in the context of ruptured aneurysm. This is for a number of reasons; including a lack of sufficient time to administer an epidural when a patient is losing blood quickly, as well as the fact that people with ruptured AAA are generally not in a condition to tolerate administration of an epidural. The committee agreed that no recommendation was necessary as it is common practice to use anaesthesia alone during open surgery for ruptured AAA.</p><p>In the context of EVAR, the committee concluded that the approach of using anaesthesia and/or analgesia should be based primarily on the stability of the patient’s condition. The committee felt that there was a lack of awareness among anaesthetists of the potential for effectively using local infiltrative anaesthesia alone in people undergoing EVAR for an AAA, at least at the start of the procedure. General anaesthesia can lead to loss of sympathetic control and muscle tone, which in patients with a ruptured aneurysm can lead to profound hypotension; for this reason, the use of local anaesthesia alone (at least initially) may be preferable.</p><p>Support for the use of local infiltrative anaesthesia alone in people undergoing EVAR for a ruptured AAA also came from a supplementary piece of evidence identified by the committee. A subgroup analysis of an included RCT for the question on EVAR versus open repair in ruptured AAA (IMPROVE) found that people who underwent EVAR for a ruptured AAA under local anaesthesia had a lower mortality (13%) than those who underwent the procedure under general anaesthesia (34%). This translated to a meaningful benefit for local anaesthesia (OR 0.25 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.70)), which the committee agreed may indicate a survival advantage associated with the use of local anaesthesia. However, the committee also acknowledged that this was a non-randomised comparison and there is no further evidence to support this. They also acknowledged that local infiltration alone may be distressing for the patient, or that it may not be feasible in all circumstances.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9.2"><h5>Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>No cost-effectiveness evidence was identified for this review area, and it was not prioritised for economic modelling.</p><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9.2.1"><h5>Use of anaesthesia and analgesia during repair of unruptured AAA</h5><p>The committee considered that the use of an epidural in addition to general anaesthesia during open surgical repair is already widespread practice, so recommending their use would have a limited impact on resource use.</p></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9.2.2"><h5>Use of anaesthesia and analgesia during repair of ruptured AAA</h5><p>The committee considered that the use of general anaesthesia alone in people undergoing open repair of a ruptured AAA is already widespread practice, so recommending its use will have a limited impact on resource use. The committee also agreed that the recommendation to consider local infiltrative anaesthesia alone for people having EVAR for ruptured AAA is unlikely to lead to any substantial change in resource use.</p></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.s1.1.9.3"><h5>Other factors the committee took into account</h5><p>No other factors were discussed by the committee.</p></div></div></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng156er13.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><div id="niceng156er13.appa.s1"><h4>Review protocol for review question 13: Anaesthesia and analgesia for people having surgical repair of an unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appatab1"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appatab1" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appatab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appa.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appa.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appatab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Systematic reviews of study designs listed below: Randomised controlled trials</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appa.s2"><h4>Review protocol for review question 24: Anaesthesia and analgesia for people having surgical repair of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appatab2"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appatab2" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appatab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appa.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appa.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appa.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appatab2">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Systematic reviews of study designs listed below: Randomised controlled trials</p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><div id="niceng156er13.appb.s1"><h4>Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><div id="niceng156er13.appb.s1.1"><h5>Main searches</h5><p>Bibliographic databases searched for the guideline
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature - CINAHL (EBSCO)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews – CDSR (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials – CENTRAL (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects – DARE (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health Technology Assessment Database – HTA (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>EMBASE (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE In-Process (Ovid)</div></li></ul></p></div><div id="niceng156er13.appb.s1.2"><h5>Identification of evidence for review questions</h5><p>The searches were conducted between November 2015 and October 2017 for 31 review questions (RQ). In collaboration with Cochrane, the evidence for several review questions was identified by an update of an existing Cochrane review. Review questions in this category are indicated below. Where review questions had a broader scope, supplement searches were undertaken by NICE.</p><p>Searches were re-run in December 2017.</p><p>Where appropriate, study design filters (either designed in-house or by McMaster) were used to limit the retrieval to, for example, randomised controlled trials. Details of the study design filters used can be found in section 4.</p></div><div id="niceng156er13.appb.s1.3"><h5>Search strategy review questions 13 and 24</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appbtab1"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appbtab1" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appbtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appb.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appb.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appbtab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Medline Strategy, searched 11th February 2016 Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) <1946 to January week 1 2016</p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appb.s2"><h4>Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><div id="niceng156er13.appb.s2.1"><h5>Sources searched to identify economic evaluations</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>NHS Economic Evaluation Database – NHS EED (Wiley) last updated Dec 2014</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health Technology Assessment Database – HTA (Wiley) last updated Oct 2016</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Embase (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE In-Process (Ovid)</div></li></ul><p>Search filters to retrieve economic evaluations and quality of life papers were appended to the population and intervention terms to identify relevant evidence. Searches were not undertaken for qualitative RQs. For social care topic questions additional terms were added. Searches were re-run in September 2017 where the filters were added to the population terms.</p></div><div id="niceng156er13.appb.s2.2"><h5>Health economics search strategy</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appbtab2"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appbtab2" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appbtab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appb.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appb.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appbtab2">Table</a></h4></div></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence study selection</h3><p>Review question 13 and 24 study selection</p><div id="niceng156er13.appc.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appcf1&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appcf1.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appcf1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng156er13.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (259K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s1"><h4>Epidural plus general anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia-alone/plus placebo during open repair of unruptured AAA</h4><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s1.1"><h5>Mortality</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef1&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef1.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s2"><h4>Cardiovascular adverse events</h4><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s2.1"><h5>Any cardiovascular adverse event</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig2" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef2&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef2.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef2" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s2.2"><h5>Myocardial infarction</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig3" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef3&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef3.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef3" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s2.3"><h5>Congestive heart failure</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig4" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef4&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef4.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef4" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s2.4"><h5>Ventricular tachyarrhythmia</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig5" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef5&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef5.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef5" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s3"><h4>Respiratory adverse events</h4><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s3.1"><h5>Acute respiratory failure (prolonged ventilation)</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig6" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef6&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef6.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef6" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s3.2"><h5>Pneumonia</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig7" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef7&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef7.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef7" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s4"><h4>Renal adverse events</h4><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s4.1"><h5>Renal failure</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig8" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef8&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef8.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef8" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s4.2"><h5>Renal insufficiency</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig9" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef9&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef9.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef9" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s5"><h4>Gastrointestinal adverse events</h4><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s5.1"><h5>Gastrointestinal bleeding</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig10" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef10&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef10.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef10" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s6"><h4>Surgical complications</h4><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s6.1"><h5>Blood loss</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig11" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef11&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef11.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef11" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s6.2"><h5>Sepsis</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig12" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef12&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef12.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef12" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s7"><h4>Resource use</h4><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s7.1"><h5>Length of stay</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig13" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef13&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef13.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef13" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s8"><h4>Intrathecal opioid plus general anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia-alone during open repair of unruptured AAA</h4><div id="niceng156er13.appe.s8.1"><h5>Respiratory adverse events: respiratory depression</h5><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig14" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef14&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef14.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef14.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef14" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s1"><h4>Epidural plus general anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia-alone/plus placebo during open repair of unruptured AAA</h4><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s1.1"><h5>Mortality</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab1"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab1" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s1.2"><h5>Any adverse event</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab2"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab2" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab2">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s1.3"><h5>Cardiovascular adverse events</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab3"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab3" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab3">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s1.4"><h5>Respiratory adverse events</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab4"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab4" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab4">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s1.5"><h5>Renal adverse events</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab5"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab5" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab5">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s1.6"><h5>Gastrointestinal adverse events</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab6"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab6" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab6">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s1.7"><h5>Surgical complications</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab7"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab7" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab7">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s1.8"><h5>Need for reoperation</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab8"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab8" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab8/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab8">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s1.9"><h5>Resource use</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab9"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab9" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab9"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab9/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab9/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab9">Table</a></h4></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s2"><h4>Intrathecal opioid plus general anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia-alone during elective open repair</h4><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s2.1"><h5>Mortality</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab10"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab10" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab10"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab10/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab10/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab10">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s2.2"><h5>Any adverse event</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab11"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab11" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab11"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab11/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab11/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab11"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab11">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s2.3"><h5>Cardiovascular adverse events</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab12"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab12" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab12"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab12/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab12/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab12"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab12">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s2.4"><h5>Respiratory adverse events</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab13"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab13" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab13"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab13/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab13/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab13"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab13">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s2.5"><h5>Renal adverse events</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab14"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab14" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab14"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab14/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab14/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab14"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab14">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appf.s2.6"><h5>Resource use</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13appftab15"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13appftab15" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab15"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab15/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab15/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.appf.tab15"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13appftab15">Table</a></h4></div></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Economic evidence study selection</h3><div id="niceng156er13.appg.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appgf1&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appgf1.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appgf1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng156er13.apph.s1"><h4>Clinical studies</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er13apphtab1"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.apph.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er13apphtab1" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13apphtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.apph.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.apph.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er13.apph.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.apph.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er13apphtab1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.apph.s2"><h4>Economic studies</h4><p>No full text papers were retrieved. All studies were excluded at review of titles and abstracts.</p></div></div><div id="niceng156er13.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Glossary</h3><dl><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI1">Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)</dt><dd><p>A localised bulge in the abdominal aorta (the major blood vessel that supplies blood to the lower half of the body including the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs) caused by weakening of the aortic wall. It is defined as an aortic diameter greater than 3 cm or a diameter more than 50% larger than the normal width of a healthy aorta. The clinical relevance of AAA is that the condition may lead to a life threatening rupture of the affected artery. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are generally characterised by their shape, size and cause:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infrarenal AAA: an aneurysm located in the lower segment of the abdominal aorta below the kidneys.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Juxtarenal AAA: a type of infrarenal aneurysm that extends to, and sometimes, includes the lower margin of renal artery origins.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Suprarenal AAA: an aneurysm involving the aorta below the diaphragm and above the renal arteries involving some or all of the visceral aortic segment and hence the origins of the renal, superior mesenteric, and celiac arteries, it may extend down to the aortic bifurcation.</div></li></ul></p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI2">Abdominal compartment syndrome</dt><dd><p>Abdominal compartment syndrome occurs when the pressure within the abdominal cavity increases above 20 mm Hg (intra-abdominal hypertension). In the context of a ruptured AAA this is due to the mass effect of a volume of blood within or behind the abdominal cavity. The increased abdominal pressure reduces blood flow to abdominal organs and impairs pulmonary, cardiovascular, renal, and gastro-intestinal function. This can cause multiple organ dysfunction and eventually lead to death.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI3">Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</dt><dd><p>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET, sometimes also called CPX testing) is a noninvasive approach used to assess how the body performs before and during exercise. During CPET, the patient performs exercise on a stationary bicycle while breathing through a mouthpiece. Each breath is measured to assess the performance of the lungs and cardiovascular system. A heart tracing device (Electrocardiogram) will also record the hearts electrical activity before, during and after exercise.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI4">Device migration</dt><dd><p>Migration can occur after device implantation when there is any movement or displacement of a stent-graft from its original position relative to the aorta or renal arteries. The risk of migration increases with time and can result in the loss of device fixation. Device migration may not need further treatment but should be monitored as it can lead to complications such as aneurysm rupture or endoleak.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI5">Endoleak</dt><dd><p>An endoleak is the persistence of blood flow outside an endovascular stent - graft but within the aneurysm sac in which the graft is placed.
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type I – Perigraft (at the proximal or distal seal zones): This form of endoleak is caused by blood flowing into the aneurysm because of an incomplete or ineffective seal at either end of an endograft. The blood flow creates pressure within the sac and significantly increases the risk of sac enlargement and rupture. As a result, Type I endoleaks typically require urgent attention.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type II – Retrograde or collateral (mesenteric, lumbar, renal accessory): These endoleaks are the most common type of endoleak. They occur when blood bleeds into the sac from small side branches of the aorta. They are generally considered benign because they are usually at low pressure and tend to resolve spontaneously over time without any need for intervention. Treatment of the endoleak is indicated if the aneurysm sac continues to expand.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type III – Midgraft (fabric tear, graft dislocation, graft disintegration): These endoleaks occur when blood flows into the aneurysm sac through defects in the endograft (such as graft fractures, misaligned graft joints and holes in the graft fabric). Similarly to Type I endoleak, a Type III endoleak results in systemic blood pressure within the aneurysm sac that increases the risk of rupture. Therefore, Type III endoleaks typically require urgent attention.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type IV– Graft porosity: These endoleaks often occur soon after AAA repair and are associated with the porosity of certain graft materials. They are caused by blood flowing through the graft fabric into the aneurysm sac. They do not usually require treatment and tend to resolve within a few days of graft placement.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type V – Endotension: A Type V endoleak is a phenomenon in which there is continued sac expansion without radiographic evidence of a leak site. It is a poorly understood abnormality. One theory that it is caused by pulsation of the graft wall, with transmission of the pulse wave through the aneurysm sac to the native aneurysm wall. Alternatively it may be due to intermittent leaks which are not apparent at imaging. It can be difficult to identify and treat any cause.</div></li></ul></p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI6">Endovascular aneurysm repair</dt><dd><p>Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a technique that involves placing a stent –graft prosthesis within an aneurysm. The stent-graft is inserted through a small incision in the femoral artery in the groin, then delivered to the site of the aneurysm using catheters and guidewires and placed in position under X-ray guidance.
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conventional EVAR refers to placement of an endovascular stent graft in an AAA where the anatomy of the aneurysm is such that the ‘instructions for use’ of that particular device are adhered to. Instructions for use define tolerances for AAA anatomy that the device manufacturer considers appropriate for that device. Common limitations on AAA anatomy are infrarenal neck length (usually >10mm), diameter (usually ≤30mm) and neck angle relative to the main body of the AAA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Complex EVAR refers to a number of endovascular strategies that have been developed to address the challenges of aortic proximal neck fixation associated with complicated aneurysm anatomies like those seen in juxtarenal and suprarenal AAAs. These strategies include using conventional infrarenal aortic stent grafts outside their ‘instructions for use’, using physician-modified endografts, utilisation of customised fenestrated endografts, and employing snorkel or chimney approaches with parallel covered stents.</div></li></ul></p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI7">Goal directed therapy</dt><dd><p>Goal directed therapy refers to a method of fluid administration that relies on minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring to tailor fluid administration to a maximal cardiac output or other reliable markers of cardiac function such as stroke volume variation or pulse pressure variation.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI8">Post processing technique</dt><dd><p>For the purpose of this review, a post-processing technique refers to a software package that is used to augment imaging obtained from CT scans, (which are conventionally presented as axial images), to provide additional 2- or 3-dimensional imaging and data relating to an aneurysm’s, size, position and anatomy.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI9">Permissive hypotension</dt><dd><p>Permissive hypotension (also known as hypotensive resuscitation and restrictive volume resuscitation) is a method of fluid administration commonly used in people with haemorrhage after trauma. The basic principle of the technique is to maintain haemostasis (the stopping of blood flow) by keeping a person’s blood pressure within a lower than normal range. In theory, a lower blood pressure means that blood loss will be slower, and more easily controlled by the pressure of internal self-tamponade and clot formation.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI10">Remote ischemic preconditioning</dt><dd><p>Remote ischemic preconditioning is a procedure that aims to reduce damage (ischaemic injury) that may occur from a restriction in the blood supply to tissues during surgery. The technique aims to trigger the body’s natural protective functions. It is sometimes performed before surgery and involves repeated, temporary cessation of blood flow to a limb to create ischemia (lack of oxygen and glucose) in the tissue. In theory, this “conditioning” activates physiological pathways that render the heart muscle resistant to subsequent prolonged periods of ischaemia.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI11">Tranexamic acid</dt><dd><p>Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic agent (medication that promotes blood clotting) that can be used to prevent, stop or reduce unwanted bleeding. It is often used to reduce the need for blood transfusion in adults having surgery, in trauma and in massive obstetric haemorrhage.</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Methods, evidence and recommendations</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the NICE Guideline Updates Team</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer:</b> The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2020.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK556900</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32407029" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">32407029</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13tab1"><div id="niceng156er13.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Inclusion criteria</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Parameter</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inclusion criteria</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People undergoing surgery for a confirmed ruptured or unruptured AAA</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interventions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regional or local anaesthesia and/or analgesia in the surgical repair of a ruptured or unruptured AAA</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparators</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia and/or analgesia in the surgical repair of a ruptured or unruptured AAA</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Mortality</p>
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<p>Adverse events</p>
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<p>Complications of surgery, including pain, blood loss, wound complications, gut motility, and respiratory complications</p>
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<p>Need for additional intervention</p>
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<p>Successful exclusion of the aneurysm, aneurysm rupture, or further aneurysm growth</p>
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<p>Quality of life</p>
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<p>Resource use and costs</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13tab2"><div id="niceng156er13.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of included studies</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Details</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Baron
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J-F, Bertrand
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M, Barré
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E, et al. (1991) Combined epidural and general anesthesia versus general anesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery. Anesthesiology, 75: 611–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1928770" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1928770</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Study design: quasi-randomised controlled trial</p>
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<p>Location: France</p>
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<p>Population: high-risk surgical patients scheduled for elective abdominal aortic reconstruction</p>
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<p>Sample size: 167</p>
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<p>Follow-up: not reported</p>
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<p>Intervention: epidural anaesthesia plus general anaesthesia</p>
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<p>Comparator: balanced general anaesthesia</p>
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<p>Outcomes: mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, respiratory morbidity, renal failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis, major surgical complication & postoperative hospital stay</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Broekema
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AAA, Kuizenga
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K, Hennis
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PJ (1996). Does epidural sufentanil provide effective analgesia per- and postoperatively for abdominal aortic surgery?
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Acta Anaesthesiol Scandinavica
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40: 20–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8904255" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8904255</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Study design: double-blind randomised controlled trial</p>
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<p>Location: Netherlands</p>
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<p>Population: people undergoing open surgical repair of unruptured AAA</p>
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<p>Sample size: 40</p>
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<p>Follow-up: not reported</p>
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<p>Intervention: opioid epidural plus general anaesthesia</p>
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<p>Comparator: general anaesthesia plus placebo</p>
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<p>Outcomes: complications, adverse events, blood loss, & need for additional analgesia</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Davies
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MJ, Silbert
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BS, Mooney
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PJ
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et al. (1993) Combined epidural and general anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery: A prospective randomised trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
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21: 790–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8122735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8122735</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Study design: randomised controlled trial</p>
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<p>Location: Australia</p>
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<p>Population: people undergoing open surgical repair of unruptured AAA</p>
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<p>Sample size: 50</p>
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<p>Follow-up: not reported</p>
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<p>Intervention: epidural combined with general anaesthesia</p>
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<p>Comparator: general anaesthesia-alone:</p>
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<p>Outcomes: mortality, cardiovascular complications, respiratory complications, hepatic complications, renal complications, Length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, intraoperative blood loss & infections</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Davis. (1987) Intrathecal morphine in aortic aneurysm surgery. Anaesthesia
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42: 491–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3592175" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3592175</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Study design: randomised controlled trial</p>
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<p>Location: UK</p>
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<p>Population: men undergoing open surgical repair of unruptured AAA</p>
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<p>Sample size: 30</p>
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<p>Follow-up: not reported</p>
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<p>Intervention: intrathecal opioid plus general anaesthesia:</p>
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<p>Comparator: general anaesthesia-alone</p>
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<p>Outcomes: pain & clinical respiratory depression</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Dodds
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TM, Burns
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K, DeRoo
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DB
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et al. (1997) Effects of anesthetic technique on myocardial wall motion abnormalities during abdominal aortic surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
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11: 129–36 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9105980" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9105980</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: double blind, randomised controlled trial</p>
|
|
<p>Location: Lebanon</p>
|
|
<p>Population: people undergoing open surgical repair of unruptured AAA</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 73</p>
|
|
<p>Follow-up: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Intervention: epidural plus general anaesthesia:</p>
|
|
<p>Comparator: general anaesthesia-alone</p>
|
|
<p>Outcomes: in-hospital mortality, cardiac morbidity, respiratory morbidity, renal insufficiency & blood loss</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fleron
|
|
M-H, Weiskopf
|
|
RB, Bertrand
|
|
M
|
|
et al. (2003) A comparison of intrathecal opioid and intravenous analgesia for the incidence of cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal complications after abdominal aortic surgery. Anesth Analg
|
|
97: 2–12 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12818934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12818934</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: randomised controlled trial</p>
|
|
<p>Location: France</p>
|
|
<p>Population: people undergoing open surgical repair of unruptured AAA or aortoiliac occlusive disease</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 217</p>
|
|
<p>Follow-up: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Intervention: Intrathecal opioid plus general anaesthesia</p>
|
|
<p>Comparator: general anaesthesia-alone:</p>
|
|
<p>Outcomes: major complications, cardiovascular complications, respiratory complications, renal complications & length of hospital stay</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Norris
|
|
EJ, Beattie
|
|
C, Perler
|
|
BA
|
|
et al. (2001) Double-masked randomized trial comparing alternate combinations of intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in abdominal aortic surgery. Anesthesiology
|
|
95: 1054–67 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11684971" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11684971</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: double-blind, randomised controlled trial</p>
|
|
<p>Location: USA</p>
|
|
<p>Population: patients undergoing open surgery to repair unruptured AAA or surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease, and visceral and renal arterial reconstruction</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 168</p>
|
|
<p>Follow-up: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Intervention: epidural anaesthesia combined with a light general anaesthesia</p>
|
|
<p>Comparator: general anaesthesia plus placebo</p>
|
|
<p>Outcomes: mortality, cardiac complications, respiratory complications, renal complications, intraoperative blood loss, reoperation & readmission to ICU</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appatab1"><div id="niceng156er13.appa.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Review question 13</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">What is the most effective approach to anaesthesia and/or analgesia in improving surgical outcome in people undergoing i) EVAR and ii) open repair of an unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm?</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objectives</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To assess the use of local, regional or general analgesia and anaesthesia in ‘optimising’ surgical outcome amongst people undergoing surgery for an unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Language</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">English only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Systematic reviews of study designs listed below:</p>
|
|
<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
|
|
<p>Quasi-randomised controlled trials</p>
|
|
<p>Non-randomised controlled trials</p>
|
|
<p>If insufficient evidence identified, prospective cohort studies presenting comparative evidence will be considered (n >500; multicentre)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Status</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Published papers only (full text)</p>
|
|
<p>No date restrictions</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People undergoing surgery for a confirmed unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm</p>
|
|
<p>Subgroups: age, sex, comorbidities (including cardiovascular disease, renal disease, COPD, obesity); fitness/risk for surgery</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regional or local anaesthesia and/or analgesia in the elective surgical repair of an unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparator</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia and/or analgesia in the elective surgical repair of an unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Mortality</p>
|
|
<p>Adverse events of anaesthesia or analgesia, including renal, pulmonary and cardiac</p>
|
|
<p>Complications of surgery, including pain, blood loss, wound complications, gut motility, and respiratory complications</p>
|
|
<p>Need for additional intervention: surgical, conversion from local/regional to general</p>
|
|
<p>Successful exclusion of the aneurysm, aneurysm rupture, or further aneurysm growth</p>
|
|
<p>Quality of life</p>
|
|
<p>Resource use, including length of hospital or intensive care stay and readmissions, and costs</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other criteria for inclusion / exclusion of studies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusion:</p>
|
|
<p>Non-English language</p>
|
|
<p>Abstract/non-published</p>
|
|
<p>Pharmacological interventions not available in the UK</p>
|
|
<p>Postoperative anaesthesia and/or analgesia</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baseline characteristics to be extracted in evidence tables</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Age,</p>
|
|
<p>Sex</p>
|
|
<p>Size of aneurysm</p>
|
|
<p>Position of aneurysm</p>
|
|
<p>Comorbidities</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See <a href="#niceng156er13.appb">Appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review strategies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Appropriate NICE Methodology Checklists, depending on study designs, will be used as a guide to appraise the quality of individual studies.</p>
|
|
<p>Data on all included studies will be extracted into evidence tables. Where statistically possible, a meta-analytic approach will be used to give an overall summary effect.</p>
|
|
<p>All key findings from evidence will be presented in GRADE profiles and further summarised in evidence statements.</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appatab2"><div id="niceng156er13.appa.tab2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appa.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Review question 24</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">What is the most effective approach to anaesthesia and/or analgesia in improving surgical outcome in people undergoing i) EVAR and ii) open repair of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm?</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objectives</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To assess the use of local, regional or general analgesia and anaesthesia in ‘optimising’ surgical outcome amongst people undergoing surgery for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Language</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">English only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Systematic reviews of study designs listed below:</p>
|
|
<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
|
|
<p>Quasi-randomised controlled trials</p>
|
|
<p>Non-randomised controlled trials</p>
|
|
<p>If insufficient evidence identified, prospective cohort studies presenting comparative evidence will be considered (n >500; multicentre)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Status</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Published papers only (full text)</p>
|
|
<p>No date restrictions</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People undergoing surgery for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm</p>
|
|
<p>Subgroups: age, sex, comorbidities (including cardiovascular disease, renal disease, COPD, obesity)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regional or local anaesthesia and/or analgesia in the surgical repair of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparator</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia and analgesia in the surgical repair of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Mortality</p>
|
|
<p>Adverse events of anaesthesia or analgesia, including renal, pulmonary and cardiac</p>
|
|
<p>Complications of surgery, including pain, blood loss, wound complications, gut motility, and respiratory complications</p>
|
|
<p>Need for additional intervention: surgical, conversion from local/regional to general</p>
|
|
<p>Successful exclusion of the aneurysm, aneurysm rupture, or further aneurysm growth</p>
|
|
<p>Quality of life</p>
|
|
<p>Resource use, including length of hospital or intensive care stay and readmissions, and costs</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other criteria for inclusion / exclusion of studies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusion:</p>
|
|
<p>Non-English language</p>
|
|
<p>Abstract/non-published</p>
|
|
<p>Pharmacological interventions not available in the UK</p>
|
|
<p>Postoperative anaesthesia and/or analgesia</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baseline characteristics to be extracted in evidence tables</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Age</p>
|
|
<p>Sex</p>
|
|
<p>Size of aneurysm</p>
|
|
<p>Comorbidities</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See <a href="#niceng156er13.appb">Appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review strategies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Appropriate NICE Methodology Checklists, depending on study designs, will be used as a guide to appraise the quality of individual studies.</p>
|
|
<p>Data on all included studies will be extracted into evidence tables. Where statistically possible, a meta-analytic approach will be used to give an overall summary effect.</p>
|
|
<p>All key findings from evidence will be presented in GRADE profiles and further summarised in evidence statements.</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appbtab1"><div id="niceng156er13.appb.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<p>Medline Strategy, searched 11th February 2016</p>
|
|
<p>Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) <1946 to January week 1 2016</p>
|
|
<p>Search Strategy:</p>
|
|
</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1 Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2 Aortic Rupture/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3 (aneurysm* adj4 (abdom* or thoracoabdom* or thoraco-abdom* or aort* or spontan* or juxtarenal* or juxta-renal* or juxta renal* or paraerenal* or para-renal* or para renal* or suprarenal* or supra renal* or supra-renal* or short neck* or short-neck* or shortneck* or visceral aortic segment*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4 (AAA or RAAA).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5 or/1-4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">6 exp Anesthesia/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7 (anaesthe* or anesthe*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8 exp Anesthetics/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9 Anesthesiology/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10 Nurse Anesthetists/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11 exp Analgesia/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">12 Analgesi*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">13 Pain Management/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">14 (Pain* adj4 (manag* or relie*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">15 or/6-14</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">16 5 and 15</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">17 Animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">18 16 not 17</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">19 limit 18 to english language</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appbtab2"><div id="niceng156er13.appb.tab2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Medline Strategy</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Economic evaluations</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1 Economics/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2 exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3 Economics, Dental/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4 exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5 exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">6 Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7 Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8 Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9 exp Models, Economic/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10 Markov Chains/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11 Monte Carlo Method/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">12 Decision Trees/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">13 econom*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">14 cba.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">15 cea.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">16 cua.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">17 markov*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">18 (monte adj carlo).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">19 (decision adj3 (tree* or analys*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20 (cost or costs or costing* or costly or costed).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">21 (price* or pricing*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">22 budget*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">23 expenditure*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">24 (value adj3 (money or monetary)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">25 (pharmacoeconomic* or (pharmaco adj economic*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">26 or/1-25</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Quality of life</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1 “Quality of Life”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2 quality of life.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3 “Value of Life”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4 Quality-Adjusted Life Years/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5 quality adjusted life.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">6 (qaly* or qald* or qale* or qtime*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7 disability adjusted life.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8 daly*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9 Health Status Indicators/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10 (sf36 or sf 36 or short form 36 or shortform 36 or sf thirtysix or sf thirty six or shortform thirtysix or shortform thirty six or short form thirtysix or short form thirty six).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11 (sf6 or sf 6 or short form 6 or shortform 6 or sf six or sfsix or shortform six or short form six).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">12 (sf12 or sf 12 or short form 12 or shortform 12 or sf twelve or sftwelve or shortform twelve or short form twelve).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">13 (sf16 or sf 16 or short form 16 or shortform 16 or sf sixteen or sfsixteen or shortform sixteen or short form sixteen).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">14 (sf20 or sf 20 or short form 20 or shortform 20 or sf twenty or sftwenty or shortform twenty or short form twenty).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">15 (euroqol or euro qol or eq5d or eq 5d).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">16 (qol or hql or hqol or hrqol).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">17 (hye or hyes).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">18 health* year* equivalent*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">19 utilit*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20 (hui or hui1 or hui2 or hui3).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">21 disutili*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">22 rosser.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">23 quality of wellbeing.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">24 quality of well-being.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">25 qwb.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">26 willingness to pay.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">27 standard gamble*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">28 time trade off.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">29 time tradeoff.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">30 tto.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">31 or/1-30</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appcfig1"><div id="niceng156er13.appc.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appcf1&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appcf1.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appcf1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig1"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef1&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef1.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig2"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig2" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef2&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef2.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef2" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig3"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig3" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef3&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef3.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef3" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig4"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig4" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef4&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef4.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef4" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig5"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig5" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef5&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef5.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef5" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig6"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig6" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef6&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef6.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef6" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig7"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig7" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef7&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef7.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef7" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig8"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig8" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef8&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef8.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef8" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig9"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig9" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef9&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef9.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef9" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig10"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig10" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef10&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef10.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef10" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig11"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig11" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef11&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef11.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef11" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig12"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig12" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef12&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef12.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef12" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig13"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig13" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef13&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef13.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef13" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appefig14"><div id="niceng156er13.appe.fig14" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appef14&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appef14.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appef14.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appef14" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab1"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">In-hospital mortality; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (Baron 1991, Dodds 1997, Norris 2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">202</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">198</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.97 (0.41, 2.29)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cardiovascular mortality; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Davies 1993</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.00 (0.19, 20.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12-month mortality; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Norris</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">85</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.88 (0.30, 2.62)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Different postoperative analgesia were used in each treatment arm (Baron 1991 and Davies 1993), downgrade 1 level</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">Study samples (in Baron 1991 and Norris 2001) included patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab1_3"><p class="no_margin">Intervention (in Baron 1991) includes flunitrazepam, which is not available in the UK, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab1_4"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab1_5"><p class="no_margin">Lidocaine-adrenaline formulation & dosing (in Davies 1993 and Dodds 1997) varies significantly from that used in UK practice, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab2"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plusgeneral anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adverse events (myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, respiratory failure, renal insufficiency, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, hepatic failure, sepsis); effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Davies 1993</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.27 (0.73, 2.23)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">1. Different postoperative analgesia were used in each treatment arm, downgrade 1 level</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab2_2"><p class="no_margin">Lidocaine-adrenaline formulation & dosing used varies significantly from that used in UK practice, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab2_3"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab3"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab3" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Any postoperative cardiovascular adverse event; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Baron 1991, Dodds 1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">117</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">123</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.98 (0.64, 1.51)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cardiac death; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Norris 2001</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">85</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.30 (0.01, 7.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Myocardial infarction; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (Baron 1991, Davies 1993 Dodds 1997, Norris 2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">227</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">223</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.19 (0.54, 2.60)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Congestive heart failure; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (Baron 1991, Davies 1993 Dodds 1997, Norris 2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">227</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">223</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.94 (0.42, 2.10)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prolonged myocardial ischaemia; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Baron 1991</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">81</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">86</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.06 (0.57, 1.98)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ventricular tachyarrhythmia; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (Baron 1991, Dodds 1997, Norris 2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very Serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">191</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">186</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.03 (0.15, 7.07)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Davies 1993</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.00 (0.22, 4.49)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unstable angina; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Norris 2001</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">85</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.88 (0.02, 44.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Different postoperative analgesia were used in each treatment arm (Baron 1991 and Davies 1993), downgrade 1 level</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Study samples (in Baron 1991 and Norris 2001) included patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab3_3"><p class="no_margin">Intervention in Baron 1991 includes flunitrazepam, which is not available in the UK, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab3_4"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab3_5"><p class="no_margin">Lidocaine-adrenaline formulation & dosing used (in Davies 1993 and Dodds 1997) varies significantly from that used in UK practice, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab4"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab4" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Any respiratory adverse event; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Baron 1991</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">81</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">86</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.92 (0.71, 1.19)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acute respiratory failure (prolonged ventilation); effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (Baron 1991, Davies 1993 Dodds 1997, Norris 2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">227</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">223</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.81 (0.48, 1.39)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duration of ventilation (hours); effect sizes below 0 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Broekema 1996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.20 (-2.79, 7.19)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minor atelectasis; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Baron 1991</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">81</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">86</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.06 (0.74, 1.52)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major atelectasis; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Baron 1991</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">81</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">86</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.65 (0.53, 13.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pneumonia; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (Baron 1991, Dodds 1997, Norris 2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">202</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">198</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.50 (0.24, 1.01)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Different postoperative analgesia were used in each treatment arm (Baron 1991 and Davies 1993), downgrade 1 level</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Study samples (in Baron 1991 and Norris 2001) included patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">Intervention (in Baron 1991) includes flunitrazepam, which is not available in the UK, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab4_4"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses one line of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab4_5"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab4_6"><p class="no_margin">Non-significant result, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab5"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab5" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal failure; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Baron 1991, Norris 2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">166</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">161</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.46 (0.41, 10.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal insufficiency; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Dodds 1997, Davies 1993)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">61</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.87 (0.19, 3.98)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Different postoperative analgesia were used in each treatment arm (Baron 1991 and Davies 1993), downgrade 1 level</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Study samples (in Baron 1991 and Norris 2001) included patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">Intervention in Baron 1991 includes flunitrazepam, which is not available in the UK, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab5_4"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab5_5"><p class="no_margin">Lidocaine-adrenaline formulation & dosing used (in Davies 1993 and Dodds 1997) varies significantly from that used in UK practice, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab6"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab6" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gastrointestinal bleeding; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Baron 1991, Davies 1993)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">106</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">111</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.07 (0.39, 10.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Different postoperative analgesia were used in each treatment arm (Baron 1991 and Davies 1993), downgrade 1 level</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Study samples (in Baron 1991 and Norris 2001) included patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab6_3"><p class="no_margin">Intervention in Baron 1991 includes flunitrazepam, which is not available in the UK, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab6_4"><p class="no_margin">I<sup>2</sup> value between 33.3% and 66.7%, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab6_5"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab7"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab7" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Any major surgical complication; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Baron 1991</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">81</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">86</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.69 (0.26, 1.85)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blood loss; effect sizes below 0 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (Broekema 1996, Davies 1993, Dodds 1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">81</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">82</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD −0.03 (-0.60, 0.54)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Norris 2001</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>7</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">85</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Median difference = 0</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_6_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Need for additional analgesia; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Broekema 1996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.38 (0.17, 0.88)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_8_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sepsis; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Baron 1991, Norris 2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">166</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">161</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.61 (0.15, 2.51)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_10_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wound infection; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Davies 1993</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.50 (0.27, 8.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_12_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urinary tract infection; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Davies 1993</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 3.00 (0.13, 70.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_14_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pulmonary infection; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Davies 1993</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 2.00 (0.19, 20.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1_1_14_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Different postoperative analgesia were used in each treatment arm (Baron 1991 and Davies 1993), downgrade 1 level</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Study samples (in Baron 1991 and Norris 2001) included patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab7_3"><p class="no_margin">Intervention in Baron 1991 includes flunitrazepam, which is not available in the UK, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab7_4"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab7_5"><p class="no_margin">Lidocaine-adrenaline formulation & dosing used (in Davies 1993 and Dodds 1997) varies significantly from that used in UK practice, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab7_6"><p class="no_margin">Non-significant result, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab7_7"><p class="no_margin">Median reported with level of statistical significance not reported, downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab7_8"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses one line of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab8"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab8" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reoperation; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Norris 2001</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">85</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.06 (0.34, 3.33)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">Study samples included patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab8_2"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab9"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab9" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duration of postoperative hospital stay (days); effect sizes below 0 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Baron 1991, Davies 1993)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">106</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">111</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD −0.10 (−1.24,1.05)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duration of postoperative stay in intensive care unit (hours); effect sizes below 0 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Baron 1991</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 3.00 (−14.6, 20.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_5_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Readmission to intensive care unit; effect sizes below 0 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Broekema 1996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">85</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.76 (0.33, 9.36)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">Different postoperative analgesia were used in each treatment arm (Baron 1991 and Davies 1993), downgrade 1 level</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab9_2"><p class="no_margin">Study samples (in Baron 1991 and Norris 2001) included patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab9_3"><p class="no_margin">Intervention in Baron 1991 includes flunitrazepam, which is not available in the UK, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab9_4"><p class="no_margin">Non-significant result, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab9_5"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab10"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab10" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30-day mortality; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Fleron 2003</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.30 (0.06, 1.43)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab10_1"><p class="no_margin">Study sample included a proportion patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab10_2"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab11"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab11" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adverse events (myocardial damage or infarction, congestive heart failure, new cardiac arrhythmia, new segmental or lobar atelectasis, confirmed pneumonia, severe respiratory depression, acute respiratory failure, or renal insufficiency); effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Fleron 2003</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.74 (0.48, 1.14)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab11_1"><p class="no_margin">Study sample included a proportion patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab11_2"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses one line of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab12"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab12" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab12_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Myocardial infarction; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Fleron 2003</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.53 (0.17, 1.72)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Congestive heart failure; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Fleron 2003</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.07 (0.22, 5.17)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">New cardiac arrhythmia; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Fleron 2003</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.53 (0.14, 2.08)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab12_1"><p class="no_margin">Study sample included a proportion patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab12_2"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab13"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab13" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab13_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Respiratory depression; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Fleron 2003, Davis 1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">118</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">124</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.92 (0.71, 1.19)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acute respiratory failure (prolonged ventilation); effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Fleron 2003</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.81 (0.48, 1.39)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Major atelectasis; effect sizes below 0 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Fleron 2003</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.20 (−2.79, 7.19)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pneumonia; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Fleron 2003</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.06 (0.74, 1.52)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab13_1"><p class="no_margin">Study sample included a proportion patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab13_2"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses one line of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab13_3"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab13_4"><p class="no_margin">Non-significant result, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab14"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab14" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab14_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal failure; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Fleron 2003</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.83 (0.32, 2.15)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab14_1"><p class="no_margin">Study sample included a proportion patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab14_2"><p class="no_margin">Confidence interval crosses two lines of a defined minimum clinically important difference (RR MIDs of 0.8 and 1.25), downgrade 2 levels.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13appftab15"><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab15" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.appf.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.appf.tab15_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Effect estimate</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Quality</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anaesthesia</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">General anaesthesia-alone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Summary of results</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal failure; effect sizes below 1 favour epidural plus general anaesthesia group</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Fleron 2003</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">median difference = 0</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab15_1"><p class="no_margin">Study sample included a proportion patients who are undergoing surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease as well as some undergoing AAA repair, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er13.appf.tab15_2"><p class="no_margin">Median reported with level of statistical significance not reported, downgrade 2 levels</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er13appgfig1"><div id="niceng156er13.appg.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er13appgf1&p=BOOKS&id=556900_niceng156er13appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556900/bin/niceng156er13appgf1.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er13appgf1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er13apphtab1"><div id="niceng156er13.apph.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556900/table/niceng156er13.apph.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er13.apph.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Short Title</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abdallah (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Analgesic benefits of preincisional transversus abdominis plane block for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aivatidi (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oxidative stress during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair - Biomarkers and antioxidant’s protective effect: A review</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ansley (2006)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Is anesthesia good for you? Timing is everything!</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arar (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia or local anesthesia + Sedoanalgesia in abdominal aortic Aneurism Repair?</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials (retrospective study)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asakura (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">In reply: The anesthetic technique of choice for better outcomes in high-risk elderly patients undergoing endovascular repair of aortic aneurysm</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ballantyne (2004)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Does epidural analgesia improve surgical outcome?</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barbieri (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Analgesia and endocrine surgical stress: effect of two analgesia protocols on cortisol and prolactin levels during abdominal aortic aneurysm endovascular repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baril (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Emerging Developments and Anesthetic Considerations</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baril (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The management of ruptured infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barker (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High thoracic epidural with general anesthesia for combined simultaneous on-pump coronary artery bypass grafts and abdominal aortic aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a peer-reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bayly (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">In-hospital mortality from abdominal aortic surgery in Great Britain and Ireland: Vascular Anaesthesia Society audit</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Berggren (1989)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eleven years of aortic aneurysm surgery: changes in techniques and results</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blake (1998)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Patient-controlled epidural versus intravenous pethidine to supplement epidural bupivacaine after abdominal aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention (postoperative pain management)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blay (2006)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Efficacy of low-dose intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia after abdominal aortic surgery: A double-blind randomized study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention (postoperative pain management)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bookallil (1968)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anaesthetic management of aortic aneurysms</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Botney (1998)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison of lumbar and thoracic epidural narcotics for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Boylan (1998)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epidural bupivacaine-morphine analgesia versus patient-controlled analgesia following abdominal aortic surgery. Analgesic, respiratory, and myocardial effects</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brady (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Perioperative beta-blockade (POBBLE) for patients undergoing infrarenal vascular surgery: results of a randomized double-blind controlled trial</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brimacombe (1993)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A review of anaesthesia for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm with special emphasis on preclamping fluid resuscitation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bull (1964)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anaesthetic Problems in Resection of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Carli (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combined epidural/general anaesthesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chiesa (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Open repair of juxtarenal aortic aneurysms</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chlebowski (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anesthesia for abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery part I: Preoperative evaluation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chlebowski (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery part II: Intraoperative and postoperative management</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chuter (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abdominal aortic aneurysm in high-risk patients: Short- to intermediate- term results of endovascular repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crawford (1982)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A comparison of intercostal block with general anesthesia for abdominal aortic aneurysm resection</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Crosby (1990)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A randomized double-blind comparison of fentanyl- and sufentanil-oxygen anesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cunningham (1989)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anaesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery: A review (Part I)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cunningham (1989)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anaesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery--a review (Part II)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cunningham (1991)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abdominal aortic surgery: Anesthetic implications</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Curley (1996)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rectus sheath bupivacaine analgesia after aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elisha (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anesthesia case management for endovascular aortic aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ellard (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anaesthesia for vascular emergencies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ellis (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pro: vascular stents in the radiology suite-an anesthesiologist is needed</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Faggioli (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preferences of patients, their family caregivers and vascular surgeons in the choice of abdominal aortic aneurysms treatment options: The PREFER study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fitzgerald (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Perioperative Anaesthesiological Management and Outcome of the Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Flaherty (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regional anesthesia for vascular surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Florence (1978)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neuroleptanaesthesia for surgery of the abdominal aorta</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Galt (1991)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The effect of ibuprofen on cardiac performance during abdominal aortic cross-clamping</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gamulin (1991)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renal consequences of infrarenal aortic cross-clamping in humans: Influence of different anesthetic techniques</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold (1994)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The effect of lumbar epidural and general anesthesia on plasma catecholamines and hemodynamics during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison of lumbar and thoracic epidural narcotics for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gottlieb (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anesthesia for major vascular surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Haljamae (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anaesthesia in non-cardiac vascular surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hartman (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anesthesia for abdominal aortic reconstruction</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Her (1990)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combined epidural and general anesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Herring (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anaesthesia for abdominal vascular surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Houweling (1992)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A haemodynamic comparison of epidural versus intrathecal sufentanil to supplement general anaesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a population of people undergoing surgery for an abdominal aortic aneurysm</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Houweling (1993)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A haemodynamic comparison of intrathecal morphine and sufentanil supplemented with general anaesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a population of people undergoing surgery for an abdominal aortic aneurysm</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Javid (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Should all patients with a ruptured AAA be anaesthetised by a vascular specialist?</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Joseph (1973)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bloood loss and acid-base balance during elective abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Joshi (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ruptured aortic aneurysm and cardiac arrest associated with spinal anesthesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Karkos (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A meta-analysis and metaregression analysis of factors influencing mortality after endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Karlsen (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anaesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Karnwal (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair in nonagenarians: never beyond the limits</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a peer-reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Karthikesalingam (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Locoregional anesthesia for endovascular aneurysm repair (Structured abstract)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kilickan (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abdominal aortic aneurism operation in a high risk patient under combined spinal epidural anesthesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Knight (1963)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anaesthesia for the leaking abdominal aortic aneurysm</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kothandan (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anesthetic considerations for endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Koyama (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Efficacy of oral clonidine premedication on postoperative management for open abdominal aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a peer-reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Krajcer (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Single-center experience of percutaneous abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with local anesthesia and conscious sedation: technique and results</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kunisawa (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The dexmedetomidine concentration required after remifentanil anesthesia is three-fold higher than that after fentanyl anesthesia or that for general sedation in the ICU</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lachat (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regarding “Feasibility of endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms with local anesthesia with intravenous sedation”</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a peer-reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lachat (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regarding ‘Feasibility of endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms with local anesthesia with intravenous sedation’</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a peer-reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lichtor (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Depth of anesthesia monitors and shock</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lindahl (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Should I choose open surgery or EVAR for my aortic aneurysm repair? reflections on the PREFER study on patients’ preferences</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lippman (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anesthesia for endovascular repair of abdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysms: A review article</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lippmann (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The anesthetic technique of choice for better outcomes in high-risk elderly patients undergoing endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a peer-reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lippmann (2015)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An alternative anaesthetic technique on nonagenerians undergoing endovascular aortic surgery and long term outcomes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a peer-reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lombardo (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epidural plus general anesthesia vs general anesthesia alone for elective aortic surgery: effects on gastric electrical activity and serum gastrin secretion</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lorentz (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anesthesia for endovascular surgery of the abdominal aorta</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lubarsky (1998)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The impact of choice of muscle relaxant on postoperative recovery time (multiple letters)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mathes (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Continuous spinal anesthetic technique for endovascular aortic stent graft surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mehta (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endovascular aneurysm repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: the Albany Vascular Group approach</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mehta (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Endovascular Program Development and Results</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Miller (1989)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Continuous alfentanil infusion for abdominal aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Muehling (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prospective randomized controlled trial to evaluate “fast-track” elective open infrarenal aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Muehling (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A prospective randomized trial comparing traditional and fast-track patient care in elective open infrarenal aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Panaretou (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combined anaesthesia and postoperative epidural analgesia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a peer-reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Panaretou (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The effect of combined anaesthesia with epidural postoperative analgesia on splanchnic perfusion in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a peer-reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Panaretou (2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ropivacaine 0.2% vs. Levobupivacaine 0.125% combined with fentanyl for epidural analgesia after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a peer-reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Panaretou (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combined general-epidural anesthesia with continuous postoperative epidural analgesia preserves sigmoid colon perfusion in elective infrarenal aortic aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paries (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A multicenter experience with the Talent endovascular graft for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Park (2002)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anesthesia for endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pichel (2008)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Focus on: Vascular anaesthesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pol (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Frailty should determine type of anesthesia in reducing postoperative delirium after vascular surgery and not vice versa</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Primieri (1991)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[A comparison of the hemodynamic effects of midazolam and propofol during anesthetic induction in patients at vascular risk]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rasmussen (1946)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paravertebral injection of procaine for pain produced by aortic aneurysm</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Riddell (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Robertson (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anaesthesia for endovascular surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Saleh (1980)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anesthesia and monitoring for aortic aneurysm surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Salman (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison of effects of epidural bupivacaine and intravenous meperidine analgesia on patient recovery following elective abdominal aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Saratzis (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acute kidney injury after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schurmann (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tips and tricks: Patient selection, when to carry on and when to stop</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Seeling (1985)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Infrarenal aortic bypass operations - influence of neuroleptanaesthesia and continuous epidural anaesthesia on cardiovascular responses during surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shigematsu (1985)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Evaluation of anesthetic management for the surgery of the aortic aneurysm</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sitzman (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Combined general and epidural anesthesia for abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smaka (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Perioperative management of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: update 2010</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smeets (1993)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endocrine-metabolic response to abdominal aortic surgery: A randomized trial of general anesthesia versus general plus epidural anesthesia</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stoneham (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IR relevant locoregional techniques</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Svensson (1992)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aortic dissection and aortic aneurysm surgery: clinical observations, experimental investigations, and statistical analyses. Part I</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Telford (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anaesthesia for abdominal vascular surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tham (1997)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Back pain following postoperative epidural analgesia: an indicator of possible spinal infection</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tsakiliotis (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Evaluation of hemodynamic parameters in endovascular treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAAs) using different anaesthetic techniques. Preliminary study</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a peer-reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Varty (2011)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comments regarding ‘Local anaesthesia for endovascular repair of infra-renal aortic aneurysms’</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wozniak (2005)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anesthesia for open abdominal aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Xue (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparing cardioprotective effects of anesthesia methods in patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Young (1988)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anaesthesia for elective abdominal aortic surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zaugg (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sevoflurane-Compared with propofol-based anesthesia reduces the need for inotropic support in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: Evidence of cardioprotection by volatile anesthetics in noncardiac surgery</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er13.apph.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not a controlled trial or systematic review of controlled trials</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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