1125 lines
426 KiB
Text
1125 lines
426 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" class="no-js no-jr">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<!-- For pinger, set start time and add meta elements. -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-toc">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK556885">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_domain" content="niceng156er1">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_report" content="reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK556885/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Risk factors for predicting presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm - NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="toc">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf">
|
|
<!-- Logger end -->
|
|
|
|
<!--component id="Page" label="meta"/-->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Risk factors for predicting presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
|
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no">
|
|
<meta name="jr-col-layout" content="1">
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE,NOIMAGEINDEX">
|
|
<meta name="citation_title" content="Risk factors for predicting presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm">
|
|
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)">
|
|
<meta name="citation_date" content="2020/03">
|
|
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="32407017">
|
|
<meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556885/">
|
|
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Risk factors for predicting presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Text">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2020/03">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556885/">
|
|
<meta name="og:title" content="Risk factors for predicting presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm">
|
|
<meta name="og:type" content="book">
|
|
<meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556885/">
|
|
<meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng156er1-lrg.png">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks">
|
|
<meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/niceng156er1/toc/?report=reader">
|
|
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556885/">
|
|
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Archivo+Narrow:400,700,400italic,700italic&subset=latin" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/libs.min.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/jr.min.css">
|
|
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css//books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_reader.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style>
|
|
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8C2D2A7D728FE100000000004B003C.m_5">
|
|
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3849091.css"></head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<!-- Book content! -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="jr" data-jr-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/"><div class="jr-unsupported"><table class="modal"><tr><td><span class="attn inline-block"></span><br />Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.<br />Go to <a href="/pmc/about/pr-browsers/">this page</a> to see a list of supported browsers<br />or return to the <br /><a href="/books/NBK556885/?report=classic">regular view</a>.</td></tr></table></div><div id="jr-ui" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-head"><div class="flexh tb"><div id="jr-tb1"><a id="jr-links-sw" class="hidden" title="Links"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 70.6 85.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 70.6 85.3;vertical-align:middle" xml:space="preserve" width="24" height="24">
|
|
<style type="text/css">.st0{fill:#939598;}</style>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M36,0C12.8,2.2-22.4,14.6,19.6,32.5C40.7,41.4-30.6,14,35.9,9.8"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.5,85.3c23.2-2.2,58.4-14.6,16.4-32.5c-21.1-8.9,50.2,18.5-16.3,22.7"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.7,37.1c66.5-4.2-4.8-31.6,16.3-22.7c42.1,17.9,6.9,30.3-16.4,32.5h1.7c-66.2,4.4,4.8,31.6-16.3,22.7 c-42.1-17.9-6.9-30.3,16.4-32.5"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg> Books</a></div><div class="jr-rhead f1 flexh"></div><div id="jr-tb2"><a id="jr-bkhelp-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Help with NLM PubReader">?</a><a id="jr-help-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Settings and typography in NLM PubReader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M462,283.742v-55.485l-29.981-10.662c-11.431-4.065-20.628-12.794-25.274-24.001 c-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.009-0.006-0.013c-4.659-11.235-4.333-23.918,0.889-34.903l13.653-28.724l-39.234-39.234l-28.72,13.652 c-10.979,5.219-23.68,5.546-34.908,0.889c-0.005-0.002-0.01-0.003-0.014-0.005c-11.215-4.65-19.933-13.834-24-25.273L283.741,50 h-55.484l-10.662,29.981c-4.065,11.431-12.794,20.627-24.001,25.274c-0.005,0.002-0.009,0.004-0.014,0.005 c-11.235,4.66-23.919,4.333-34.905-0.889l-28.723-13.653l-39.234,39.234l13.653,28.721c5.219,10.979,5.545,23.681,0.889,34.91 c-0.002,0.004-0.004,0.009-0.006,0.013c-4.649,11.214-13.834,19.931-25.271,23.998L50,228.257v55.485l29.98,10.661 c11.431,4.065,20.627,12.794,25.274,24c0.002,0.005,0.003,0.01,0.005,0.014c4.66,11.236,4.334,23.921-0.888,34.906l-13.654,28.723 l39.234,39.234l28.721-13.652c10.979-5.219,23.681-5.546,34.909-0.889c0.005,0.002,0.01,0.004,0.014,0.006 c11.214,4.649,19.93,13.833,23.998,25.271L228.257,462h55.484l10.595-29.79c4.103-11.538,12.908-20.824,24.216-25.525 c0.005-0.002,0.009-0.004,0.014-0.006c11.127-4.628,23.694-4.311,34.578,0.863l28.902,13.738l39.234-39.234l-13.66-28.737 c-5.214-10.969-5.539-23.659-0.886-34.877c0.002-0.005,0.004-0.009,0.006-0.014c4.654-11.225,13.848-19.949,25.297-24.021 L462,283.742z M256,331.546c-41.724,0-75.548-33.823-75.548-75.546s33.824-75.547,75.548-75.547 c41.723,0,75.546,33.824,75.546,75.547S297.723,331.546,256,331.546z"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-cmap-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Table of Contents"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,20h10v8H20V20zM36,20h44v8H36V20zM20,37.33h10v8H20V37.33zM36,37.33h44v8H36V37.33zM20,54.66h10v8H20V54.66zM36,54.66h44v8H36V54.66zM20,72h10v8 H20V72zM36,72h44v8H36V72z"></path></svg></a></div></div></nav><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><div id="jr-pi" class="hidden"><a id="jr-pi-prev" class="hidden" title="Previous page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><div class="pginfo">Page <i class="jr-pg-pn">0</i> of <i class="jr-pg-lp">0</i></div><a id="jr-pi-next" class="hidden" title="Next page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div><div id="jr-is-tb"><a id="jr-is-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Switch between Figures/Tables strip and Progress bar"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><rect x="10" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="40" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="70" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect></svg></a></div><nav id="jr-istrip" class="istrip hidden"><a id="jr-is-prev" href="#" class="hidden" title="Previous"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M80,40 60,65 80,90 70,90 50,65 70,40z M50,40 30,65 50,90 40,90 20,65 40,40z"></path><text x="35" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><a id="jr-is-next" href="#" class="hidden" title="Next"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,40 40,65 20,90 30,90 50,65 30,40z M50,40 70,65 50,90 60,90 80,65 60,40z"></path><text x="15" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></nav><nav id="jr-progress"></nav></nav></nav><aside id="jr-links-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">NCBI Bookshelf</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/">Home</a><a href="/books/browse/">Browse All Titles</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556885/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24" preserveAspectRatio="none"><g><path d="M 17.996,32L 12,32 L 12,16 l-4,0 l0-5.514 l 4-0.002l-0.006-3.248C 11.993,2.737, 13.213,0, 18.512,0l 4.412,0 l0,5.515 l-2.757,0 c-2.063,0-2.163,0.77-2.163,2.209l-0.008,2.76l 4.959,0 l-0.585,5.514L 18,16L 17.996,32z"></path></g></svg> Share on Facebook</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556885/&text=Risk%20factors%20for%20predicting%20presence%20of%20an%20abdominal%20aortic%20aneurysm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24"><g><path d="M 32,6.076c-1.177,0.522-2.443,0.875-3.771,1.034c 1.355-0.813, 2.396-2.099, 2.887-3.632 c-1.269,0.752-2.674,1.299-4.169,1.593c-1.198-1.276-2.904-2.073-4.792-2.073c-3.626,0-6.565,2.939-6.565,6.565 c0,0.515, 0.058,1.016, 0.17,1.496c-5.456-0.274-10.294-2.888-13.532-6.86c-0.565,0.97-0.889,2.097-0.889,3.301 c0,2.278, 1.159,4.287, 2.921,5.465c-1.076-0.034-2.088-0.329-2.974-0.821c-0.001,0.027-0.001,0.055-0.001,0.083 c0,3.181, 2.263,5.834, 5.266,6.438c-0.551,0.15-1.131,0.23-1.73,0.23c-0.423,0-0.834-0.041-1.235-0.118 c 0.836,2.608, 3.26,4.506, 6.133,4.559c-2.247,1.761-5.078,2.81-8.154,2.81c-0.53,0-1.052-0.031-1.566-0.092 c 2.905,1.863, 6.356,2.95, 10.064,2.95c 12.076,0, 18.679-10.004, 18.679-18.68c0-0.285-0.006-0.568-0.019-0.849 C 30.007,8.548, 31.12,7.392, 32,6.076z"></path></g></svg> Share on Twitter</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-cmap-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">In Page Navigation</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/n/niceercollect/?report=reader">NICE Evidence Reviews Collection</a><a class="current">Title Information</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-help-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Settings</div></div><div class="cnt f1"><div id="jr-typo-p" class="typo"><div><a class="sf btn wsprkl">A-</a><a class="lf btn wsprkl">A+</a></div><div><a class="bcol-auto btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 200 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text x="10" y="70" style="font-size:60px;font-family: Trebuchet MS, ArialMT, Arial, sans-serif" textLength="180">AUTO</text></svg></a><a class="bcol-1 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M15,25 85,25zM15,40 85,40zM15,55 85,55zM15,70 85,70z"></path></svg></a><a class="bcol-2 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M5,25 45,25z M55,25 95,25zM5,40 45,40z M55,40 95,40zM5,55 45,55z M55,55 95,55zM5,70 45,70z M55,70 95,70z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="lol"><a class="" href="/books/NBK556885/?report=classic">Switch to classic view</a><a href="/books/n/niceng156er1/pdf/">PDF (2.5M)</a><a href="/books/n/niceng156er1/toc/?report=printable">Print View</a></div></div></aside><aside id="jr-bkhelp-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Help</div></div><div class="cnt f1 lol"><a id="jr-helpobj-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/help.xml" href="">Help</a><a href="mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov?subject=PubReader%20feedback%20%2F%20NBK556885%20%2F%20sid%3ACE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID%20%2F%20phid%3ACE8C2D2A7D728FE100000000004B003C.4">Send us feedback</a><a id="jr-about-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/about.xml" href="">About PubReader</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-objectbox" class="thidden hidden"><div class="jr-objectbox-close wsprkl">✘</div><div class="jr-objectbox-inner cnt"><div class="jr-objectbox-drawer"></div></div></aside><nav id="jr-pm-left" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Previous Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-pm-right" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Next Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-fip" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-fip-term-p"><input type="search" placeholder="search this page" id="jr-fip-term" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" /><a id="jr-fip-mg" class="wsprkl btn" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style"><div class="fm-sec bkr_bottom_sep"><div class="bkr_thumb"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng156er1-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Risk factors for predicting presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK556885_"><span itemprop="name">Risk factors for predicting presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Abdominal aortic aneurysm: diagnosis and management</div><p><b>Evidence review A</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 156</i></p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2020 Mar</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3452-2</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2020.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1"><h2 id="_niceng156er1_s1_">Risk factors for predicting the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm</h2><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1"><h3>Review question</h3><p>Which signs, symptoms and risk factors (or combinations of these) are most accurate in predicting the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm? What is the effectiveness of available risk assessment tools?</p><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.1"><h4>Introduction</h4><p>National population-based screening programmes target and invite individuals from particular risk groups in communities for screening whilst opportunistic screening strategies are restricted to patients who consult healthcare practitioners for some other purpose. As a result, a different set of criteria may be necessary to guide clinicians on when it is appropriate to perform diagnostic imaging. This review question aims to determine which signs, symptoms, risk factors or assessment tools are accurate in predicting the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and could be used by clinicians in the course of opportunistic screening as a prompt to initiate diagnostic imaging.</p></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.2"><h4>PICO table</h4></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.3"><h4>Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng156er1.appa">Appendix A</a>.</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to NICE’s 2014 conflicts of interest policy.</p><p>A single broad search was used to identify all studies that examine the diagnosis, surveillance or monitoring of AAA. This was a ‘bulk’ search that covered multiple review questions. The database was sifted to identify all studies that met the criteria detailed in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1tab1">Table 1</a>. The relevant review protocol can be found in <a href="#niceng156er1.appa">Appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1tab1"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. Inclusion criteria." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Inclusion criteria. </p></div></div><p>Initially the review protocol outlined that prospective observational studies that use multivariate logistic regression or Cox regression to explore the association between risk factors and the development of AAA should be considered for inclusion. Following further discussion with the committee, the study design was changed, retrospectively, to include cross-sectional studies because this design was considered more likely to indicate the presence (as opposed of development) of aneurysms in people at risk of AAA. It was agreed that the amendment was needed to ensure that any identified evidence would fall in line with the objectives of this review question. As a result, cross-sectional studies, with sample sizes of more than 500 participants, exploring the association between potential risk factors and the presence of AAA were included.</p><p>Studies were excluded if they:
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>were cohort studies, case-controls, or case series</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>were not in English</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>were not full reports of the study (for example, published only as an abstract)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>were not peer-reviewed.</div></li></ul></p></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.4"><h4>Clinical evidence</h4><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.4.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>From a database of 16,274 abstracts, 76 were identified as being potentially relevant to this review question. Following full-text review of these articles, 15 studies (reported in 19 publications) were included.</p><p>An update literature search was performed and provided by Cochrane, in December 2017. The search found a total of 2,180 abstracts; of which, 16 full manuscripts were ordered. Upon review of the full manuscripts, 6 studies met inclusion criteria for this review question, and were added.</p></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.4.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>The list of papers excluded at full-text review, with reasons, is given in <a href="#niceng156er1.appg">Appendix G</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.5"><h4>Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><p>A summary of the included studies is included in the table below.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1tab2"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of included studies." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of included studies. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng156er1.appd">Appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.6"><h4>Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><p>See <a href="#niceng156er1.appe">Appendix E</a> for full GRADE tables, highlighting the quality of evidence from the included studies.</p></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.7"><h4>Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.7.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>A literature search was conducted jointly for all review questions by applying standard health economic filters to a clinical search for AAA. This search returned a total of 5,173 citations. Following review of all titles and abstracts, no studies were identified as being potentially relevant to risk factors associated with aneurysm expansion or rupture. No full texts were retrieved, and so no studies were included as economic evidence.</p><p>An update search was conducted in December 2017, to identify any relevant health economic analyses published during guideline development. The search found 814 abstracts; all of which were not considered relevant to this review question. As a result no additional studies were included.</p></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.7.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>No studies were retrieved for full-text review.</p></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.8"><h4>Economic model</h4><p>This review question does not lend itself to economic evaluation, and was not prioritised by the committee for economic modelling. As such, no economic model was developed for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.9"><h4>Resource impact</h4><p>Not applicable</p></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10"><h4>Evidence statements</h4><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.1"><h5>Age</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low- to moderate-quality evidence from 9 studies, including up to 3,083,743 people enrolled in AAA screening programmes, highlighted that odds of AAA increases with increasing age. Similar trends were found in men (3 studies including up to 12,971 men) and women (2 studies including up to 10,012 women).</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.2"><h5>Sex</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-quality evidence from 7 studies, including 3,217,464 people, indicated that men were more likely to have an AAA than women.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.3"><h5>BMI/Weight/Obesity</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low- to low-quality evidence from 4 studies, including 3,081,087 people, indicated contradictory associations between increasing BMI and the presence of AAA. In relation to sex-specific associations, low-quality evidence from 1, including 6,386 people, could not identify any association between 4kg/m<sup>2</sup> incremental increases in BMI and the presence of AAA in men or women.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.4"><h5>Smoking</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-quality evidence from 7 studies, including 3,341,733 people, indicated that current smokers were more likely have an AAA than people who have never smoked (never smokers). Additionally, moderate-quality evidence from 4 studies, including 3,351,536 people, indicated that ex-smokers were more likely to have an AAA than never smokers. Low-quality evidence from 4 studies, including 10,134 men highlighted similar relationships between current smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers. In women, moderate-quality evidence from 1 study, including 3,424 women, highlighted that current smokers were more likely to have an AAA than people who had never smoked whereas the evidence could not differentiate between AAA rates between ex-smokers and never smokers.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.5"><h5>Palpable aorta on abdominal examination</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-quality evidence from 1 study, including 5,328 people, indicated that people with palpable aorta on abdominal examination were more likely to have an AAA than people who did not.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.6"><h5>Cardiovascular disease</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-quality evidence from 5 studies, including up to 3,186,486 people, indicated that people with coronary artery disease or coronary insufficiency were more likely to have an AAA than people who did not have any of these conditions. Moderate-quality evidence from 2 studies, including up to 12,203 men, indicated that men with a history of myocardial infarction or cardiovascular disease (not specified) were more likely to have an AAA than men without a history of these conditions. Low-quality evidence from 1 study, including 10,012 women, indicated that women with a history of myocardial infarction or coronary revascularisation were more likely to have an AAA than men without a history of these conditions.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.7"><h5>Peripheral arterial disease, atherosclerosis, and claudication</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-quality evidence from 6 studies, including up to 3,095,008 people, indicated that people with peripheral arterial disease, atherosclerosis, or claudication were more likely to have an AAA than people who did not have any of these conditions. Low-quality evidence from 2 studies, including 1,549 men, also indicated that men with peripheral arterial disease were more likely to have an AAA than men without peripheral arterial disease. With regards to claudication as a risk factor in men, low-quality evidence from 1 study, including 5,623 men could not differentiate rates of AAA between men with claudication and those without claudication.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.8"><h5>Cerebrovascular disease</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-quality evidence from 2 studies, including 3,179,243 people, indicated that people with cerebrovascular disease were more likely to have an AAA than those without cerebrovascular disease. A similar relationship was found in low-quality evidence from 2 studies that included 6,404 men. No evidence was identified specific to women.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.9"><h5>Diabetes</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-quality evidence from 4 studies, including 6,505,378 people, indicated that people with diabetes were less likely to have an AAA than those without diabetes. A similar relationship was found in low-quality evidence from 3 studies that included 13,752 men; however, the results across the studies were inconsistent.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.10"><h5>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-quality evidence from 3 studies, including 130,280 people, indicated that people with COPD were more likely to have an AAA than those who did not have COPD. A similar relationship was found in low-quality evidence from 1 study that included 5,623 men. No evidence was identified specific to women.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.11"><h5>Hypertension</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-quality evidence from 7 studies, including 6,540,694 people, indicated that people with hypertension were more likely to have an AAA than those who did not have hypertension. A similar relationship was found in low-quality evidence from 4 studies, including 16,714 men, and moderate-quality evidence from 1 study including 3,424 women.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.12"><h5>Blood pressure thresholds</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-quality evidence from 1 study, including 5,363 people, could not differentiate AAA rates between people with systolic blood pressures equal to or above 200 mmHg and those with pressures below 200 mmHg. The same study could not differentiate AAA rates between people with diastolic blood pressures equal to or above 100 mmHg and those with pressures below 100 mmHg.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.13"><h5>Dyslipidaemia (including hyperlipidaemia, hypercholesterolemia, and cholesterol thresholds)</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low- to moderate-quality evidence from 5 studies, including up to 3,319,993 people, indicated that people with hyperlipidaemia or hypercholesterolemia were more likely to have an AAA than those who did not have any dyslipidaemia. Moderate-quality evidence from 1 study, including 12,203 men, indicated that men with dyslipidaemia were more likely to have an AAA than men who did not have dyslipidaemia. No evidence relating to dyslipidaemia was found for women.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.14"><h5>Family history of AAA</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-quality evidence from 3 studies, including 3,203,875 people, indicated that people with a family history of AAA were more likely to have an AAA than those who did not. Additionally, moderate-quality evidence from 1 study, including 1,350 people, indicated that people with a family history of AAA, Marfan’s syndrome or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome were more likely to have an AAA than those who did not. Low-quality evidence from 2 studies, including 12,984 men, indicated that people with a family history of AAA were more likely to have an AAA than those who did not. Conversely, very low-quality evidence from 1 study, including 10,012 women, could not differentiate rates of AAA between women who had a family history of AAA and women who did not.</div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.10.15"><h5>Ethnicity</h5><p>Low-quality evidence from 2 studies, including up to 3,056,455 people, highlighted that Hispanic, black and Asian ethnic groups were individually less likely to have an AAA than white people. In relation to women, very-low quality evidence from 1 study, including 10,012 women, could not differentiate AAA rates between native-American people and white people. No evidence was identified specific to men.</p></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.11"><h4>The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.11.1"><h5>Interpreting the evidence</h5><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.11.1.1"><h5>The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee agreed that the outcomes that matter most were common risk factors for asymptomatic AAAs which could be used in community settings (outside specialist vascular services) to highlight the need for aortic ultrasound imaging.</p></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.11.1.2"><h5>The quality of the evidence</h5><p>Since cross-sectional studies were considered the best study design to answer this review question, each cross-sectional study was initially graded as high in quality and was subsequently downgraded if there were any concerns about bias, indirectness, inconsistency, and imprecision. The committee agreed that the quality of evidence ranged from very low to high. Risk of bias was the main reason why some of the identified evidence was downgraded. In these studies the presence of risk factors was not ascertained by clinical examination, laboratory testing or review of medical records. Instead, patients were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires asking whether they had been diagnosed or were receiving medication for clinical risk factors of interest. Another potential bias was related to the way that the data was analysed. In some studies a stepwise approach was not used to input predictor variables into logistic regression models. Instead, investigators only input variables that were found to be significant in univariate analyses into logistic regression models. Although some of the evidence was considered low in quality, the committee agreed that the evidence reflected their clinical experience. Thus, the committee decided that “offer” recommendations were warranted.</p><p>It was noted that all but 1 study reported risk factors associated with the presence of an AAA. Pleumeekers et al. (1999) was the only study that assessed a physical sign indicative of the presence of an AAA. This study highlighted that people with a palpable aorta on abdominal examination were more likely to have an AAA than people without a palpable aorta on examination. The committee agreed that a palpable aorta was an important indicator that an aneurysm is present. However, it needed to be explicitly stated that there has to be some suspicion of an aneurysm to prompt abdominal examination.</p><p>The committee agreed that there was strong evidence that the risk of AAA increased with age. However, it was noted that various age cut-offs were used across included studies. Expert testimony from the national AAA screening programme (see <a href="#niceng156er1.apph">Appendix H</a>), highlighted that screening strategies focuses on 65-year-old men but there is a chance that older men with AAA are being missed. As a result, the committee agreed that it was important to specifically mention men aged 66 years and older in the recommendations. In relation to women, the committee noted that moderate-quality evidence showed that women aged 70 years or over had an increased risk of AAA when compared with women aged below 70 years. As a result, this age cut-off was used in the recommendations.</p><p>In relation to other risk factors associated with AAA, the committee considered that the majority of studies reported similar effect sizes, making it difficult to establish a hierarchy of association. As a result, the remaining risk factors associated with AAA presence were listed as bullet points in the recommendations. The committee agreed that it was more useful to use general terms such as “coronary, cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular disease” than to specify particular diseases.</p><p>Although the evidence on diabetes highlighted that the condition was a protective factor, the committee decided not to make any recommendations. This was because the main aim of the review question was to identify factors that would facilitate opportunistic screening (and increase the chances of people receiving abdominal ultrasound imaging to confirm or dismiss the suspicion of an AAA). The committee also decided not to make any recommendation on BMI as a risk factor because they considered that the studies that assessed BMI reported contradictory results.</p></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.11.1.3"><h5>Benefits and harms</h5><p>The committee recognised that the national AAA screening programme has the ability to screen and identify a large number of people with AAA in the UK; however, there will always be some people who are missed by the programme. Furthermore, the committee noted that men who do not take up screening often have the highest risk of an AAA. As a result, the committee agreed that focusing recommendations on risk factors that could be used for opportunistic screening would improve detection rates. This would increase the chances that AAAs are identified early (before rupture) and reduce overall AAA-related morbidity and mortality.</p><p>The committee noted that there is a small risk of harm (such as unnecessary intervention) associated with population-based screening: evidence from the national screening programme highlighted that approximately 1 in 10,000 men die following intervention indicated by screening. The committee recognised that there may be also be small harms associated with targeted case-finding in men and women. However, it was agreed that the benefits of identifying AAAs early outweighed the risks of intervention-related or rupture-related mortality.</p></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.11.2"><h5>Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>The committee noted that expert testimony from the national AAA screening programme highlighted that population-based screening of 65-year-old men is cost-effective down to the prevalence of 0.35%. The committee took the view that opportunistic case finding of men 66 years and over as well as women aged 70 years and over was likely to be cost effective, as the recommendations allow for more people with AAAs to be identified early, before complications or rupture arise.</p></div><div id="niceng156er1.s1.1.11.3"><h5>Other factors the committee took into account</h5><p>The committee considered that the recommendations were primarily intended for general practitioners in order to facilitate diagnosis of AAA in individuals who attend primary care facilities seeking treatment for other conditions. The committee acknowledged that similar considerations could be made in secondary care settings. As a result, no healthcare setting was specified in the guideline recommendations.</p><p>The committee noted the significant advances made by the national AAA screening programme and recognised that population-based screening yields some advantages over opportunistic aortic ultrasound. Notably, invitation to and subsequent attendance at screening reduced all-cause and AAA-related mortality.</p></div></div></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng156er1.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><div id="niceng156er1.appa.s1"><h4>Review protocol for risk factors for predicting presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appatab1"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appatab1" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appatab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appa.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appa.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appatab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prospective observational studies using multivariate analysis; n >500 Prospective observational studies using smaller populations (n >200) will be considered if insufficient evidence is identified</p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><div id="niceng156er1.appb.s1"><h4>Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><div id="niceng156er1.appb.s1.1"><h5>Main searches</h5><p>Bibliographic databases searched for the guideline
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature - CINAHL (EBSCO)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews – CDSR (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials – CENTRAL (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects – DARE (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health Technology Assessment Database – HTA (Wiley)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>EMBASE (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE In-Process (Ovid)</div></li></ul></p></div><div id="niceng156er1.appb.s1.2"><h5>Identification of evidence for review questions</h5><p>The searches were conducted between November 2015 and October 2017 for 31 review questions (RQ). In collaboration with Cochrane, the evidence for several review questions was identified by an update of an existing Cochrane review. Review questions in this category are indicated below. Where review questions had a broader scope, supplement searches were undertaken by NICE.</p><p>Searches were re-run in December 2017.</p><p>Where appropriate, study design filters (either designed in-house or by McMaster) were used to limit the retrieval to, for example, randomised controlled trials. Details of the study design filters used can be found in section 4.</p></div><div id="niceng156er1.appb.s1.3"><h5>Search strategy review question 1</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appbtab1"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appbtab1" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appbtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appb.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appb.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appbtab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Medline Strategy, searched 29th September 2016 Database: 1946 to September Week 3 2016</p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appb.s2"><h4>Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><div id="niceng156er1.appb.s2.1"><h5>Sources searched to identify economic evaluations</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>NHS Economic Evaluation Database – NHS EED (Wiley) last updated Dec 2014</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health Technology Assessment Database – HTA (Wiley) last updated Oct 2016</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Embase (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE (Ovid)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE In-Process (Ovid)</div></li></ul><p>Search filters to retrieve economic evaluations and quality of life papers were appended to the population and intervention terms to identify relevant evidence. Searches were not undertaken for qualitative RQs. For social care topic questions additional terms were added. Searches were re-run in September 2017 where the filters were added to the population terms.</p></div><div id="niceng156er1.appb.s2.2"><h5>Health economics search strategy</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appbtab2"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appbtab2" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appbtab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appb.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appb.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appbtab2">Table</a></h4></div></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence study selection</h3><div id="niceng156er1.appc.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1appcf1&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1appcf1.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1appcf1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng156er1.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (395K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe"><h3>Appendix E. GRADE tables</h3><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s1"><h4>Age</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab1"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab1" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Age: 55–59 60–64</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s2"><h4>Sex</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab2"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab2" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab2">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">OR 5.71 (5.57, 5.85) OR 2.13 (1.45, 3.12)</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s3"><h4>BMI/Weight/Obesity</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab3"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab3" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab3">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">OR 0.94 (0.77, 1.15) OR 1.26 (1.06, 1.49)</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s4"><h4>Smoking</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab4"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab4" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab4">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">OR 1.98 (1.86, 2.03) OR 1.67 (1.33, 2.10)</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s5"><h4>Palpable aorta on abdominal examination</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab5"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab5" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab5">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s6"><h4>Cardiovascular disease</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab6"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab6" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab6">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">OR 1.72 (1.69, 1.76) OR 1.44 (1.34, 1.55)</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s7"><h4>Peripheral arterial disease</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab7"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab7" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab7">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">OR 1.59 (1.54, 1.65) OR 2.28 (1.74, 2.97)</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s8"><h4>Atherosclerosis</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab8"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab8" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab8/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab8">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Atherosclerotic plaque diameter: 1.5 – 7.7 mm<sup>2</sup></p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s9"><h4>Claudication</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab9"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab9" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab9"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab9/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab9/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab9">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">OR 1.35 (1.18, 1.53) OR 1.9 (0.7, 5.0)</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s10"><h4>Cerebrovascular disease</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab10"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab10" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab10"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab10/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab10/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab10">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">OR 1.18 (1.14, 1.21) OR 1.28 (1.17, 1.41)</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s11"><h4>Diabetes</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab11"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab11" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab11"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab11/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab11/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab11"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab11">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">OR 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) OR 0.75 (0.73, 0.77)</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s12"><h4>COPD</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab12"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab12" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab12"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab12/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab12/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab12"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab12">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">OR 1.06 (0.97, 1.17) OR 1.75 (1.41, 2.18)</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s13"><h4>Hypertension</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab13"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab13" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab13"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab13/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab13/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab13"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab13">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">OR 1.24 (1.21, 1.28) OR 1.25 (1.21, 1.28)</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s14"><h4>Blood pressure thresholds</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab14"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab14" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab14"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab14/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab14/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab14"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab14">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s15"><h4>Dyslipidaemia (including hyperlipidaemia, hypercholesterolemia, and cholesterol thresholds)</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab15"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab15" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab15"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab15/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab15/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab15"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab15">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">OR 1.34 (1.31, 1.37) OR 1.40 (1.29, 1.52)</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s16"><h4>Family history of AAA</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab16"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab16" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab16"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab16/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab16/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab16"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab16">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">OR 3.80 (3.66, 3.95) OR 1.93 (1.71, 2.18)</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appe.s17"><h4>Ethnicity</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appetab17"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appetab17" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab17"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab17/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab17/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appe.tab17"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appetab17">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Ethnicity: Hispanic</p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appf"><h3>Appendix F. Economic evidence study selection</h3><div id="niceng156er1.appf.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1appff1&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1appff1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1appff1.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1appff1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng156er1.appg.s1"><h4>Clinical studies</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng156er1appgtab1"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appg.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng156er1appgtab1" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appgtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appg.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appg.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng156er1.appg.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appg.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng156er1appgtab1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.appg.s2"><h4>Economic studies</h4><p>No full text papers were retrieved. All studies were excluded at review of titles and abstracts.</p></div></div><div id="niceng156er1.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Expert testimony from National Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Programme</h3><p>The Clinical Lead of the UK NHS AAA screening programme provided expert testimony to the committee in the form of a presentation. The presentation covered developments since the inception of the screening programme, advantages and disadvantages of screening, challenges faced, and plans for the future. The presentation slides can be found below:
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf1&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf1.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig2" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf2&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf2.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf2" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig3" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf3&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf3.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf3" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig4" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf4&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf4.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf4" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig5" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf5&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf5.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf5" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig6" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf6&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf6.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf6" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig7" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf7&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf7.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf7" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig8" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf8&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf8.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf8" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig9" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf9&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf9.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf9" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig10" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf10&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf10.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf10" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig11" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf11&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf11.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf11" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig12" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf12&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf12.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf12" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig13" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf13&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf13.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf13" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig14" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf14&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf14.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf14.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf14" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig15" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf15&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf15.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf15.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf15" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig16" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf16&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf16.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf16.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf16" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig17" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf17&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf17.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf17.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf17" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig18" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf18&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf18.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf18.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf18" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig19" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf19&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf19.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf19.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf19" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig20" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf20&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf20.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf20.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf20" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig21" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf21&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf21.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf21.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf21" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig22" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf22&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf22.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf22.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf22" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig23" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf23&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf23.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf23.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf23" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig24" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf24&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf24.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf24.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf24" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig25" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf25&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf25.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf25.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf25" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig26" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf26&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf26.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf26.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf26" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig27" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf27&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf27.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf27.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf27" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig28" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf28&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf28.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf28.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf28" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig29" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf29&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf29.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf29.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf29" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig30" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf30&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf30.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf30.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf30" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig31" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf31&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf31.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf31.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf31" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig32" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf32&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf32.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf32.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf32" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig33" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf33&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf33.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf33.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf33" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig34" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf34&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf34.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf34.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf34" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div>
|
|
<div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig35" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf35&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf35.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf35.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf35" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></p></div><div id="niceng156er1.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Glossary</h3><dl><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI1">Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)</dt><dd><p>A localised bulge in the abdominal aorta (the major blood vessel that supplies blood to the lower half of the body including the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs) caused by weakening of the aortic wall. It is defined as an aortic diameter greater than 3 cm or a diameter more than 50% larger than the normal width of a healthy aorta. The clinical relevance of AAA is that the condition may lead to a life-threatening rupture of the affected artery. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are generally characterised by their shape, size and cause:
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infrarenal AAA: an aneurysm located in the lower segment of the abdominal aorta below the kidneys.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Juxtarenal AAA: a type of infrarenal aneurysm that extends to, and sometimes, includes the lower margin of renal artery origins.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Suprarenal AAA: an aneurysm involving the aorta below the diaphragm and above the renal arteries involving some or all of the visceral aortic segment and hence the origins of the renal, superior mesenteric, and celiac arteries, it may extend down to the aortic bifurcation.</div></li></ul></p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI2">Abdominal compartment syndrome</dt><dd><p>Abdominal compartment syndrome occurs when the pressure within the abdominal cavity increases above 20 mm Hg (intra-abdominal hypertension). In the context of a ruptured AAA this is due to the mass effect of a volume of blood within or behind the abdominal cavity. The increased abdominal pressure reduces blood flow to abdominal organs and impairs pulmonary, cardiovascular, renal, and gastro-intestinal function. This can cause multiple organ dysfunction and eventually lead to death.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI3">Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</dt><dd><p>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET, sometimes also called CPX testing) is a non-invasive approach used to assess how the body performs before and during exercise. During CPET, the patient performs exercise on a stationary bicycle while breathing through a mouthpiece. Each breath is measured to assess the performance of the lungs and cardiovascular system. A heart tracing device (Electrocardiogram) will also record the hearts electrical activity before, during and after exercise.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI4">Device migration</dt><dd><p>Migration can occur after device implantation when there is any movement or displacement of a stent-graft from its original position relative to the aorta or renal arteries. The risk of migration increases with time and can result in the loss of device fixation. Device migration may not need further treatment but should be monitored as it can lead to complications such as aneurysm rupture or endoleak.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI5">Endoleak</dt><dd><p>An endoleak is the persistence of blood flow outside an endovascular stent - graft but within the aneurysm sac in which the graft is placed.
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type I – Perigraft (at the proximal or distal seal zones): This form of endoleak is caused by blood flowing into the aneurysm because of an incomplete or ineffective seal at either end of an endograft. The blood flow creates pressure within the sac and significantly increases the risk of sac enlargement and rupture. As a result, Type I endoleaks typically require urgent attention.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type II – Retrograde or collateral (mesenteric, lumbar, renal accessory): These endoleaks are the most common type of endoleak. They occur when blood bleeds into the sac from small side branches of the aorta. They are generally considered benign because they are usually at low pressure and tend to resolve spontaneously over time without any need for intervention. Treatment of the endoleak is indicated if the aneurysm sac continues to expand.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type III – Midgraft (fabric tear, graft dislocation, graft disintegration): These endoleaks occur when blood flows into the aneurysm sac through defects in the endograft (such as graft fractures, misaligned graft joints and holes in the graft fabric). Similarly to Type I endoleak, a Type III endoleak results in systemic blood pressure within the aneurysm sac that increases the risk of rupture. Therefore, Type III endoleaks typically require urgent attention.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type IV– Graft porosity: These endoleaks often occur soon after AAA repair and are associated with the porosity of certain graft materials. They are caused by blood flowing through the graft fabric into the aneurysm sac. They do not usually require treatment and tend to resolve within a few days of graft placement.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type V – Endotension: A Type V endoleak is a phenomenon in which there is continued sac expansion without radiographic evidence of a leak site. It is a poorly understood abnormality. One theory that it is caused by pulsation of the graft wall, with transmission of the pulse wave through the aneurysm sac to the native aneurysm wall. Alternatively it may be due to intermittent leaks which are not apparent at imaging. It can be difficult to identify and treat any cause.</div></li></ul></p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI6">Endovascular aneurysm repair</dt><dd><p>Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a technique that involves placing a stent –graft prosthesis within an aneurysm. The stent-graft is inserted through a small incision in the femoral artery in the groin, then delivered to the site of the aneurysm using catheters and guidewires and placed in position under X-ray guidance.
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conventional EVAR refers to placement of an endovascular stent graft in an AAA where the anatomy of the aneurysm is such that the ‘instructions for use’ of that particular device are adhered to. Instructions for use define tolerances for AAA anatomy that the device manufacturer considers appropriate for that device. Common limitations on AAA anatomy are infrarenal neck length (usually >10mm), diameter (usually ≤30mm) and neck angle relative to the main body of the AAA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Complex EVAR refers to a number of endovascular strategies that have been developed to address the challenges of aortic proximal neck fixation associated with complicated aneurysm anatomies like those seen in juxtarenal and suprarenal AAAs. These strategies include using conventional infrarenal aortic stent grafts outside their ‘instructions for use’, using physician-modified endografts, utilisation of customised fenestrated endografts, and employing snorkel or chimney approaches with parallel covered stents.</div></li></ul></p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI7">Goal directed therapy</dt><dd><p>Goal directed therapy refers to a method of fluid administration that relies on minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring to tailor fluid administration to a maximal cardiac output or other reliable markers of cardiac function such as stroke volume variation or pulse pressure variation.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI8">Post processing technique</dt><dd><p>For the purpose of this review, a post-processing technique refers to a software package that is used to augment imaging obtained from CT scans, (which are conventionally presented as axial images), to provide additional 2- or 3-dimensional imaging and data relating to an aneurysm’s, size, position and anatomy.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI9">Permissive hypotension</dt><dd><p>Permissive hypotension (also known as hypotensive resuscitation and restrictive volume resuscitation) is a method of fluid administration commonly used in people with haemorrhage after trauma. The basic principle of the technique is to maintain haemostasis (the stopping of blood flow) by keeping a person’s blood pressure within a lower than normal range. In theory, a lower blood pressure means that blood loss will be slower, and more easily controlled by the pressure of internal self-tamponade and clot formation.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI10">Remote ischemic preconditioning</dt><dd><p>Remote ischemic preconditioning is a procedure that aims to reduce damage (ischaemic injury) that may occur from a restriction in the blood supply to tissues during surgery. The technique aims to trigger the body’s natural protective functions. It is sometimes performed before surgery and involves repeated, temporary cessation of blood flow to a limb to create ischemia (lack of oxygen and glucose) in the tissue. In theory, this “conditioning” activates physiological pathways that render the heart muscle resistant to subsequent prolonged periods of ischaemia.</p></dd><dt id="gl1_DL1_DI11">Tranexamic acid</dt><dd><p>Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic agent (medication that promotes blood clotting) that can be used to prevent, stop or reduce unwanted bleeding. It is often used to reduce the need for blood transfusion in adults having surgery, in trauma and in massive obstetric haemorrhage.</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Methods, evidence and recommendations</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the NICE Guideline Updates Team</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2020.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK556885</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32407017" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">32407017</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1tab1"><div id="niceng156er1.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Inclusion criteria</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Parameter</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Inclusion criteria</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People at risk from AAA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Subgroups of interest: by age, sex, comorbidity</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index test / factors of interest</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abdominal pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Back pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abdominal palpation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pulsatile abdominal mass/pulsation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sex</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other cardiovascular disease (existing or previous) – other aneurysms, atherosclerotic disease, intermittent claudication</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Inflammatory disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood pressure/hypertension</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dislipidaemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypercholesterolaemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Family history of abdominal AAA, collagen disorders</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ethnicity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>BMI/weight/obesity</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endpoints</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiological diagnosis of AAA</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1tab2"><div id="niceng156er1.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of included studies</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Details</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Barba
|
|
A, Vega de Ceniga
|
|
M, Estallo
|
|
L, et al. (2013) Prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm is still high in certain areas of southern Europe. Annals of vascular surgery
|
|
27(8), 1068–73 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24011812" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24011812</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): Spain</p>
|
|
<p>Population: 65-year old men (all born in 1943)</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 781</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, family history of AAA, peripheral artery disease, coronary insufficiency, and cerebrovascular disease</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Berger
|
|
J S, Hochman
|
|
J, Lobach
|
|
I, et al. (2013) Modifiable risk factor burden and the prevalence of peripheral artery disease in different vascular territories. Journal of vascular surgery
|
|
58(3), 673–81.e1 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23642926" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23642926</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): USA</p>
|
|
<p>Population: self-referred patients who paid for vascular screening tests</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 3.3 million people; 62.5% (2.06 mil/3.3 mil) female</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: smoking status, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bonamigo
|
|
TP, and Siqueira
|
|
I (2003) Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms. Revista do Hospital das Clinicas
|
|
58(2), 63–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12845357" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12845357</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): Brazil</p>
|
|
<p>Population: men, over 54 years old, who attended cardiology clinics</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 768</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: age, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, myocardial disease, peripheral artery disease</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Chun
|
|
KC, Teng
|
|
KY, Chavez
|
|
LA, et al. (2014) Risk factors associated with the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients screened at a regional Veterans Affairs health care system. Annals of vascular surgery
|
|
28(1), 87–92 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24189004" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24189004</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): USA</p>
|
|
<p>Population: people who underwent AAA screening in a regional (Californian) screening programme</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 6,142; 99.6 % (6,118/6,142) male</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: age, smoking status, myocardial infarction, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, COPD, statin use, peripheral vascular disease</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Corrado
|
|
Giovanni, Durante
|
|
Alessandro, Genchi
|
|
Vincenzo, et al (2016) Prevalence of previously undiagnosed abdominal aortic aneurysms in the area of Como: the ComoCuore “looking for AAA” ultrasonography screening. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging
|
|
32(8), 1213–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27215751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27215751</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): Italy</p>
|
|
<p>Population: people between 60 and 85 years from a region in Italy</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 1,555; 51.4 % (801/1,555) female</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: age, sex, and smoking status;</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
de Carvalho
|
|
ATY, Santos
|
|
AJ, Gomes
|
|
CAP, et al. (2012) Infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm: Significance of screening in patients of public hospitals in the metropolitan region of salvador - bahia, Brazil. Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
|
|
11(4), 289–300
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): Brazil</p>
|
|
<p>Population: patients, 50 years or older ,who presented at hospitals with one or more of the following clinical conditions or risk factors were eligible for screening: diabetes systemic arterial hypertension, smoking, COPD, peripheral arterial disease, coronary insufficiency, non-ischemic congestive heart failure, dyslipidaemia, carotid stenosis, obesity, chronic kidney disease and a family history of AAA, Marfan syndrome or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 1,350; 66.7% (901/1,350) female</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: age, sex, smoking status, COPD, peripheral artery disease, family history of AAA, Marfan syndrome or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Derubertis
|
|
BG, Trocciola
|
|
SM, Ryer
|
|
EJ, et al. (2007) Abdominal aortic aneurysm in women: prevalence, risk factors, and implications for screening. Journal of vascular surgery
|
|
46(4), 630–635 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17903646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17903646</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): USA</p>
|
|
<p>Population: women, over 65 years old, with at least one of the following factors were eligible for screening: hypertension, history of smoking, cardiovascular disease, or a family history of AAA</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 10,012</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: age, ethnicity, smoking status, family history of AAA, and cardiovascular disease</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hager
|
|
J, LT, Carlsson
|
|
P, and Lundgren
|
|
F (2013) Lower prevalence than expected when screening 70-year-old men for abdominal aortic aneurysm. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
|
|
46(4), 453–459 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23978561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23978561</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): Sweden</p>
|
|
<p>Population: 70 year-old men</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 5,623</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: smoking status, COPD, cerebrovascular disease, claudication, coronary artery, and hyperlipidaemia</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Johnsen
|
|
SH, Forsdahl
|
|
SH, Singh
|
|
K, et al. (2010) Atherosclerosis in abdominal aortic aneurysms: a causal event or a process running in parallel? The Tromso study. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology
|
|
30(6), 1263–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20360536" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20360536</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): Norway</p>
|
|
<p>Population: people between 25 and 74 years old</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 6,446; 50.9% (3282/6446) female</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: atherosclerosis (measured by total plaque areas)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
Kent
|
|
KC, Zwolak
|
|
RM, Egorova
|
|
NN, Greco
|
|
G, et al. (2010) Analysis of risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm in a cohort of more than 3 million individuals. Journal of vascular surgery
|
|
52(3), 539–48 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20630687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20630687</span></a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Note: other publications evaluating the same population were produced by the same study group. See evidence tables in <a href="#niceng156er1.appd">Appendix D</a> for further details.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): USA</p>
|
|
<p>Population: self-referred patients who paid for vascular screening tests</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 3,056,455 people; sex-specific proportions were not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: age, sex, smoking status, BMI, ethnicity, hypertension, coronary artery disease, family history of AAA, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, peripheral artery disease, carotid disease, and cerebrovascular disease</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
Le
|
|
MTQ, Jamrozik
|
|
K, Davis
|
|
TME
|
|
et al. (2007) Negative association between infra-renal aortic diameter and glycaemia: the Health in Men Study. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery
|
|
33(5), 599–604 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17307366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17307366</span></a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Note: other publications evaluating the same population were produced by the same study group. See evidence tables in <a href="#niceng156er1.appd">Appendix D</a> for further details.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): Australia</p>
|
|
<p>Population: men between 65 and 83 years old</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 12,203</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: age, BMI, smoking status, history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, dyslipidaemia diabetes, blood pressure and family history of AAA</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
Lederle
|
|
FA, Johnson
|
|
GR, Wilson
|
|
SE, et al. (2000) The Aneurysm Detection and Management study screening program: Validation cohort and final results. Archives of Internal Medicine
|
|
160(10), 1425–1430 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10826454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10826454</span></a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Note: a second older publication of the same study was produced by the same authors. See evidence tables in <a href="#niceng156er1.appd">Appendix D</a> for further details.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): USA</p>
|
|
<p>Population: people who were 50 to 79 years old and had no history of AAA</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 126,196 – 97.3% (122,788/126,196) male</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: age, sex, ethnicity, family history of AAA, smoking status, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, coronary artery disease, claudication, cerebral vascular disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, COPD</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Makrygiannis
|
|
G, Labalue
|
|
P, Erpicum
|
|
M
|
|
et al. (2016) Extending Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Detection to Older Age Groups: Preliminary Results from the Liege Screening Programme. Annals of vascular surgery
|
|
36, 55–63 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27364735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27364735</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): Belgium</p>
|
|
<p>Population: men aged 65–85 years and women aged 74–85 years from a region in Belgium</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 1,101; 65.6% (722/379) male</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: age, smoking status, hypercholesterolemia, peripheral artery disease, and coronary artery disease</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mark-Christensen
|
|
A, Lindholt
|
|
J S, Diederichsen
|
|
A, et al. (2017) Association Between Diverticular Disease and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Pooled Analysis of Two Population Based Screening Cohorts. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
|
|
54(6), 772–777 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29100862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29100862</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study combining data from 2 screening programmes</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): Denmark</p>
|
|
<p>Population: people between 65 and 74 years of age from 2 regions in Denmark</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 24,632</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: age, sex, smoking status, BMI, hypertension, smoking, and family history of AAA</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Pleumeekers
|
|
JCM, Hoes
|
|
AW, Hofman
|
|
A, et al. (1999) Selecting subjects for ultrasonographic screening for aneurysms of the abdominal aorta: Four different strategies. International Journal of Epidemiology
|
|
28(4), 682–686 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10480696" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10480696</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): Netherlands</p>
|
|
<p>Population: people 55 years or older living in a suburb in the Netherlands</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 5,328; 58% (3,090/5,328) male</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: Risk factors: age, sex, smoking status, hypertension (antihypertensive drug use), angina pectoris, intermittent claudication, myocardial infarction, hypercholesterolemia, peripheral arterial disease (indicated by an ankle arm index ≤0.9), and enlarged aorta on palpation</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Salvador-Gonzalez
|
|
B, Martin-Baranera
|
|
M, Borque-Ortega
|
|
A, et al. (2016) Prevalence of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Men Aged 65–74 Years in a Metropolitan Area in North-East Spain. European Journal of vascular and endovascular surgery: the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery
|
|
52(1), 75–81 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27252078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27252078</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): Spain</p>
|
|
<p>Population: men between 65 and 74 years old registered at healthcare facilities in Barcelona</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 651</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: smoking status and myocardial infarction</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Singh
|
|
K, Bonaa
|
|
KH, Jacobsen
|
|
BK, et al. (2001) Prevalence of and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in a population-based study: The Tromso Study. American Journal of Epidemiology
|
|
154(3), 236–44 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11479188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11479188</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): Norway</p>
|
|
<p>Population: people between 25 and 74 years old</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 6,386; 53.6% (3424/6,386) female</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: age, BMI, smoking status, hypertension (antihypertensive drug use), blood pressure, hyperlipidaemia, and hypercholesterolemia</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Vardulaki
|
|
KA, Walker
|
|
NM, Day
|
|
NE, et al. (2000) Quantifying the risks of hypertension, age, sex and smoking in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. British Journal of Surgery
|
|
87(2), 195–200 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10671927" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10671927</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Study design: cross-sectional study</p>
|
|
<p>Location(s): UK</p>
|
|
<p>Population: people between 65 and 79 years old</p>
|
|
<p>Sample size: 5,356; (3,035/5,356) female</p>
|
|
<p>Risk factors: age, sex, smoking status, blood pressure and antihypertensive medication use</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appatab1"><div id="niceng156er1.appa.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Review question 1</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Which signs, symptoms and risk factors (or combinations of these) are most accurate in predicting the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm? What is the effectiveness of available risk assessment tools?</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objectives</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To determine which signs, symptoms, risk factors or assessment tools are accurate in predicting the presence of an AAA and could be used by clinicians in the course of opportunistic screening as a prompt to initiate diagnostic imaging</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prognostic</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Language</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Initially, the following studies designs were included in the review protocol:
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prospective observational studies using multivariate analysis; n >500</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prospective observational studies using smaller populations (n >200) will be considered if insufficient evidence is identified</div></li></ul>
|
|
Following committee discussion, the study design was retrospectively changed to include the following study designs to match the objectives of this review question
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cross-sectional studies using multivariate analysis; n >500</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cross-sectional studies using smaller populations (n >200) will be considered if insufficient evidence is identified</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Status</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>i) Published papers only (full text)</p>
|
|
<p>No date restrictions</p>
|
|
<p>ii) Expert witness to present findings from UK registry data</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>People at risk from abdominal aortic aneurysms</p>
|
|
<p>Subgroups of interest: by age, sex, comorbidity</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index test / factors of interest</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Abdominal pain</p>
|
|
<p>Back pain</p>
|
|
<p>Abdominal palpation</p>
|
|
<p>Pulsatile abdominal mass/pulsation</p>
|
|
<p>Age</p>
|
|
<p>Sex</p>
|
|
<p>Other cardiovascular disease (existing or previous) – other aneurysms, atherosclerotic disease, vascular claudication</p>
|
|
<p>Inflammatory disease</p>
|
|
<p>Smoking</p>
|
|
<p>Blood pressure/hypertension</p>
|
|
<p>Dislipidaemia</p>
|
|
<p>Hypercholesterolaemia</p>
|
|
<p>Family history of abdominal aortic aneurysms, other aneurysms, collagen disorders</p>
|
|
<p>Ethnicity</p>
|
|
<p>Diabetes</p>
|
|
<p>COPD</p>
|
|
<p>BMI/weight/obesity</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Endpoint</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Radiological diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other criteria for inclusion / exclusion of studies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusion:</p>
|
|
<p>Non-English language</p>
|
|
<p>Abstract/non-published</p>
|
|
<p>Minimum population size of 500</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baseline characteristics to be extracted in evidence tables</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Age</p>
|
|
<p>Sex</p>
|
|
<p>Comorbidities</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See <a href="#niceng156er1.appb">Appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review strategies</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Double-sifting of randomly selected 20%.</p>
|
|
<p>Appropriate NICE Methodology Checklists, depending on study designs, will be used as a guide to appraise the quality of individual studies. 20% will be appraised by a second reviewer.</p>
|
|
<p>Data on all included studies will be extracted into evidence tables. Where statistically possible, a meta-analytic approach will be used to give an overall summary effect.</p>
|
|
<p>All key findings from evidence will be presented in GRADE profiles and further summarised in evidence statements.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Key papers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
Beede
|
|
SD, Ballard
|
|
DJ, James
|
|
EM, Ilstrup
|
|
DM, Hallet
|
|
JW
|
|
Jr. Positive predictive value of clinical suspicion of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Implications for efficient use of abdominal ultrasonography. Arch Intern Med. 1990
|
|
Mar;150(3):549–51 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2106847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2106847</span></a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Fink
|
|
HA, Lederle
|
|
FA, Roth
|
|
CS, Bowles
|
|
CA, Nelson
|
|
DB, Haas
|
|
MA. The accuracy of physical examination to detect abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arch Intern Med. 2000
|
|
Mar
|
|
27;160(6):833–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10737283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10737283</span></a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Lederle
|
|
FA, Simel
|
|
DL. The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have abdominal aortic aneurysm?
|
|
JAMA. 1999
|
|
Jan
|
|
6;281(1):77–82 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9892455" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9892455</span></a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Pleumeekers
|
|
HJ, Hoes
|
|
AW, Hofman
|
|
A, van Urk
|
|
H, van der Does
|
|
E, Grobbee
|
|
DE. Selecting subjects for ultrasonographic screening for aneurysms of the abdominal aorta: four different strategies. Int J Epidemiol. 1999
|
|
Aug;28(4):682–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10480696" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10480696</span></a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appbtab1"><div id="niceng156er1.appb.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<p>Medline Strategy, searched 29th September 2016</p>
|
|
<p>Database: 1946 to September Week 3 2016</p>
|
|
<p>Search Strategy:</p>
|
|
</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1 Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2 Aortic Rupture/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3 (aneurysm* adj4 (abdom* or thoracoabdom* or thoraco-abdom* or aort* or spontan* or juxtarenal* or juxta-renal* or juxta renal* or paraerenal* or para-renal* or para renal* or suprarenal* or supra renal* or supra-renal* or short neck* or short-neck* or shortneck* or visceral aortic segment*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4 or/1–3</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5 prognosis.sh.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">6 diagnosed.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7 cohort.mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8 predictor:.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9 death.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10 exp models, statistical/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11 or/5–10</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">12 (sensitiv: or predictive value:).mp. or accurac:.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">13 11 or 12</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">14 “signs and symptoms”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">15 ((sign or signs) adj5 symptom*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">16 Risk Factors/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">17 factor*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">18 predict*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">19 or/14–18</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20 13 or 19</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">21 4 and 20</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">22 animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">23 21 not 22 (12444)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">24 limit 23 to english language</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appbtab2"><div id="niceng156er1.appb.tab2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Medline Strategy</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Economic evaluations</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1 Economics/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2 exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3 Economics, Dental/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4 exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5 exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">6 Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7 Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8 Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9 exp Models, Economic/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10 Markov Chains/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11 Monte Carlo Method/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">12 Decision Trees/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">13 econom*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">14 cba.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">15 cea.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">16 cua.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">17 markov*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">18 (monte adj carlo).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">19 (decision adj3 (tree* or analys*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20 (cost or costs or costing* or costly or costed).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">21 (price* or pricing*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">22 budget*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">23 expenditure*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">24 (value adj3 (money or monetary)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">25 (pharmacoeconomic* or (pharmaco adj economic*)).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">26 or/1–25</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Quality of life</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1 “Quality of Life”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2 quality of life.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3 “Value of Life”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4 Quality-Adjusted Life Years/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5 quality adjusted life.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">6 (qaly* or qald* or qale* or qtime*).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7 disability adjusted life.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8 daly*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9 Health Status Indicators/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10 (sf36 or sf 36 or short form 36 or shortform 36 or sf thirtysix or sf thirty six or shortform thirtysix or shortform thirty six or short form thirtysix or short form thirty six).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11 (sf6 or sf 6 or short form 6 or shortform 6 or sf six or sfsix or shortform six or short form six).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">12 (sf12 or sf 12 or short form 12 or shortform 12 or sf twelve or sftwelve or shortform twelve or short form twelve).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">13 (sf16 or sf 16 or short form 16 or shortform 16 or sf sixteen or sfsixteen or shortform sixteen or short form sixteen).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">14 (sf20 or sf 20 or short form 20 or shortform 20 or sf twenty or sftwenty or shortform twenty or short form twenty).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">15 (euroqol or euro qol or eq5d or eq 5d).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">16 (qol or hql or hqol or hrqol).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">17 (hye or hyes).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">18 health* year* equivalent*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">19 utilit*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20 (hui or hui1 or hui2 or hui3).tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">21 disutili*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">22 rosser.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">23 quality of wellbeing.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">24 quality of well-being.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">25 qwb.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">26 willingness to pay.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">27 standard gamble*.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">28 time trade off.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">29 time tradeoff.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">30 tto.tw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appb.tab2_1_1_28_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">31 or/1–30</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1appcfig1"><div id="niceng156er1.appc.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1appcf1&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1appcf1.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1appcf1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab1"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Age: 55–59</p>
|
|
<p>60–64</p>
|
|
<p>65–69</p>
|
|
<p>70–74</p>
|
|
<p>75–79</p>
|
|
<p>80–84</p>
|
|
<p>All vs. <55 (reference)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Kent (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,056,455</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.76 (2.55, 3.00)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 5.35 (4.97, 5.76)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 9.41 (8.76. 10.12)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 14.46 (13.45. 15.55)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 20.46 (18.99. 21.99)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 28.37 (26.31. 30.59)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Age: 70–74</p>
|
|
<p>75–79</p>
|
|
<p>All vs. 65–69 (reference)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Vardulaki (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,356</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.4 (0.98, 2.1)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.8 (1.2, 2.7)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Age: 66–75</p>
|
|
<p>>75</p>
|
|
<p>All vs. 55–65 (reference)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Pleumeekers (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,328</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.4 (1.1, 1.9)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.7 (1.8, 4.1)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age: >75 vs. ≤75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Chun (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6,142</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.62 (1.33, 1.96)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age: >70 vs. ≤75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Mark-Christensen (2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24,632</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.41 (1.22, 1.63)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age: per 7 year increase</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Lederle (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">122,788</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.58 (1.52, 1.64)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age: per year increase</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (De Carvalho, 2012 Corrado 2016, Makrygiannis 2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4,006</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.14 (1.06, 1.22)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.07 (Not significant; 95% CI not reported)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Age: 65–69</p>
|
|
<p>70–74</p>
|
|
<p>75–84</p>
|
|
<p>All vs. 60–64 (reference)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Singh (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2,962</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.18 (1.44, 3.29)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.29 (1.49, 3.52)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 3.31 (1.62, 6.73)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age: per year increase</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Le 2007, Bonamigo 2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12,971</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.09 (1.07, 1.11)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.08 (1.022, 1.139)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Women only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age: per year increase</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Derubertis (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10,012</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.10 (1.06, 1.14)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Age: 65–69</p>
|
|
<p>70–74</p>
|
|
<p>75–84</p>
|
|
<p>All vs. 60–64 (reference)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Singh (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,424</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.94 (0.81, 4.65)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 4.81 (2.14, 10.84)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 4.98 (1.45, 17.07)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors, and covariates adjusted for, was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab1_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab1_4"><p class="no_margin">It was unclear what people were eligible for screening, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab1_5"><p class="no_margin">95% CI crosses the line of no effect (1) in studies with greater weighting (larger populations), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab2"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sex: men vs. women</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 (Kent 2010, Lederle 2000, Vardulaki 2000, Pleumeekers 1999, De Carvalho 2012, Corrado 2016, 1 Mark-Christensen 2017))</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,217464</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 5.71 (5.57, 5.85)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.13 (1.45, 3.12)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 5.6 (3.7, 8.4)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 6.5 (3.8, 11.2)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 9.9 (2.0, 50.0)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 8.2 (1.79, 37.91)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 21.9 (3.07, 156.26)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab2_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab2_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab3"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab3" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI: ≥25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> vs. <25 kg/ m<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Kent (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,056,455</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.20 (1.17, 1.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI: ≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> vs. <30 kg/ m<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Chun 2014 & Mark-Christensen 2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30,744</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.94 (0.77, 1.15)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.26 (1.06, 1.49)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Weight: per 16 kg</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Lederle (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">122,788</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.00 (0.93, 1.07)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI: per kg/m<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Le (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12,203</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.03 (1.01, 1.05)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI: per 4kg/m<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Singh (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2,962</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.14 (0.94, 1.39)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_8_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Women only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI: per 4kg/m<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Singh (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,424</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 0.85 (0.65, 1.11)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab3_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab3_4"><p class="no_margin">It was unclear what people were eligible for screening, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab3_5"><p class="no_margin">Reported findings from included studies highlight inconsistent directions of effect, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab3_6"><p class="no_margin">95% CI crosses the line of no effect (1), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab4"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab4" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current smokers vs. never smokers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 (Berger 2013, Chun 2014, Vardulaki 2000, Pleumeekers 1999, De Carvalho 2012, Corrado 2016, Makrygiannis 2016, Mark-Christensen 2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,341,7335</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.98 (1.86, 2.03)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.67 (1.33, 2.10)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.7 (1.7, 4.4)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 3.1 (1.7, 5.1)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 6.8 (1.6, 29.4)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 4.73 (Significant; (95% CI not reported)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 7.61 (5.76, 10.05)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ex-smokers vs. never smokers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (Berger 2013, Vardulaki 2000, Corrado 2016, Mark-Christensen 2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,326,904</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.75 (2.68, 2.82)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.5 (1.0, 2.3)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.76 (1.12, 8.94)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 3.76 (2.88, 4.93)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ever smoked vs. never smoked</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Lederle (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">122,788</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 2.97 (2.65, 3.32)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current smokers vs. never smokers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (Singh 2001, Hager 2013, Barba 2013, Bonamigo 2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10,134</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 7.37 (3.70, 14.69)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 8.90 (4.2, 18.6)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 3.47 (1.67, 7.22)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 6.42 (2.18, 18.89)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ex-smokers vs. never smokers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Singh 2001, Hager 2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8,585</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 3.60 (1.85, 7.03)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 3.30 (1.70, 6.60)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ever smoked vs. never smoked</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Le (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12,203</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 2.04 (1.84, 2.26)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Smoking frequency:</p>
|
|
<p>10–20 cigarettes/day</p>
|
|
<p>>20 cigarettes/day</p>
|
|
<p>All compared with 0 – 20 cigarettes/day (reference)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Salvador-Gonzalez (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">651</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 20.4 (2.6, 162.2)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 15.8 (1.7, 146.4)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Women only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current smokers vs never smokers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Singh (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,424</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 5.82 (2.92, 11.58)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ex-smokers vs never smokers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Singh (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,424</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.64 (0.75, 3.58)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tobacco use (greater than or equal to 100 cigarettes in a lifetime)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Derubertis (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10,012</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 4.02 (2.17, 7.44)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab4_4"><p class="no_margin">95% CI crosses the line of no effect (1), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab5"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab5" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Present vs. absent</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Pleumeekers (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,328</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 7.0 (3.7, 13.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab6"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab6" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Coronary artery disease</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (Kent 2010, Lederle 2000, Chun 2014, Makrygiannis 2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,186,486</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.72 (1.69, 1.76)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.44 (1.34, 1.55)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.89 (1.59, 2.29)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.15 (not significant; 95% CI not reported)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">History of myocardial infarction</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Pleumeekers (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,328</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR 1.5<sup>a</sup> (0.9, 2.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Coronary insufficiency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 De Carvalho (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,350</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR 166.7<sup>a</sup> (25.6, >1,000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Coronary artery disease</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Hager (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR 1.7<sup>a</sup> (1.0, 3.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">History of myocardial infarction</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Salvador-Gonzalez (2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">651</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR 5.1<sup>a</sup> (1.4, 18.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">History of cardiovascular disease</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Le (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12,203</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR 1.83<sup>a</sup> (1.58, 2.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Myocardial disease</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Bonamigo (2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">768</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR 1.66<sup>a</sup> (0.745, 3.691)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_10_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Women only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Derubertis (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10,012</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR 3.62<sup>a</sup> (2.08, 6.29)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab6_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab6_4"><p class="no_margin">95% CI crosses the line of no effect (1), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab7"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab7" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Present vs. absent</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 (Kent 2010, Chun 2014, Pleumeekers 1999, De Carvalho 2012, Makrygiannis 2016 Mark-Christensen 2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,095,008</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.59 (1.54, 1.65)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.28 (1.74, 2.97)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.1 (1.3, 3.3)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 27.0 (5.8, 125.0)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 3.29 (Significant; 95% CI not reported)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.81 (1.51, 2.16)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Present vs. absent</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Barba 2013, Bonamigo 2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,549</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 3.00 (1.16, 7.80)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.843 (0.281, 2.528)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab7_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab7_4"><p class="no_margin">It was unclear what people were eligible for screening, downgrade 1 level. 4. Visual inspection of point estimates and 95% CIs across studies indicates inconsistent findings, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab7_5"><p class="no_margin">Reported findings from included studies highlight inconsistent directions of effect, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab8"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab8" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Atherosclerosis</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Lederle (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">122,788</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.64 (1.52, 1.78)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Atherosclerotic plaque diameter:</p>
|
|
<p>1.5 – 7.7 mm<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>7.8 – 12.3 mm<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>12.4 – 18.9 mm<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>19.0 – 31.1 mm<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>31.2 – 246.4 mm<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>All vs. no plaque</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Johnsen (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6,142</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.6 (0.3, 1.2)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.3 (0.8, 2.2)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.9 (1.2, 2.9)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.6 (1.0, 2.5)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.7 (1.1, 2.6)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab8_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab8_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab8_4"><p class="no_margin">It was unclear what people were eligible for screening, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab9"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab9" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Present vs. absent</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Lederle 2000, Pleumeekers 1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">128,116</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.35 (1.18, 1.53)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.9 (0.7, 5.0)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Present vs. absent</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Hager (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 2.0 (0.7, 5.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab9_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab9_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab10"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab10" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Present vs. absent</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Kent 2010, Lederle 2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,179,243</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.18 (1.14, 1.21)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.28 (1.17, 1.41)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Present vs. absent</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Hager 2013, Barba 2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6,404</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.0 (1.1, 3.6)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.37 (0.61, 9.25)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab10_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab10_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab10_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab11"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab11" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Present vs. absent</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (Berger 2013, Kent 2010, Lederle 2000, Chun 2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6,505,378</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.75 (0.73, 0.77)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.65 (0.59, 0.72)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.60 (0.47, 0.77)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Present vs. absent</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (Le 2007, Barba 2013, Bonamigo 2003)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13,752</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.79 (0.63, 0.98)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.38 (0.11, 1.06)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.135 (0.002, 1.15)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab11_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab11_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab11_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab11_4"><p class="no_margin">95% CI crosses the line of no effect (1) in studies with greater weighting (larger populations), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab12"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab12" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab12_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Present vs. absent</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (Lederle 2000, Chun 2014, De Carvalho 2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">130,280</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.06 (0.97, 1.17)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.75 (1.41, 2.18)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 35.7 (6.3, 200.0)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Present vs. absent</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Hager (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 2.1 (1.1, 3.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab12_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab12_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab12_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab13"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab13" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab13_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypertension (defined as blood pressure measurements or use of antihypertensive drugs)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 (Berger 2013, Kent 2010, Lederle 2000, Chun 2014, Vardulaki 2000, Pleumeekers 1999, Mark-Christensen 2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6,540,694</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.24 (1.21, 1.28)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.25 (1.21, 1.28)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.23 (1.14, 1.32)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.92 (0.75, 1.12)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.7 (1.3, 2.1)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.8 (1.1, 3.0)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.66 (1.43, 1.94)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_3_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypertension (defined as blood pressure measurements or use of antihypertensive drugs)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 (Le 2007, Singh 2001, Bonamigo 2003, Barba 2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16,714</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.47 (1.27, 1.71)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.61 (1.16, 2.24)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.71 (0.35, 1.47)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.43 (1.08, 5.45)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_5_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Women only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypertension (defined by taking antihypertension meds)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Singh (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,424</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 2.02 (1.14, 3.57)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab13_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab13_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab13_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab14"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab14" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab14_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure: ≥200 mmHg vs. <200 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Vardulaki (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,356</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.1 (0.7, 1.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diastolic blood pressure: ≥100 mmHg vs. <100 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Vardulaki (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,356</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.3 (0.8, 2.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure: per 1 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Le (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12,203</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 0.99 (0.98, 0.99)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure: per 20 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Singh (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2,962</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 0.97 (0.85, 1.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diastolic blood pressure: per 1 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Le (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12,203</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.03 (1.02, 1.04)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_8_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Women only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure: per 20 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Singh (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,424</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.39 (1.11, 1.73)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab14_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab14_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab14_3"><p class="no_margin">95% CI crosses the line of no effect (1), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab15"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab15" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab15_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hyperlipidaemia (diagnosis or use of medication)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Berger (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,319,993</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.45 (1.41, 1.49)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypercholesterolemia (present vs. absent)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (Kent 2010, Lederle 2000, Makrygiannis 2016)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,180,344</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.34 (1.31, 1.37)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.40 (1.29, 1.52)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 4.89 (Significant: 95% CI not reported)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cholesterol levels: ≥200 mg/dL vs. <200 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Chun (2014)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6,142</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 0.66 (0.49, 0.90)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cholesterol levels: ≥6.5 mmol/L vs. <6.5 mmol/L</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Pleumeekers (1999)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,328</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.8 (1.2, 2.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dyslipidaemia (present vs. absent)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Le (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12,203</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1. 42 (1.22, 1.65)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hyperlipidaemia (not defined)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Hager (2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.2 (0.8, 2.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serum total cholesterol: per 1mmol/L increase</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Singh (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2,962</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.19 (1.04, 1.35)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_10_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Women only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serum total cholesterol: per 1mmol/L increase</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Singh (2001)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,424</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.18 (0.96, 1.44)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab15_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab15_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab15_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab15_4"><p class="no_margin">It was unclear what people were eligible for screening, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab15_5"><p class="no_margin">95% CI crosses the line of no effect (1), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab16"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab16" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab16_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Family history of AAA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (Kent 2010, Lederle 2000, Mark-Christensen 2017)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,203,875</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 3.80 (3.66, 3.95)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.93 (1.71, 2.18)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 2.17 (1.62, 2.90)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Family history of AAA, Marfan syndrome or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 De Carvalho (2012)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,350</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 500.0 (6.5, >1000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_4_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Family history of AAA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (Le 2007, Barba 2013)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12,984</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 1.88 (1.17, 2.89)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 3.17 (0.82, 12.24)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_6_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Women only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Family history of AAA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Derubertis (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10,012</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.95 (0.90, 4.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab16_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab16_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab16_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab16_4"><p class="no_margin">95% CI crosses the line of no effect (1), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appetab17"><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab17" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appe.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appe.tab17_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Predictor</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Design</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Men and women</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Ethnicity:</p>
|
|
<p>Hispanic</p>
|
|
<p>African</p>
|
|
<p>American</p>
|
|
<p>Asian</p>
|
|
<p>All vs. white (reference)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Kent (2010)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,056,455</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.69 (0.62, 0.77)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.72 (0.66, 0.78)</p>
|
|
<p>OR<sup>a</sup> 0.72 (0.59, 0.75)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Ethnicity:</p>
|
|
<p>Black vs. white</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Lederle (2000)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">122,788</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 0.62 (0.53, 0.73)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_10" id="hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_4_1" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Women only</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Ethnicity:</p>
|
|
<p>Native American vs. white</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Derubertis (2007)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N/A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_6 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not serious</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_7 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_8 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10,012</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_9 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR<sup>a</sup> 1.41 (0.43, 4.63)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_1_10 hd_b_niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab17_1"><p class="no_margin">As multivariate analyses were performed, hazard and odds ratios were reported adjusting for confounders or other factors.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab17_2"><p class="no_margin">The presence of risk factors was ascertained by asking participants to complete a self-administered questionnaire, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab17_3"><p class="no_margin">Stepwise regression was not performed. Instead, variables found to be significant in univariate analyses were input into logistic regression models, downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng156er1.appe.tab17_4"><p class="no_margin">95% CI crosses the line of no effect (1), downgrade 1 level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1appffig1"><div id="niceng156er1.appf.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1appff1&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1appff1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1appff1.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1appff1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng156er1appgtab1"><div id="niceng156er1.appg.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK556885/table/niceng156er1.appg.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng156er1.appg.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">No.</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Xiong
|
|
Jiang, Wu
|
|
Zhongyin, Chen
|
|
Chen, Wei
|
|
Yingqi, and Guo
|
|
Wei (2016) Association between diabetes and prevalence and growth rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A meta-analysis. International journal of cardiology
|
|
221, 484–95 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27414727" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27414727</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review which included studies that employed multiple study designs. Individual studies were assessed to establish if they met criteria for inclusion in this NICE review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Alcorn
|
|
H G, Wolfson
|
|
Jr, S K, Sutton-Tyrrell
|
|
K, et al. (1996) Risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in older adults enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and and Vascular Biology
|
|
16(8), 963–970 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8696960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8696960</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Authors reported percentages with adjusted and unadjusted p values. No relative risks, odds ratios or hazard ratios were reported.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Baumgartner
|
|
I, Hirsch
|
|
AT, Abola
|
|
B, et al. (2008) Cardiovascular risk profile and outcome of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm in out-patients with atherothrombosis: data from the Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry. Journal of vascular surgery
|
|
48(4), 808–14 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18639426" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18639426</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: case-control. Furthermore, primary aortic imaging was not performed: investigators ascertained the presence of AAA by reviewing documentation by the treating physician.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Beede
|
|
S D, Ballard
|
|
D J, James
|
|
E M, et al. (1990) Positive predictive value of clinical suspicion of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Implications for efficient use of abdominal ultrasonography. Archives of internal medicine
|
|
150(3), 549–51 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2106847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2106847</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sample size of less than 500 participants. Furthermore, multivariate analysis was not performed.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Cao
|
|
H, Hu
|
|
X, Zhang
|
|
Q
|
|
et al. (2014) Homocysteine level and risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm: a meta-analysis. PloS one
|
|
9(1), e85831 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3897527/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3897527</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24465733" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24465733</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review and meta-analysis of case controls.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Chabok
|
|
M, Nicolaides
|
|
A, Aslam
|
|
M, Farahmandfar
|
|
M, Humphries
|
|
K, Kermani
|
|
N Z, Coltart
|
|
J, and Standfield
|
|
N (2016) Risk factors associated with increased prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in women. The British journal of surgery
|
|
103(9), 1132–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27332825" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27332825</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Chiu
|
|
HY, Lo
|
|
PC, Huang
|
|
WF
|
|
et al. (2016) Increased risk of aortic aneurysm (AA) in relation to the severity of psoriasis: A national population-based matched-cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
|
|
75(4), 747–54 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27473449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27473449</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not specific to AAA: study included a mixed population of people with AAA and thoracic aortic aneurysms.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Cho
|
|
IJ, Jang
|
|
SY, Chang
|
|
HJ
|
|
et al. (2014) Aortic aneurysm screening in a high-risk population: a non-contrast computed tomography study in korean males with hypertension. Korean circulation journal
|
|
44(3), 162–9 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4037638/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4037638</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24876857" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24876857</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not specific to AAA: study included a mixed population of people with AAA and thoracic aortic aneurysms.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Cornuz
|
|
J, Pinto
|
|
C S, Tevaearai
|
|
H, and Egger
|
|
M (2004) Risk factors for asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm: Sytematic review and meta-analysis of population-based screening studies. European Journal of Public Health
|
|
14(4), 343–349 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15542867" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15542867</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review including studies which employed various study designs (including case-controls, screening studies and cohort studies). Individual studies were assessed to determine if they met inclusion criteria for this review question.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
De Rango , P , Farchioni
|
|
L, Fiorucci
|
|
B, and Lenti
|
|
M (2014) Diabetes and abdominal aortic aneurysms. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
|
|
47(3), 243–261 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24447529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24447529</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review including studies which employed various study designs (including case-controls, screening studies and cohort studies). Individual studies were assessed to determine if they met inclusion criteria for this review question.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Duncan
|
|
JL, Harrild
|
|
KA, Iversen
|
|
L
|
|
et al. (2012) Long term outcomes in men screened for abdominal aortic aneurysm: prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
|
|
344, e2958 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3344734/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3344734</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22563092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22563092</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Durieux
|
|
R, Van Damme , H , Labropoulos
|
|
N
|
|
et al. (2014) High Prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients with three-vessel coronary artery disease. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
|
|
47(3), 273–278 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24456737" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24456737</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population screening study in which patients undergoing coronary angiography were assessed for the presence of AAA. Authors stated that patients with known AAA or with a history of previous AAA surgery were intentionally included for screening.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Elkalioubie
|
|
A, Haulon
|
|
S, Duhamel
|
|
A
|
|
et al. (2015) Meta-Analysis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. The American journal of cardiology
|
|
116(9), 1451–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26347003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26347003</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review of prospective and retrospective observational studies. These study designs were not specified in the review protocol.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fernandez-Garcia
|
|
C E, Burillo
|
|
E, Lindholt
|
|
J S, Martinez-Lopez
|
|
D, Pilely
|
|
K, Mazzeo
|
|
C, Michel
|
|
J B, Egido
|
|
J, Garred
|
|
P, Blanco-Colio
|
|
L M, and Martin-Ventura
|
|
J L (2017) Association of ficolin-3 with abdominal aortic aneurysm presence and progression. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH
|
|
15(3), 575–585 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28039962" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28039962</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Out of scope: study assesses the use of a genetic biomarker for indicating the presence/absence of AAA</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fink
|
|
H A, Lederle
|
|
F A, Roth
|
|
C S
|
|
et al. (2000) The accuracy of physical examination to detect abdominal aortic aneurysm. Archives of Internal Medicine
|
|
160(6), 833–836 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10737283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10737283</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: case-control. Additionally, investigators did not assess which risk factors were associated with the presence of aneurysms. Finally, the sample size was less than 500 participants.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Forsdahl
|
|
SH, Singh
|
|
K, Solberg
|
|
S
|
|
et al. (2009) Risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms: a 7-year prospective study: the Tromso Study, 1994–2001. Circulation
|
|
119(16), 2202–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19364978" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19364978</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Flessenkaemper
|
|
I H, Loddenkemper
|
|
R, Roll
|
|
S, et al. (2015) Screening of COPD patients for abdominal aortic aneurysm. International Journal of COPD
|
|
10, 1085–1091 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4468935/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4468935</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26089658" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26089658</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multivariate analysis was not performed.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Goessens
|
|
B, Visseren
|
|
FL, Algra
|
|
A, et al. (2006) Screening for asymptomatic cardiovascular disease with noninvasive imaging in patients at high-risk and low-risk according to the European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: the SMART study. Journal of vascular surgery
|
|
43(3), 525–32 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16520167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16520167</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multivariate analysis was not performed: the prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors were reported as percentages.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Golledge
|
|
J, Mallat
|
|
Z, Tedgui
|
|
A
|
|
et al. (2011) Serum secreted phospholipase A2 is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm presence but not progression. Atherosclerosis
|
|
216(2), 458–60 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21382622" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21382622</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: case control. Men with AAA were identified and their serum secretory phospholipase A levels were compared with those of randomly selected healthy controls.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Golledge
|
|
J, Clancy
|
|
P, Yeap
|
|
BB, et al. (2013) Increased serum angiopoietin-2 is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm prevalence and cardiovascular mortality in older men. International journal of cardiology
|
|
167(4), 1159–63 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22483260" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22483260</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: case control. Men with AAA were identified and their serum angiopoietin-2 levels were compared with those of randomly selected healthy controls.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hafez
|
|
H, Druce
|
|
P S, and Ashton
|
|
H A (2008) Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Development in Men Following a “normal” Aortic Ultrasound Scan. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
|
|
36(5), 553–558 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18718773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18718773</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multivariate analysis/regression was not performed.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Harrison
|
|
Seamus C, Holmes
|
|
Michael V, Burgess
|
|
Stephen, Asselbergs
|
|
Folkert W, Jones
|
|
Gregory T, Baas
|
|
Annette F, van ’t Hof, F N, de Bakker , Paul I W, Blankensteijn
|
|
Jan D, Powell
|
|
Janet T, Saratzis
|
|
Athanasios, de Borst , Gert J, Swerdlow
|
|
Daniel I, van der Graaf , Yolanda , van Rij , Andre M, Carey
|
|
David J, Elmore
|
|
James R, Tromp
|
|
Gerard, Kuivaniemi
|
|
Helena, Sayers
|
|
Robert D, Samani
|
|
Nilesh J, Bown
|
|
Matthew J, and Humphries
|
|
Steve E (2017) Genetic Association of Lipids and Lipid Drug Targets With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Meta-analysis. JAMA cardiology [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5833524/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5833524</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29188294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29188294</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Out of scope:Genome wide association study assessing the use of a genetic biomarker for indicating the presence/absence of AAA</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Henriksen
|
|
N A, Sorensen
|
|
L T, Jorgensen
|
|
L N, and Lindholt
|
|
J S (2013) Lack of association between inguinal hernia and abdominal aortic aneurysm in a population-based male cohort. The British journal of surgery
|
|
100(11), 1478–82 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24037568" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24037568</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: case-control</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hernesniemi
|
|
JA, Vanni
|
|
V, and Hakala
|
|
T (2015) The prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm is consistently high among patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of vascular surgery
|
|
62(1), 232–240.e3 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26115925" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26115925</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review including studies which employed various study designs (including case-controls, screening studies and cohort studies). Individual studies were assessed to determine if they met inclusion criteria for this review question.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Jahangir
|
|
E, Lipworth
|
|
L, Edwards
|
|
T L, Kabagambe
|
|
E K, Mumma
|
|
M T, Mensah
|
|
G A, Fazio
|
|
S, Blot
|
|
W J, and Sampson
|
|
U K (2015) Smoking, sex, risk factors and abdominal aortic aneurysms: a prospective study of 18 782 persons aged above 65 years in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Journal of epidemiology and community health
|
|
69(5), 481–488 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4494088/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4494088</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25563744" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25563744</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Iribarren
|
|
C, Darbinian
|
|
J A, Go
|
|
A S, et al. (2007) Traditional and novel risk factors for clinically diagnosed abdominal aortic aneurysm: the Kaiser multiphasic health checkup cohort study. Annals of epidemiology
|
|
17(9), 669–78 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17512215" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17512215</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Joergensen
|
|
T M. M, Houlind
|
|
K, Green
|
|
A, and Lindholt
|
|
J S (2014) Abdominal aortic diameter is increased in males with a family history of abdominal aortic aneurysms: Results from the Danish viva-trial. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
|
|
48(6), 669–675 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25443525" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25443525</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multivariate analysis was not performed association between risk factors and AAA diagnosis. Instead univariate was performed to assess associations. Linear regression was performed estimate the mean aneurysm diameters in various subgroups of people.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lederle
|
|
F A, and Simel
|
|
D L (1999) Does this patient have abdominal aortic aneurysm?. Journal of the American Medical Association
|
|
281(1), 77–82 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9892455" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9892455</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review assessing the sensitivity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of abdominal palpation for detecting abdominal aortic aneurysms. None of the included studies had sample sizes of 500 participants or larger.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lederle
|
|
F A, Johnson
|
|
G R, Wilson
|
|
S E, Aneurysm Detection, Management Veterans Affairs Cooperative, and Study (2001) Abdominal aortic aneurysm in women. Journal of vascular surgery
|
|
34(1), 122–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11436084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11436084</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multivariate analysis/regression was not performed: The number of AAAs in women was not large enough to generate valid multivariate models for AAAs in women with all variables included in the questionnaire.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lederle
|
|
F A, Nelson
|
|
D B, and Joseph
|
|
A M (2003) Smokers’ relative risk for aortic aneurysm compared with other smoking-related diseases: a systematic review. Journal of vascular surgery
|
|
38(2), 329–34 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12891116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12891116</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not specific to AAA.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lederle
|
|
F A, Larson
|
|
J C, Margolis
|
|
K L, et al. J D (2008) Abdominal aortic aneurysm events in the women’s health initiative: Cohort study. BMJ
|
|
337(7677), 1037–1040
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
lede
|
|
A J, Fowkes
|
|
F G. R, Carson
|
|
M N, Leng
|
|
G C, and Allan
|
|
P L (1997) Smoking, atherosclerosis and risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm. European Heart Journal
|
|
18(4), 671–676 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9129900" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9129900</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: nested case-control.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lindblad
|
|
B, Borner
|
|
G, and Gottsater
|
|
A (2005) Factors associated with development of large abdominal aortic aneurysm in middle-aged men. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
|
|
30(4), 346–352 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15936229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15936229</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: nested case-control.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Long
|
|
A, Bui
|
|
H T, Barbe
|
|
C, et al. (2010) Prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm and large infrarenal aorta in patients with acute coronary syndrome and proven coronary stenosis: a prospective monocenter study. Annals of vascular surgery
|
|
24(5), 602–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20371161" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20371161</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sample size of less than 500 participants.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Majeed
|
|
K, Hamer
|
|
A W, White
|
|
S C, et al. (2015) Prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients referred for transthoracic echocardiography. Internal medicine journal
|
|
45(1), 32–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25266859" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25266859</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Investigators included patients with known AAA for screening. Additionally, risk factors (echocardiographic parameters) assessed in this study are not listed in the review protocol.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mattes
|
|
E, Davis
|
|
T M. E, Yang
|
|
D, et al. (1997) Prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in men with diabetes. Medical Journal of Australia
|
|
166(12), 630–633 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9216582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9216582</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sample size of less than 500 participants.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Moxon
|
|
J V, Jones
|
|
R E, Norman
|
|
P E, et al. (2016) Plasma ferritin concentrations are not associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm diagnosis, size or growth. Atherosclerosis
|
|
251, 19–24 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27235969" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27235969</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The risk factor (body iron levels) assessed in this study is not listed in the review protocol.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ogata
|
|
T, MacKean
|
|
G L, Cole
|
|
C W, et al. (2005) The lifetime prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms among siblings of aneurysm patients is eightfold higher than among siblings of spouses: an analysis of 187 aneurysm families in Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of vascular surgery
|
|
42(5), 891–7 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1373672/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1373672</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16275443" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16275443</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sample size of less than 500 participants. Furthermore, multivariate analysis/regression was not performed.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Robson
|
|
J C, Kiran
|
|
A, Maskell
|
|
J, et al. (2013) The relative risk of aortic aneurysm in patients with giant cell arteritis compared with the general population of the UK. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases , no pagination [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24095936" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24095936</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Rodin
|
|
M B, Daviglus
|
|
M L, Wong
|
|
G C, et al. (2003) Middle age cardiovascular risk factors and abdominal aortic aneurysm in older age. Hypertension (Dallas, and Tex. : 1979)
|
|
42(1), 61–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12796281" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12796281</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ruff
|
|
A L, Teng
|
|
K, Hu
|
|
B, et al. (2015) Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms in outpatient primary care clinics. The American journal of medicine
|
|
128(3), 283–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25446298" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25446298</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study did not assess risk factors associated with AAA. Instead, investigators assessed risk factors associated with the decisions to perform ultrasound or computed-tomography imaging.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sakalihasan
|
|
N, Defraigne
|
|
J, Kerstenne
|
|
MA, et al. (2014) Family members of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms are at increased risk for aneurysms: analysis of 618 probands and their families from the Liege AAA Family Study. Annals of vascular surgery
|
|
28(4), 787–97 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4082690/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4082690</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24365082" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24365082</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The study employed multiple methodological designs. Initially, a case-control design was employed to establish whether people diagnosed with AAA had a family history of AAA. A cross-sectional design was then used to explore the prevalence of aneurysms in family members (n<500) of people diagnosed with AAA. Finally, multivariate analysis was not performed.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Shantikumar
|
|
S, Ajjan
|
|
R, Porter
|
|
K E, et al. (2010) Diabetes and the Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
|
|
39(2), 200–207 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19948418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19948418</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review including studies which employed various study designs (including case-controls, screening studies and cohort studies). Individual studies were assessed to determine if they met inclusion criteria for this review question.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sidloff
|
|
D A, Stather
|
|
P W, Choke
|
|
E, et al. (2014) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between markers of hemostasis and abdominal aortic aneurysm presence and size. Journal of vascular surgery
|
|
59(2), 528–535.e4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24461868" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24461868</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review of case-controls</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Solberg
|
|
S, Forsdahl
|
|
S H, Singh
|
|
K
|
|
et al. (2010) Diameter of the infrarenal aorta as a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm: the Tromso Study, 1994–2001. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery
|
|
39(3), 280–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19942461" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19942461</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Stackelberg
|
|
O, Bjorck
|
|
M, Sadr-Azodi
|
|
O, et al. (2013) Obesity and abdominal aortic aneurysm. The British journal of surgery
|
|
100(3), 360–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23203847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23203847</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Stackelberg
|
|
O, Bjorck
|
|
M, Larsson
|
|
S C, Orsini
|
|
N, and Wolk
|
|
A (2014) Sex differences in the association between smoking and abdominal aortic aneurysm. The British journal of surgery
|
|
101(10), 1230–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24916023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24916023</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Stackelberg
|
|
O, Bjorck
|
|
M, Larsson
|
|
S C, et al. (2013) Fruit and vegetable consumption with risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Circulation
|
|
128(8), 795–802 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23960255" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23960255</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Stackelberg
|
|
Otto, Wolk
|
|
Alicja, Eliasson
|
|
Ken, Hellberg
|
|
Anders, Bersztel
|
|
Adam, Larsson
|
|
Susanna C, Orsini
|
|
Nicola, Wanhainen
|
|
Anders, and Bjorck
|
|
Martin (2017) Lifestyle and Risk of Screening-Detected Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Men. Journal of the American Heart Association
|
|
6(5), [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5524061/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5524061</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28490522" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28490522</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Svensjo
|
|
S, Bjorck
|
|
M, Gurtelschmid
|
|
M
|
|
et al. (2011) Low prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm among 65-year-old Swedish men indicates a change in the epidemiology of the disease. Circulation
|
|
124(10), 1118–23 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21844079" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21844079</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population screening study in which people identified from a national registry were screened for AAAs. Authors stated that people with previously known AAA or a history of AAA surgery were included in the analysis.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Svensjo
|
|
S, Bjorck
|
|
M, and Wanhainen
|
|
A (2014) Editor’s choice: five-year outcomes in men screened for abdominal aortic aneurysm at 65 years of age: a population-based cohort study. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery
|
|
47(1), 37–44 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24262320" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24262320</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Takagi
|
|
H, Umemoto
|
|
T, and Group Alice (2015) A meta-analysis of circulating homocysteine levels in subjects with versus without abdominal aortic aneurysm. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology
|
|
34(3), 229–37 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24732583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24732583</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review of case-controls.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Takagi
|
|
H, and Umemoto
|
|
T (2015) A meta-analysis of the association of obesity with abdominal aortic aneurysm presence. International Angiology
|
|
34(4), 383–391 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24945917" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24945917</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review including studies which employed various study designs (including case-controls, screening studies and cohort studies). Individual studies were assessed to determine if they met inclusion criteria for this review question.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Takagi
|
|
H, and Umemoto
|
|
T (2015) A meta-analysis of the association of primary abdominal wall hernia with abdominal aortic aneurysm. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology
|
|
34(3), 219–28 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24643172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24643172</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review including studies which employed various study designs (including case-controls, screening studies and cohort studies). Individual studies were assessed to determine if they met inclusion criteria for this review question.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Takagi
|
|
H, and Umemoto
|
|
T (2015) A contemporary meta-analysis of the association of diabetes with abdominal aortic aneurysm. International Angiology
|
|
34(4), 375–382 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24945920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24945920</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review including studies which employed various study designs (including case-controls, screening studies and cohort studies). Individual studies were assessed to determine if they met inclusion criteria for this review question.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Takeuchi
|
|
Hidemi, Okuyama
|
|
Michihiro, Uchida
|
|
Haruhito A, Kakio
|
|
Yuki, Umebayashi
|
|
Ryoko, Okuyama
|
|
Yuka, Fujii
|
|
Yasuhiro, Ozawa
|
|
Susumu, Yoshida
|
|
Masashi, Oshima
|
|
Yu, Sano
|
|
Shunji, and Wada
|
|
Jun (2016) Chronic Kidney Disease Is Positively and Diabetes Mellitus Is Negatively Associated with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. PloS one
|
|
11(10), e0164015 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5072712/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5072712</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27764090" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27764090</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: retrospective case-control</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Thompson
|
|
A R, Golledge
|
|
J, Cooper
|
|
J A, et al. (2009) Sequence variant on 9p21 is associated with the presence of abdominal aortic aneurysm disease but does not have an impact on aneurysmal expansion. European Journal of Human Genetics
|
|
17(3), 391–394 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2986176/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2986176</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18854858" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18854858</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: case-control</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tornwall
|
|
M E, Virtamo
|
|
J, Haukka
|
|
J K, et al. (2001) Life-style factors and risk for abdominal aortic aneurysm in a cohort of Finnish male smokers. Epidemiology
|
|
12(1), 94–100 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11138827" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11138827</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ulug
|
|
P, Powell
|
|
J T, Sweeting
|
|
M J, Bown
|
|
M J, Thompson
|
|
S G, and Group Swan Collaborative (2016) Meta-analysis of the current prevalence of screen-detected abdominal aortic aneurysm in women. The British journal of surgery
|
|
103(9), 1097–104 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6681422/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6681422</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27346306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27346306</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
van Laarhoven
|
|
C J, Borstlap
|
|
A C, van Berge Henegouwen, D P, et al. (1993) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and abdominal aortic aneurysms. European journal of vascular surgery
|
|
7(4), 386–90 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8359293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8359293</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sample size less than 500 participants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
van de
|
|
Luijtgaarden , Koen
|
|
M, Rouwet
|
|
Ellen V, Hoeks
|
|
Sanne E, Stolker
|
|
Robert J, Verhagen
|
|
Hence Jm, and Majoor-Krakauer
|
|
Danielle (2017) Risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) among male and female relatives of AAA patients. Vascular medicine (London, and England)
|
|
22(2), 112–118 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28429660" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28429660</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study employed multiple study designs. First a case-control study design was used to assess risk factors of people with confirmed AAA. Subsequently, first degree relatives of people with AAA were asked how many relatives they had with AAA.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Van Vlijmen-Van Keulen, C J, Pals
|
|
G, et al. (2002) Familial abdominal aortic aneurysm: A systematic review of a genetic background. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
|
|
24(2), 105–116 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12389231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12389231</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review including studies which employed various study designs (including case-controls, screening studies and cohort studies). Individual studies were assessed to determine if they met inclusion criteria for this review question.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wang
|
|
Lu, Djousse
|
|
Luc, Song
|
|
Yiqing, Akinkuolie
|
|
Akintunde O, Matsumoto
|
|
Chisa, Manson
|
|
JoAnn E, Gaziano
|
|
J Michael, and Sesso
|
|
Howard D (2017) Associations of Diabetes and Obesity with Risk of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Men. Journal of obesity
|
|
2017, 3521649 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5343258/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5343258</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28326193" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28326193</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study in which participants were not screened. Instead investigators ascertained the presence or absence of AAA by asking patients to complete a self-reported questionnaire.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wang
|
|
Yunpeng, Shen
|
|
Guanghui, Wang
|
|
Haiyang, Yao
|
|
Ye, Sun
|
|
Qingfeng, Jing
|
|
Bao, Liu
|
|
Gaoyan, Wu
|
|
Jia, Yuan
|
|
Chao, Liu
|
|
Siqi, Liu
|
|
Xinyu, Li
|
|
Shiyong, and Li
|
|
Haocheng (2017) Association of high sensitivity C-reactive protein and abdominal aortic aneurysm: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Current medical research and opinion
|
|
33(12), 2145–2152 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28699805" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28699805</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review of case-control studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wilmink
|
|
Antonius B. M, Vardulaki
|
|
Katerina A, Hubbard
|
|
Catherine S. F, et al. Scott
|
|
Alan P, and Quick
|
|
Clive R. G (2002) Are antihypertensive drugs associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms?. Journal of vascular surgery
|
|
36(4), 751–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12368736" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12368736</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: nested case-control</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wong
|
|
DR, Willett
|
|
WC, and Rimm
|
|
Eric B (2007) Smoking, hypertension, alcohol consumption, and risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm in men. American journal of epidemiology
|
|
165(7), 838–45 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17215382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17215382</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrong study design: cohort study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wong
|
|
YYE, Flicker
|
|
L, Yeap
|
|
BB, McCaul
|
|
KA, (2013) Is hypovitaminosis D associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, and is there a dose-response relationship?. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery
|
|
45(6), 657–64 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23602862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23602862</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sample size less than 500 participants. Additionally, the risk factor (vitamin D levels) assessed in this study is not listed in the review protocol.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Xiong
|
|
Jiang, Wu
|
|
Zhongyin, Chen
|
|
Chen, Wei
|
|
Yingqi, and Guo
|
|
Wei (2016) Association between diabetes and prevalence and growth rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A meta-analysis. International journal of cardiology
|
|
221, 484–95 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27414727" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27414727</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review which included studies that employed multiple study designs. Individual studies were assessed to establish if they met criteria for inclusion in this NICE review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Zarrouk
|
|
M, Keshavarz
|
|
K, Lindblad
|
|
B, et al. (2013) APC-PCI complex levels for screening of AAA in patients with peripheral atherosclerosis. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis
|
|
36(4), 495–500 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354969" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23354969</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng156er1.appg.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multivariate or Cox regression was not performed. Instead, investigators performed linear regression to assess the relationship between activated protein C (APC) - protein C inhibitor (PCI) complex levels and aortic diameter</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig1"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig1" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf1&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf1.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf1" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig2"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig2" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf2&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf2.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf2" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig3"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig3" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf3&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf3.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf3" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig4"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig4" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf4&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf4.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf4" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig5"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig5" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf5&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf5.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf5" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig6"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig6" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf6&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf6.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf6" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig7"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig7" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf7&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf7.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf7" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig8"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig8" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf8&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf8.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf8" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig9"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig9" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf9&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf9.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf9" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig10"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig10" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf10&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf10.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf10" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig11"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig11" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf11&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf11.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf11" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig12"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig12" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf12&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf12.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf12" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig13"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig13" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf13&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf13.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf13" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig14"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig14" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf14&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf14.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf14.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf14" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig15"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig15" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf15&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf15.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf15.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf15" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig16"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig16" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf16&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf16.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf16.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf16" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig17"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig17" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf17&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf17.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf17.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf17" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig18"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig18" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf18&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf18.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf18.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf18" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig19"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig19" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf19&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf19.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf19.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf19" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig20"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig20" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf20&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf20.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf20.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf20" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig21"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig21" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf21&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf21.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf21.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf21" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig22"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig22" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf22&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf22.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf22.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf22" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig23"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig23" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf23&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf23.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf23.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf23" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig24"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig24" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf24&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf24.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf24.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf24" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig25"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig25" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf25&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf25.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf25.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf25" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig26"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig26" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf26&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf26.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf26.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf26" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig27"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig27" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf27&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf27.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf27.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf27" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig28"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig28" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf28&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf28.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf28.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf28" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig29"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig29" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf29&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf29.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf29.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf29" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig30"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig30" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf30&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf30.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf30.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf30" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig31"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig31" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf31&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf31.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf31.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf31" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig32"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig32" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf32&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf32.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf32.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf32" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig33"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig33" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf33&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf33.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf33.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf33" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig34"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig34" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf34&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf34.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf34.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf34" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng156er1apphfig35"><div id="niceng156er1.apph.fig35" class="figure"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Image%20niceng156er1apphf35&p=BOOKS&id=556885_niceng156er1apphf35.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK556885/bin/niceng156er1apphf35.jpg" alt="Image niceng156er1apphf35" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js"> </script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal105 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
|
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3968615.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
|
</html>
|