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id="_NBK552302_"><span itemprop="name">Preterm labour and birth</span></h1><div class="subtitle">[A] Evidence review for clinical effectiveness of prophylactic progesterone in preventing preterm labour</div><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Alliance (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2019 Aug</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-1529-3</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1"><h2 id="_niceng25er_s1_">Review question: What is the clinical effectiveness of prophylactic progesterone (vaginal or oral) in preventing preterm labour in pregnant women considered to be at risk of preterm labour and birth?</h2><div id="niceng25er.s1.1"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Preterm birth is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Children who are born preterm may also suffer long term health issues related to their early birth. Therefore, identification of measures to prevent or delay premature birth is of great importance.</p><p>Women at higher risk of preterm birth may be identified by screening using recognised risk factors. These may include a preterm birth in a previous pregnancy, a previous mid-trimester loss, a short cervix on ultrasound scan, or a variety of other risk factors. These women may benefit from interventions to try and reduce the risk of an early birth. The most common interventions offered are cervical cerclage (which was not reviewed as part of this update) or progesterone.</p><p>The aim of this evidence review is to consider the effectiveness of prophylactic progesterone treatment (with either vaginal or oral progesterone) at preventing preterm labour, for women considered to be at risk of preterm labour and birth.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.2"><h3>Summary of the protocol</h3><p>See <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng25ertab1" rid-ob="figobniceng25ertab1">Table 1</a> for a summary of the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) characteristics of this review.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25ertab1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25ertab1" rid-ob="figobniceng25ertab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. Summary of the protocol (PICO table)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25ertab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of the protocol (PICO table). </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.3"><h3>Methods and process</h3><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>
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<u>2014</u>. Please see the <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng25/evidence/full-guideline-pdf-2176838029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">methods section</a> of the 2015 guideline for further details. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng25er.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to NICE’s 2014 conflicts of interest policy until 31<sup>st</sup> March 2018, and thereafter in accordance with NICE’s 2018 conflicts of Interests Register (see Register of Interests).</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.4"><h3>Clinical evidence</h3><div id="niceng25er.s1.4.1"><h4>Included studies</h4><p>One Cochrane systematic review (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref9" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref9">Dodd 2013</a>) including 9 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was included (N=1892) (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref1" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref1">Akbari 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref5" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref5">Cetingoz 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref8" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref8">da Fonseca 2003</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref10" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref10">Fonseca 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref11" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref11">Glover 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref12" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref12">Hassan 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref13" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref13">Majhi 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref15" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref15">O´Brien 2007</a>, Rai 2009). 5 further RCTs (N=2097) (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref3" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref3">Ashoush 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref4" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref4">Azargoon 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref6" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref6">Crowther 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref19" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref19">van Os 2015</a>) were included in this systematic review. In addition, 1 individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref16" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref16">Romero 2018</a>) including data from 5 of the included RCTs (N=974) was also included as this presented additional analysis using data unreported in the original articles (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref10" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref10">Fonseca 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref15" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref15">O´Brien 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref5" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref5">Cetingoz 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref12" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref12">Hassan 2011</a>, Norman 2016).</p><p>Participants consisted of women at risk of preterm labour and birth, mainly due to a history of preterm labour or due to a short cervix. No studies were found for women presenting with other risk factors for preterm labour and birth.</p><p>Some of the identified trials were suitable for meta-analyses and these have been performed as appropriate by the NGA technical team. No pooled estimates were extracted from the Cochrane review (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref9" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref9">Dodd 2013</a>). Instead, estimates from the individual studies were extracted and used to combine with other studies as appropriate.</p><p>Pooled estimates from the IPD meta-analysis were included because individual estimates were not reported by the study authors. These results specifically included women with a short cervix (≤25 mm), therefore have been included separately as part of the subgroup analysis. The pooled estimates were not combined with other individual estimates because the results from the IPD meta-analysis would skew the variance. Where available, individual estimates from studies included in the IPD meta-analysis were extracted from the original studies and included in the overall analysis for the whole population.</p><p>See the literature search strategy in <a href="#niceng25er.appb">appendix B</a> and study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng25er.appc">appendix C</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.4.2"><h4>Excluded studies</h4><p>Studies not included in this review, with reasons for their exclusion, are provided in <a href="#niceng25er.appk">appendix K</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.5"><h3>Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h3><p><a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng25ertab2" rid-ob="figobniceng25ertab2">Table 2</a> provides a brief summary of the included studies.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25ertab2"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25ertab2" rid-ob="figobniceng25ertab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of included studies." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25ertab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of included studies. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng25er.appd">appendix D</a> for clinical evidence tables and <a href="#niceng25er.appe">appendix E</a> for the Forest plots.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.6"><h3>Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h3><p>See <a href="#niceng25er.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.7"><h3>Economic evidence</h3><p>A systematic review of economic literature was conducted, but no studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.8"><h3>Economic model</h3><p>No economic modelling was undertaken for this review.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.9"><h3>Evidence statements</h3></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10"><h3>Comparison 1. Vaginal progesterone versus placebo</h3><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.1"><h4>Critical outcomes</h4><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.1.1"><h5>Preterm birth <34<sup>+0</sup> weeks’</h5><p>Eight randomised controlled trials (N=2145) provided low quality evidence to show that those who received vaginal progesterone experienced a clinically important decrease in the number of preterm births (at <34 weeks’ gestation), as compared to those who received placebo. There was inconsistency in the effect estimate across the different trials (I<sup>2</sup> = 60%), however, this resolved after conducting pre-specified subgroup analysis.</p><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.1.1.1"><h5>Subgroup analysis: Women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth</h5><p>Five randomised controlled trials (N=507) provided moderate quality evidence to show that, for women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth, those who received vaginal progesterone experienced a clinically important decrease in preterm birth (at <34 weeks’ gestation) as compared to those who received placebo.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.1.1.2"><h5>Subgroup analysis: Women with a short cervix (<30 mm)</h5><p>Three randomised controlled trials (N=357) provided low quality evidence to show that, for women with a short cervix (<30 mm), those who received vaginal progesterone experienced a clinically important decrease in the number of preterm births (at <34 weeks’ gestation) as compared to those who received placebo.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.1.1.3"><h5>Women with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</h5><p>An individual participant data meta-analysis of five randomised controlled trials (N=974) provided low quality evidence to show that, for women with a short cervix (≤25mm), those who received vaginal progesterone experienced a clinically important decrease in the number of preterm births (at <34 weeks’ gestation) as compared to those who received placebo.</p></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.1.2"><h5>Stillbirth</h5><p>Five randomised controlled trials (N=3339) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in the number of stillbirths between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.1.2.1"><h5>Subgroup analysis: Women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth</h5><p>Two randomised controlled trials (N=1410) provided low quality evidence to show that, for women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth, there was no clinically important difference in the number of stillbirths between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.1.2.2"><h5>Women with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</h5><p>An individual participant data meta-analysis of five randomised controlled trials (N=974) provided very low quality evidence to show that, for women with a short cervix (≤25mm), there was no clinically important difference in the number of stillbirths between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.1.3"><h5>Infant mortality</h5><p>Nine randomised controlled trials (N=3810) provided moderate quality evidence to show a clinically important decrease in infant mortality for those who received vaginal progesterone, as compared to placebo.</p><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.1.3.1"><h5>Subgroup analysis: Women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth</h5><p>Three randomised controlled trials (N=1551) provided low quality evidence to show that, for women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth, there may be a clinically important decrease in infant mortality in those who received vaginal progesterone as compared to those who received placebo, but there is uncertainty around the estimate (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.12).</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.1.3.2"><h5>Subgroup analysis: Women with a short cervix (<30 mm)</h5><p>Three randomised controlled trials (N=812) provided low quality evidence to show that, for women with a short cervix (<30 mm), there may be a clinically important decrease in infant mortality in those who received vaginal progesterone as compared to those who received placebo, but there is uncertainty around the estimate (RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.08).</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.1.3.3"><h5>Women with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</h5><p>An individual participant data meta-analysis of five randomised controlled trials (N=974) provided low quality evidence to show that, for women with a short cervix <u>≤</u>25 mm), there may be a clinically important decrease in infant mortality in those who received vaginal progesterone as compared to those who received placebo, but there is uncertainty around the estimate (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.08).</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2"><h4>Important outcomes</h4><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.1"><h5>Gestational age at birth (mean weeks’)</h5><p>Three randomised controlled trials (N=1908) provided very low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in gestational age at birth between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo. These results should be interpreted with caution as there was substantial heterogeneity in the effect estimates from the individual trials (I<sup>2</sup>=82%).</p><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.1.1"><h5>Subgroup analysis: Women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth</h5><p>Two randomised controlled trials (N=711) provided very low quality evidence to show that, for women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth, there was no clinically important difference in gestational age at birth between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo. These results should be interpreted with caution as there was substantial heterogeneity in the effect estimates from the individual trials (I<sup>2</sup>=91%).</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.1.2"><h5>Women with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</h5><p>An individual participant data meta-analysis of five randomised controlled trials (N=974) provided moderate quality evidence to show that, for women with a short cervix (≤25 mm), there was a clinically important increase in gestational age at birth for those who received vaginal progesterone, compared to those who received placebo.</p></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.2"><h5>Neonatal sepsis</h5><p>Six randomised controlled trials (N=1843) provided low quality evidence to show that infants of those who received vaginal progesterone experienced a clinically important decrease in the occurrence of neonatal sepsis, as compared to those who received placebo.</p><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.2.1"><h5>Subgroup analysis: Women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth</h5><p>Three randomised controlled trials (N=1031) provided moderate quality evidence to show that, for women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth, infants of those who received vaginal progesterone experienced a clinically important decrease in the occurrence of neonatal sepsis, as compared to those who received placebo.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.2.2"><h5>Subgroup analysis: Women with a short cervix (<30 mm)</h5><p>Three randomised controlled trials (N=812) provided very low quality evidence to show that, for women with a short cervix (<30 mm), there was no clinically important difference in the occurrence of neonatal sepsis between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.2.3"><h5>Women with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</h5><p>An individual participant data meta-analysis of five randomised controlled trials (N=974) provided moderate quality evidence to show that, for women with a short cervix (≤25mm), there may be a clinically important decrease in neonatal sepsis for infants of those who received vaginal progesterone as compared to those who received placebo, but there is uncertainty around the estimate (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.09).</p></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.3"><h5>Health-related quality of life (measured with Euro-QoL-5 Dimensions health utility scores)</h5><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.3.1"><h5>Change from baseline to birth</h5><p>One randomised controlled trial (N=390) provided high quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in health-related quality of life scores from baseline to birth, as measured with the EuroQoL-5, between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.3.2"><h5>Change from baseline to 12 months</h5><p>One randomised controlled trial (N=553) provided high quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in health-related quality of life scores from baseline to 12 months, as measured with the EuroQoL-5, between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.4"><h5>Health-related quality of life (measured with SF-36); women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth</h5><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.4.1"><h5>General health domain</h5><p>One randomised controlled trial (N=787) provided high quality evidence to show that, for women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth, there was no clinically important difference in health-related quality of life scores, as measured by the SF-36 general health domain, between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.4.2"><h5>Social functioning domain</h5><p>One randomised controlled trial (N=787) provided high quality evidence to show that, for women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth, those who received vaginal progesterone experienced a clinically important decrease in mean health-related quality of life score, as measured by the SF-36 social functioning domain, as compared to those who received placebo.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.4.3"><h5>Emotional role domain</h5><p>One randomised controlled trial (N=787) provided high quality evidence to show that, for women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth, there was no clinically important difference in health-related quality of life scores, as measured by the SF-36 emotional role domain, between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.4.4"><h5>Mental health domain</h5><p>One randomised controlled trial (N=787) provided high quality evidence to show that, for women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth, there was no clinically important difference in health-related quality of life scores, as measured by the SF-36 mental health domain, between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.5"><h5>Bayley-III cognitive composite score (2 years follow-up)</h5><p>One randomised controlled trial (N=833) provided high quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in Bayley-III cognitive composite score at 2 years follow-up between the infants of those women who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.5.1"><h5>Women with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</h5><p>An individual participant data meta-analysis including one randomised controlled trial (N=168) provided moderate quality evidence to show that, for infants of women with a short cervix (≤25 mm), there was no clinically important difference in Bayley-III cognitive composite score at 2 years follow-up between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.6"><h5>Moderate or severe neurodevelopmental impairment (2 years follow-up)</h5><p>One randomised controlled trial (N=782) provided moderate quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in moderate or severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 2 years follow-up between the infants of those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.6.1"><h5>Women with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</h5><p>An individual participant data meta-analysis including one randomised controlled trial (N=158) provided very low quality evidence to show that, for infants of women with a short cervix (≤25 mm), there was no clinically important difference in moderate or severe neurodevelopmental impairment events at 2 years follow-up between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.7"><h5>Hearing impairment</h5><p>One randomised controlled trial (N=931) provided low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in the number of infants with hearing impairment at 2 years follow-up between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.8"><h5>Visual impairment</h5><p>One randomised controlled trial (N=912) provided low quality evidence to show that there was no clinically important difference in the number of infants with visual impairment at 2 years follow-up between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.10.2.9"><h5>Visual or hearing impairment (2 years follow-up); women with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</h5><p>An individual participant data meta-analysis of one randomised controlled trial (N=187) provided very low quality evidence to show that, for infants of women with a short cervix (≤25 mm), there was no clinically important difference in visual or hearing impairment events at 2 years follow-up between those who received vaginal progesterone or placebo.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.11"><h3>Comparison 2. Oral progesterone versus placebo</h3><div id="niceng25er.s1.11.1"><h4>Critical outcomes</h4><div id="niceng25er.s1.11.1.1"><h5>Preterm birth <34<sup>+0</sup> weeks’</h5><p>One randomised controlled trial (N=148) provided moderate quality evidence to show that, in those with a previous history of spontaneous preterm birth, women who received oral progesterone experienced a clinically important decrease in preterm birth (<34 weeks’ gestation) as compared to those who received placebo.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.11.1.2"><h5>Infant mortality</h5><p>Two randomised controlled trials (N=335) provided moderate quality evidence to show that, in those with a previous history of spontaneous preterm birth, women who received oral progesterone experienced a clinically important decrease in infant mortality, as compared to those who received placebo.</p></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.11.2"><h4>Important outcomes</h4><div id="niceng25er.s1.11.2.1"><h5>Gestational age at birth (mean weeks’)</h5><p>Two randomised controlled trials (N=220) provided moderate quality evidence to show that, for women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth, there was a clinically important increase in gestational age at birth for those who received oral progesterone, compared to those who received placebo.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.12"><h3>The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="niceng25er.s1.12.1"><h4>Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="niceng25er.s1.12.1.1"><h5>The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness and safety of prophylactic oral or vaginal progesterone in women at risk of preterm birth due to different risk factors. The committee therefore designated 3 critical outcomes: preterm birth <34<sup>+0</sup> weeks’, stillbirth and infant mortality prior to discharge. These outcomes were selected as the most direct indicators of the efficacy and safety of prophylactic progesterone in women at risk of preterm birth.</p><p>The committee identified 4 further outcomes as important: gestational age at birth, early onset neonatal sepsis (up to 72 hours), maternal satisfaction/ health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and neurodevelopmental outcome at ≥ 18 months. These outcomes were important because a reduced gestational age can put babies at significant risk of morbidity and mortality, early onset neonatal sepsis may occur if birth takes place preterm, and women’s perceived health was also prioritised to assess the effect of the intervention on maternal satisfaction/HRQoL. As preterm birth may be associated with neurodevelopmental impairment, the committee believed it was important to include neurodevelopmental outcome at ≥18 months.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.12.1.2"><h5>The quality of the evidence</h5><p>One Cochrane systematic review, 1 IPD meta-analysis and 5 RCTs were included in this review. The quality of the evidence ranged from very low to high as assessed by the NGA technical team using GRADE.</p><p>The main reason for downgrading was the risk of bias due to studies failing to report how randomisation was performed or concealed, or because women, investigators and assessors were aware of treatment allocation. Other reasons for downgrading the quality of the evidence included high heterogeneity, which is due to differences in the studies included in a meta-analysis. Where considerable heterogeneity was present (an I-squared value of 50% or more), predefined subgroup analyses were performed to identify the effect in different subpopulations of women.</p><p>Additionally, outcomes were also downgraded because of imprecision, as the trials had few women included, and therefore the confidence intervals around the estimate for each of the outcomes were wide.</p><p>The majority of studies included in this review incorporated a broad population of women – all of whom were perceived to be at high risk of preterm birth, but often for a variety of reasons. Many women had a previous history of preterm birth, but some had other risk factors, including a short cervix, uterine malformations or previous cervical surgery. For some of the studies, it was also noted that these populations were overlapping.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.12.1.3"><h5>Benefits and harms</h5><p>Babies born before 34 weeks of gestational age are at an increased risk of complications in the immediate postnatal period and later in life. There are certain characteristics of women’s past and current pregnancies that may predispose women to preterm birth – such as a previous history of preterm birth or a short cervical length. Progesterone has been used in these women, to try and reduce the risk of an early birth. However, whether progesterone benefits all women, or only those with specific risk factors, is unclear.</p><p>The committee noted that the overall estimate showed a benefit of vaginal progesterone for women considered to be at risk of preterm birth. However, they were aware that the studies recruited women with a wide range of different risk factors, and that vaginal progesterone may be of most benefit for specific subpopulations of women.</p><p>The committee noted that the subgroup analysis for women with a previous history of preterm birth, and for women with a short cervix (≤25mm) showed an important benefit with the use of vaginal progesterone. Therefore, the committee agreed that progesterone should be offered to women with both of these risk factors.</p><p>The use of cerclage was not considered in this update, but the first recommendation in the previous version of the guideline had been a combined recommendation for progesterone and cerclage, even though the previous evidence reviews were carried out separately and did not compare progesterone to cerclage. As, following this review of the effectiveness of progesterone, the indications to offer progesterone did not change (a history of preterm birth and a short cervix) the committee therefore adopted the recommendation from the previous guideline which stated this. Also, as in the previous guideline, the committee agreed that as there was no evidence comparing progesterone and cerclage (and a research recommendation had been made in the previous guideline stating this) the choice of cerclage or progesterone should be determined after discussion between the woman and health care professionals.</p><p>Although there was evidence of benefit for progesterone in women with previous preterm birth and evidence of benefit in women with a short cervix, the committee were aware that these subpopulations of women overlapped. Therefore some women with a previous history of preterm birth will also have a cervical length ≤25mm, and some women with a cervical length ≤25mm will also have a history of preterm birth. Consequently, determining which of these two risk factors best identified women who would benefit from progesterone was not possible.</p><p>However, due to the clear improvement in outcome for women with a previous history of preterm birth (RR of preterm birth at <34 weeks 0.27 [95% CI 0.15 to 0.49]), the committee agreed progesterone should be considered for women with a history of preterm birth, even if the cervical length was not ≤25mm, or was unknown. Similarly, the IPD meta-analysis confirmed an important overall risk reduction for progesterone in women with a cervix of ≤25mm (RR 0.65 [95% CI 0.51-0.83]). Again, this analysis included women with and without a previous history of preterm birth. Therefore the committee agreed that progesterone should be considered for women with a short cervix identified on scan, but without a previous history of preterm birth. Due to the uncertainty over the benefits of progesterone in these subgroups (women who have risk factors for a preterm birth but do not have a short cervix, and women who have a short cervix but no other risk factors for preterm birth) the committee made research recommendations.</p><p>The analysis for women with a cervical length of <30mm showed a benefit to vaginal progesterone at reducing preterm birth <34 weeks. However, it was noted that the majority of the women included in this analysis actually had a cervical length which was considerably shorter than 30mm, with <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref12" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref12">Hassan 2011</a> including women with a cervical length of 10-20mm, and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref10" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref10">Fonseca 2007</a> including those with a cervical length <15mm. Furthermore, the committee agreed that the normal range for cervical length in pregnancy was not well understood, but that it was known that it gradually reduced over the course of pregnancy. A cervical length of 25mm has been identified as being on or below the 5<sup>th</sup> centile up until 24 weeks’ of gestational age by one study (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref17" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref17">Salomon 2009</a>). Therefore, the committee agreed that 25mm represented a reasonable threshold at which to consider progesterone treatment.</p><p>The studies included in this evidence review commenced treatment with vaginal progesterone at a variety of different time points, ranging from 14 to 25 weeks. The committee agreed that it was important to provide guidance on when progesterone should be started, but noted that the evidence base for this was poor. Based on their expertise, and the time frame for starting treatment in the studies, they recommended that progesterone should be commenced between 16 and 24 weeks. The committee anticipated that women would discuss the risks and benefits of progesterone treatment (or cerclage, where appropriate) with an obstetrician, rather than their GP. Therefore, this would enable the risks and benefits of progesterone to be discussed and treatment to be commenced prior to 24 weeks, if appropriate. Similarly, it was not clear when progesterone should be stopped. The committee discussed the fact that, in their experience, it should be continued to at least 34 weeks but that the exact stoppage time remains uncertain. Because of the uncertainty about when progesterone should be started and stopped, the committee made a research recommendation to highlight that the optimal timing of treatment was unclear and should be assessed.</p><p>No subgroup analysis was possible for women with the other risk factors identified in the review protocol – preterm pre-labour rupture of the membranes, mid-trimester bleeding, previous cervical trauma or surgery or a positive fetal fibronectin test. Therefore, the committee were unable to make recommendations regarding the use of progesterone in women with these risk factors.</p><p>The committee were aware that the stimulus to update the Preterm Labour and Birth guideline was the publication of the OPPTIMUM trial - a large, UK based trial designed to identify the potential benefit of vaginal progesterone for women at risk of preterm birth. The overall conclusion of this study was that vaginal progesterone was not of benefit in the prevention of preterm birth for women with recognised risk factors. Data from the OPPTIMUM trial has been included in this evidence review, as part of the overall analyses (including women with any risk factors), and as part of the IPD meta-analysis for women with a short cervix. The reasons why the overall conclusions of the OPPTIMUM study are different to this meta-analysis are not entirely clear. However, the heterogeneity of the underlying population may well contribute. The OPPTIMUM study recruited women with a variety of risk factors for preterm birth, including previous preterm birth, cervical length ≤25mm, preterm premature rupture of the membranes or previous procedure to treat abnormal cervical smears. Data for the outcomes specified on our review protocol for these subgroups of women were not available. The OPPTIMUM trial authors have themselves highlighted the need for detailed subgroup analysis using individual participant data, to identify specific populations of women in whom progesterone may be of benefit.</p><p>Some limited evidence suggested that prophylactic oral progesterone reduced the risk of preterm birth <34 weeks, reduced the risk of infant mortality and increased gestational age in women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth. However, the committee raised some concerns regarding the conduct and applicability of the studies to the UK setting. For instance, one of the studies was conducted in Egypt and reported a neonatal mortality rate of 25% in the placebo arm. This perinatal mortality is much higher than that seen in UK practice, and may reflect more limited neonatal care facilities in other countries. Oral progesterone is currently not used routinely in UK practice, and no trials were identified which directly compared oral and vaginal preparations, therefore the committee agreed that vaginal progesterone should be the preparation of choice.</p></div></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.12.2"><h4>Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>Vaginal progesterone is a relatively inexpensive preparation, and is already recommended for use in some women at risk of preterm birth. Therefore, the recommendations are not anticipated to increase the cost of medication significantly. However, the cost of a preterm birth is very high – in terms of immediate care in the neonatal unit, long term health effects for the infant, and health related quality of life for women and their babies. As vaginal progesterone is anticipated to reduce the incidence of preterm birth this should be a valuable and cost-effective use of resources.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.s1.12.3"><h4>Other factors the committee took into account</h4><p>The committee were aware that cervical scanning is not currently recommended by the National Screening Committee for all pregnant women, but they regularly review this decision. Therefore cervical length scanning is currently only offered to women in whom there is a clinical concern regarding the risk of preterm labour. Individual units will have local procedures in place to determine which, if any, women received a cervical length scan. 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JM, Adair
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DF, Hall
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EA, Fusey
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</p>Romero
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R, Conde-Agudelo
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A, Da Fonseca
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E, O’brien
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JM, Cetingoz
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E, Creasy
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</p>Salomon
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LJ, Diaz-Garcia
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C, Bernard
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JP, Ville
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Y. Reference range for cervical length throughout pregnancy: non-parametric LMS-based model applied to a large sample. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009
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33(4):459–64. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19277949" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19277949</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng25er.s1.ref18"><p id="p-206">
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<strong>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref18" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref18">Saving Babies’ Lives 2019</a>
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</strong>
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</p>Saving Babies’ Lives Version Two: A care bundle for reducing perinatal mortality. NHS England
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2019. <a href="https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/saving-babies-lives-care-bundle-version-two-final-version-4.pdf" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.england.nhs<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.uk/wp-content/uploads<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/2019/03/saving-babies-lives-care-bundle-version-two-final-version-4.pdf</a></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng25er.s1.ref19"><p id="p-207">
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<strong>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref19" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref19">van Os 2015</a>
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</strong>
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</p>van Os
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MA, van der Ven
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AJ, Kleinrouweler
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CE, Schuit
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E, Kazemier
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BM, Verhoeven
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CJ, de Miranda
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E, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis
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AG, Sikkema
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JM, Woiski
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MD, Bossuyt
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PM. Preventing preterm birth with progesterone in women with a short cervical length from a low-risk population: a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. American Journal of Perinatology. 2015;32(10):993–1000. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25738790" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25738790</span></a>]</div></li></ol></div></div><div id="niceng25er.appa"><h2 id="_niceng25er_appa_">Appendix A. Review protocols</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappatab1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappatab1" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappatab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appa.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appa.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Review protocol for clinical effectiveness of prophylactic progesterone in preventing preterm labour." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappatab1">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Review protocol for clinical effectiveness of prophylactic progesterone in preventing preterm labour. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.appb"><h2 id="_niceng25er_appb_">Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h2><div id="niceng25er.appb.s1"><h3>Review question search strategies</h3><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappbtab1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappbtab1" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappbtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Databases: Medline; Medline EPub Ahead of Print; and Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappbtab1">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Databases: Medline; Medline EPub Ahead of Print; and Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappbtab2"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappbtab2" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappbtab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. Databases: Embase; and Embase Classic." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappbtab2">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Databases: Embase; and Embase Classic. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappbtab3"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappbtab3" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappbtab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. Databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappbtab3">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.appb.s2"><h3>Health economics search strategies</h3><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappbtab4"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappbtab4" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappbtab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 7. Databases: Medline; Medline EPub Ahead of Print; and Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappbtab4">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Databases: Medline; Medline EPub Ahead of Print; and Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappbtab5"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 8" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappbtab5" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappbtab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 8. Databases: Embase; and Embase Classic." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappbtab5">Table 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Databases: Embase; and Embase Classic. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappbtab6"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 9" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappbtab6" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappbtab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 9. Database: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappbtab6">Table 9</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Database: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.appc"><h2 id="_niceng25er_appc_">Appendix C. Clinical evidence study selection</h2><div id="niceng25er.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20diagram%20of%20clinical%20article%20selection%20for%20clinical%20effectiveness%20of%20prophylactic%20progesterone%20in%20preventing%20preterm%20labour.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow diagram of clinical article selection for clinical effectiveness of prophylactic progesterone in preventing preterm labour." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow diagram of clinical article selection for clinical effectiveness of prophylactic progesterone in preventing preterm labour</span></h3></div></div><div id="niceng25er.appd"><h2 id="_niceng25er_appd_">Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h2><p id="niceng25er.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25er-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 10. Clinical evidence for clinical effectiveness of prophylactic progesterone in preventing preterm labour</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 509K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng25er.appe"><h2 id="_niceng25er_appe_">Appendix E. Forest plots</h2><div id="niceng25er.appe.s1"><h3>Comparison 1. Vaginal progesterone versus placebo</h3><div id="niceng25er.appe.s1.1"><h4>Critical outcomes</h4><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Preterm%20birth%20%3C34%2B0%20weeks.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Preterm birth <34+0 weeks." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Preterm birth <34+0 weeks</span></h3></div><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Stillbirth.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef2.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Stillbirth." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Stillbirth</span></h3></div><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Infant%20mortality.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef3.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Infant mortality." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Infant mortality</span></h3></div></div><div id="niceng25er.appe.s1.2"><h4>Important outcomes</h4><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Gestational%20age%20at%20birth%20(mean%20weeks).&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef4.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Gestational age at birth (mean weeks)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Gestational age at birth (mean weeks)</span></h3></div><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Neonatal%20sepsis.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef5.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Neonatal sepsis." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Neonatal sepsis</span></h3></div><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%206.%20Neonatal%20sepsis%3B%20women%20with%20a%20short%20cervix%20(%3C30%20mm)%3B%20treatment%20started%20%02265%2020%20weeks%20gestational%20age.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef6.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Neonatal sepsis; women with a short cervix (<30 mm); treatment started ≥ 20 weeks gestational age." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">Neonatal sepsis; women with a short cervix (<30 mm); treatment started ≥ 20 weeks gestational age</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>[This figure is presented separately from <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK552302/figure/niceng25er.appe.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappefig5" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappefig5">figure 5</a> because a random effects model was utilised due to high heterogeneity for this subgroup]</p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.appe.s2"><h3>Comparison 2. Oral progesterone versus placebo</h3><div id="niceng25er.appe.s2.1"><h4>Critical outcomes</h4><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%207.%20Infant%20mortality.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef7.jpg" alt="Figure 7. Infant mortality." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 7</span><span class="title">Infant mortality</span></h3></div><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%208.%20Gestational%20age%20at%20birth%20(mean%20weeks).&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef8.jpg" alt="Figure 8. Gestational age at birth (mean weeks)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 8</span><span class="title">Gestational age at birth (mean weeks)</span></h3></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.appf"><h2 id="_niceng25er_appf_">Appendix F. GRADE tables</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappftab1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 11" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappftab1" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappftab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appf.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appf.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 11. Comparison 1. Vaginal progesterone versus placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappftab1">Table 11</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Comparison 1. Vaginal progesterone versus placebo. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappftab2"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 12" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappftab2" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappftab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appf.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appf.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 12. Comparison 2. Oral progesterone versus placebo." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appf.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappftab2">Table 12</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Comparison 2. Oral progesterone versus placebo. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.appg"><h2 id="_niceng25er_appg_">Appendix G. Economic evidence study selection</h2><p>No economic evidence was identified for this review question.</p><div id="niceng25er.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%209.%20Economic%20evidence%20study%20selection.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappgf1.jpg" alt="Figure 9. Economic evidence study selection." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 9</span><span class="title">Economic evidence study selection</span></h3></div></div><div id="niceng25er.apph"><h2 id="_niceng25er_apph_">Appendix H. Economic evidence tables</h2><p>No economic evidence was identified for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.appi"><h2 id="_niceng25er_appi_">Appendix I. Health economic evidence profiles</h2><p>No economic evidence was identified for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.appj"><h2 id="_niceng25er_appj_">Appendix J. Health economic analysis</h2><p>No health economic analysis was carried out for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng25er.appk"><h2 id="_niceng25er_appk_">Appendix K. Excluded studies</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappktab1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appk.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 13" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappktab1" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappktab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appk.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appk.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 13. Clinical studies." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appk.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appk.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappktab1">Table 13</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical studies. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappktab2"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appk.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 14" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappktab2" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappktab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appk.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appk.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 14. Excluded economic studies." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appk.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appk.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappktab2">Table 14</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Excluded economic studies. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.appl"><h2 id="_niceng25er_appl_">Appendix L. Research recommendations</h2><div id="niceng25er.appl.s1"><h3>1. Does progesterone reduce the risk of preterm birth in women who have risk factors for preterm birth, but do not have a short cervix (cervical length >25mm)?</h3><p>
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<b>Why this is important</b>
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</p><p>Preterm birth is a cause of significant morbidity for women and babies, and impacts negatively on women and their families, as well as being costly to the NHS. There is good evidence for the use of progesterone to reduce preterm birth, however studies include women with a combination of risk factors for preterm birth, such as a history of preterm birth and a shortened cervix. There is no evidence for the effectiveness of progesterone in women who do not have a short cervix, but who do have other risk factors for preterm birth. It is therefore difficult to decide if progesterone should be recommended for these women, and also whether measuring the cervical length to guide treatment is necessary.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappltab1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 15" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappltab1" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappltab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 15. Research recommendation rationale." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appl.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappltab1">Table 15</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Research recommendation rationale. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappltab2"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 16" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappltab2" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappltab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 16. Research recommendation modified PICO table." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appl.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappltab2">Table 16</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Research recommendation modified PICO table. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.appl.s2"><h3>2. Does progesterone reduce the risk of preterm birth in women who have a cervical length ≤25mm but no history of preterm birth?</h3><p>
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<b>Why this is important</b>
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</p><p>Preterm birth is a cause of significant morbidity for women and babies, and impacts negatively on women and their families, as well as being costly to the NHS. There is good evidence for the use of progesterone to reduce preterm birth, however studies include women with a combination of risk factors for preterm birth, such as a history of preterm birth and a shortened cervix. There is a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of progesterone in women with a cervical length ≤25mm, but without other risk factors for preterm birth. It is therefore difficult to decide if progesterone should be recommended for these women, and consequently whether measuring the cervix to guide treatment is necessary for women without other risk factors.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappltab3"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 17" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappltab3" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappltab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 17. Research recommendation rationale." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appl.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappltab3">Table 17</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Research recommendation rationale. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappltab4"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 18" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappltab4" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappltab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 18. Research recommendation modified PICO table." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appl.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappltab4">Table 18</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Research recommendation modified PICO table. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng25er.appl.s3"><h3>3. At what gestation should treatment with prophylactic vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth be started and stopped?</h3><p>
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<b>Why this is important</b>
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</p><p>Preterm birth is a cause of significant morbidity for women and babies, and impacts negatively on women and their families, as well as being costly to the NHS. There is good evidence for the use of progesterone to reduce preterm birth, however studies do not define the optimal gestational age that this treatment should be started and stopped, and it is therefore difficult to recommend when it should started and the optimal duration of treatment.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappltab5"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 19" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappltab5" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappltab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 19. Research recommendation rationale." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appl.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappltab5">Table 19</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Research recommendation rationale. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng25erappltab6"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 20" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappltab6" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappltab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 20. Research recommendation modified PICO table." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng25er.appl.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappltab6">Table 20</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Research recommendation modified PICO table. </p></div></div></div></div><div style="display:none"><div style="display:none" id="figniceng25erappefig5"><img alt="Image niceng25erappef5" src-large="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef5.jpg" /></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>FINAL</p></div><div><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Alliance hosted by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer:</b> The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK552302</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31913586" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">31913586</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25ertab1"><div id="niceng25er.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Summary of the protocol (PICO table)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng25er.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng25er.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Pregnant women considered to be at risk of preterm labour and birth (<37<sup>+0</sup> weeks’ gestation) because they have any of the following:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a history of spontaneous preterm birth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a history of preterm pre-labour rupture of membranes (in a previous pregnancy)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a history of mid-trimester loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>mid-trimester bleeding</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a history of cervical trauma</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a short cervix that has been identified on scan and/or bulging membranes in the current pregnancy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a positive fetal fibronectin test</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng25er.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng25er.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vaginal progesterone</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Oral progesterone</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng25er.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng25er.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One intervention compared to another</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Placebo</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No treatment</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng25er.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcome</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng25er.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;"><b>Critical outcomes:</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preterm birth <34<sup>+0</sup> weeks’</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stillbirth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infant mortality prior to discharge</div></li></ul>
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<b>Important outcomes:</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gestational age at birth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Early onset neonatal sepsis (onset up to 72 hours)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maternal satisfaction/HRQoL</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neurodevelopmental outcome at ≥ 18 months</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">HRQoL: health-related quality of life</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25ertab2"><div id="niceng25er.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of included studies</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Control</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref3" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref3">Ashoush 2017</a>
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</p>
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<p>RCT</p>
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<p>Egypt</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=187 women with history of spontaneous preterm birth</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Oral progesterone (100 mg every 6 hours)</p>
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<p>Treatment started between 14 and 18 weeks’ gestational age</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infant mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gestational age at birth</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref4" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref4">Azargoon 2016</a>
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</p>
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<p>RCT</p>
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<p>Iran</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=100 women with a history of preterm birth (52%) or previous history of preterm birth and short cervix (≤28 mm) (27%)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Vaginal progesterone (400 mg/day)</p>
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<p>Treatment started between 16 and 22 weeks’ gestational age</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preterm birth <34 weeks’</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infant mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gestational age at birth</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref6" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref6">Crowther 2017</a>
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</p>
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<p>RCT</p>
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<p>Australia, New Zealand, Canada</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=799 women with history of spontaneous preterm birth</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Vaginal progesterone (100mg/day)</p>
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<p>Treatment started at 20 weeks’ gestational age, or from randomisation (if this occurred after 20 weeks)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stillbirth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infant mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Early neonatal sepsis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health-related quality of life</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref9" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref9">Dodd 2013</a>
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</p>
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<p>Cochrane systematic review</p>
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<p>Iran, Brazil, US, India</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">K=9
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref1" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref1">Akbari 2009</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref5" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref5">Cetingoz 2011</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref8" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref8">da Fonseca 2003</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref10" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref10">Fonseca 2007</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref11" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref11">Glover 2011</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref12" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref12">Hassan 2011</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref13" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref13">Majhi 2009</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref15" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref15">O´Brien 2007</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rai 2009</div></li></ul>
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N=1892 women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth or short cervix on ultrasound scan</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vaginal progesterone (90 to 200 mg):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref1" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref1">Akbari 2009</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref5" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref5">Cetingoz 2011</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref8" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref8">da Fonseca 2003</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref10" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref10">Fonseca 2007</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref12" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref12">Hassan 2011</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref13" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref13">Majhi 2009</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref15" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref15">O´Brien 2007</a></div></li></ul>
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Oral progesterone (100 to 200 mg):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref11" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref11">Glover 2011</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rai 2009</div></li></ul>
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Treatment start week ranged between 16 and 24 weeks’ gestational age</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preterm birth <34 weeks’</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stillbirth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infant mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gestational age at birth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neonatal sepsis</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a>
|
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</p>
|
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<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=1225 women with risk factors for preterm birth (including previous preterm birth, cervical length ≤25mm, second trimester loss, preterm premature rupture of the membranes or history of cervical procedure to treat abnormal smears)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Vaginal progesterone (200 mg/day)</p>
|
|
<p>Treatment started between 22 and 24 weeks’ gestational age</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preterm birth <34 weeks’</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stillbirth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infant mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gestational age at birth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health-related quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bayley-III cognitive composite score</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moderate or severe neuro-developmental impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Visual impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing impairment</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>
|
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref16" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref16">Romero 2018</a>
|
|
<sup>
|
|
a
|
|
</sup>
|
|
</p>
|
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<p>IPD meta-analysis</p>
|
|
<p>UK, USA, Turkey</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">K= 5
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref5" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref5">Cetingoz 2011</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref10" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref10">Fonseca 2007</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref12" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref12">Hassan 2011</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Norman 2016</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref15" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref15">O’Brien 2007</a></div></li></ul>
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N=974 with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Vaginal progesterone (90 to 200 mg/day)</p>
|
|
<p>Treatment start week ranged between 18 and 24 weeks’ gestational age</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preterm birth <34+0 weeks’</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stillbirth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infant mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gestational age at birth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Proven neonatal sepsis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health-related quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bayley-III cognitive composite score</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moderate or severe neuro-developmental impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Visual or hearing impairment</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref19" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref19">van Os 2015</a>
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</p>
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<p>RCT</p>
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<p>The Netherlands</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=80 women with a short cervix (≤30 mm)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Vaginal progesterone (200 mg)</p>
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<p>Treatment started at 22 weeks’ gestational age</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preterm birth <34 weeks’</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infant mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neonatal sepsis</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref16" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref16">Romero 2018</a> contacted the principal investigators of the eligible trials. Data included in the IPD meta-analysis may have not been reported in the main trials.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">mg: milligrams; mm: millimetres; RCT: randomised controlled trial; IPD: individual patient data</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappatab1"><div id="niceng25er.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Review protocol for clinical effectiveness of prophylactic progesterone in preventing preterm labour</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Field (based on <a href="http://www.prisma-statement.org/Extensions/Protocols.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PRISMA-P</a>)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Content</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Key area in the scope</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prophylactic use of progesterone for women considered to be at risk of preterm labour and birth</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Actual review question</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">What is the clinical effectiveness of prophylactic progesterone (vaginal or oral) in preventing preterm labour in pregnant women considered to be at risk of preterm labour and birth?</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review question</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objective of the review</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To establish if progesterone is effective in preventing preterm labour when given antenatally, and what is the most clinically effective type of progesterone (or has fewer/less severe adverse effects).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – <b>population</b>/disease/condition/issue/domain</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pregnant women considered to be at risk of preterm labour and birth (<37+0 weeks gestation) because they have any of the following:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a history of spontaneous preterm birth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a history of preterm pre-labour rupture of membranes (in a previous pregnancy)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a history of mid-trimester loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>mid-trimester bleeding</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a history of cervical trauma (including surgery – for example, previous cone biopsy [cold knife or laser], large loop excision of the transformation zone [LLETZ – any number] and radical diathermy).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a short cervix that has been identified on scan and/or bulging membranes in the current pregnancy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a positive fetal fibronectin test</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – <b>intervention</b>(s)/exposure(s)/prognostic factor(s)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>vaginal progesterone</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>oral progesterone</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – <b>comparator(s)/</b>control or reference (gold) standard</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>one intervention compared to another</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>placebo</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>no treatment</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Outcomes and prioritisation</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Critical:</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preterm birth <34+0 weeks</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stillbirth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infant mortality prior to discharge (includes neonatal mortality and additional mortality post 28 days, but prior to discharge)</div></li></ul>
|
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<b>Important:</b>
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|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gestational age at birth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Early onset neonatal sepsis (onset up to 72 hours)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maternal satisfaction/HRQOL</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neurodevelopmental outcome at >/= 18 months</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – <b>study design</b></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Only published full text papers
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systematic reviews of RCTs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>RCTs</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other <b>exclusion criteria</b></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Women in actual preterm labour (as opposed to women at high risk for preterm labour)</p>
|
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<p>Multiple pregnancy</p>
|
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<p>Women with ruptured membranes (in the current pregnancy)</p>
|
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed stratified, sensitivity/<b>sub-group analysis</b>, or meta-regression</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Stratified analysis will be conducted for the following groups:
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a history of spontaneous preterm birth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a history of preterm pre-labour rupture of membranes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a history of mid-trimester loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>mid-trimester bleeding</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a history of cervical trauma (including surgery)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a short cervix that has been identified on scan and/or bulging membranes in the current pregnancy
|
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>≤25 mm</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>≤15 mm</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a positive fetal fibronectin test</div></li></ul></p>
|
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<p>The following groups will be considered for subgroup analysis:
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>gestational age groups (treatment commenced at <20 weeks, treatment commenced at ≥20 weeks)</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Selection process – duplicate screening/selection/analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duplicate screening/selection/analysis will not be undertaken for this review as this question was not prioritised for it. Included and excluded studies will be cross checked with the committee and with published systematic reviews when available.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data management (software)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>If pairwise meta-analyses are undertaken, they will be performed using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan5).</p>
|
|
<p>GRADE will be used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome.</p>
|
|
<p>STAR will be used for bibliographies/citations and study sifting, data extraction and quality assessment/critical appraisal</p>
|
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Information sources – databases and dates</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Sources to be searched: Medline, Medline In-Process, CCTR, CDSR, Embase.</p>
|
|
<p>Limits (e.g. date, study design): All study designs will be included. Standard animal/non-English language filters will be applied. the search date will be limited to 2015 onwards .</p>
|
|
<p>No supplementary search techniques will be used.</p>
|
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<p>See <a href="#niceng25er.appb">appendix B</a> for full strategies.</p>
|
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<p>
|
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<u>Key papers:</u>
|
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</p>
|
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<p>
|
|
Norman
|
|
JE
|
|
et al. Vaginal progesterone prophylaxis for preterm birth (the OPPTIMUM study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. The Lancet. 2016
|
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May
|
|
27;387(10033):2106–16. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5406617/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5406617</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26921136" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26921136</span></a>]
|
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</p>
|
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<p>
|
|
Health Technol Assess. 2018
|
|
Jun;22(35):1–304. doi: 10.3310/hta22350. Does progesterone prophylaxis to prevent preterm labour improve outcome? A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial (OPPTIMUM). Norman
|
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JE
|
|
et al. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6036405/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6036405</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29945711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29945711</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3310/hta22350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]
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</p>
|
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<p>
|
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PLoS Med. 2017
|
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Sep
|
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26;14(9):e1002390. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002390. eCollection 2017 Sep.Vaginal progesterone pessaries for pregnant women with a previous preterm birth to prevent neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (the PROGRESS Study): A multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Crowther
|
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CA, Ashwood
|
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P, McPhee
|
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AJ, Flenady
|
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V, Tran
|
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T, Dodd
|
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JM, Robinson
|
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JS; PROGRESS Study Group. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5614421/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5614421</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28949973" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28949973</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002390" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018
|
|
Feb;218(2):161–180. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.576. Epub 2017 Nov 17. Vaginal progesterone for preventing preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes in singleton gestations with a short cervix: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Romero
|
|
R [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5987201/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5987201</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29157866" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29157866</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.576" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
JAMA. 2017
|
|
Dec
|
|
19;318(23):2317–2324. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.18956.Effect of Cervical Pessary on Spontaneous Preterm Birth in Women With Singleton Pregnancies and Short Cervical Length: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Saccone
|
|
G [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5820698/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5820698</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29260226" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29260226</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.2017.18956" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017
|
|
Dec;96(12):1460–1466. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13236. Epub 2017 Oct 19. The value of oral micronized progesterone in the prevention of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial. Ashoush
|
|
S [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28949010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28949010</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/aogs.13236" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]
|
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</p>
|
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<p>
|
|
Obstet Gynecol. 2017
|
|
Jul;130(1):64–70. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002065.Progestogens for Maintenance Tocolysis in Women With a Short Cervix: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Facchinetti
|
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F [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28594783" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28594783</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Cervical Pessary Compared With Vaginal Progesterone for Preventing Early Preterm Birth: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cruz-Melguizo
|
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S, San-Frutos
|
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L, Martínez-Payo
|
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C, Ruiz-Antorán
|
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B, Adiego-Burgos
|
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B, Campillos-Maza
|
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JM, García-González
|
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C, Martínez-Guisasola
|
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J, Pérez-Carbajo
|
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E, Teulón-González
|
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M, Avendaño-Solá
|
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C, Pérez-Medina
|
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T. Obstet Gynecol. 2018
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|
Oct;132(4):907–915. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30204689" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30204689</span></a>]
|
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</p>
|
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<p>
|
|
Syst Rev. 2017
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Nov
|
|
28;6(1):235. doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0600-x. Evaluating progestogens for prevention of preterm birth international collaborative (EPPPIC) individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis: protocol. Stewart
|
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LA1, Simmonds
|
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M2, Duley
|
|
L3, Dietz
|
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KC2, Harden
|
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M2, Hodkinson
|
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A2, Llewellyn
|
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A2, Sharif
|
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S2, Walker
|
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R2, Wright
|
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K2; EPPPIC group. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5706301/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5706301</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29183399" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29183399</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0600-x" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]
|
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</p>
|
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify if an update</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Yes.</p>
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<p>Relevant evidence included in the existing guideline that aligns with this protocol will also be included in the updated review.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Author contacts</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Developer: National Guideline Alliance</p>
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<p>
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<a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="ku.gro.GOCR@seiriuqne-AGN" class="oemail">ku.gro.GOCR@seiriuqne-AGN</a>
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</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Highlight if amendment to previous protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 4.5 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/4-Developing-review-questions-and-planning-the-evidence-review" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy – for one database</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see <a href="#niceng25er.appb">appendix B</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data collection process – forms/duplicate</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A standardised evidence table format will be used, and published as <a href="#niceng25er.appd">appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#niceng25er.apph">H</a> (economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data items – define all variables to be collected</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see evidence tables in <a href="#niceng25er.appd">appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#niceng25er.apph">H</a> (economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for assessing bias at outcome/study level</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Appraisal of methodological quality:</p>
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<p>The methodological quality of each study will be assessed using an appropriate checklist:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>ROBIS for systematic reviews</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref7" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref7">Cochrane risk of bias tool</a> for randomised studies</div></li></ul>
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For details please see section 6.2 of Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</p>
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<p>The risk of bias across all available evidence will evaluated for each outcome using an adaptation of the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) toolbox’ developed by the international GRADE working group <a href="http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gradeworkinggroup.org/</a></p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criteria for quantitative synthesis</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.4 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for quantitative analysis – combining studies and exploring (in)consistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>The methods used are described in more detail in the Methods section of the 2015 Preterm labour and birth full guideline.</p>
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<p>
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<u>Synthesis of data:</u>
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</p>
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<p>Meta-analysis will be conducted where appropriate using Review Manager.</p>
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<p>
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<u>Minimally important differences</u>
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</p>
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<p>Any significant difference will be used as the MID for mortality outcomes.</p>
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<p>For the remaining outcomes, default values will be used of: 0.8 and 1.25 for dichotomous outcomes; 0.5 times SD for continuous outcomes, unless more appropriate values are identified by the guideline committee or in the literature.</p>
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<p>
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<u>Double sifting, data extraction and methodological quality assessment:</u>
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</p>
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<p>Sifting, data extraction, appraisal of methodological quality and GRADE assessment will be performed by the systematic reviewer. Quality control will be performed by the senior systematic reviewer. Dual quality assessment and data extraction will not be performed.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-bias assessment – publication bias, selective reporting bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Confidence in cumulative evidence</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see sections 6.4 and 9.1 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rationale/context – what is known</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details please see the introduction to the evidence review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Describe contributions of authors and guarantor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>A multidisciplinary committee developed the guideline. The committee was convened by the National Guideline Alliance and chaired by Sarah Fishburn in line with section 3 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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<p>Staff from the National Guideline Alliance undertook systematic literature searches, appraised the evidence, conducted meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis where appropriate, and drafted the guideline in collaboration with the committee. For details please see the methods chapter of the full guideline (published in 2015).</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sources of funding/support</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The National Guideline Alliance is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Name of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The National Guideline Alliance is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roles of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NICE funds the National Guideline Alliance to develop guidelines for the NHS in England.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROSPERO registration number</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not registered with PROSPERO</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappbtab1"><div id="niceng25er.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Databases: Medline; Medline EPub Ahead of Print; and Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">META-ANALYSIS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj2 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">pragmatic clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/11-18</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/10,19</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp OBSTETRIC LABOR, PREMATURE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp INFANT, PREMATURE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp INFANT, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GESTATIONAL AGE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pre term or preterm or pre matur$ or prematur$ or pre#mie? or premie or premies or low birth weight? or low birthweight? or LBW? or VLBW?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/21-25</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROGESTINS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp PROGESTERONE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROGESTERONE CONGENERS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GONADAL STEROID HORMONES/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GESTONORONE CAPROATE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(progest$ or gestagen$ or gestonorone? or hydroxyprogest$ or alphahydroxyprogest$ or 17alphahydroxyprogest$ or 17 OHP? or 17OHP?).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crinone or clycogest or gestone or utrogestan).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/27-33</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CHEMOPREVENTION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">pc.fs. [Prevention & Control]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(prevent$ or reduc$ or prophyla$ or chemoprophyla$ or chemoprevent$ or prolong$ or inhibit$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PRENATAL CARE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antenatal$ or ante natal$ or prenatal$ or pre natal$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/35-39</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 and 34 and 40</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 41 to english language</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LETTER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EDITORIAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NEWS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp HISTORICAL ARTICLE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANECDOTES AS TOPIC/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">COMMENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CASE REPORT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/43-50</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51 not 52</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANIMALS/ not HUMANS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANIMALS, LABORATORY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp MODELS, ANIMAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp RODENTIA/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/53-59</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42 not 60</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20 and 61</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(2015$ or 2016$ or 2017$ or 2018$).ed,yr.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62 and 63</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappbtab2"><div id="niceng25er.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Databases: Embase; and Embase Classic</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SYSTEMATIC REVIEW/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">META-ANALYSIS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic or evidence) adj2 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((pool* or combined) adj2 (data or trials or studies or results)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-10</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CROSSOVER PROCEDURE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/12-20</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 or 21</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PREMATURE LABOR/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PREMATURITY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GESTATIONAL AGE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pre term or preterm or pre matur$ or prematur$ or pre#mie? or premie or premies or low birth weight? or low birthweight? or LBW? or VLBW?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/23-27</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp GESTAGEN/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROGESTERONE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp PROGESTERONE DERIVATIVE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SEX HORMONE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GESTONORONE CAPROATE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(progest$ or gestagen$ or gestonorone? or hydroxyprogest$ or alphahydroxyprogest$ or 17alphahydroxyprogest$ or 17 OHP? or 17OHP?).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crinone or clycogest or gestone or utrogestan).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/29-35</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">pc.fs. [Prevention & Control]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(prevent$ or reduc$ or prophyla$ or chemoprophyla$ or chemoprevent$ or prolong$ or inhibit$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PRENATAL CARE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antenatal$ or ante natal$ or prenatal$ or pre natal$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/37-41</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28 and 36 and 42</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 43 to english language</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or LETTER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CASE REPORT/ or CASE STUDY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/45-49</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50 not 51</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANIMAL/ not HUMAN/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NONHUMAN/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANIMAL EXPERIMENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANIMAL MODEL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp RODENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/52-59</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44 not 60</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 and 61</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(2015$ or 2016$ or 2017$ or 2018$).dd,yr.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62 and 63</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappbtab3"><div id="niceng25er.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [OBSTETRIC LABOR, PREMATURE] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [INFANT, PREMATURE] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [INFANT, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [GESTATIONAL AGE] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">("pre term" or preterm or “pre matur*” or prematur* or premie or premies or “low birth weight*” or “low birthweight*” or LBW* or VLBW*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [PROGESTINS] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [PROGESTERONE] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [PROGESTERONE CONGENERS] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [GONADAL STEROID HORMONES] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [GESTONORONE CAPROATE] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(progest* or gestagen* or gestonorone* or hydroxyprogest* or alphahydroxyprogest* or 17alphahydroxyprogest* or “17 OHP*” or 17OHP*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [CHEMOPREVENTION] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[mh /PC]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(prevent* or reduc* or prophyla* or chemoprophyla* or chemoprevent* or prolong* or inhibit*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [PRENATAL CARE] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antenatal* or “ante natal*” or prenatal* or “pre natal*”):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6 and #13 and #19 with Publication Year from 2015 to 2018, in Trials</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6 and #13 and #19 with Cochrane Library publication date Between Jan 2015 and Dec 2018, in Cochrane Reviews</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappbtab4"><div id="niceng25er.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Databases: Medline; Medline EPub Ahead of Print; and Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ECONOMICS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VALUE OF LIFE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ECONOMICS, HOSPITAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ECONOMICS, MEDICAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp RESOURCE ALLOCATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ECONOMICS, NURSING/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp “FEES AND CHARGES”/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp BUDGETS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees or expenditure* or saving*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">resourc* allocat*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(fund or funds or funding* or funded).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ration or rations or rationing* or rationed).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ec.fs.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-20</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp OBSTETRIC LABOR, PREMATURE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp INFANT, PREMATURE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp INFANT, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GESTATIONAL AGE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pre term or preterm or pre matur$ or prematur$ or pre#mie? or premie or premies or low birth weight? or low birthweight? or LBW? or VLBW?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/22-26</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROGESTINS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp PROGESTERONE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROGESTERONE CONGENERS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GONADAL STEROID HORMONES/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GESTONORONE CAPROATE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(progest$ or gestagen$ or gestonorone? or hydroxyprogest$ or alphahydroxyprogest$ or 17alphahydroxyprogest$ or 17 OHP? or 17OHP?).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crinone or clycogest or gestone or utrogestan).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/28-34</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CHEMOPREVENTION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">pc.fs. [Prevention & Control]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(prevent$ or reduc$ or prophyla$ or chemoprophyla$ or chemoprevent$ or prolong$ or inhibit$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PRENATAL CARE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antenatal$ or ante natal$ or prenatal$ or pre natal$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/36-40</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27 and 35 and 41</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 42 to english language</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LETTER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EDITORIAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NEWS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp HISTORICAL ARTICLE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANECDOTES AS TOPIC/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">COMMENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CASE REPORT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/44-51</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52 not 53</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANIMALS/ not HUMANS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANIMALS, LABORATORY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp MODELS, ANIMAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp RODENTIA/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/54-60</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43 not 61</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21 and 62</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(2015$ or 2016$ or 2017$ or 2018$).ed,yr.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63 and 64</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappbtab5"><div id="niceng25er.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Databases: Embase; and Embase Classic</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HEALTH ECONOMICS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ECONOMIC EVALUATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp HEALTH CARE COST/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp FEE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BUDGET/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FUNDING/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RESOURCE ALLOCATION/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees or expenditure* or saving*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">resourc* allocat*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(fund or funds or funding* or funded).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ration or rations or rationing* or rationed).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1-16</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PREMATURE LABOR/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PREMATURITY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp LOW BIRTH WEIGHT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GESTATIONAL AGE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pre term or preterm or pre matur$ or prematur$ or pre#mie? or premie or premies or low birth weight? or low birthweight? or LBW? or VLBW?).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/18-22</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp GESTAGEN/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROGESTERONE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp PROGESTERONE DERIVATIVE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SEX HORMONE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GESTONORONE CAPROATE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(progest$ or gestagen$ or gestonorone? or hydroxyprogest$ or alphahydroxyprogest$ or 17alphahydroxyprogest$ or 17 OHP? or 17OHP?).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crinone or clycogest or gestone or utrogestan).mp.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/24-30</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">pc.fs. [Prevention & Control]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(prevent$ or reduc$ or prophyla$ or chemoprophyla$ or chemoprevent$ or prolong$ or inhibit$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PRENATAL CARE/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antenatal$ or ante natal$ or prenatal$ or pre natal$).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/32-36</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 and 31 and 37</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 38 to english language</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or LETTER/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CASE REPORT/ or CASE STUDY/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/40-44</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45 not 46</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANIMAL/ not HUMAN/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NONHUMAN/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp ANIMAL EXPERIMENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ANIMAL MODEL/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp RODENT/</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/47-54</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39 not 55</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 and 56</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(2015$ or 2016$ or 2017$ or 2018$).dd,yr.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57 and 58</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappbtab6"><div id="niceng25er.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Database: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Searches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [ECONOMICS] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [VALUE OF LIFE] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#3</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [ECONOMICS, HOSPITAL] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [ECONOMICS, MEDICAL] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#6</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [RESOURCE ALLOCATION] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#7</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [ECONOMICS, NURSING] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#8</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#9</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [FEES AND CHARGES] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#10</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [BUDGETS] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">budget*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#12</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cost*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#14</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(price* or pricing*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#15</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(financ* or fee or fees or expenditure* or saving*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#16</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(value near/2 (money or monetary)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#17</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">resourc* allocat*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#18</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(fund or funds or funding* or funded):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#19</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(ration or rations or rationing* or rationed) .ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [OBSTETRIC LABOR, PREMATURE] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [INFANT, PREMATURE] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#23</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [INFANT, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [GESTATIONAL AGE] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(“pre term” or preterm or “pre matur*” or prematur* or premie or premies or “low birth weight*” or “low birthweight*” or LBW* or VLBW*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#27</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [PROGESTINS] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#28</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [PROGESTERONE] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [PROGESTERONE CONGENERS] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#30</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [GONADAL STEROID HORMONES] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#31</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [GESTONORONE CAPROATE] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#32</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(progest* or gestagen* or gestonorone* or hydroxyprogest* or alphahydroxyprogest* or 17alphahydroxyprogest* or “17 OHP*” or 17OHP*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [CHEMOPREVENTION] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#35</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[mh /PC]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(prevent* or reduc* or prophyla* or chemoprophyla* or chemoprevent* or prolong* or inhibit*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#37</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MeSH descriptor: [PRENATAL CARE] this term only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#38</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(antenatal* or “ante natal*” or prenatal* or “pre natal*”):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#34 or #35 or #36 or #37 or #38</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#26 and #33 and #39</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appb.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">#20 and #40 with Publication Year from 2015 to 2018, in Trials</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng25erappcfig1"><div id="niceng25er.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Flow%20diagram%20of%20clinical%20article%20selection%20for%20clinical%20effectiveness%20of%20prophylactic%20progesterone%20in%20preventing%20preterm%20labour.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Flow diagram of clinical article selection for clinical effectiveness of prophylactic progesterone in preventing preterm labour." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Flow diagram of clinical article selection for clinical effectiveness of prophylactic progesterone in preventing preterm labour</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng25erappefig1"><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Preterm%20birth%20%3C34%2B0%20weeks.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Preterm birth <34+0 weeks." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Preterm birth <34+0 weeks</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng25erappefig2"><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Stillbirth.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef2.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Stillbirth." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Stillbirth</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng25erappefig3"><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Infant%20mortality.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef3.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Infant mortality." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Infant mortality</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng25erappefig4"><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Gestational%20age%20at%20birth%20(mean%20weeks).&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef4.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Gestational age at birth (mean weeks)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Gestational age at birth (mean weeks)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng25erappefig5"><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Neonatal%20sepsis.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef5.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Neonatal sepsis." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Neonatal sepsis</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng25erappefig6"><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%206.%20Neonatal%20sepsis%3B%20women%20with%20a%20short%20cervix%20(%3C30%20mm)%3B%20treatment%20started%20%02265%2020%20weeks%20gestational%20age.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef6.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Neonatal sepsis; women with a short cervix (<30 mm); treatment started ≥ 20 weeks gestational age." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">Neonatal sepsis; women with a short cervix (<30 mm); treatment started ≥ 20 weeks gestational age</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>[This figure is presented separately from <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK552302/figure/niceng25er.appe.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng25erappefig5" rid-ob="figobniceng25erappefig5">figure 5</a> because a random effects model was utilised due to high heterogeneity for this subgroup]</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng25erappefig7"><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%207.%20Infant%20mortality.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef7.jpg" alt="Figure 7. Infant mortality." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 7</span><span class="title">Infant mortality</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng25erappefig8"><div id="niceng25er.appe.fig8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%208.%20Gestational%20age%20at%20birth%20(mean%20weeks).&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappef8.jpg" alt="Figure 8. Gestational age at birth (mean weeks)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 8</span><span class="title">Gestational age at birth (mean weeks)</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappftab1"><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Comparison 1. Vaginal progesterone versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vaginal progesterone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preterm birth <34+0 weeks - Overall estimate</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref1" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref1">Akbari 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref4" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref4">Azargoon 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref5" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref5">Cetingoz 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref8" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref8">da Fonseca 2003</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref10" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref10">Fonseca 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref13" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref13">Majhi 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref19" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref19">van Os 2015</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>141/1079</p>
|
|
<p>(13.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>222/1066</p>
|
|
<p>(20.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.50 (0.33 to 0.75)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">104 fewer per 1000 (from 52 fewer to 140 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preterm birth <34+0 weeks – Subgroup analysis: Women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref1" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref1">Akbari 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref4" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref4">Azargoon 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref5" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref5">Cetingo 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref8" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref8">da Fonseca 2003</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref13" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref13">Majhi 2009</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>13/256</p>
|
|
<p>(5.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>52/251</p>
|
|
<p>(20.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.27 (0.15 to 0.49)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">151 fewer per 1000 (from 106 fewer to 176 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preterm birth <34+0 weeks - Subgroup analysis: Women with a short cervix (overall estimate, <30 mm)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref4" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref4">Azargoon 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref10" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref10">Fonseca 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref19" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref19">van Os 2015</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>31/178</p>
|
|
<p>(17.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>55/179</p>
|
|
<p>(30.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.58 (0.40 to 0.86)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">129 fewer per 1000 (from 43 fewer to 184 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preterm birth <34+0 weeks - Subgroup analysis: Women with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref16" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref16">Romero 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>86/498</p>
|
|
<p>(17.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>126/476</p>
|
|
<p>(26.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.65 (0.51 to 0.83)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">93 fewer per 1000 (from 45 fewer to 130 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stillbirth - Overall estimate</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref6" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref6">Crowther 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref10" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref10">Fonseca 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref12" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref12">Hassan 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref15" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref15">O’Brien 2007</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>7</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>23/1686</p>
|
|
<p>(1.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>23/1653</p>
|
|
<p>(1.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.98 (0.55 to 1.73)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 6 fewer to 10 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stillbirth - Subgroup analysis: Women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref6" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref6">Crowther 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref15" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref15">O’Brien 2007</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>9/715</p>
|
|
<p>(1.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>9/695</p>
|
|
<p>(1.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.97 (0.39 to 2.44)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 8 fewer to 19 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stillbirth - Subgroup analysis: Women with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref16" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref16">Romero 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>9/498</p>
|
|
<p>(1.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>8/476</p>
|
|
<p>(1.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.08 (0.42 to 2.76)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 more per 1000 (from 10 fewer to 30 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Infant mortality - Overall estimate</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref1" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref1">Akbari 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref4" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref4">Azargoon 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref5" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref5">Catingoz 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref6" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref6">Crowther 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref10" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref10">Fonseca 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref12" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref12">Hassan 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref15" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref15">O’Brien 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref19" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref19">van Os 2015</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>9</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>22/1926</p>
|
|
<p>(1.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>63/1884</p>
|
|
<p>(3.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.34 (0.21 to 0.55)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 fewer per 1000 (from 15 fewer to 26 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Infant mortality - Subgroup analysis: Women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref1" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref1">Akbari 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref6" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref6">Crowther 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref15" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref15">O’Brien 2007</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>10</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10/784</p>
|
|
<p>(1.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>19/767</p>
|
|
<p>(2.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.53 (0.25 to 1.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 fewer per 1000 (from 19 fewer to 3 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Infant mortality - Subgroup analysis: Women with a short cervix (overall, <30 mm)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref10" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref10">Fonseca 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref12" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref12">Hassan 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref19" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref19">van Os 2015</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>11</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6/412</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>14/400</p>
|
|
<p>(3.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.42 (0.16 to 1.08)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20 fewer per 1000 (from 29 fewer to 3 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Infant mortality - Subgroup analysis: Women with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref16" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref16">Romero 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7/498</p>
|
|
<p>(1.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>15/476</p>
|
|
<p>(3.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.45 (0.18 to 1.08)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 fewer per 1000 (from 26 fewer to 3 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gestational age at birth, weeks - Overall estimate (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref4" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref4">Azargoon 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref15" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref15">O’Brien 2007</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>12</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>13</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">959</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">949</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.65 higher (0.38 lower to 1.69 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gestational age at birth, weeks - Subgroup analysis: Women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref4" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref4">Azargoon 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref15" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref15">O’Brien 2007</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>12</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>13</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">359</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">352</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.35 higher (1.49 lower to 4.18 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_25_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gestational age at birth, weeks - Subgroup analysis: Women with a short cervix (≤25mm) (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref16" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref16">Romero 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">498</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">476</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.74 higher (0.18 to 1.30 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neonatal sepsis - Overall estimate</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref1" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref1">Akbari 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref6" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref6">Crowther 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref10" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref10">Fonseca 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref12" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref12">Hassan 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref13" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref13">Majhi 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref19" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref19">van Os 2015</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>14</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10/933</p>
|
|
<p>(1.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>26/910</p>
|
|
<p>(2.9%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.41 (0.21 to 0.82)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 fewer per 1000 (from 5 fewer to 23 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neonatal sepsis - Subgroup analysis: Women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref1" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref1">Akbari 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref6" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref6">Crowther 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref13" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref13">Majhi 2009</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>15</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/521</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>9/510</p>
|
|
<p>(1.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.14 (0.03 to 0.79)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 fewer per 1000 (from 4 fewer to 17 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_31_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neonatal sepsis - Subgroup analysis: Women with a short cervix (overall estimate, <30mm)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 (Fonseca 207, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref12" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref12">Hassan 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref19" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref19">van Os 2015</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>11</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10/412</p>
|
|
<p>(2.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>17/400</p>
|
|
<p>(4.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.58 (0.15 to 2.25)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18 fewer per 1000 (from 36 fewer to 53 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neonatal sepsis - Subgroup analysis: Women with a short cervix (≤25 mm)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref16" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref16">Romero 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>18/494</p>
|
|
<p>(3.6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>28/470</p>
|
|
<p>(6%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.61 (0.34 to 1.09)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 fewer per 1000 (from 39 fewer to 5 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_35_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health-related quality of life (measured with EuroQoL-5 Dimensions health utility scores) - Change between groups from baseline to birth (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">191</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">199</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.00 higher (0.04 lower to 0.04 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_37_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health-related quality of life (measured with EuroQoL-5 Dimensions health utility scores) - Change between groups from baseline to 12 months (Better indicated by lower values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">279</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">274</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.01 higher (0.03 lower to 0.04 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_39_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health-related quality of life (measured with SF-36) [history of spontaneous PTB] - General health (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref6" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref6">Crowther 2017</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">398</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">389</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.53 higher (0.96 lower to 4.02 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_41_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health-related quality of life (measured with SF-36) [history of spontaneous PTB] - Social functioning (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref6" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref6">Crowther 2017</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">398</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">389</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 3.8 lower (7.48 to 0.12 lower)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_43_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health-related quality of life (measured with SF-36) [history of spontaneous PTB] - Emotional role (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref6" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref6">Crowther 2017</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">398</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">389</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 3.31 lower (7.91 lower to 1.29 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_45_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health-related quality of life (measured with SF-36) [history of spontaneous PTB] - Mental health (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref6" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref6">Crowther 2017</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">398</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">389</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.32 lower (2.7 lower to 2.06 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_47_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bayley-III cognitive composite score (2 years follow-up) [overall estimate] (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">410</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">423</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 0.20 higher (1.82 lower to 2.22 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bayley-III cognitive composite score ( 2 years follow-up) Subgroup analysis: women with short cervix ≤25 mm (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref16" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref16">Romero 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 2.2 lower (7.2 lower to 2.8 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_51_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate or severe neurodevelopmental impairment (2 years follow-up) [overall estimate]</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>47/379</p>
|
|
<p>(12.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>35/403</p>
|
|
<p>(8.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.43 (0.94 to 2.16)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37 more per 1000 (from 5 fewer to 101 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate or severe neurodevelopmental impairment (2 years follow-up) Subgroup analysis: Women with short cervix ≤25 mm</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref16" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref16">Romero 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>10/81</p>
|
|
<p>(12.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7/77</p>
|
|
<p>(9.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 1.36 (0.54 to 3.39)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33 more per 1000 (from 42 fewer to 217 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_55_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hearing impairment (2 years follow-up) [overall estimate]</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1/466</p>
|
|
<p>(0.21%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/465</p>
|
|
<p>(0.43%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.50 (0.05 to 5.48)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 fewer per 1000 (from 4 fewer to 19 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_57_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Visual impairment (2 years follow-up) [overall estimate]</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/447</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4/465</p>
|
|
<p>(0.86%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.12 (0.01 to 2.15)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 fewer per 1000 (from 9 fewer to 10 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_59_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Visual or hearing impairment (2 years follow-up) [women with short cervix ≤25 mm]</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref16" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref16">Romero 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>6</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>8</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0/100</p>
|
|
<p>(0%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2/87</p>
|
|
<p>(2.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.17 (0.01 to 3.58)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 fewer per 1000 (from 23 fewer to 59 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab1_1_1_61_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to unclear risk of random sequence generation in one study; unclear risk of allocation concealment in one study; unclear risk of blinding of participants and personnel in two studies; unclear risk of blinding of outcome assessors in four studies; unclear risk of incomplete outcome data in one study and unclear risk of other bias in two studies</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as the I<sup>2</sup> was >50%</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_3"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to unclear risk of random sequence generation in one study; unclear risk of allocation concealment in two studies; unclear risk of blinding of participants and personnel in two studies; unclear risk of blinding of outcome assessors in three studies; unclear risk of incomplete outcome data in one study; unclear risk of other bias in two studies</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_4"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to unclear risk of allocation concealment in two studies; unclear risk of blinding of participants and personnel in one study; unclear risk of blinding of outcome assessors in two studies and unclear risk of selective reporting in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_5"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as the 95% CI crossed 1 default MID threshold (0.8)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_6"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as the review authors did not provide a list of excluded studies justifying the reasons for exclusion, sources of funding of the studies were not provided and publication bias was not discussed in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_7"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to unclear risk of allocation concealment in one study and high risk of other bias in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_8"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels as the 95% CI crossed 2 default MID thresholds (0.8 and 1.25)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_9"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to unclear risk of random sequence generation in one study; unclear risk of allocation concealment in four studies; unclear risk of blinding of outcome assessors in three studies; unclear risk of incomplete outcome data in one study; unclear risk of other bias in one study and unclear risk of selective reporting in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_10"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to unclear risk of random sequence generation in one study; unclear risk of allocation concealment in two studies; unclear risk of blinding of participants and personnel in one study; unclear risk of blinding of outcome assessors in one study; unclear risk of incomplete outcome data in one study; unclear risk of other bias in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_11"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to unclear risk of allocation concealment in one study; unclear risk of blinding of outcome assessors in one study and unclear risk of selective reporting in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_12"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to unclear risk of allocation concealment in one study and unclear risk of blinding of outcome assessors in one study</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_13"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by two levels as the I<sup>2</sup> was >70%</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_14"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to unclear risk of random sequence generation in one study; unclear risk of allocation concealment in three studies; unclear risk of blinding of participants and personnel in one study; unclear risk of blinding of outcome assessors in two studies; unclear risk of incomplete outcome data in one study; unclear risk of selective reporting in one study and unclear risk of other bias in two studies</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab1_15"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to unclear risk of random sequence generation in one study; unclear risk of allocation concealment in two studies; unclear risk of blinding of participants and personnel in two studies; unclear risk of blinding of outcome assessors in one study; unclear risk of incomplete outcome data in one study; unclear risk of other bias in one study</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappftab2"><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Comparison 2. Oral progesterone versus placebo</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appf.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of patients</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oral progesterone</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preterm birth <34+0 weeks [history of spontaneous PTB]</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (Rai 2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>22/74</p>
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<p>(29.7%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>37/74</p>
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<p>(50%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.59 (0.39 to 0.90)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">205 fewer per 1000 (from 50 fewer to 305 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Infant mortality [history of spontaneous PTB]</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref3" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref3">Ashoush 2017</a>, Rai 2009)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>10/170</p>
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<p>(5.9%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>30/165</p>
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<p>(18.2%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.32 (0.16 to 0.63)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">124 fewer per 1000 (from 67 fewer to 153 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gestational age at birth, weeks [history of spontaneous PTB] (Better indicated by higher values)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref3" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref3">Ashoush 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref11" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref11">Glover 2011</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">115</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MD 1.43 higher (0.70 to 2.17 higher)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MODERATE</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_niceng25er.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level as the 95% CI crossed 1 default MID threshold (0.8)</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab2_2"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgraded by one level due to unclear risk of blinding of outcome assessors in two studies</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng25er.appf.tab2_3"><p class="no_margin">The quality of the evidence was downgrade by one level due to unclear risk of blinding outcome assessors and unclear risk of selective reporting in one study</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobniceng25erappgfig1"><div id="niceng25er.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%209.%20Economic%20evidence%20study%20selection.&p=BOOKS&id=552302_niceng25erappgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK552302/bin/niceng25erappgf1.jpg" alt="Figure 9. Economic evidence study selection." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 9</span><span class="title">Economic evidence study selection</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappktab1"><div id="niceng25er.appk.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Clinical studies</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appk.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appk.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for Exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Ahn, K. H., Bae, N. Y., Hong, S. C., Lee, J. S., Lee, E. H., Jee, H. J., Cho, G. J., Oh, M. J., Kim, H. J., The safety of progestogen in the prevention of preterm birth: meta-analysis of neonatal mortality, Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 45, 11–20, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27124668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27124668</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This systematic review also considered studies including women with multiple pregnancies or where progesterone was administered intramuscularly. Relevant studies have been assessed and included as appropriate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Areeruk, W., Phupong, V., A randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled trial of oral dydrogesterone supplementation in the management of preterm labor, Scientific reports, 6, 20638, 2016 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4816161/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4816161</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26856618" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26856618</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Progesterone was used as tocolytic - acute treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Arya, R., Randomized trial of natural micronized progesterone in prevention of preterm birth in women at high risk, BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. Conference: 2018 world congress of the royal college of obstretriscians and gynaecologists, RCOG 2018. Singapore, 125, 67, 2018
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Barinov, Sergey V., Shamina, Inna V., Di Renzo, Gian Carlo, Lazareva, Oksana V., Tirskaya, Yuliya I., Medjannikova, Irina V., Ledovskikh, Inna O., Klementyeva, Lyudmila L., Dudkova, Galina V., The role of cervical pessary and progesterone therapy in the phenomenon of placenta previa migration, The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 1–11, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30081730" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30081730</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mixed population. Most women (90%) were included for other risk factors than the ones stated in the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Barinov, Sergey V., Shamina, Irina V., Lazareva, Oksana V., Tirskaya, Yuliya I., Ralko, Vyacheslav V., Shkabarnya, Lyudmila L., Dikke, Galina B., Kochev, Dmitry M., Klementyeva, Lyudmila L., Comparative assessment of arabin pessary, cervical cerclage and medical management for preterm birth prevention in high-risk pregnancies, The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 30, 1841–1846, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27550418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27550418</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant comparators (cerclage/ pessary with no progesterone)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Chaman-Ara, K., Bahrami, M. A., Bahrami, E., Bahrami, S., Bahrami, M. N., Moosazadeh, M., Barati, O., Efficacy of progesterone therapy in the prevention of preterm labor in women with mixed risk-factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, Erciyes Tip Dergisi, 38, 48–52, 2016
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This systematic review included 3 studies; 2 of which are not relevant due to population and intervention characteristics (Dudas,Johnson). The remaining study (Cetingoz) has already been included in this review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Choi, Suk-Joo, Use of progesterone supplement therapy for prevention of preterm birth: review of literatures, Obstetrics & gynecology science, 60, 405–420, 2017 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5621069/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5621069</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28989916" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28989916</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This systematic review has also considered studies including women with multiple pregnancies or where progesterone was administered intramuscularly. Relevant studies have been assessed and included as appropriate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Choudhary, Manju, Suneja, Amita, Vaid, Neelam B., Guleria, Kiran, Faridi, M. M. A., Maintenance tocolysis with oral micronized progesterone for prevention of preterm birth after arrested preterm labor, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 126, 60–3, 2014 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24807871" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24807871</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Progesterone is being used as tocolytic - acute treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Conde-Agudelo, Agustin, Romero, Roberto, Da Fonseca, Eduardo, O’Brien, John M., Cetingoz, Elcin, Creasy, George W., Hassan, Sonia S., Erez, Offer, Pacora, Percy, Nicolaides, Kypros H., Vaginal progesterone is as effective as cervical cerclage to prevent preterm birth in women with a singleton gestation, previous spontaneous preterm birth, and a short cervix: updated indirect comparison meta-analysis, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 219, 10–25, 2018 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6449041/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6449041</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29630885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29630885</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cervical cerclage comparison is not relevant</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Coomarasamy, Arri, Williams, Helen, Truchanowicz, Ewa, Seed, Paul T., Small, Rachel, Quenby, Siobhan, Gupta, Pratima, Dawood, Feroza, Koot, Yvonne E. M., Bender
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Atik, Ruth, Bloemenkamp, Kitty
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W. M., Brady, Rebecca, Briley, Annette L., Cavallaro, Rebecca, Cheong, Ying C., Chu, Justin J., Eapen, Abey, Ewies, Ayman, Hoek, Annemieke, Kaaijk, Eugenie M., Koks, Carolien A. M., Li, Tin-Chiu, MacLean, Marjory, Mol, Ben W., Moore, Judith, Ross, Jackie A., Sharpe, Lisa, Stewart, Jane, Vaithilingam, Nirmala, Farquharson, Roy G., Kilby, Mark D., Khalaf, Yacoub, Goddijn, Mariette, Regan, Lesley, Rai, Rajendra, A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women with Recurrent Miscarriages, The New England journal of medicine, 373, 2141–8, 2015 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26605928" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26605928</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women with recurrent miscarriages, not pre term birth</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Cruz-Melguizo, Sara, San-Frutos, Luis, Martinez-Payo, Cristina, Ruiz-Antoran, Belen, Adiego-Burgos, Begona, Campillos-Maza, Jose Manuel, Garcia-Gonzalez, Celso, Martinez-Guisasola, Javier, Perez-Carbajo, Esther, Teulon-Gonzalez, Maria, Avendano-Sola, Cristina, Perez-Medina, Tirso, Cervical Pessary Compared With Vaginal Progesterone for Preventing Early Preterm Birth: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 132, 907–915, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30204689" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30204689</span></a>]
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant comparison (pessary without progesterone)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Dodd, J. M., Grivell, R. M., Obrien, C. M., Deussen, A. R., Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a singleton pregnancy, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017, CD012531, 2017 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6485912/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6485912</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29086920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29086920</span></a>]
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Dugoff, L., Berghella, V., Sehdev, H., Mackeen, A. D., Goetzl, L., Ludmir, J., Prevention of preterm birth with pessary in singletons (PoPPS): randomized controlled trial, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology, 51, 573–579, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28940481" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28940481</span></a>]
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant comparison (pessary without progesterone)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Eichelberger, Kacey Y., Manuck, Tracy A., Progesterone has no place in the prevention of preterm delivery: AGAINST: A call for a measured response to the OPPTIMUM trial, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 123, 1511, 2016 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27440593" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27440593</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comment letter</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Eke, Ahizechukwu C., Chalaan, Tina, Shukr, Ghadear, Eleje, George U., Okafor, Charles I., A systematic review and meta-analysis of progestogen use for maintenance tocolysis after preterm labor in women with intact membranes, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 132, 11–6, 2016 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9941008/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9941008</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26489489" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26489489</span></a>]
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant studies have been included</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Facchinetti, Fabio, Vergani, Patrizia, Di Tommaso, Mariarosaria, Marozio, Luca, Acaia, Barbara, Vicini, Roberto, Pignatti, Lucrezia, Locatelli, Anna, Spitaleri, Marina, Benedetto, Chiara, Zaina, Barbara, D’Amico, Roberto, Progestogens for Maintenance Tocolysis in Women With a Short Cervix: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 130, 64–70, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28594783" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28594783</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women in the control group received progesterone IM</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Garmi, G., Hakim, M., Zafran, N., Nachum, Z., Romano, S., Salim, R., The impact of progesterone on the risk of preterm birth among women with second trimester bleeding. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. Conference: 38th annual meeting of the society for maternal-fetal medicine: the pregnancy meeting. United states, 218, S108, 2018
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Grabovac, M., Lewis-Mikhael, A. M., McDonald, S. D., Interventions to Try to Prevent Preterm Birth in Women With a History of Conization: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30585167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30585167</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Hermans, F. J. R., Karolinski, A., Othenin-Girard, V., Bertolino, M. V., Schuit, E., Salgado, P., Hosli, I., Irion, O., Laterra, C., Mol, B. W. J., Martinez de Tejada, B., Population differences and the effect of vaginal progesterone on preterm birth in women with threatened preterm labor*, Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 29, 3223–3228, 2016 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26586448" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26586448</span></a>]
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes have been reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Hermans, Frederik J. R., Schuit, Ewoud, Opmeer, Brent C., Oudijk, Martijn A., Bekker, Mireille, Woiski, Mallory, Bax, Caroline J., Sueters, Marieke, Scheepers, Hubertina C. J., Franssen, Maureen T. M., Pajkrt, Eva, Mol, Ben Willem J., Kok, Marjolein, Effectiveness of a cervical pessary for women who did not deliver 48 h after threatened preterm labor (Assessment of perinatal outcome after specific treatment in early labor: Apostel VI trial), BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16, 154, 2016 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4942883/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4942883</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27405353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27405353</span></a>]
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Hezelgrave, Natasha L., Watson, Helena A., Ridout, Alexandra, Diab, Falak, Seed, Paul T., Chin-Smith, Evonne, Tribe, Rachel M., Shennan, Andrew H., Rationale and design of SuPPoRT: a multi-centre randomised controlled trial to compare three treatments: cervical cerclage, cervical pessary and vaginal progesterone, for the prevention of preterm birth in women who develop a short cervix, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16, 358, 2016 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5117554/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5117554</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27871275" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27871275</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Hui, C. Y. Y., Siew, S. J. Y., Tan, T. C., Biochemical and clinical outcomes following the use of micronised progesterone and dydrogesterone for threatened miscarriage - A randomised controlled trial, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 122, 276, 2015
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Iwami, N., Hirayama, N., Kobayashi, Y., Kanaya, M., Yagi, A., Saito, T., Ozawa, J., Yamamoto, T., Watanabe, E., Moriwaka, O., Kamiya, H., New trial of dydrogesterone regimen as an effective oral alternative for suppression of premature luteinizing hormone surges during controlled ovarian stimulation of assisted reproductive therapy, Human Reproduction, 32, 2017
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Jarde, A., Lutsiv, O., Park, C. K., Beyene, J., Dodd, J. M., Barrett, J., Shah, P. S., Cook, J. L., Saito, S., Biringer, A. B., Sabatino, L., Giglia, L., Han, Z., Staub, K., Mundle, W., Chamberlain, J., McDonald, S. D., Effectiveness of progesterone, cerclage and pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies: a systematic review and network meta-analysis, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 124, 1176–1189, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28276151" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28276151</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intramuscular and oral progesterone were combined in the meta-analyses. The relevant studies have already been included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref9" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref9">Dodd 2013</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Lucovnik, Miha, Trojner Bregar, Andreja, Bombac, Lea, Gersak, Ksenija, Garfield, Robert E., Effects of vaginal progesterone for maintenance tocolysis on uterine electrical activity, The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research, 44, 408–416, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29297950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29297950</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Progesterone used as tocolytic-acute treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Martinez de Tejada, B., Karolinski, A., Ocampo, M. C., Laterra, C., Hosli, I., Fernandez, D., Surbek, D., Huespe, M., Drack, G., Bunader, A., Rouillier, S., Lopez de Degani, G., Seidenstein, E., Prentl, E., Anton, J., Krahenmann, F., Nowacki, D., Poncelas, M., Nassif, J. C., Papera, R., Tuma, C., Espoile, R., Tiberio, O., Breccia, G., Messina, A., Peker, B., Schinner, E., Mol, B. W., Kanterewicz, L., Wainer, V., Boulvain, M., Othenin-Girard, V., Bertolino, M. V., Irion, O., P. trial group, Martinez de Tejada
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B, Irion
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O.
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Boulvain
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M.
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Tellenbach
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M.
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Othenin-Girard
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V.
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Vogele
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E.
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Azbar
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R.
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Hosli
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I.
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Raggi
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A.
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Birkenmaier
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A.
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Kann
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S.
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Surbek
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D.
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Scheibner
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K.
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Huguelet
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|
M.
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Amann
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E.
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Baumann
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M.
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Jakob
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E.
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Biedermann
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K.
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Hodel
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M.
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G.
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T.
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K.
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Estermann
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K.
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P.
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S.
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Rouiller-Cornu
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S.
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Capoccia Brugger
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R.
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Nessi
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A.
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Rodriguez-Maillot
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C.
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P. A.
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P.
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Fornage
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S.
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E.
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E.
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F.
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R.
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A.
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Bertolino
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M. V.
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M. C.
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V.
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L.
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C.
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L.
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C.
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Ramirez Almanza
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S.
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Swistak
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E.
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Gonzalez
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Y.
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Fernandez
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D.
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Zalazar
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G.
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Rubino
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M.
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Sanchez
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B.
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Rivara
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A.
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Mercado
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C.
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Sagarna
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S.
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Huespe
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M.
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Luca
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R.
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Claus
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L.
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V.
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L.
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Castro
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C.
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Gil
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D.
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M. E.
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Bunader
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A.
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Capua
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N. E.
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Romano
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M.
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M. E.
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Balbo
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E.
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S.
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Petros
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C.
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G.
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M.
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Harris
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R.
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Leanga
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M.
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Martinez
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R.
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Felici
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F.
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M.
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Reffino
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F.
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Castagnola
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J.
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Brarda
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P.
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Parra
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M. E.
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Montenegro
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R.
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Fernandez
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G.
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Schmadke
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G.
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Seidenstein
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E.
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Pontoriero
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R.
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Gonzalez
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C.
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Alduncin
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J.
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Anton
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J.
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Damiano
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M.
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Sanchez
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G.
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Rebottaro
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M.
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Altamira
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L.
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Garbarino
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V.
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Rebottaro
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C.
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Nowacki
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D.
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M.
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C.
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P.
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Y.
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Poncelas
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M.
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Bertola
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E.
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Langdon
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L.
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Jimenez
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O.
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L.
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J. C.
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Becker
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C. A.
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J. M.
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Grichener
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M.
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Trotti
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P.
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Papera
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R.
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Chaloupka
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M.
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Zarate
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M.
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Bogino
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L.
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Bertone
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E.
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Olmedo
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F.
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M.
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Mariojouls
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N.
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Tuma
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C.
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C.
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Espoile
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R.
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Muzio
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C.
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Nocetto
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C.
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D.
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V.
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C.
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O.
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M.
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Martinez
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L.
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Morales
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D.
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Penna
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J.
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G.
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Aguilera
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E.
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Werbicki
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E.
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Bover
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S.
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T.
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Messina
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A.
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Stillo
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M. F.
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Joao
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M.
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Crema
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D.
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Wiliams
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L.
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Espada
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C.
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Gomariz
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V.
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Calo
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M. E.
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Peker
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B.
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Longhi
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D.
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Pisanelli
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M. L.
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Giglio
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L.
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Rodriguez
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J.
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Perez Petruzzelli
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R.
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Gores
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I.
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Schinner
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E.
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Morcillo
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M. V.
|
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Terenzani
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F.
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Izbizky
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G.
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Gimenez
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M. L.
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Meller
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C.
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Grasso
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M.
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Martinotti
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M.
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Scheller
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I.
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Marinelli
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J.
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Carrizo
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L.
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Baro
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S.
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N., Prevention of preterm delivery with vaginal progesterone in women with preterm labour (4P): randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 122, 80–91, 2015 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25209926" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25209926</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant population (women were in preterm labour)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Martinez de Tejada, Begona, Karolinski, Ariel, Vaginal progesterone for maintenance tocolysis: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized trials, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 213, 438–9, 2015 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26003056" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26003056</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comment letter</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Medley, N., Poljak, B., Mammarella, S., Alfirevic, Z., Clinical guidelines for prevention and management of preterm birth: a systematic review, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 20, 20, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29460323" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29460323</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review of current clinical practice guidelines, no data was presented</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Nicolaides, K. H., Syngelaki, A., Poon, L. C., Picciarelli, G., Tul, N., Zamprakou, A., Skyfta, E., Parra-Cordero, M., Palma-Dias, R., Calvo, J. R., A randomized trial of a cervical pessary to prevent preterm singleton birth, New England journal of medicine, 374, 1044–1052, 2016 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26981934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26981934</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Progesterone was provided to women with a short cervix, but the study was not designed to test its effectiveness as women in both treatment arms received it</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Norman
|
|
JE, Marlow
|
|
N, Messow
|
|
CM, Shennan
|
|
A, Bennett
|
|
PR, Thornton
|
|
S, Robson
|
|
SC, McConnachie
|
|
A, Petrou
|
|
S, Sebire
|
|
NJ, Lavender
|
|
T. Vaginal progesterone prophylaxis for preterm birth (the OPPTIMUM study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. The lancet. 2016
|
|
May
|
|
21;387(10033):2106–16. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5406617/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5406617</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26921136" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26921136</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevant outcomes have been extracted under <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref14" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref14">Norman 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Palacio, M., Cobo, T., Antolin, E., Ramirez, M., Cabrera, F., De Rosales, F. M., Bartha, J. L., Juan, M., Marti, A., Oros, D., Rodriguez, A., Scazzocchio, E., Olivares, J. M., Varea, S., Rios, J., Gratacos, E., Vaginal Progesterone as Maintenance Treatment after an Episode of Preterm Labour (PROMISE) Study: A Multicentre, Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial, Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 72, 151–153, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27028759" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27028759</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Progesterone used as maintenance treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Palacio, M., Cobo, T., Antolin, E., Ramirez, M., Cabrera, F., Mozo de Rosales, F., Bartha, J. L., Juan, M., Marti, A., Oros, D., Rodriguez, A., Scazzocchio, E., Olivares, J. M., Varea, S., Rios, J., Gratacos, E., Trilla, A., Carralero, I., Mendez, F., Arnaiz, J. A., Ramos, N., Pejenaute, A., Garcia, D., Carne, X., Murphy, K. E., Crowther, C., Ohlsson, A., Torres, F., Vaginal progesterone as maintenance treatment after an episode of preterm labour (PROMISE) study: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 123, 1990–1999, 2016 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27028759" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27028759</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Progesterone used as maintenance treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Prior, M., Hibberd, R., Asemota, N., Thornton, J. G., Inadvertent P-hacking among trials and systematic reviews of the effect of progestogens in pregnancy? A systematic review and meta-analysis, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & GynaecologyBjog, 20, 20, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28318099" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28318099</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The main aim of this study does not match with the main aim of this review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Romero, R., Nicolaides, K. H., Conde-Agudelo, A., O’Brien, J. M., Cetingoz, E., Da Fonseca, E., Creasy, G. W., Hassan, S. S., Vaginal progesterone decreases preterm birth<=34weeks of gestation in women with a singleton pregnancy and a short cervix: an updated meta-analysis including data from the OPPTIMUM study, Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 48, 308–17, 2016 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5053235/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5053235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27444208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27444208</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Updated by <a class="bibr" href="#niceng25er.s1.ref16" rid="niceng25er.s1.ref16">Romero 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Saccone, G., Maruotti, G. M., Giudicepietro, A., Martinelli, P., Effect of Cervical Pessary on Spontaneous Preterm Birth in Women with Singleton Pregnancies and Short Cervical Length: A Randomized Clinical Trial, Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 73, 267–268, 2018 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5820698/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5820698</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29260226" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29260226</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Progesterone was provided to women with a short cervix, but the study was not designed to test its effectiveness as women in both treatment arms received it</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Saccone, Gabriele, Schoen, Corina, Franasiak, Jason M., Scott, Richard T., Jr., Berghella, Vincenzo, Supplementation with progestogens in the first trimester of pregnancy to prevent miscarriage in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials, Fertility and Sterility, 107, 430–438.e3, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27887710" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27887710</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women with recurrent miscarriages, not pre term birth</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Stewart, L. A., Simmonds, M., Duley, L., Dietz, K. C., Harden, M., Hodkinson, A., Llewellyn, A., Sharif, S., Walker, R., Wright, K., Evaluating progestogens for prevention of preterm birth international collaborative (EPPPIC) individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis: Protocol, Systematic Reviews, 6 (1) (no pagination), 2017 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5706301/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5706301</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29183399" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29183399</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Suhag, Anju, Saccone, Gabriele, Berghella, Vincenzo, Vaginal progesterone for maintenance tocolysis: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized trials, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 213, 479–87, 2015 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25797233" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25797233</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Progesterone used as maintenance treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
van Zijl, Maud D., Koullali, Bouchra, Naaktgeboren, Christiana A., Schuit, Ewoud, Bekedam, Dick J., Moll, Etelka, Oudijk, Martijn A., van Baal, Wilhelmina M., de Boer, Marjon A., Visser, Henricus, van Drongelen, Joris, van de Made, Flip W., Vollebregt, Karlijn C., Muller, Moira A., Bekker, Mireille N., Brons, Jozien T. J., Sueters, Marieke, Langenveld, Josje, Franssen, Maureen T., Schuitemaker, Nico W., van Beek, Erik, Scheepers, Hubertina C. J., de Boer, Karin, Tepe, Eveline M., Huisjes, Anjoke J. M., Hooker, Angelo B., Verheijen, Evelyn C. J., Papatsonis, Dimitri N., Mol, Ben Willem J., Kazemier, Brenda M., Pajkrt, Eva, Pessary or Progesterone to Prevent Preterm delivery in women with short cervical length: the Quadruple P randomised controlled trial, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17, 284, 2017 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5584011/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5584011</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28870155" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28870155</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pessary does not contain progesterone</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Van’t Hooft, J., Cuijpers, C., Schneeberger, C., Van Der Lee, J. H., Opmeer, B. C., Steenis, L., Liem, S., Van De Beek, C., Van Os, M., Van Der Ven, J., De Groot, C. J. M., Mol, B. W. J., Van Wassenaer-Leemhuis, A. G., Preventing preterm birth with progesterone in women with short cervical length, outcomes in children at 24 months of age, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 216, S492, 2017
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappktab2"><div id="niceng25er.appk.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Excluded economic studies</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appk.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appk.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for Exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Eke
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A, Buras
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A, Drnec
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S, Woo
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J. Vaginal progesterone versus cervical cerclage for the prevention of preterm births in women with a sonographically short cervixea cost effectiveness and decision analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, S37–38
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2015
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Available as abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Fonseca
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EB, Nishikawa
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AM, Paladini
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L, Clark O
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AC. Cervical Assessment With Progesterone in the Prevention of Preterm Birth: A Strategy Based On Cost-Effectiveness. Value in Health
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2014 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27201568" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27201568</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Considers cost-effectiveness of screening for preterm delivery, which is not being considered in this question.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Pizzi
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LT, Seligman
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NS, Baxter
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JK, Jutkowitz
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E, Berghella
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V. Cost and cost effectiveness of vaginal progesterone gel in reducing preterm birth: an economic analysis of the PREGNANT trial. PharmacoEconomics
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32: 467
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2014 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24715602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24715602</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not cost-utility analysis. Cost-effectiveness analysis but of limited applicability because of US setting and definition of key outcome (pre-term birth).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Shree
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R, Page
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J, Caughey
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AB, Chandrasekaran
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S. Vaginal progesterone for preterm birth prevention in women with a short intepregnancy interval: A cost-effectiveness analysis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
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S227
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|
2017
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Available as abstract only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Soto Molina
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H, Diaz-Alvarez
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O, Sandoval-Avila
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M, Mejia
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D, Ramirez
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A, Rodriguez-Mendoza
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M M. Complete Economic Evaluation of the Use of Micronized Progesterone By Vaginal Administration for the Prevention of Preterm Birth in Pregnant Patients with Short Cervix in Mexico. Value in Health
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21: S144
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2018
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appk.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Available as abstract only</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappltab1"><div id="niceng25er.appl.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">Research recommendation rationale</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appl.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Research question</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Does progesterone reduce the risk of preterm birth in women who have risk factors for preterm birth, but do not have a short cervix (cervical length ≥25mm)?</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to ‘patients’ or the population</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This question is important to women to guide treatment recommendations. It would enable vaginal progesterone to be offered appropriately to women at high risk, and avoid unnecessary treatment of women who may not be at such high risk of preterm birth.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The NICE guideline currently recommends consideration should be given to the use of progesterone for women with a short cervix or previous history of preterm birth.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to the NHS</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identifying women most at risk of preterm birth, and offering appropriate prophylaxis (such as vaginal progesterone) has the potential for significant cost savings, by reducing the incidence of preterm birth.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">National priorities</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60,000 babies are born prematurely each year, many of whom will require specialist neonatal care, often for many weeks or months. The report on the impact of preterm birth, Born too Soon (WHO, 2012) identifies the short-term consequences both on babies’ development and on their families, as well as the possible long-term consequences which can include life-long disabilities.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence suggests a benefit of vaginal progesterone for women with a previous preterm birth, and for women with a short cervix (≤25mm). However, it is not clear to what extent these populations overlap. It is possible that vaginal progesterone is not of benefit for women in whom the cervix is found to be >25mm.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cervical length scanning is not a routine part of antenatal care, therefore vaginal progesterone may be offered more commonly in units where this scan takes place, resulting in inequalities in care.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappltab2"><div id="niceng25er.appl.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">Research recommendation modified PICO table</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appl.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criterion</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Explanation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women who have had a previous premature birth and have cervical length >25mm</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Use of vaginal progesterone in pregnancy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prognostic or risk factor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Previous premature birth, less than 34 weeks’ gestation</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparator (without the risk factor)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No vaginal progesterone/placebo</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcome</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Incidence of premature birth prior to 34 weeks’ gestation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neonatal outcomes</div></li></ul>
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|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised controlled trial or IPD meta-analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Timeframe</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minimum duration of follow up: until discharge</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappltab3"><div id="niceng25er.appl.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Research recommendation rationale</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appl.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Research question</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Does progesterone reduce the risk of preterm birth in women who have a cervical length ≤25mm, but no history of preterm birth?</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to ‘patients’ or the population</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This question is important to women to guide treatment recommendations. It would allow vaginal progesterone to be offered appropriately to women at high risk of preterm birth, and avoid unnecessary treatment of women who may not be at such high risk of preterm birth.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The NICE guideline currently recommends consideration should be given to the use of progesterone for women with a cervical length ≤25mm or previous history of preterm birth.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to the NHS</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identifying women most at risk of preterm birth, and offering appropriate prophylaxis (such as vaginal progesterone) has the potential for significant cost savings, by reducing the incidence of preterm birth.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">National priorities</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60,000 babies are born prematurely each year, many of whom will require specialist neonatal care, often for many weeks or months. The report on the impact of preterm birth, Born too Soon (WHO, 2012) identifies the short-term consequences both on babies’ development and their families, as well as the possible long-term consequences which can include life-long disabilities.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence suggests a benefit of vaginal progesterone for women with a previous preterm birth, and for women with a short cervix (≤25mm). However, it is not clear to what extent these populations overlap. It is possible that vaginal progesterone is not of benefit for women in whom the cervical length is ≤25mm, but who do not have a history of preterm birth.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cervical length scanning is not a routine part of antenatal care, therefore vaginal progesterone may be offered more commonly in units where this scan takes place, resulting in inequalities in care.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappltab4"><div id="niceng25er.appl.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">Research recommendation modified PICO table</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appl.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criterion</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Explanation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women who have a cervical length ≤25mm but no previous history of preterm birth</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Use of vaginal progesterone in pregnancy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prognostic or risk factor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cervical length ≤25mm</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparator (without the risk factor)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No vaginal progesterone/placebo</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcome</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Incidence of premature birth prior to 34 weeks’ gestation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neonatal outcomes</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised controlled trial or IPD meta-analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Timeframe</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minimum duration of follow up: until discharge</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappltab5"><div id="niceng25er.appl.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 19</span><span class="title">Research recommendation rationale</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appl.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Research question</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">At what gestation should treatment with prophylactic vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth be started and stopped?</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to ‘patients’ or the population</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For some women, progesterone has clearly been shown to reduce the risk of preterm birth. However, it is unclear when this treatment should be started, and for how long it should be continued.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The current guideline recommends the use of progesterone during pregnancy for some women considered to be at high risk of preterm birth. Committee members noted that this guidance should recommend when treatment should be started and stopped, but no evidence was identified to address this issue.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to the NHS</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Treatment with progesterone has the potential to reduce the incidence of preterm birth if used correctly. The most cost effective use of progesterone would be to use it for the shortest duration, timed to be of maximal benefit.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">National priorities</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60,000 babies are born prematurely each year, many of whom will require specialist neonatal care, often for many weeks or months. The report on the impact of preterm birth, Born too Soon (WHO, 2012) identifies the short-term consequences both on babies’ development and their families, as well as the possible long-term consequences which can include life-long disabilities.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A number of studies have identified the value of progesterone for certain groups of women, but they vary in the gestation at which progesterone was started (and stopped). There is therefore a lack of evidence regarding which is the optimal gestation at which to use progesterone.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">There is considerable variation in the timing of progesterone administration at present, and this may result in some women being provided with more effective care than others.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng25erappltab6"><div id="niceng25er.appl.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 20</span><span class="title">Research recommendation modified PICO table</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK552302/table/niceng25er.appl.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng25er.appl.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criterion</th><th id="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Explanation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women with risk factors for premature birth</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vaginal progesterone started during early pregnancy (e.g. ≤16 weeks) and stopped at 34 weeks</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Prognostic or risk factor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preterm birth, less than 34 weeks gestation</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparator (without the risk factor)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vaginal progesterone started during early pregnancy (e.g. ≤16 weeks) and stopped at 36 weeks</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vaginal progesterone started later in pregnancy (e.g. ≥20 weeks) and stopped at 34 weeks</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vaginal progesterone started later in pregnancy (e.g. ≥20 weeks) and stopped at 36 weeks</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcome</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Preterm birth <34 weeks</p>
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<p>Neonatal outcomes</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Randomised controlled trial.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Timeframe</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng25er.appl.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Minimum duration of follow up: until discharge from hospital</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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