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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548717_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Desflurane</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK548717_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Desflurane.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Desflurane_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Desflurane.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Desflurane is one of the most commonly used volatile anesthetic agents and has an excellent safety record. Rare single case reports of severe acute liver injury resembling halothane hepatitis due to desflurane have been published.</p></div><div id="Desflurane.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Desflurane (des flur' ane) is a widely used major anesthetic agent with rapid onset of action and rapid dispersal. Because it can be irritating to the airway, desflurane is typically used to maintain anesthesia after induction with other agents. Desflurane was initially approved for use in the United States in 1992 and is available generically and under the brand name Suprane. Desflurane must be administered in a controlled situation by a properly trained and credentialed anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist and is typically given in concentrations up to 6% to 8% with oxygen.</p></div><div id="Desflurane.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Prospective, serial blood testing often demonstrates minor transient elevations in serum aminotransferase levels in the 1 to 2 weeks after major surgery and use of halogenated anesthetics. Appearance of ALT levels above 10 times the upper limit of normal, however, is distinctly unusual and points to significant hepatotoxicity. Clinically apparent, severe hepatic injury from desflurane is very rare, with only isolated case reports having been published and not all of which were very convincing. The injury is marked by acute elevations in serum aminotransferase levels (5- to 50-fold) and appearance of jaundice within 2 to 21 days of surgery. There are usually minimal increases in alkaline phosphatase and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase levels. Jaundice is usually preceded by a day or two of fever and may be accompanied by rash and eosinophilia. The acute liver injury may be self-limited and resolve within 4 to 8 weeks, but can be severe and associated with acute liver failure. A strong risk factor is previous exposure to any of the halogenated anesthetics and particularly a history of halothane hepatitis or unexplained fever and rash after anesthesia with one of these agents. The differential diagnosis of acute liver injury after surgery and anesthesia is often challenging, and a clinical picture similar to desflurane induced hepatitis can be caused by shock or ischemia, sepsis, acetaminophen overdose, acute viral or herpes hepatitis, as well as other idiosyncratic forms of drug induced liver injury.</p><p>Likelihood score: C (probable rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Desflurane.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>The mechanism of desflurane hepatotoxicity is suspected to be similar to that of halothane and associated with creation of reactive intermediates of desflurane. Desflurane is metabolized to a small but variable extent by the microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme CYP 2E1 to a trifluoroacetylated reactive intermediate (TFA) that is capable of binding to multiple intracytoplasmic proteins, forming potentially immunogenic adducts. The TFA adducts induce antibodies that can be detected in patients with desflurane as well as halothane hepatotoxicity and are also found in a proportion of health care workers exposed to the volatile anesthetics.</p></div><div id="Desflurane.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>Severity ranges from mild and transient aminotransferase elevations without symptoms or other evidence of liver injury, to a self limited symptomatic acute hepatitis-like reaction to a severe, acute hepatic failure. The severity and prognosis may relate in part of patient age, being more severe in the elderly and both milder and less common in children. Obesity may also be both a predisposing factor and predictor of outcome. Chronic liver injury from desflurane exposure has not been described. Patients with desflurane induced hepatitis should be cautioned against future exposure to a fluorinated hydrocarbon anesthetic such as halothane, enflurane, isoflurane or sevoflurane.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/HalogenatedAnestheti/?report=reader">Halogenated Anesthetics</a></p><p>Other Drugs in the Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Enflurane/?report=reader">Enflurane</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Halothane/?report=reader">Halothane</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Isoflurane/?report=reader">Isoflurane</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Sevoflurane/?report=reader">Sevoflurane</a></p></div></div><div id="Desflurane.CASE_REPORT"><h2 id="_Desflurane_CASE_REPORT_">CASE REPORT</h2><div id="Desflurane.Case_1._Acute_liver_injury_fr"><h3>Case 1. Acute liver injury from desflurane anesthesia.</h3><p>[Modified from: Tung D, Yoshida EM, Wang CS, Steinbrecher UP. Severe desflurane hepatotoxicity after colon surgery in an elderly patient. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52: 133-6. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684251" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>]</p><p>An 81 year old overweight woman underwent a right hemicolectomy for colon cancer under desflurane anesthesia and developed clinical evidence of liver disease 6 days later. She had a history of two previous surgeries, but the anesthetics used were not known. She had no history of liver disease or known risk factors or exposures. On postoperative day 6, she became symptomatic with fatigue and was jaundiced, but afebrile. Laboratory testing showed a serum bilirubin of 6.9 mg/dL and marked elevations of ALT with minimal increases in alkaline phosphatase (Table). She had no eosinophilia. She was negative for markers of hepatitis A, B and C and autoantibodies, and liver ultrasound was unrevealing. Over the next several days, she developed evidence of hepatic failure with mild hepatic encephalopathy and INR rising to 2.3. She was treated with methylprednisone (60 mg IV daily for 5 days). She began to recover and laboratory tests had largely returned to close to normal by the time she was discharged 7 weeks after surgery.</p><div id="Desflurane.Key_Points"><h4>Key Points</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figDesfluraneT1"><a href="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figDesfluraneT1" rid-ob="figobDesfluraneT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Desflurane.T1"><a href="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobDesfluraneT1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Desflurane.Laboratory_Values"><h4>Laboratory Values</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figDesfluraneT2"><a href="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figDesfluraneT2" rid-ob="figobDesfluraneT2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Desflurane.T2"><a href="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobDesfluraneT2">Table</a></h4></div></div><p>*Calculated from µmol/L.</p></div><div id="Desflurane.Comment"><h4>Comment</h4><p>This patient had typical halogenated anesthetic associated acute liver injury with a severe course, but ultimate recovery. Fever and eosinophilia are common at the onset of anesthetic induced hepatitis, but are not invariably present. In this patient and others, prednisone was used, but its benefit in this situation has not been proven. Risk factors for halogenated anesthetic hepatotoxicity included older age, overweight and possible previous exposures to halogenated anesthetics.</p></div></div></div><div id="Desflurane.PRODUCT_INFORMATION_Halogenat"><h2 id="_Desflurane_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_Halogenat_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><div id="Desflurane.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Desflurane – Generic, Suprane®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Anesthetics, Halogenated</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=desflurane" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></div><div id="Desflurane.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR"><h2 id="_Desflurane_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figDesfluraneT3"><a href="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figDesfluraneT3" rid-ob="figobDesfluraneT3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T3/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Desflurane.T3"><a href="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobDesfluraneT3">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Desflurane.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Desflurane_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 01 January 2018</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R1">Zimmerman HJ. Anesthetic agents. In, Zimmerman, HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999: pp. 457-82.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity of anesthetic agents published in 1999; mentions that the newer halogenated anesthetics appear to be safer than halothane but that hints of liver injury from desflurane and sevoflurane have appeared).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R2">Kenna JG. Mechanism, pathology, and clinical presentation of hepatoxicity of anesthetic agents. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013: pp 403-22.<div><i>(Review of liver injury from anesthetic agents mentions that a few cases of postoperative liver injury have occurred in patients exposed to desflurane).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R3">Patel PM, Patel HH, Roth DM. General anesthetics and therapeutic gases. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 527-64.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics)</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R4">Weiskopf RB, Eger EI 2nd, Ionescu P, Yasuda N, Cahalan MK, Freire B, Peterson N, et al. Desflurane does not produce hepatic or renal injury in human volunteers. Anesth Analg 1992; 74: 570-4. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1554124" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1554124</span></a>]<div><i>(Prospective study of 13 young patients given ~7 hours of desflurane anesthesia, with no abnormalities in ALT and AST found during postoperative period).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R5">Kharasch ED, Thummel KE. Identification of cytochrome P450 2E1 as the predominant enzyme catalyzing human liver microsomal defluorination of sevoflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane. Anesthesiology 1993; 79: 795-807. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8214760" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8214760</span></a>]<div><i>(Human microsomes used to assess metabolism of sevoflurane: CYP 2E1 was major if not sole enzyme catalyzing defluorination of sevoflurane and others).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R6">Zaleski L, Abello D, Gold MI. Desflurane versus isoflurane in patients with chronic hepatic and renal disease. Anesth Analg 1993; 76: 353-6. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8424515" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8424515</span></a>]<div><i>(Prospective study of 20 patients with renal and 20 with hepatic disease given desflurane or isoflurane found no worsening of ALT, AST, Alk P, bilirubin or creatinine).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R7">Katz J, Magee J, Baker B, Eger EI 2nd. Hepatic necrosis associated with herpesvirus after anesthesia with desflurane and nitrous oxide. Anesth Analg 1994; 78: 1173-6. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8198278" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8198278</span></a>]<div><i>(76 year old woman developed fever on 6 days and abdominal pain and diarrhea 11 days after desflurance anesthesia [AST rising to 8000 U/L without jaundice] and death on day 14, autopsy showing massive hepatic necrosis due to herpes hepatitis, rather than anesthetic induced liver injury).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R8">Martin JL, Plevak DJ, Flannery KD, Charlton M, Poerucha JJ, Humphreys CE, Derfus G, Pohl L. Hepatotoxicity after desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1995; 83: 1125-9. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7486167" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7486167</span></a>]<div><i>(65 year old woman devleloped fever, rash and arthralgias 12 days after desflurane anesthesia [bilirubin 20.3 rising to 30 mg/dL, ALT 1886 U/L, Alk P 202 U/L], referred for liver transplant but recovered spontaneously; had anti-TFA-modified liver microsomal proteins).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R9">Njoku D, Laster MJ, Gong DH, Eger EI 2nd, Reed GF, Martin JL. Biotransformation of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane to trifluoroacetylated liver proteins: association between protein acylation and hepatic injury. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: 173-8. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8989020" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8989020</span></a>]<div><i>(Rats exposed to anesthetics had TFA labeled proteins in hepatocytes: halothane>>enflurane>>isoflurane, but not with desflurane; sera from cases of halothane hepatitis reacted with microsomes from halothane treated rats, but to a lesser extent with desflurane-, enflurane- and isoflurane treated rats).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R10">Berghaus TM, Baron A, Geier A, Lamerz R, Paumgartner G. Hepatotoxicity following desflurane anesthesia. Hepatology 1999; 29: 613-4. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10026031" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10026031</span></a>]<div><i>(37 year old woman developed hepatitis 12 days after desflurane anesthesia [bilirubin 29.4 mg/dL, ALT 1776 U/L, Alk P 185 U/L] with evidence of liver failure, but ultimate recovery; had previous history of probable isoflurane hepatitis; anti-TFA present transiently).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R11">Russo MW, Galanko JA, Shrestha R, Fried MW, Watkins P. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1018-23. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15390328" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15390328</span></a>]<div><i> (</i></div><div><i>Among ~50,000 liver transplants done in the US between 1990 and 2002, 137 [0.2%] were done for idiosyncratic drug induced acute liver failure, of which 3 were attributed to halothane and 1 to isoflurane, none to other anesthetics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R12">Tung D, Yoshida EM, Wang CS, Steinbrecher UP. Severe desflurane hepatotoxicity after colon surgery in an elderly patient. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52: 133-6. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15684251" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15684251</span></a>]<div><i>(81 year old woman developed severe hepatocellular injury 6 days after desflurane anesthesia [bilirubin 6.9 rising to 12.5 mg/dL, ALT 2188 U/L, Alk P 149 U/L], with ultimate full recovery. Case 1).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R13">Björnsson E, Jerlstad P, Bergqvist A, Olsson R. Fulminant drug-induced hepatic failure leading to death or liver transplantation in Sweden. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 1095-101. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16165719" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16165719</span></a>]<div><i> (36 years of reporting to Swedish registry identified 103 cases of acute liver failure due to drugs, of which 16 were attributed to halothane [ranking #1] but none to other anesthetics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R14">Björnsson E, Olsson R. Suspected drug-induced liver fatalities reported to the WHO database. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38: 33-8. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16054882" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16054882</span></a>]<div><i> (</i></div><div><i>In WHO database of fatal adverse drug reactions from 1968-2003, there were 4690 reports of fatalities due to drug induced liver injury: halothane ranked fifth in frequency as a cause but most cases were reported before 1991).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R15">Anderson JS, Rose NR, Martin JL, Eger EI, Njoku DB. Desflurane hepatitis associated with hapten and autoantigen-specific IgG4 antibodies. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 1452-3, table of contents. <em>(22 year old woman developed fever, jaundice and pruritus 17 to 21 days after desflurane anesthesia [</em>bilirubin 6.2 mg/dL, ALT 347 U/L, Alk P 376 U/L] with rapid recovery; had serum antibodies to TFA and CYP 2E1). [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3650136/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3650136</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17513640" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17513640</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R16">Côté G, Bouchard S. Hepatotoxicity after desflurane anesthesia in a 15 month old child with Mobius syndrome after previous exposure to isoflurane. Anesthesiology 2007; 107: 843-5. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18073559" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18073559</span></a>]<div><i>(15 month old boy developed ALT of 6,180 U/L with INR of 2.7, on postoperative day 3, after desflurane anesthesia [having two previous exposures to isoflurane], with rapid recovery; bilirubin not mentioned and patient also received acetaminophen).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R17">Her C. Acetaminophen-induced, not desflurane-induced, hepatotoxicity. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 570-1. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18719456" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18719456</span></a>]<div><i>(Letter in response to Côté and Bouchard [2007] suggesting that the liver injury was due to acetaminophen rather than desflurane using Rumack-Matthew nomogram and in view of the high ALT levels).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R18">Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J; Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States.Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1924-34. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3654244/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3654244</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955056" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18955056</span></a>]<div><i> (Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease collected in the US between 2003 and 2008, two cases were attributed to desflurane and one to sevoflurane; details not given).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R19">Chin MW, Njoku DB, MacQuillan G, Cheng WS, Kontorinis N. Desflurane-induced acute liver failure. Med J Aust 2008; 189: 293-4. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18759731" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18759731</span></a>]<div><i> (53 year old woman developed ALT elevation to 943 U/L after initial surgery and desflurane exposure and acute liver failure after the second surgery and exposure [bilirubin not given, ALT 11,600 U/L, INR 3.7, anti-TFA positive], autopsy showing massive necrosis).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R20">Arslan M, Kurtipek O, Dogan AT, Unal Y, Kizil Y, Nurlu N, Kamaci S, et al. Comparison of effects of anaesthesia with desflurane and enflurane on liver function. Singapore Med J 2009; 50: 73-7. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19224088" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19224088</span></a>]<div><i>(Prospective study of 40 patients receiving either desflurane or enflurane anesthesia for ALT, AST and glutathione-S-transferase [GST] levels showing elevations in GST but not ALT or AST at 1 hour, 1 and 7 days in enflurane group).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R21">D.<div><i>evarbhavi H, Dierkhising R, Kremers WK, Sandeep MS, Karanth D, Adarsh CK. Single-center experience with drug-induced liver injury from India: causes, outcome, prognosis, and predictors of mortality. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 2396-404. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20648003" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a> (313 cases of drug induced liver injury were seen over a 12 year period at a large hospital in Bangalore, India: none were attributed to anesthetic agents]. </i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R22">Toprak HI, Şahin T, Aslan S, Karahan K, Şanli M, Ersoy MÖ. Effects of desflurane and isoflurane on hepatic and renal functions and coagulation profile during donor hepatectomy. Transplant Proc 2012; 44: 1635-9. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22841233" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22841233</span></a>]<div><i>(Serial liver tests after right lobe, living donor hepatectomy showed marked elevations [up to 200 times ULN] in ALT and AST by the end of surgery through day 7, resolving by day 30, and increases in INR [1.1 to 1.5] from the end of surgery to day 5, elevations being greater among 40 donors given isoflurane than 40 given desflurane).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R23">Iorio ML, Cheerharan M, Kaufman SS, Reece-Stremtan S, Boyajian M. Acute Liver Failure Following Cleft Palate Repair: A Case of Therapeutic Acetaminophen Toxicity. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2013; 50: 747-50. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22937760" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22937760</span></a>]<div><i>(8 month old boy developed lethargy and seizures 3 days after cleft palate repair under desflurance anesthesia and while receiving acetaminophen for pain [bilirubin 3.1 mg/dL, ALT 12,885 U/L], resolving rapidly after NAC therapy).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R24">Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1419-25. (In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, but none were attributed to anesthetic agents). [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23419359</span></a>]</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R25">Safari S, Motavaf M, Seyed Siamdoust SA, Alavian SM. Hepatotoxicity of halogenated inhalational anesthetics. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2014; 16: e20153. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4270648/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4270648</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25593732" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25593732</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of the volatile halogenated anesthetics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R26">Batistaki C, Michalopoulos G, Matsota P, Nomikos T, Kalimeris K, Riga M, Nakou M, Kostopanagiotou G. CYP2E1 immunoglobulin G4 subclass antibodies after desflurane anesthesia. World J Hepatol 2014; 6: 340-6. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4033291/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4033291</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24868327" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24868327</span></a>]<div><i> (Testing of 39 patients for liver biochemical tests and for IgG4 antibody to CYP2E1 before and 4 days after anethesia with desflurane showed no de novo production or rise in titers of the anti-CYP antibody and no evidence of liver injury).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R27">Lin J, Moore D, Hockey B, Di Lernia R, Gorelik A, Liew D, Nicoll A. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity: incidence of abnormal liver function tests consistent with volatile anaesthetic hepatitis in trauma patients. Liver Int 2014; 34: 576-82. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23944929" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23944929</span></a>]<div><i> (Retrospective analysis of records from 1556 patients admitted to a trauma unit during 2008 identified 47 cases of possible volatile anesthetic related liver injury, including 12 who developed ALT levels above 200 U/L of whom 11 had fever and 6 eosinophilia, but none were jaundiced or developed acute liver failure).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R28">Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America. An analysis of published reports. Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 231-9. (Systematic review of literature of drug induced liver injury in Latin American countries published from 1996 to 2012 identified 176 cases of which 5 [3%] were attributed to halothane and caused acute liver failure, while. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24552865</span></a>]<div><i>no other volatile anesthetic was listed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Desflurane.R29">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52.e7. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, 2 were attributed to isoflurane, 1 to sevoflurane, but none to halothane, enflurane or desflurane).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK548717_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">January 1, 2018</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Desflurane. [Updated 2018 Jan 1].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Denosumab/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Desipramine/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobDesfluraneT1"><div id="Desflurane.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Desflurane.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Desflurane.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Medication:</th><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Desflurane (6%), 90 min anesthesia time</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Desflurane.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Pattern:</th><td headers="hd_b_Desflurane.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Hepatocellular (R=>30)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Desflurane.T1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Severity:</th><td headers="hd_b_Desflurane.T1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">4+ (evidence of acute liver failure, INR>1.5)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Desflurane.T1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Latency:</th><td headers="hd_b_Desflurane.T1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6 days</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Desflurane.T1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Recovery:</th><td headers="hd_b_Desflurane.T1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">8-12 weeks</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Desflurane.T1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Other medications:</th><td headers="hd_b_Desflurane.T1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Anesthesia included fentanyl, propofol and rocuronium</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobDesfluraneT2"><div id="Desflurane.T2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Desflurane.T2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Time after Surgery</th><th id="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">ALT<br /> (U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Alk P<br /> (U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Bilirubin*<br /> (mg/dL)</th><th id="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Other</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Pre</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">72</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Right hemicolectomy under desflurane anesthesia</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">2188</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">149</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6.9</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Symptoms and jaundice</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">8 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">905</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">231</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">9.8</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">10 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">567</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">296</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">12 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">277</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">12.5</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Methylprednisone started</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">14 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">250</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">252</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">16 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">278</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6.4</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">18 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">189</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">335</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5.8</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">20 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">153</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">316</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6.8</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">34 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">2.4</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Normal Values</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<b><65</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<b><200</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<b><1.2</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobDesfluraneBPI"><div id="Desflurane.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Desflurane – Generic, Suprane®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Anesthetics, Halogenated</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=desflurane" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobDesfluraneT3"><div id="Desflurane.T3" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548717/table/Desflurane.T3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Desflurane.T3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Desflurane.T3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Desflurane.T3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NO</th><th id="hd_h_Desflurane.T3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Desflurane.T3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Desflurane</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135004119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">57041-67-5</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C3-H2-F6-O</td><td headers="hd_h_Desflurane.T3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK548717/bin/Desflurane_Structure.jpg" alt="Desflurane chemical structure" /></div>
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