147 lines
47 KiB
Text
147 lines
47 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" class="no-js no-jr">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<!-- For pinger, set start time and add meta elements. -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK548664">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_domain" content="livertox">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_report" content="reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK548664/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf">
|
|
<!-- Logger end -->
|
|
|
|
<!--component id="Page" label="meta"/-->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
|
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no">
|
|
<meta name="jr-col-layout" content="auto">
|
|
<meta name="jr-prev-unit" content="/books/n/livertox/Carbinoxamine/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="jr-next-unit" content="/books/n/livertox/Carboplatin/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="bk-toc-url" content="/books/n/livertox/?report=toc">
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE">
|
|
<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]">
|
|
<meta name="citation_title" content="Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors">
|
|
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases">
|
|
<meta name="citation_date" content="2021/10/13">
|
|
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="31643975">
|
|
<meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548664/">
|
|
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Text">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2021/10/13">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548664/">
|
|
<meta name="description" content="Acetazolamide and methazolamide are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used as diuretics and in the therapy of glaucoma. Both acetazolamide and methazolamide have been linked to rare cases of clinically apparent drug induced liver disease.">
|
|
<meta name="og:title" content="Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors">
|
|
<meta name="og:type" content="book">
|
|
<meta name="og:description" content="Acetazolamide and methazolamide are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used as diuretics and in the therapy of glaucoma. Both acetazolamide and methazolamide have been linked to rare cases of clinically apparent drug induced liver disease.">
|
|
<meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548664/">
|
|
<meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks">
|
|
<meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/livertox/CarbonicAnhydraseInh/?report=reader">
|
|
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548664/">
|
|
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Archivo+Narrow:400,700,400italic,700italic&subset=latin" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/libs.min.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/jr.min.css">
|
|
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css//books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_reader.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style>
|
|
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8C7A1B7D7C3EF100000000002E0028.m_5">
|
|
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3849091.css"></head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<!-- Book content! -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="jr" data-jr-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/"><div class="jr-unsupported"><table class="modal"><tr><td><span class="attn inline-block"></span><br />Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.<br />Go to <a href="/pmc/about/pr-browsers/">this page</a> to see a list of supported browsers<br />or return to the <br /><a href="/books/NBK548664/?report=classic">regular view</a>.</td></tr></table></div><div id="jr-ui" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-head"><div class="flexh tb"><div id="jr-tb1"><a id="jr-links-sw" class="hidden" title="Links"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 70.6 85.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 70.6 85.3;vertical-align:middle" xml:space="preserve" width="24" height="24">
|
|
<style type="text/css">.st0{fill:#939598;}</style>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M36,0C12.8,2.2-22.4,14.6,19.6,32.5C40.7,41.4-30.6,14,35.9,9.8"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.5,85.3c23.2-2.2,58.4-14.6,16.4-32.5c-21.1-8.9,50.2,18.5-16.3,22.7"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.7,37.1c66.5-4.2-4.8-31.6,16.3-22.7c42.1,17.9,6.9,30.3-16.4,32.5h1.7c-66.2,4.4,4.8,31.6-16.3,22.7 c-42.1-17.9-6.9-30.3,16.4-32.5"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg> Books</a></div><div class="jr-rhead f1 flexh"><div class="head"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Carbinoxamine/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="body"><div class="t">Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors</div><div class="j">LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]</div></div><div class="tail"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Carboplatin/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></div><div id="jr-tb2"><a id="jr-bkhelp-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Help with NLM PubReader">?</a><a id="jr-help-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Settings and typography in NLM PubReader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M462,283.742v-55.485l-29.981-10.662c-11.431-4.065-20.628-12.794-25.274-24.001 c-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.009-0.006-0.013c-4.659-11.235-4.333-23.918,0.889-34.903l13.653-28.724l-39.234-39.234l-28.72,13.652 c-10.979,5.219-23.68,5.546-34.908,0.889c-0.005-0.002-0.01-0.003-0.014-0.005c-11.215-4.65-19.933-13.834-24-25.273L283.741,50 h-55.484l-10.662,29.981c-4.065,11.431-12.794,20.627-24.001,25.274c-0.005,0.002-0.009,0.004-0.014,0.005 c-11.235,4.66-23.919,4.333-34.905-0.889l-28.723-13.653l-39.234,39.234l13.653,28.721c5.219,10.979,5.545,23.681,0.889,34.91 c-0.002,0.004-0.004,0.009-0.006,0.013c-4.649,11.214-13.834,19.931-25.271,23.998L50,228.257v55.485l29.98,10.661 c11.431,4.065,20.627,12.794,25.274,24c0.002,0.005,0.003,0.01,0.005,0.014c4.66,11.236,4.334,23.921-0.888,34.906l-13.654,28.723 l39.234,39.234l28.721-13.652c10.979-5.219,23.681-5.546,34.909-0.889c0.005,0.002,0.01,0.004,0.014,0.006 c11.214,4.649,19.93,13.833,23.998,25.271L228.257,462h55.484l10.595-29.79c4.103-11.538,12.908-20.824,24.216-25.525 c0.005-0.002,0.009-0.004,0.014-0.006c11.127-4.628,23.694-4.311,34.578,0.863l28.902,13.738l39.234-39.234l-13.66-28.737 c-5.214-10.969-5.539-23.659-0.886-34.877c0.002-0.005,0.004-0.009,0.006-0.014c4.654-11.225,13.848-19.949,25.297-24.021 L462,283.742z M256,331.546c-41.724,0-75.548-33.823-75.548-75.546s33.824-75.547,75.548-75.547 c41.723,0,75.546,33.824,75.546,75.547S297.723,331.546,256,331.546z"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-rtoc-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Table of Contents"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,20h10v8H20V20zM36,20h44v8H36V20zM20,37.33h10v8H20V37.33zM36,37.33h44v8H36V37.33zM20,54.66h10v8H20V54.66zM36,54.66h44v8H36V54.66zM20,72h10v8 H20V72zM36,72h44v8H36V72z"></path></svg></a></div></div></nav><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><div id="jr-pi" class="hidden"><a id="jr-pi-prev" class="hidden" title="Previous page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><div class="pginfo">Page <i class="jr-pg-pn">0</i> of <i class="jr-pg-lp">0</i></div><a id="jr-pi-next" class="hidden" title="Next page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div><div id="jr-is-tb"><a id="jr-is-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Switch between Figures/Tables strip and Progress bar"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><rect x="10" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="40" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="70" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect></svg></a></div><nav id="jr-istrip" class="istrip hidden"><a id="jr-is-prev" href="#" class="hidden" title="Previous"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M80,40 60,65 80,90 70,90 50,65 70,40z M50,40 30,65 50,90 40,90 20,65 40,40z"></path><text x="35" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><a id="jr-is-next" href="#" class="hidden" title="Next"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,40 40,65 20,90 30,90 50,65 30,40z M50,40 70,65 50,90 60,90 80,65 60,40z"></path><text x="15" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></nav><nav id="jr-progress"></nav></nav></nav><aside id="jr-links-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">NCBI Bookshelf</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/">Home</a><a href="/books/browse/">Browse All Titles</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548664/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24" preserveAspectRatio="none"><g><path d="M 17.996,32L 12,32 L 12,16 l-4,0 l0-5.514 l 4-0.002l-0.006-3.248C 11.993,2.737, 13.213,0, 18.512,0l 4.412,0 l0,5.515 l-2.757,0 c-2.063,0-2.163,0.77-2.163,2.209l-0.008,2.76l 4.959,0 l-0.585,5.514L 18,16L 17.996,32z"></path></g></svg> Share on Facebook</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548664/&text=Carbonic%20Anhydrase%20Inhibitors"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24"><g><path d="M 32,6.076c-1.177,0.522-2.443,0.875-3.771,1.034c 1.355-0.813, 2.396-2.099, 2.887-3.632 c-1.269,0.752-2.674,1.299-4.169,1.593c-1.198-1.276-2.904-2.073-4.792-2.073c-3.626,0-6.565,2.939-6.565,6.565 c0,0.515, 0.058,1.016, 0.17,1.496c-5.456-0.274-10.294-2.888-13.532-6.86c-0.565,0.97-0.889,2.097-0.889,3.301 c0,2.278, 1.159,4.287, 2.921,5.465c-1.076-0.034-2.088-0.329-2.974-0.821c-0.001,0.027-0.001,0.055-0.001,0.083 c0,3.181, 2.263,5.834, 5.266,6.438c-0.551,0.15-1.131,0.23-1.73,0.23c-0.423,0-0.834-0.041-1.235-0.118 c 0.836,2.608, 3.26,4.506, 6.133,4.559c-2.247,1.761-5.078,2.81-8.154,2.81c-0.53,0-1.052-0.031-1.566-0.092 c 2.905,1.863, 6.356,2.95, 10.064,2.95c 12.076,0, 18.679-10.004, 18.679-18.68c0-0.285-0.006-0.568-0.019-0.849 C 30.007,8.548, 31.12,7.392, 32,6.076z"></path></g></svg> Share on Twitter</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-rtoc-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Table of Content</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/n/livertox/?report=reader">Title Information</a><a href="/books/n/livertox/toc/?report=reader">Table of Contents Page</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-help-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Settings</div></div><div class="cnt f1"><div id="jr-typo-p" class="typo"><div><a class="sf btn wsprkl">A-</a><a class="lf btn wsprkl">A+</a></div><div><a class="bcol-auto btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 200 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text x="10" y="70" style="font-size:60px;font-family: Trebuchet MS, ArialMT, Arial, sans-serif" textLength="180">AUTO</text></svg></a><a class="bcol-1 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M15,25 85,25zM15,40 85,40zM15,55 85,55zM15,70 85,70z"></path></svg></a><a class="bcol-2 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M5,25 45,25z M55,25 95,25zM5,40 45,40z M55,40 95,40zM5,55 45,55z M55,55 95,55zM5,70 45,70z M55,70 95,70z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="lol"><a class="" href="/books/NBK548664/?report=classic">Switch to classic view</a><a href="/books/NBK548664/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK548664.pdf">PDF (110K)</a><a href="/books/NBK548664/?report=printable">Print View</a></div></div></aside><aside id="jr-bkhelp-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Help</div></div><div class="cnt f1 lol"><a id="jr-helpobj-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/help.xml" href="">Help</a><a href="mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov?subject=PubReader%20feedback%20%2F%20NBK548664%20%2F%20sid%3ACE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID%20%2F%20phid%3ACE8C7A1B7D7C3EF100000000002E0028.4">Send us feedback</a><a id="jr-about-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/about.xml" href="">About PubReader</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-objectbox" class="thidden hidden"><div class="jr-objectbox-close wsprkl">✘</div><div class="jr-objectbox-inner cnt"><div class="jr-objectbox-drawer"></div></div></aside><nav id="jr-pm-left" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Previous Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-pm-right" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Next Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-fip" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-fip-term-p"><input type="search" placeholder="search this page" id="jr-fip-term" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" /><a id="jr-fip-mg" class="wsprkl btn" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548664_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK548664_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_CarbonicAnhydraseInh_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Acetazolamide and methazolamide are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used as diuretics and in the therapy of glaucoma. Both acetazolamide and methazolamide have been linked to rare cases of clinically apparent drug induced liver disease.</p></div><div id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Acetazolamide (a seet" a zol' a mide) and methazolamide (meth" a zol' a mide) are inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid. Inhibition of this enzyme in the kidney causes an alkalization of the urine and diuresis. In the eye, inhibition of carbonic anhydrase causes a decrease in intraocular pressure making these agents valuable in the treatment of glaucoma. The effects of acetazolamide on acid-base status (causing a mild metabolic acidosis) are also of potential value in managing other conditions including epilepsy, sleep apnea, and acute mountain sickness. Acetazolamide was approved for use in the United States in 1986 for treatment of glaucoma and as a diuretic to prevent or ameliorate acute mountain sickness. Acetazolamide is available in 125 and 250 mg tablets in generic forms and under the brand name of Diamox. Acetazolamide is also available in extended release forms (capsules of 500 mg) and as powder for injection. The recommended dose and regimen of acetazolamide varies by indication, but for chronic use in adults the typical dose is 250 to 1,000 mg daily in divided doses.</p><p>Methazolamide was approved for use in the United States in 1959 for the treatment of glaucoma. Methazolamide is available as tablets of 25 and 50 mg in generic forms and under the trade name Neptazane. Typical doses of methazolamide in adults with glaucoma are 50 to 100 mg two to three times daily.</p><p>The common side effects of acetazolamide and methazolamide are change in taste, numbness and tingling in fingers and toes, blurred vision, tinnitus, dizziness, decrease in hearing, polyuria, nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, and headache. Methazolamide and acetazolamide have similar chemical structures and are related to the sulfonamides and can cause allergic reactions including anaphylaxis, rash, erythema multiforme, and Stevens Johnson syndrome.</p></div><div id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Idiosyncratic, clinically apparent liver injury from acetazolamide and methazolamide is rare, but several instances have been reported as isolated case reports. Acetazolamide is a sulfonamide and cross reactivity to sulfonamide reactions have been reported. The liver injury typically arises after a few days to weeks of therapy and the pattern of serum enzyme elevations is usually hepatocellular or mixed. Immunoallergic features (rash, fever, eosinophilia) are common, but autoantibody formation is not. Both acetazolamide and methazolamide have been linked to Stevens Johnson syndrome and a genetic association has been made with HLA-B*59:01. Hepatic involvement and jaundice can occur in cases of Stevens Johnson syndrome but is generally overshadowed by the severe cutaneous reaction.</p><p>Likelihood score: D (possible but rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>The mechanism of acetazolamide hepatic injury is believed to be due to hypersensitivity with shared pathogenesis with the sulfonamides.</p></div><div id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Outcome_and_Managem"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>Severity ranges from mild, asymptomatic elevations in serum enzymes, to clinically apparent acute hepatitis to severe injury with acute liver failure or prolonged jaundice. Corticosteroids are often used in patients with other features of hypersensitivity, but their role in altering the ultimate outcome of the injury is unproven. Rechallenge should be avoided and patients should be warned to avoid sulfa-containing drugs in the future.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Diuretics/?report=reader">Diuretics</a></p></div></div><div id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_CarbonicAnhydraseInh_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><p>
|
|
<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
|
|
</p><p>Acetazolamide – Generic, Diamox®</p><p>Methazolamide – Generic, Neptazane®</p><p>
|
|
<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
|
|
</p><p>Diuretics</p><p><a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Acetazolamide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a> (Acetazolamide)</p><p><a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Methazolamide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a> (Methazolamide)</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div><div id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.CHEMICAL_FORMULAS_A"><h2 id="_CarbonicAnhydraseInh_CHEMICAL_FORMULAS_A_">CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND STRUCTURES</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figCarbonicAnhydraseInhTc"><a href="/books/NBK548664/table/CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCarbonicAnhydraseInhTc" rid-ob="figobCarbonicAnhydraseInhTc"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548664/table/CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548664/table/CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc"><a href="/books/NBK548664/table/CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCarbonicAnhydraseInhTc">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRA"><h2 id="_CarbonicAnhydraseInh_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRA_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 13 October 2021</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.zimmerman.1999">Zimmerman HJ. Diuretic drugs. Drugs used in cardiovascular disease. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 662-4.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity of diuretics published in 1999 mentions that clinically apparent liver injury due to diuretics is rare; acetazolamide and methazolamide have been linked to several instances of cholestatic or mixed hepatitis, perhaps due to hypersensitivity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.de_marzio.2013">De Marzio DH, Navarro VJ. Hepatotoxicity of cardiovascular and antidiabetic drugs. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 519-40.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of cardiovascular agents, mentions that diuretics can rarely cause cholestatic hepatitis).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.jackson.2018">Jackson EK. Drugs affecting renal excretory function. In, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 445-70.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.kristinsson.1967.348">Kristinsson A. Fatal reaction to acetazolamide. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Ophthalmol. </span>1967;<span class="ref-vol">51</span>:348–9.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC506396/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC506396</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6022777" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6022777</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(34 year old man with glaucoma developed fatigue, nausea and generalized rash followed by delirium 26 days after starting acetazolamide [bilirubin 10.9 mg/dL, ALT 180 U/L, Alk P 3 times ULN], with progressive hepatic failure and death within 24 hours).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.gangitano.1978.138">Gangitano JL, Foster SH, Contro RM. Nonfatal methazolamide-induced aplastic anemia. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Ophthalmol. </span>1978;<span class="ref-vol">86</span>:138–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/677225" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 677225</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(83 year old man developed aplastic anemia 3 months after starting methazolamide for glaucoma; no mention of liver test abnormalities).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.werblin.1979.2817">Werblin TP, Pollack IP, Liss RA. Aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis in patients using methazolamide for glaucoma. <span><span class="ref-journal">JAMA. </span>1979;<span class="ref-vol">241</span>:2817–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/448845" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 448845</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Two cases of aplastic anemia, 1 of which occurred after starting methazolamide; no mention of liver injury).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.krivoy.1981.1229">Krivoy N, Ben-Arich Y, Carter A, Alroy G. Methazolamide induced hepatitis and pure RBC aplasia. <span><span class="ref-journal">Arch Intern Med. </span>1981;<span class="ref-vol">141</span>:1229–30.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7196210" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7196210</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(69 year old man with glaucoma developed rash 3 weeks after starting methazolamide with fever, diarrhea, pruritus and jaundice [bilirubin 24 mg/dL, AST 72 U/L, Alk P 865 U/L], developing anemia during recovery, resolving fully after prednisone therapy).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.sud.1981.101">Sud RN, Grewal SS. Stevens Johnson syndrome due to Diamox. <span><span class="ref-journal">Indian J Ophthalmol. </span>1981;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>:101–3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7327685" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7327685</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Short report of Stevens Johnson syndrome in 8 Indian patients with glaucoma treated with acetazolamide; all recovered, no mention of hepatic injury or jaundice).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.flach.1995.1677">Flach AJ, Smith RE, Fraunfelder FT. Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with methazolamide treatment reported in two Japanese American women. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ophthalmology. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">102</span>:1677–80.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9098261" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9098261</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Two cases of Stevens Johnson syndrome in Japanese women, ages 65 and 27 years, with onset of rash and fever within 10 days of starting methazolamide for glaucoma with long term skin and corneal sequelae; no mention of ALT elevations or liver injury).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.shirato.1997.550">Shirato S, Kagaya F, Suzuki Y, Joukou S. Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by methazolamide treatment. <span><span class="ref-journal">Arch Ophthalmol. </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">115</span>:550–3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9109770" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9109770</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Four cases of Stevens Johnson syndrome in 3 Japanese women and 1 man, ages 30 to 47 years, with onset of fever and rash 2-8 weeks after starting methazolamide for glaucoma; all recovered; no mention of hepatic injury).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.russo.2004.1018">Russo MW, Galanko JA, Shrestha R, Fried MW, Watkins P. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug-induced liver injury in the United States. <span><span class="ref-journal">Liver Transpl. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>:1018–23.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15390328" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15390328</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Among ~50,000 liver transplants reported to UNOS between 1990 and 2002, 137 [0.5%] were done for idiosyncratic drug induced acute liver failure, none were attributed to a diuretic).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.andrade.2005.512">Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernández MC, Pelaez G, Pachkoria K, García-Ruiz E, García-Muñoz B, et al. Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish Registry over a 10-year period. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">129</span>:512–21.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16083708" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16083708</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Reports of drug induced liver injury to a Spanish network found 570 cases; diuretics not mentioned as cause).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.bj_rnsson.2006.33">Björnsson E, Olsson R. Suspected drug-induced liver fatalities reported to the WHO database. <span><span class="ref-journal">Dig Liver Dis. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">38</span>:33–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16054882" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16054882</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Survey of drug induced liver fatalities reported to WHO database between 1968-2003 revealed 4690 reports [89% from the US]; no diuretic found in the 20 most commonly implicated agents).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.ogasawara.2006.161">Ogasawara K, Tomitsuka N, Kobayashi M, Komoribayashi N, Fukuda T, Saitoh H, Inoue T, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with intravenous acetazolamide administration for evaluation of cerebrovascular reactivity. Case report. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">46</span>:161–3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16565588" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16565588</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(62 year old Japanese man given single intravenous injection of acetazolamide developed Stevens Johnson syndrome 3 days later responding to prednisolone; no mention of ALT levels or jaundice).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.chalasani.2008.1924">Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J., Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">135</span>:1924–34.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3654244/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3654244</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955056" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18955056</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected between 2004 and 2008, no case was attributed to a diuretic).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF16">Drugs for hypertension. <span><span class="ref-journal">Treat Guidel Med Lett. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">7</span>:1–10.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19107095" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19107095</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Brief overview of currently available drugs for hypertension with guidelines on their use and information on prices and toxicities).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.devarbhavi.2010.2396">Devarbhavi H, Dierkhising R, Kremers WK, Sandeep MS, Karanth D, Adarsh CK. Single-center experience with drug-induced liver injury from India: causes, outcome, prognosis, and predictors of mortality. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Gastroenterol. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">105</span>:2396–404.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20648003" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20648003</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Among 313 cases of drug induced liver injury seen over a 12 year period at a large hospital in Bangalore, India, none were attributed to a diuretic).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.ferrajolo.2010.721">Ferrajolo C, Capuano A, Verhamme KM, Schuemie M, Rossi F, Stricker BH, Sturkenboom MC. Drug-induced hepatic injury in children: a case/non-case study of suspected adverse drug reactions in VigiBase. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Clin Pharmacol. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">70</span>:721–8.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2997312/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2997312</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21039766" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21039766</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Among 624,673 adverse event reports in children between 2000 and 2006 in the WHO VigiBase, no diuretic was mentioned among the 30 most common causes of liver injury).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.reuben.2010.2065">Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM., Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Hepatology. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">52</span>:2065–76.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3992250/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3992250</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20949552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20949552</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 were attributed to drug induced liver injury, of which none were attributed to a diuretic).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.kim.2010.879">Kim SH, Kim M, Lee KW, Kim SH, Kang HR, Park HW, Jee YK. HLA-B*5901 is strongly associated with methazolamide-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pharmacogenomics. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>:879–84.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20504258" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20504258</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Among 5 Korean patients with methazolamide induced Stevens Johnson syndrome, all had HLA-B*5901 vs 4.1% of general population in Korea; also linked to Cw*0102 and A*2402).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.bj_rnsson.2013.1419">Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">144</span>:1419–25.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23419359</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, none of which were attributed to a diuretic).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.ba_ar.2013.223">Başar Ö, Başar N, Tuna Y, Yüksel H, Çoban Ş. Acetazolamide induced severe hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Wien Klin Wochenschr. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">125</span>:223–4.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23519540" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23519540</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(44 year old woman developed jaundice 2 weeks after starting acetazolamide [bilirubin 8.9 mg/dL, ALT 492 U/L, Alk P 348 U/L, INR 1.39], worsening for 4 days and then resolving within 21 days of stopping).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.hern_ndez.2014.231">Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A, Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America: an analysis of published reports. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Hepatol. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>:231–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24552865</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Among 176 reports of drug induced liver injury from Latin America published between 1996 and 2012, none were attributed to a diuretic).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF.chalasani.2015.1340">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al. United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">148</span>:1340–52.e7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, none were attributed to a diuretic).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.REF25">Drugs for hypertension. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Lett Drugs Ther. </span>2020;<span class="ref-vol">62</span>(1598):73–80.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32555118" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32555118</span></a>]<div>
|
|
<i>(Concise summary of efficacy, safety and costs of drug therapy of hypertension including the diuretics, focusing upon relative usefulness; no mention of hepatic adverse events).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK548664_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">October 13, 2021</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. [Updated 2021 Oct 13].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Carbinoxamine/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Carboplatin/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobCarbonicAnhydraseInhTc"><div id="CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548664/table/CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acetazolamide</td><td headers="hd_h_CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134972612" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">59-66-5</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">C4-H6-N4-O3-S2</td><td headers="hd_h_CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134972612" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=134972612" alt="image 134972612 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methazolamide</td><td headers="hd_h_CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134976152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">554-57-4</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">C5-H8-N4-O3-S2</td><td headers="hd_h_CarbonicAnhydraseInh.Tc_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134976152" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=134976152" alt="image 134976152 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js"> </script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal105 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
|
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3968615.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
|
</html>
|