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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548612_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Naloxegol</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK548612_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Naloxegol.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Naloxegol_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Naloxegol.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Naloxegol is a peripherally acting opioid antagonist which is used to treat constipation caused by chronic opioid use for noncancer pain. Naloxegol has not been linked to serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to clinically apparent liver injury.</p></div><div id="Naloxegol.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Naloxegol (nal ox' ee gol) is a pegylated, semisynthetic opiate receptor antagonist which is similar structurally to naltrexone, but is peripherally restricted and thus has few if any effects on the central nervous system. Naloxegol is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivative of alpha-naloxol, an opiate antagonist. The addition of the large PEG molecule to naloxol does not block its engagement with opioid receptors, but does prevent the drug from crossing the blood brain barrier. As a consequence, the opioid antagonist reverses the peripheral but not the central nervous system effects of opiates, such as pain relief and euphoria. In large, preregistration trials, naloxegol was found to increase spontaneous bowel movement frequency and reduce constipation related side effects of opiates used for analgesia in patients with chronic pain. Naloxegol was approved for use in the United States in 2014 and is available as tablets of 12.5 and 25 mg under the brand name Movantik. The recommended dosage is 25 mg once daily, reducing the dose to 12.5 mg daily for intolerance. Side effects include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, flatulence, anxiety, restlessness and sweating. Withdrawal symptoms can occur, but are rare. In persons not taking opioids, naloxegol has minimal effects on constipation. Rare but potentially severe adverse events include withdrawal symptoms, hypersensitivity reactions and gastrointestinal perforation.</p></div><div id="Naloxegol.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Therapy with naloxegol has not been linked to serum enzyme elevations or to clinically apparent liver injury. In preregistration studies, liver test abnormalities arose in less than 1% of treated patients but were transient, mild and not associated with symptoms. There were no reported cases of liver injury with jaundice or symptoms. Since its approval and more widescale use, there have been no published reports of hepatotoxicity attributed to naloxegol.</p><p>Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Naloxegol.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>The mechanism by which naloxegol might cause liver injury is not known. Naloxegol is extensively metabolized in the liver, largely by CYP 3A4 and it is susceptible to drug-drug interactions with agents that induce or inhibition CYP 3A activity. Most opioid-antagonists appear to have little intrinsic hepatotoxicity.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/GastrointestinalAgen/?report=reader">Gastrointestinal Agents</a>, Cathartics and Laxatives; <a href="/books/n/livertox/Opioids/?report=reader">Opioid Antagonists</a>; <a href="/books/n/livertox/SubstanceAbuseTreatm/?report=reader">Substance Abuse Treatment Agents</a></p><p>Other Drugs in the Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Nalmefene/?report=reader">Nalmefene</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Naloxone/?report=reader">Naloxone</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Naltrexone/?report=reader">Naltrexone</a></p></div></div><div id="Naloxegol.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Naloxegol_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Naloxegol – Movantik®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Opioid Antagonists</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f49c6978-ca7b-4a66-919b-757f8f92ef64" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div><div id="Naloxegol.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTURE"><h2 id="_Naloxegol_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTURE_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figNaloxegolTc"><a href="/books/NBK548612/table/Naloxegol.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figNaloxegolTc" rid-ob="figobNaloxegolTc"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548612/table/Naloxegol.Tc/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548612/table/Naloxegol.Tc/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Naloxegol.Tc"><a href="/books/NBK548612/table/Naloxegol.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobNaloxegolTc">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Naloxegol.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Naloxegol_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 20 March 2020</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.zimmerman.1999">Zimmerman HJ. Narcotic analgesics. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 710-11.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; mentions that trials of naltrexone have reported serum aminotransferase elevations in up to 30% of recipients, an effect that appeared to be partially dose dependent; naloxegol not discussed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.larrey.2013">Larrey D, Ripault MP. Illegal and recreational compounds. Hepatotoxicity of psychotropic drugs and drugs of abuse. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 456-7.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity discusses buprenorphine, an orally available morphine analogue, which has been linked to cases of severe acute liver injury, usually as a result of intravenous administration; naloxegol not discussed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.yaksh.2018">Yaksh TL, Wallace MS. Opioids, analgesia, and pain management. In, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 355-86.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.webster.2013.1542">Webster L, Dhar S, Eldon M, Masuoka L, Lappalainen J, Sostek M. A phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of naloxegol in patients with opioid-induced constipation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pain. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">154</span>:1542–50.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23726675" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23726675</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 207 patients with opioid-use related constipation treated with naloxegol [5, 25 or 50 mg once daily] or placebo for 4 weeks, spontaneous bowel movements increased with higher doses of naloxegol, while side effects included abdominal pain, diarrhea and nausea, but there were “no clinically relevant changes in serum chemistry”).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.bj_rnsson.2013.1419">Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">144</span>:1419–25.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23419359</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, none of which were attributed to naloxegol or other opioid antagonist).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.chey.2014.2387">Chey WD, Webster L, Sostek M, Lappalainen J, Barker PN, Tack J. Naloxegol for opioid-induced constipation in patients with noncancer pain. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">370</span>:2387–96.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24896818" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24896818</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 1362 patients with opioid induced constipation treated in two controlled trials with naloxegol [12.5 or 25 mg daily] or placebo, spontaneous bowel movements were more frequent with naloxegol, particularly with a 25 mg dose, and adverse events were largely mild gastrointestinal intolerance without change in pain scores or opioid dose; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity, but there were no liver related serious adverse events).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.webster.2014.771">Webster L, Chey WD, Tack J, Lappalainen J, Diva U, Sostek M. Randomised clinical trial: the long-term safety and tolerability of naloxegol in patients with pain and opioid-induced constipation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Aliment Pharmacol Ther. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">40</span>:771–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25112584" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25112584</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 804 patients with opioid induced constipation treated with naloxegol [25 mg daily] or placebo for 52 weeks, adverse events that were more frequent with naloxegol included abdominal pain [18% vs 3%], diarrhea [13% vs 6%], nausea [9% vs 4%], headache [9% vs 5%], and flatulence [7% vs 1%]; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.hern_ndez.2014.231">Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A, Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America: an analysis of published reports. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Hepatol. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>:231–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24552865</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 176 reports of drug induced liver injury from Latin America published between 1996 and 2012, none were attributed to naloxegol or other opioid antagonist).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.chalasani.2015.1340">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al. United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">148</span>:1340–52.e7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, none were attributed to naloxegol or other opioid antagonist).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.leonard.2015.360">Leonard J, Baker DE. Naloxegol: treatment for opioid-induced constipation in chronic non-cancer pain. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Pharmacother. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">49</span>:360–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25471070" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25471070</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of the pharmacology, clinically efficacy and safety of naloxegol; discusses common mild gastrointestinal side events and lack of evidence for increase in cardiovascular complications or withdrawal symptoms with naloxegol; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF11">Naloxegol (Movantik) for opioid-induced constipation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Lett Drugs Ther. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">57</span>(1478):135–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26393826" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26393826</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Concise review of the mechanism of action, efficacy and safety of naloxegol shortly after its approval for use in the US; mentions dose related gastrointestinal side effects, but not ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.eldon.2015.442">Eldon MA, Kugler AR, Medve RA, Bui K, Butler K, Sostek M. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of multiple ascending doses of naloxegol. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">4</span>:442–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27137716" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27137716</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 32 healthy volunteers given increasing doses of naloxegol or placebo for 7 days, minor gastrointestinal side effects occurred with the highest doses, but there were no serious adverse events or discontinuations because of side effects; no mention of ALT levels or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.leppert.2016.736">Leppert W, Woron J. The role of naloxegol in the management of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction. <span><span class="ref-journal">Therap Adv Gastroenterol. </span>2016;<span class="ref-vol">9</span>:736–46.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4984326/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4984326</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27582887" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27582887</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy and safety of naloxegol as therapy of opioid induced constipation does not mention or discuss ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.webster.2016.405">Webster L, Tummala R, Diva U, Lappalainen J. A 12-week extension study to assess the safety and tolerability of naloxegol in patients with noncancer pain and opioid-induced constipation. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Opioid Manag. </span>2016;<span class="ref-vol">12</span>:405–19.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28059433" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28059433</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 302 patients participating in an extension study of naloxegol for opioid induced constipation, adverse events were more common with the higher dose (25 mg daily: 41%) vs lower dose (12.5 mg daily: 34%) vs placebo (31%), but serious adverse events were similar (5% vs 6%) and there was no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF.nalamachu.2018.211">Nalamachu S, Gudin J, Datto C, Coyne K, Poon JL, Hu Y. Efficacy and safety of naloxegol for opioid-induced constipation assessed by specific opioid medication, opioid dose, and duration of opioid use. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Opioid Manag. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">14</span>:211–21.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30044486" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30044486</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 1337 adults with opioid induced constipation treated with naloxegol (12.5 or 25 mg) or placebo once daily for 12 weeks, adverse event rates were similar (52% and 64% vs 51%); no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Naloxegol.REF16">Opioids for pain. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Lett Drugs Ther. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">60</span>(1544):57–64.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29664446" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29664446</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Concise review of the efficacy, safety and costs of opioids used for pain mentions that the 3 opioid antagonists that are used to treat opioid induced constipation-methylnaltrexone, naloxegol and nalmedine-have similar degrees of efficacy and toxicities).</i>
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</div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK548612_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">March 24, 2020</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Naloxegol. [Updated 2020 Mar 24].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Nalmefene/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Naloxone/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobNaloxegolTc"><div id="Naloxegol.Tc" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548612/table/Naloxegol.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Naloxegol.Tc_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_Naloxegol.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_b_Naloxegol.Tc_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NO.</th><th id="hd_b_Naloxegol.Tc_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_b_Naloxegol.Tc_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_Naloxegol.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Naloxegol</td><td headers="hd_b_Naloxegol.Tc_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/162108769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">854601-70-0</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_b_Naloxegol.Tc_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">C34-H53-N-O11</td><td headers="hd_b_Naloxegol.Tc_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/162108769" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=162108769" alt="image 162108769 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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