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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Bromocriptine - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Bromocriptine">
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<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2017/07/20">
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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548601_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Bromocriptine</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK548601_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Bromocriptine.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Bromocriptine_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Bromocriptine.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Bromocriptine is an oral dopamine receptor agonist used predominantly in the therapy of Parkinson disease, but which has other activities including inhibition of prolactin and growth hormone release which has led to its use in acromegaly, infertility and galactorrhea. Bromocriptine therapy is associated with low rate of transient serum enzyme elevations during treatment and has been implicated in rare cases of acute liver injury.</p></div><div id="Bromocriptine.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Bromocriptine (broe" moe krip' teen) is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative which acts as a dopamine receptor agonist. Bromocriptine has strong agonist activity on the D2 class of dopamine receptors and partial antagonist of the D1 receptors in central nervous system. Bromocriptine was approved for use in the United States in 1978, the first in this class of agents, and has been in wide use since. Current indications are the therapy of symptomatic Parkinson disease as well as spastic disorders and extrapyramidal disorders caused by medications. Bromocriptine also has inhibitory activity on prolactin and growth hormone release, and its indications also include treatment of amenorrhea and galactorrhea related to hyperprolactinemia, female infertility, acromegaly, Cushing syndrome and premenstrual syndrome. Bromocriptine is available in tablets of 2.5 mg and capsules of 5 mg in generic forms and under the brand name of Parlodel. The recommended dose for Parkinson disease is 10 to 40 mg daily, but it must be introduced gradually and the dose titrated based upon tolerance and effect. In Parkinson disease, it is usually used in combination with levodopa/carbidopa. Common side effects include profound hypotension (with the first dose), somnolence, fatigue, vivid dreams, anxiety, confusion, hallucinations, delusions, depression, dizziness, headache, nausea and gastrointestinal upset, symptoms common with increased dopaminergic activity.</p></div><div id="Bromocriptine.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Bromocriptine has been reported to cause serum aminotransferase elevations in a small proportion of patients, but these abnormalities are usually mild, asymptomatic and self-limiting even without dose adjustment. In rare instances, more marked elevations occur that may require dose modification or discontinuation and which can recur with rechallenge. In addition, bromocriptine has been implicated in a small number of cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury, but the clinical characteristics and typical pattern of enzyme elevations has not been characterized and case reports of hepatic injury due to bromocriptine have not been published. Thus, bromocriptine is a very rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury and has not been implicated in causing acute liver failure or chronic liver injury.</p><p>Likelihood score: D (possible rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Bromocriptine.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>Bromocriptine is rapidly removed from the serum by the liver with extensive first pass metabolism. Bromocriptine is metabolized to inactive forms largely by hydrolysis and excreted rapidly.</p></div><div id="Bromocriptine.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>Most instances of suspected hepatotoxicity of bromocriptine have been mild and self-limited. There have been no reports of acute liver failure or chronic hepatitis due to bromocriptine. There is likely cross sensitivity to hypersensitivity reactions among the different ergot alkaloids, such as pergolide.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/AntiparkinsonAgents/?report=reader">Antiparkinson Agents</a></p><p>Other Drugs in the Subclass, Dopamine Receptor Agonists: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Apomorphine/?report=reader">Apomorphine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Pergolide/?report=reader">Pergolide</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Pramipexole/?report=reader">Pramipexole</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Ropinirole/?report=reader">Ropinirole</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Rotigotine/?report=reader">Rotigotine</a></p></div></div><div id="Bromocriptine.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Bromocriptine_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><div id="Bromocriptine.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Bromocriptine – Generic, Parlodel®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antiparkinson Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Bromocriptine" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></div><div id="Bromocriptine.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUC"><h2 id="_Bromocriptine_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUC_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figBromocriptineT1"><a href="/books/NBK548601/table/Bromocriptine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figBromocriptineT1" rid-ob="figobBromocriptineT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548601/table/Bromocriptine.T1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548601/table/Bromocriptine.T1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Bromocriptine.T1"><a href="/books/NBK548601/table/Bromocriptine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobBromocriptineT1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Bromocriptine.REFERENCES"><h2 id="_Bromocriptine_REFERENCES_">REFERENCES</h2><p>References updated: 20 July 2017</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R1">Zimmerman HJ. Antiparkinsonism drugs. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 715-7.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; among anticholinergic agents, "only trihexyphenidyl has been incriminated in hepatic injury"; other antiparkinsonism drugs discussed include levodopa, lergotrile [no longer available], pergolide and bromocriptine).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R2">Larrey D, Ripault MP. Hepatotoxicity of psychotropic drugs and drugs of abuse. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc, 2013, pp. 443-62.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of agents acting on the central nervous system).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R3">Standaert DG, Roberson ED. Treatment of central nervous system degenerative disorders. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 609-28.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R4">McDowell F. Symposium on levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Clinical and pharmacological aspects. Clinical laboratory abnormalities. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1971; 12: 335-9.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4102803" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4102803</span></a>]<div><i>(Retrospective analysis of laboratory abnormalities arising in 974 patients with Parkinson disease treated with levodopa; AST elevations occurred in 9% of 5427 determinations, but were usually mild and transient returning to normal in 1-2 months without dose adjustment; AST levels rose to 1600 U/L in one patient who later died of complications of diabetes).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R5">Calne DB, Plotkin C, Williams AC, Nutt JG, Neophytides A, Teychenne PF. Long-term treatment of parkinsonism with bromocriptine. Lancet 1978; 1: 735-8.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/76747" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 76747</span></a>]<div><i>(Retrospective analysis of experience in treating 92 patients with Parkinson disease using bromocriptine and levodopa for up to 30 months, serum enzyme elevations occurred in 6 patients [7%] which were transient in 4, required dose modification in 1 and stopping in 1; no clinically apparent liver injury).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R6">Lieberman AN, Kupersmith M, Gopinathan G, Estey E, Goodgold A, Goldstein M. Bromocriptine in Parkinson disease: further studies. Neurology 1979; 29: 363-9.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/571981" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 571981</span></a>]<div><i>(Retrospective analysis of experience in treating 66 patients with Parkinson disease using bromocriptine for 2-24 months; mild Alk P elevations occurred in 22% and one patient developed jaundice after 2 months, biopsy showing a toxic hepatitis and stopping leading to recovery; no details given).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R7">LeWitt PA, Ward CD, Larsen TA, Raphaelson MI, Newman RP, Foster N, Dambrosia JM, et al. Comparison of pergolide and bromocriptine therapy in parkinsonism. Neurology 1983; 33: 1009-14.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6348585" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6348585</span></a>]<div><i>(27 patients with Parkinson disease were treated with either pergolide or bromocriptine in a double-blind cross over study and 11 were continued on pergolide for up to one year; the two drugs had comparable effects and side effects, one patient developed mild ALT elevations [59 U/L] that resolved despite continuing bromocriptine).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R8">Lieberman AN, Gopinathan G, Neophytides A, Goldstein M. Management of levodopa failures: the use of dopamine agonists. Clin Neuropharmacol 1986; 9: S9-21.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3297319" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3297319</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 278 patients with Parkinson disease failing to respond to levodopa and treated with a dopamine agonist, 61% improved but adverse events requiring discontinuation occurred in 46%; no discussion of hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R9">Liberato NL, Poli M, Bollati P, Chiofalo F, Filipponi M. Bromocriptine-induced acute hepatitis. Lancet 1992; 340: 969-70.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1357362" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1357362</span></a>]<div><i>(82 year old man with Parkinson disease developed ALT elevations [peak value ~730 U/L] within 5 days of starting bromocriptine, resolving within 10 days of stopping and recurring [peak value ~750 U/L] within 5 days of restarting; no mention of symptoms or bilirubin levels).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R10">Korczyn AD, Brunt ER, Larsen JP, Nagy Z, Poewe WH, Ruggieri S. A 3-year randomized trial of ropinirole and bromocriptine in early Parkinson's disease. The 053 Study Group. Neurology 1999; 53: 364-70.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10430427" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10430427</span></a>]<div><i>(In a randomized controlled trial in 35 patients with early Parkinson disease comparing ropinirole to bromocriptine, "no significant laboratory abnormalities" or withdrawals because of liver abnormalities were reported).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R11">Lambert D, Waters CH. Comparative tolerability of the newer generation antiparkinsonian agents. Drugs Aging 2000; 16: 55-65.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10733264" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10733264</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of mechanism of action, tolerability and safety of selegiline, pramipexole, ropinirole, tolcapone and entacapone in Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R12">Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2010; 52: 2065-76.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3992250/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3992250</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20949552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20949552</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 were attributed to drug induced liver injury, but none were attributed to agents used for Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R13">Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation, and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1419-25,1425.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23419359</span></a>]<div><i>(In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, but none of the 96 were attributed to an agent used to treat Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R14">Drugs for Parkinson's disease. Treat Guidel Med Lett 2013; 11 (135): 101-6.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24165688" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24165688</span></a>]<div><i>(Concise review of recommendations for therapy of Parkinson disease with description of mechanisms of action, efficacy and adverse events). </i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R15">Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America: an analysis of published reports. Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 231-9.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24552865</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 176 reports of drug induced liver injury from Latin America published between 1996 and 2012, none were attributed to an agent to treat Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Bromocriptine.R16">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury from the US enrolled in a prospective database between 2004 and 2012, none were attributed to an agent used to treat Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK548601_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">July 20, 2017</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Bromocriptine. [Updated 2017 Jul 20].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Bromelain/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/BrompheniramineChlor/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobBromocriptineBPI"><div id="Bromocriptine.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Bromocriptine – Generic, Parlodel®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antiparkinson Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Bromocriptine" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobBromocriptineT1"><div id="Bromocriptine.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548601/table/Bromocriptine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Bromocriptine.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Bromocriptine.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Bromocriptine.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_Bromocriptine.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Bromocriptine.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Bromocriptine.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Bromocriptine</td><td headers="hd_h_Bromocriptine.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134996817" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">25614-03-3</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Bromocriptine.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C32-H40-Br-N5-O5</td><td headers="hd_h_Bromocriptine.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK548601/bin/Bromocriptine_Structure.jpg" alt="Bromocriptine Chemical Structure" /></div>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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