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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Trifluridine - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Trifluridine">
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<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2017/04/16">
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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548483_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Trifluridine</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK548483_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Trifluridine.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Trifluridine_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Trifluridine.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Trifluridine/tipiracil is the combination of an antineoplastic pyrimidine analogue (trifluridine) with an inhibitor of its metabolism (tipiracil) that is used in the therapy of refractory, metastatic colorectal cancer. Trifluridine/tipiracil is associated with a low rate of transient serum enzyme elevations during therapy, but has not been implicated in cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury with jaundice.</p></div><div id="Trifluridine.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Trifluridine (trye flure' i deen)/tipiracil (tye pir’ a sil) combines an antineoplastic pyrimidine analogue (2-deoxy-5-trifluoromethyl uridine) with a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor that blocks its rapid metabolism, thus increasing the bioavailability of trifluridine. Trifluridine is absorbed orally and converted intracellularly to a triphosphate which becomes incorporated into DNA causing inhibition of DNA synthesis, a decrease in cellular growth and proliferation and triggering apoptosis. Trifluridine triphosphate is metabolized by thymidine phosphorylase which is inhibited by tipiracil, thus providing a longer half-life and increased intracellular concentrations of active phosphorylated trifluridine. Trifluridine/tipiracil was shown to have potent activity in vitro in cellular and in vivo in animal models of colon cancer. In clinical trials, this combination led to prolongation of progression-free as well as overall survival in patients with previously treated, refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Trifluridine/tipiracil was approved for use in the United States in 2015 and is available in tablets of 15 mg/14 mg and 20 mg/19 mg under the commercial name Lonsurf. Current indications are for refractory, metastatic colorectal cancer after previous treatment with other agents. The recommended dose regimen is 35 mg/m<sup>2</sup> (based upon the trifluridine component) orally twice daily on days 1 through 5 and days 8 through 12 of each 28-day cycle. Common side effects include bone marrow suppression, weakness, fatigue, nausea, anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever. Less common, but potentially severe adverse events include severe myelosuppression, febrile neutropenia, infections, sepsis and embryo-fetal toxicity.</p></div><div id="Trifluridine.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Pooled analyses of preregistration clinical trials reported that serum enzyme elevations occurred in up to 24% of patients on trifluridine/tipiracil therapy, but were also elevated in 27% of controls. Similarly, ALT values above 5 times ULN occurred in 2% of trifluridine/tipiracil treated compared to 4% of placebo treated subjects. In these and subsequent studies, clinically apparent liver adverse reactions attributed to trifluridine/tipiracil were not reported.</p><p>Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Trifluridine.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>Hepatotoxicity from trifluridine/tipiracil appears to be rare and liver test abnormalities are most likely to be due to the underlying condition rather than the drug itself. Trifluridine is metabolized in most cells by thymidine phosphorylase to 5-trilfuorosmethyluracil, which is inactive. Tipiracil is excreted largely unchanged in the urine. Neither agent appears to affect hepatic cytochrome P450 activities.</p></div><div id="Trifluridine.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>The serum aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase elevations that occur during trifluridine/tipiracil therapy are usually transient, asymptomatic and mild. Trifluridine/tipiracil has not been linked to cases of acute liver failure, chronic hepatitis or vanishing bile duct syndrome. There is no information on cross sensitivity to hepatic injury between trifluridine/tipiracil and other pyrimidine analogues used in cancer chemotherapy such as capecitabine, gemcitabine and fluorouracil.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/AntineoplasticAgents/?report=reader">Antineoplastic Agents</a></p><p>Other Drugs in the Subclass, <a href="/books/n/livertox/PyrimidineAnalogues/?report=reader">Pyrimidine Analogues</a>: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Azacitidine/?report=reader">Azacitidine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Capecitabine/?report=reader">Capecitabine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Cytarabine/?report=reader">Cytarabine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Decitabine/?report=reader">Decitabine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Floxuridine/?report=reader">Floxuridine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Fluorouracil/?report=reader">Fluorouracil</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Gemcitabine/?report=reader">Gemcitabine</a></p></div></div><div id="Trifluridine.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Trifluridine_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><div id="Trifluridine.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Trifluridine/Tipiracil – Lonsurf®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antineoplastic Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Trifluridine" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></div><div id="Trifluridine.CHEMICAL_FORMULAS_AND_STRUC"><h2 id="_Trifluridine_CHEMICAL_FORMULAS_AND_STRUC_">CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND STRUCTURES</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figTrifluridineT1"><a href="/books/NBK548483/table/Trifluridine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobTrifluridineT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Trifluridine.T1"><a href="/books/NBK548483/table/Trifluridine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobTrifluridineT1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Trifluridine.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Trifluridine_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 16 April 2017</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trifluridine.R1">Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxic effects of oncotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agents. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 673-708.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents published in 1999 before the availability of trifluridine/tipiracil).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trifluridine.R2">DeLeve LD. Cancer chemotherapy. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, p. 541-67.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents; trifluridine/tipiracil is not discussed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trifluridine.R3">Chabner BA, Barnes J, Neal J, Olson E, Mujagic H, Sequist L, Wilson W, Longo DL, Mitsiades C, Richardson P. Cytotoxic agents. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 1677-1730.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trifluridine.R4">Yoshino T, Mizunuma N, Yamazaki K, Nishina T, Komatsu Y, Baba H, Tsuji A, et al. TAS-102 monotherapy for pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 993-1001.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22951287" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22951287</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 169 Japanese patients with refractory, metastatic colorectal cancer treated with trifluridine/tipiracil or placebo, overall survival was improved [9.0 vs 6.6 months], but serious adverse events were more frequent with trifluridine [19% vs 9%]; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trifluridine.R5">Mayer RJ, Van Cutsem E, Falcone A, Yoshino T, Garcia-Carbonero R, Mizunuma N, Yamazaki K, et al.; RECOURSE Study Group. Randomized trial of TAS-102 for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1909-19.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25970050" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25970050</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 800 patients with refractory, metastatic colorectal cancer treated with trifluridine/tipiracil or placebo, overall survival was improved [7.3 vs 5.5 months] and adverse events more frequent with trifluridine included nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, diarrhea and fever, while ALT elevations occurred in 24% on trifluridine vs 22% on placebo and were above 5 times ULN in 2% vs 4%).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trifluridine.R6">In brief: trifluridine/tipiracil (Lonsurf) for metastatic colorectal cancer. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2016; 58 (1496): e77.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27249100" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27249100</span></a>]<div><i>(Concise review of the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, safety and costs of trifluridine/tipiracil shortly after its approval for use in the US; mentions common side effects, but not ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trifluridine.R7">Kotani D, Shitara K, Kawazoe A, Fukuoka S, Kuboki Y, Bando H, Okamoto W, et al. Safety and Efficacy of trifluridine/tipiracil monotherapy in clinical practice for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: experience at a single institution. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2016; 15: e109-15.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26723516" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26723516</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 55 patients with refractory, metastatic colorectal cancer treated with trifluridine/tipiracil, common severe adverse events included neutropenia and infection; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trifluridine.R8">Sueda T, Sakai D, Kudo T, Sugiura T, Takahashi H, Haraguchi N, Nishimura J, et al. Efficacy and safety of regorafenib or TAS-102 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard therapies. Anticancer Res 2016; 36: 4299-306.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27466548" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27466548</span></a>]<div><i>(In a retrospective analysis of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with regorafenib [n=23] or trifluridine/tipiracil [n=14], survival rates were similar [5.8 vs 6.3 months], but adverse events were more frequent with regorafenib including hepatotoxicity [52% vs 7%]).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trifluridine.R9">Burness CB, Duggan ST. Trifluridine/tipiracil: a review in metastatic colorectal cancer. Drugs 2016; 76 (14): 1393-402.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27568360" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27568360</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of the pharmacology, clinical efficacy and safety of trifluridine/tipiracil as therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer; mentions that the rates of total as well as serious adverse events were similar in trifluridine- as in placebo-treated subjects; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK548483_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">April 16, 2017</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Trifluridine. [Updated 2017 Apr 16].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Trifluoperazine/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Triheptanoin/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobTrifluridineBPI"><div id="Trifluridine.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Trifluridine/Tipiracil – Lonsurf®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antineoplastic Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Trifluridine" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobTrifluridineT1"><div id="Trifluridine.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548483/table/Trifluridine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Trifluridine.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Trifluridine.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Trifluridine.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_Trifluridine.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Trifluridine.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Trifluridine.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Trifluridine</td><td headers="hd_h_Trifluridine.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134971818" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">70-00-8</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Trifluridine.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C10-H11-F3-N2-O5</td><td headers="hd_h_Trifluridine.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK548483/bin/Trifluridine_structure.jpg" alt="Trifluridine Chemical Structure" /></div>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Trifluridine.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Tipiracil</td><td headers="hd_h_Trifluridine.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/162108845" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">183204-74-2</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Trifluridine.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C9-H11-Cl-N4-O2</td><td headers="hd_h_Trifluridine.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK548483/bin/Tipiracil_structure.jpg" alt="Tipiracil Chemical Structure" /></div>
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