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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Acetylcysteine - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Acetylcysteine">
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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548401_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Acetylcysteine</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK548401_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Acetylcysteine.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Acetylcysteine_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Acetylcysteine.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), is a modified amino acid that is used as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose to prevent hepatic injury. Acetylcysteine is a hepatoprotective agent and has not been linked to significant serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury.</p></div><div id="Acetylcysteine.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Acetylcysteine (a seet" il sis' teen) is a modified amino acid that is used to reverse the toxic effects of acetaminophen overdose and prevent acute liver failure. The amino acid cysteine has a thiol side chain that can undergo redox reactions and thus has antioxidant activity. Importantly, cysteine is required for synthesis of glutathione (a tripeptide of cysteine, glycine and glutamic acid) that is an essential intracellular antioxidant, providing protection against free radicals and other intracellular toxins including intermediates of drug metabolism. Cysteine itself has a disagreeable odor and taste, while acetylated cysteine is more palatable and maintains the ability to support glutathione synthesis. Glutathione can become depleted in patients with malnutrition, chronic debilitating illnesses and chronic alcoholism, and becomes acutely depleted in patients with acetaminophen overdose leading to formation of toxic adducts of acetaminophen metabolites with essential intracellular molecules. Restoration of glutathione stores ameliorates the cell injury from acetaminophen. In multiple clinical trials, administration of acetylcysteine (also referred to as N-acetylcysteine or NAC) within 10 hours of an acetaminophen overdose effectively prevented serious liver injury. Subsequent studies suggested that administration even after 10 hours was partially effective and may also be beneficial in other, non-acetaminophen causes of acute liver failure, including drug induced liver injury. Acetylcysteine also has mucolytic activity and was initially approved for use in humans in 1963 as Mucomyst, a solution for inhalation that helps to emulsify respiratory secretions in patients with pulmonary infections or chronic bronchitis. An oral form of acetylcysteine was approved for use as an acetaminophen antidote in 1978, and an intravenous formulation in 2004. Acetylcysteine is available as effervescent tablets of 500 and 2500 mg (Cetylev) for oral use and as a solution for injection in single dose vials of 200 mg/mL (Acetadote). The dose of acetylcysteine should be calculated based upon body weight and estimated time and acetaminophen ingestion. A nomogram (Rumack-Matthew Nomogram) to calculate the likelihood of liver injury form acetaminophen is available that plots acetaminophen plasma concentrations against time after ingestion that the sample was taken. It is typically given as a loading dose, followed by maintenance dosing every 4 hours for several days. Dosing recommendations are available in the product label and from the U.S. National Poison Center: 1-800-222-1222. Side effects are generally dose related and can include disagreeable taste, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting from the oral formulation and mild-to-moderate hypersensitivity reactions (urticaria, rash, angioedema, wheezing) from the intravenous form. Hypersensitivity reactions can generally be treated satisfactorily with antihistamines.</p></div><div id="Acetylcysteine.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Acetylcysteine is a simple modified amino acid and appears to be hepatoprotective. In the many studies of acetylcysteine use with acetaminophen overdose as well as with other conditions such as contrast media nephropathy, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis and ulcerative colitis, it has not been associated with serum enzyme elevations during therapy or with episodes of clinically apparent liver injury. Since approval of the oral and intravenous forms of acetylcysteine, there have been no published reports of hepatotoxicity and the product label does not mention liver injury as an adverse event. Indeed, acetylcysteine may be beneficial in treating liver diseases in general, although its current indications are limited to acetaminophen overdose or acetaminophen related acute liver injury.</p><p>Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Acetylcysteine.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>The mechanism by which acetylcysteine might cause serum aminotransferase elevations or liver injury is not known. It is a modified form of cysteine and is likely metabolized by many cells.</p><p>Drug Class: Antidotes, Toxicological Emergency</p></div></div><div id="Acetylcysteine.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Acetylcysteine_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><div id="Acetylcysteine.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Acetylcysteine – Generic, Acetadote®, Cetylev®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antidotes, Toxicological Emergency</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Acetylcysteine" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></div><div id="Acetylcysteine.CHEMICAL_FORMULAS_AND_STR"><h2 id="_Acetylcysteine_CHEMICAL_FORMULAS_AND_STR_">CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND STRUCTURES</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figAcetylcysteineT1"><a href="/books/NBK548401/table/Acetylcysteine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figAcetylcysteineT1" rid-ob="figobAcetylcysteineT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548401/table/Acetylcysteine.T1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548401/table/Acetylcysteine.T1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Acetylcysteine.T1"><a href="/books/NBK548401/table/Acetylcysteine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobAcetylcysteineT1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Acetylcysteine.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Acetylcysteine_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 07 November 2016</p><p>Abbreviations: NAC, N-acetylcysteine</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R1">Zimmerman HJ. Acetaminophen toxicity. Syndromes of environmental hepatotoxicity. In, Zimmerman, HJ. Hepatotoxicity. The adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals upon the liver. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999. pp 337-46.<div><i>(Textbook of drug induced liver injury published in 1999; mentions that treatment with acetylcysteine within 16 hours of an overdose of acetaminophen can minimize hepatic injury and prevent fatalities).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R2">Prescott LF, Illingworth RN, Critchley JA, Stewart MJ, Adam RD, Proudfoot AT. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine: the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning. Br Med J 1979; 2 (6198): 1097-100. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1597048/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1597048</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/519312" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 519312</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 100 patients with acetaminophen overdose treated with intravenous NAC, none of 62 treated within 10 hours died compared to 2 of 38 [5%] treated later and 3 of 57 [5%] historical controls given supportive treatment only; “acetylcysteine did not produce any obvious side effects”).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R3">Oh TE, Shenfield GM. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine for paracetamol poisoning. Med J Aust 1980 Jun 28; 1 (13): 664-5. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7421628" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7421628</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 11 patients with acetaminophen overdose given NAC [Mucomyst, 20% solution] intravenously, none developed liver injury and none had any adverse side effects).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R4">Rumack BH, Peterson RC, Koch GG, Amara IA. Acetaminophen overdose. 662 cases with evaluation of oral acetylcysteine treatment. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141(3 Spec No): 380-5. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7469629" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7469629</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 662 patients with acetaminophen overdose in a national open-clinic study, no deaths occurred if oral N-acetylcysteine [NAC] was given within 24 hours; among those with toxic levels, AST elevations above 1000 U/L occurred in 7% given NAC within 10 hours, 29% at 10-16 hours and 62% at 16-24 hours).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R5">Miller LF, Rumack BH. Clinical safety of high oral doses of acetylcysteine. Semin Oncol 1983; 10 (1 Suppl 1): 76-85. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6340205" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6340205</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 1329 patients with acetaminophen overdose treated with oral NAC using recommended loading and maintenance doses [up to 30 g daily], diarrhea was common [44%] as was nausea and vomiting [35%], but the role of NAC vs the underlying acetaminophen injury was often difficult to assess).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R6">Smilkstein MJ, Knapp GL, Kulig KW, Rumack BH. Efficacy of oral N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Analysis of the national multicenter study (1976 to 1985). N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1557-62. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3059186" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3059186</span></a>]<div><i>(Results of multicenter trial of 2540 patients with acetaminophen overdose given oral NAC: 28 deaths were due to acetaminophen, but none among those given NAC less than 16 hours after overdose; rate of ALT elevations above 1000 U/L was 6% if NAC was given within 10 hours and 26% if between 10 and 24 hours after ingestion).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R7">Smilkstein MJ, Bronstein AC, Linden C, Augenstein WL, Kulig KW, Rumack BH. Acetaminophen overdose: a 48-hour intravenous N-acetylcysteine treatment protocol. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20: 1058-63. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1928874" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1928874</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 179 patients with acute acetaminophen overdose treated with a 48-hour regimen of intravenous NAC, efficacy was similar to that of longer regimens, and 32 [18%] had side effects that were mostly transient flushing and rash).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R8">Bailey B, McGuigan MA. Management of anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 31: 710-5. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9624310" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9624310</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 60 patients with acetaminophen overdose treated with intravenous NAC, 23% had an anaphylactoid reaction [flushing, rash, angioedema, wheezing], but all responded to antihistamines and were able to restart therapy, which was the basis for a prospective analysis of management guidelines).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R9">Webb JG, Pate GE, Humphries KH, Buller CE, Shalansky S, Al Shamari A, Sutander A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterization: lack of effect. Am Heart J 2004; 148: 422-9. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/%2015389228" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15389228" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15389228</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 487 patients with renal dysfunction undergoing cardiac catheterization and intravenous infusions of contrast who were treated with intravenous NAC [500 mg] or placebo, subsequent rates of renal injury were similar in both groups [23% vs 21%] and mild cutaneous reactions occurred in less than 1% of both groups).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R10">Guijarro LG, Mate J, Gisbert JP, Perez-Calle JL, Marin-Jimenez I, Arriaza E, Olleros T, et al. N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 2851-7. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2710726/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2710726</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18473409" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18473409</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 37 patients with ulcerative colitis treated with mesalamine and either NAC [800 mg daily] or placebo for 4 weeks, side effects were similar in both groups and there were no differences in changes in serum enzyme levels).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R11">Lee WM, Squires RH Jr, Nyberg SL, Doo E, Hoofnagle JH. Acute liver failure: Summary of a workshop. Hepatology 2008; 47: 1401-15. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3381946/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3381946</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18318440" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18318440</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of the causes, clinical course, complications, management and treatment of acute liver failure).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R12">Berk M, Copolov D, Dean O, Lu K, Jeavons S, Schapkaitz I, Anderson-Hunt M, et al. N-acetyl cysteine as a glutathione precursor for schizophrenia—a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64: 361-8. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18436195" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18436195</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 140 patients with schizophrenia treated with oral NAC [1 g twice daily] or placebo for 24 weeks “there were no significant effects of NAC on safety parameters or reported adverse events”).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R13">Kortsalioudaki C, Taylor RM, Cheeseman P, Bansal S, Mieli-Vergani G, Dhawan A. Safety and efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in children with non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 25-30. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18161828" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18161828</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 57 children with non-acetaminophen related acute liver failure treated with NAC, survival with the native liver was 48%, which was higher than the historical control rate [22%]; adverse events [11%] included rash, arrhythmias, edema and bronchospasm).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R14">Dauletbaev N, Fischer P, Aulbach B, Gross J, Kusche W, Thyroff-Friesinger U, Wagner TO, et al. A phase II study on safety and efficacy of high-dose N-acetylcysteine in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Med Res 2009; 14: 352-8. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3352166/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3352166</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19666395" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19666395</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 21 patients with cystic fibrosis treated with low- or high-dose oral NAC [700 or 2800 mg daily] pulmonary function did not change in either group and adverse events were generally mild; no serious adverse event was attributed to NAC).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R15">Lee WM, Hynan LS, Rossaro L, Fontana RJ, Stravitz RT, Larson AM, Davern TJ 2nd, et al.; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine improves transplant-free survival in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 856-64, 864. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3189485/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3189485</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19524577" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19524577</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 173 adults with non-acetaminophen related acute liver failure treated with intravenous NAC or placebo for 72 hours, transplant free survival was better with NAC therapy [40% vs 27%] and adverse event rates were similar except for nausea and vomiting [14% vs 4%]).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R16">Whyte AJ, Kehrl T, Brooks DE, Katz KD, Sokolowski D. Safety and effectiveness of acetadote for acetaminophen toxicity. J Emerg Med 2010; 39: 607-11. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19022608" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19022608</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 64 patients with acetaminophen overdose treated with intravenous NAC, 6 [9%] had an anaphylactoid reaction, but all recovered fully and were able to restart NAC).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R17">Bebarta VS, Kao L, Froberg B, Clark RF, Lavonas E, Qi M, Delgado J, et al. A multicenter comparison of the safety of oral versus intravenous acetylcysteine for treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48: 424-30. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2894984/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2894984</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20524832" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20524832</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 503 subjects with acetaminophen overdose treated at 11 medical centers with oral or intravenous NAC or both for 20 to 80 hours, a retrospective analysis showed that 90% survived without liver transplantation, nausea and vomiting being common adverse events with oral and anaphylactoid reactions with intravenous therapy [6%]).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R18">Lai ZW, Hanczko R, Bonilla E, Caza TN, Clair B, Bartos A, Miklossy G, et al. N-acetylcysteine reduces disease activity by blocking mammalian target of rapamycin in T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64: 2937-46. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3411859/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3411859</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22549432" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22549432</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 36 patients with systemic lupus treated with oral NAC [1.2, 2.4 or 4.8 g daily] or placebo for 3 months, the higher doses of NAC were associated with improvement in symptom scores but also with more nausea).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R19">Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network; Martinez FJ, de Andrade JA, Anstrom KJ, King TE Jr, Raghu G. Randomized trial of acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2093-101 . [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4116664/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4116664</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24836309" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24836309</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 264 patients with pulmonary fibrosis treated with oral NAC [600 mg three times daily] or placebo for 60 weeks, there were no differences in pulmonary function or rates of exacerbation or death and rates of adverse events were similar; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R20">Johnson K, McEvoy CE, Naqvi S, Wendt C, Reilkoff RA, Kunisaki KM, Wetherbee EE, et al. High-dose oral N-acetylcysteine fails to improve respiratory health status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic bronchitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11: 799-807. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4846045/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4846045</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27143871" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27143871</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 51 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with oral NAC [1.8 g daily] or placebo for 8 weeks, there were no changes in respiratory status and side effects were generally mild and there were no significant changes in ALT from baseline).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R21">Grendar J, Ouellet JF, McKay A, Sutherland FR, Bathe OF, Ball CG, Dixon E. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on liver recovery after resection: A randomized clinical trial. J Surg Oncol 2016; 114: 446-50. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27302646" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27302646</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 206 patients undergoing hepatic resection who were treated with postoperative intravenous NAC or not for 4 days, complications were more common with NAC [delirium, creatinine, hemoglobin], but not ALT or bilirubin levels).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Acetylcysteine.R22">Ahmadi F, Abbaszadeh M, Razeghi E, Maziar S, Khoidaki SD, Najafi MT, Lessan-Pezeshki M. Effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine for preserving residual renal function in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: multicenter randomized clinical trial. Clin Exp Nephrol 2017; 21(2): 342-9. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27206513" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27206513</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 54 Iranian patients on hemodialysis for chronic renal failure who were treated with NAC [1.2 g twice daily] or no treatment, renal function improved more with NAC treatment, but 3 patients stopped therapy early because of side effects [urticaria, gastrointestinal discomfort]; no mention of ALT levels or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK548401_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">November 7, 2016</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Acetylcysteine. [Updated 2016 Nov 7].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Acetaminophen/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Acitretin/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobAcetylcysteineBPI"><div id="Acetylcysteine.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Acetylcysteine – Generic, Acetadote®, Cetylev®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antidotes, Toxicological Emergency</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Acetylcysteine" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobAcetylcysteineT1"><div id="Acetylcysteine.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548401/table/Acetylcysteine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Acetylcysteine.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Acetylcysteine.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Acetylcysteine.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_Acetylcysteine.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Acetylcysteine.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Acetylcysteine.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Acetylcysteine</td><td headers="hd_h_Acetylcysteine.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134978062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">616-91-1</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Acetylcysteine.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C5-H9-N-O3-S</td><td headers="hd_h_Acetylcysteine.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK548401/bin/Acetylcysteine_structure.jpg" alt="Acetylcysteine chemical structure" /></div>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Acetylcysteine.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Cysteine</td><td headers="hd_h_Acetylcysteine.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134970857" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">52-90-4</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Acetylcysteine.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C3-H7-N-O2-S</td><td headers="hd_h_Acetylcysteine.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK548401/bin/Cysteine_structure.jpg" alt="Acetylcysteine chemical structure" /></div>
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