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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Fingolimod" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2021/08/10" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="31643705" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548384/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Fingolimod" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2021/08/10" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548384/" /><meta name="description" content="Fingolimod is an orally available immunomodulatory drug used to treat relapsing multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod is associated with transient serum enzyme elevations during therapy and with rare instances of clinically apparent, acute liver injury that can be severe and even fatal." /><meta name="og:title" content="Fingolimod" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Fingolimod is an orally available immunomodulatory drug used to treat relapsing multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod is associated with transient serum enzyme elevations during therapy and with rare instances of clinically apparent, acute liver injury that can be severe and even fatal." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548384/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/livertox/Fingolimod/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548384/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548384_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Fingolimod</span></h1><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">August 10, 2021</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Fingolimod.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Fingolimod_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Fingolimod.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Fingolimod is an orally available immunomodulatory drug used to treat relapsing multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod is associated with transient serum enzyme elevations during therapy and with rare instances of clinically apparent, acute liver injury that can be severe and even fatal.</p></div><div id="Fingolimod.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Fingolimod (fin gol' i mod) is an immunomodulatory agent that is believed to act by its interaction and binding to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. Fingolimod is a derivative of myriocin, a metabolite of the fungus Isaria sinclairii and is a structural analogue of sphingosine. Once phosphorylated intracellularly, fingolimod acts as a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator which renders T and B cells insensitive to signals necessary for egress from lymphoid tissue. In animal models of multiple sclerosis, fingolimod resulted in reduced recirculation of autoaggressive lymphocytes to the central nervous system. Subsequently, in several large, randomized controlled trials, fingolimod was shown to reduce relapse rates and improve neuro-radiologic outcomes in adult patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod was approved for use in relapsing multiple sclerosis in the United States in 2010 and was the first oral, disease modifying agent approved in this condition. Fingolimod is available in capsules of 0.25 and 0.5 mg under the brand name Gilenya. The recommended dose in adults is 0.5 mg orally once daily. Common side effects are lymphopenia, headache, diarrhea, cough, shortness of breath, increase in blood pressure, rhinorrhea and back and abdominal pain. Rare, but potentially severe adverse events include viral, bacterial and fungal opportunistic infections, atrial arrhythmias, pulmonary disfunction, liver injury, macular edema, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), acute hypersensitivity reactions, embryonal and fetal toxicity, and an increased risk for basal cell and melanoma skin cancers and lymphoma.</p></div><div id="Fingolimod.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>In large randomized controlled trials of fingolimod in patients with multiple sclerosis, serum ALT elevations above 3 times ULN were reported in 8% to 14% of fingolimod compared to 2% to 3% of placebo recipients. The enzyme elevations were usually transient and not associated with symptoms or jaundice and required drug discontinuation in less than 1% of cases. No instances of acute hepatitis or clinically apparent liver injury were reported in the preregistration trials of fingolimod. Subsequent to its approval and more wide scale use, however, instances of clinically apparent liver injury attributed to fingolimod were reported including cases of acute liver failure requiring emergency liver transplantation. The onset of liver injury was often within days or weeks of starting treatment and the pattern of liver enzyme elevations was usually hepatocellular. In addition, at least one instance of reactivation of hepatitis B in an inactive HBsAg carrier has been reported. Thus, mild-to-moderate and transient serum enzyme elevations during therapy are not uncommon, and clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice due to fingolimod can occur.</p><p>Likelihood score: C (probable cause of clinically apparent liver injury as well as reactivation of hepatitis B in susceptible patients).</p></div><div id="Fingolimod.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>The mechanism by which fingolimod might cause liver injury is not known. It is extensively metabolized by liver via the cytochrome P450 system, predominantly CYP 4F2, and liver injury may be caused by a toxic or immunogenic intermediate of its metabolism. Despite its interaction with the P450 system, drug-drug interactions are not common. Reactivation of hepatitis B appears to be uncommon, but is likely caused by the lymphopenia and immunosuppression induced by fingolimod.</p></div><div id="Fingolimod.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>Chronic therapy with fingolimod is associated with mild-to-moderate serum aminotransferase elevations in approximately 10% of patients, and clinically apparent liver injury has occurred with its use, usually shortly after initiation of treatment. Because of the frequency of enzyme elevations detected during therapy and subsequent reports of clinically apparent liver injury, the FDA now recommends that routine liver tests be done before initiation of treatment and then repeated at months 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 and regularly thereafter until at least 2 months after stopping. More frequent monitoring is recommended if serum enzyme levels rise above 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) and therapy discontinued if there are symptoms or signs of liver injury or jaundice or if aminotransferase levels rise above 5 times ULN. Because fingolimod can cause reactivation of hepatitis B, patients should be screened for evidence of HBV infection before starting therapy and given prophylaxis if HBsAg positive, or monitored with testing for HBV DNA as evidence of reactivation, and started on antiviral therapy if HBV DNA becomes detectable. There is no known cross sensitivity of the hepatic injury from fingolimod with other agents used to treat multiple sclerosis, but similar liver injury has been reported with other S1P receptor modulators such as siponimod, ozanimod and ponesimod, which may manifest some degree of cross sensitivity.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/MultipleSclerosisAge/">Multiple Sclerosis Agents</a></p><p>Other Drugs in the Subclass, S1P Receptor Modulators: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Ozanimod/">Ozanimod</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Ponesimod/">Ponesimod</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Siponimod/">Siponimod</a></p></div></div><div id="Fingolimod.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Fingolimod_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Fingolimod – Generic, Gilenya®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Multiple Sclerosis Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Fingolimod" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div><div id="Fingolimod.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR"><h2 id="_Fingolimod_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div id="Fingolimod.Tc" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548384/table/Fingolimod.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Fingolimod.Tc_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Fingolimod.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Fingolimod.Tc_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NO.</th><th id="hd_h_Fingolimod.Tc_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Fingolimod.Tc_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Fingolimod.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fingolimod</td><td headers="hd_h_Fingolimod.Tc_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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||
<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135204658" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">162359-55-9</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Fingolimod.Tc_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">C19-H33-N-O2</td><td headers="hd_h_Fingolimod.Tc_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135204658" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=135204658" alt="image 135204658 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="Fingolimod.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Fingolimod_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 10 August 2021</p><p>Abbreviations: AMA, antimitochondrial antibody; HBV, hepatitis B virus; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate.</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.zimmerman.1999">Zimmerman HJ. Oncotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agents. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 697-8.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999 before the availability of fingolimod).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.kaplowitz.2013">Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013.<div><i>(Multi-authored textbook of hepatotoxicity published in 2013 does not discuss the drugs for multiple sclerosis).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.krensky.2011">Krensky AM, Bennett WM, Vincenti F. A case study: immunotherapy for multiple sclerosis. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 1025-7.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF4">European Medicines Agency. Direct Healthcare Professional Communication. 2020. <a href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/dhpc/direct-healthcare-professional-communication-dhpc-gilenya-fingolimod-updated-recommendations_en.pdf" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.ema.europa<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.eu/en/documents/dhpc<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>/direct-healthcare-professional-communication-dhpc-gilenya-fingolimod-updated-recommendations_en<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.pdf</a>.<div><i>(EMA communication reporting 3 cases of acute liver failure requiring emergency liver transplantation in patients taking fingolimod, with recommendations on monitoring of liver tests at regular intervals).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.kappos.2010.387">Kappos L, Radue EW, O'Connor P, Polman C, Hohlfeld R, Calabresi P, Selmaj K, et al. FREEDOMS Study Group. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">362</span>:387–401.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20089952" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20089952</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 1272 patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod [0.5 or 1.25 mg daily] or placebo for 24 months, 8.5-12.5% of fingolimod, but only 1.7% of placebo recipients developed ALT elevations above 3 times ULN, and ALT levels fell to normal with or without discontinuation, and serum bilirubin levels did not change).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.cohen.2010.402">Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G, Hartung HP, Khatri BO, Montalban X, Pelletier J, et al. TRANSFORMS Study Group. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">362</span>:402–15.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20089954" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20089954</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 1280 patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod [0.5 or 1.25 mg daily] or interferon beta [30 mg weekly] for 12 months, relapse rates were lower, but ALT elevations above 3 times ULN were more common with fingolimod [7% and 8%] than interferon beta [2%], although there were no clinically apparent episodes of liver injury).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF7">Oral fingolimod (gilenya) for multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Lett Drugs Ther. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">52</span>(1353-1354):98–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21344782" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21344782</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Concise review of mechanism of action, efficacy, safety and costs of fingolimod shortly after is approval for use for multiple sclerosis in the US, mentions that common side effects are headache, cough, diarrhea, back pain and aminotransferase elevations; no mention of clinically apparent liver injury).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.gold.2011.37">Gold R. Oral therapies for multiple sclerosis: a review of agents in phase III development or recently approved. <span><span class="ref-journal">CNS Drugs. </span>2011;<span class="ref-vol">25</span>:37–52.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21128693" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21128693</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of oral medications for multiple sclerosis under development including dimethyl fumarate [BG-12], fingolimod, teriflunomide, laquinimod and cladribine).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.killestein.2011.1026">Killestein J, Rudick RA, Polman CH. Oral treatment for multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Lancet Neurol. </span>2011;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>:1026–34.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22014437" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22014437</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of the clinical usefulness and safety of 5 new oral therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis mentions that liver enzyme elevations can occur with teriflunomide and fingolimod therapy).</i>
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||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF10">New drugs for relapsing multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Lett Drugs Ther. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">54</span>(1403):89–91.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23183318" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23183318</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Concise review of efficacy, safety and costs of new disease modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis lists side effects in a table including "transaminase elevations" for interferon beta, fingolimod and teriflunomide and "hepatotoxicity" for natalizumab, but not for glatiramer or mitoxantrone).</i>
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||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.oh.2013.591">Oh J, O'Connor PW. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of oral therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">CNS Drugs. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">27</span>:591–609.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23801528" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23801528</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of efficacy and safety or oral agents for multiple sclerosis, including fingolimod, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, laquinimod and cladribine, none of which have raised major issues of hepatotoxicity).</i>
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||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.pawate.2015.104">Pawate S, Bagnato F. Newer agents in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neurologist. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">19</span>:104–17.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25888198" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25888198</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Summary of the efficacy and safety of new drugs for multiple sclerosis mentions that fingolimod, laquinimod and teriflunomide have been associated with serum enzyme elevations during treatment, but no specifics given).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.kappos.2014.494">Kappos L, Cohen J, Collins W, de Vera A, Zhang-Auberson L, Ritter S, von Rosenstiel P, et al. Fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis: an integrated analysis of safety findings. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mult Scler Relat Disord. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">3</span>:494–504.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25877062" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25877062</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Analysis of safety findings in multiple phase 2 and 3 studies of fingolimod for multiple sclerosis involving 3553 patients in 4 trials and subsequent 24 month extension studies; ALT elevations above 3 times ULN occurred in 8.5-12.5% of fingolimod vs 1.7% of placebo recipients and were greater than 10 times ULN in 0.2-0.4% [vs 0%], but "there were no cases of severe drug-induced hepatotoxicity during clinical trials or in the post-marketing setting").</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.ward.2014.989">Ward MD, Jones DE, Goldman MD. Overview and safety of fingolimod hydrochloride use in patients with multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Expert Opin Drug Saf. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>:989–98.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24935480" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24935480</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of efficacy and safety of fingolimod from multiple phase 2 and 3 trials in multiple sclerosis lists elevated liver tests as occurring in 15.8% of fingolimod vs 5% of placebo recipients in one trial and 6.5% vs 1.9% in a second, but that the elevations "resolved spontaneously with or without discontinuation").</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.kappos.2015.1582">Kappos L, O’Connor P, Radue E-W, Polman C, Hohlfeld R, Selmaj K, Ritter S, et al. Long-term effects of fingolimod in multiple sclerosis: the randomized FREEDOMS extension trial. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neurology. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">84</span>:1582–91.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4408283/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4408283</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25795646" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25795646</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Among 920 patients with multiple sclerosis enrolled in an extension study of fingolimod [0.5 vs 1.25 mg daily], beneficial effects were sustained and no new safety concerns arose, serum enzyme elevations occurring in 13% and 19% of subjects during the first and 7% and 8% during the second year of fingolimod therapy).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.english.2015.691">English C, Aloi JJ. New FDA-approved disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Ther. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">37</span>:691–715.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25846320" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25846320</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Systematic review of efficacy and safety of the newer disease modifying therapies of multiple sclerosis lists ALT elevations as adverse events associated with fingolimod, teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate, but not peginterferon beta or alemtuzumab).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.chalasani.2015.1340">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al. United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">148</span>:1340–52.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, 7 [0.8%] were attributed to interferon beta, but none were linked to fingolimod or other drugs used for multiple sclerosis).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.feinstein.2015.194">Feinstein A, Freeman J, Lo AC. Treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: what works, what does not, and what is needed. <span><span class="ref-journal">Lancet Neurol. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">14</span>:194–207.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25772898" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25772898</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Commentary on management of progressive multiple sclerosis in which most of the new, disease modifying agents have little effect, mentions that major attention should be paid to management and relief of symptoms such as fatigue, bladder dysfunction, spasticity, pain, depression and cognitive dysfunction; no discussion of liver related adverse effects).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.yamout.2015.93">Yamout BI, Zeineddine MM, Tamim H, Khoury SJ. Safety and efficacy of fingolimod in clinical practice: The experience of an academic center in the Middle East. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Neuroimmunol. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">289</span>:93–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26616877" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26616877</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Among 122 patients with multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod at a Lebanese referral center between 2011 and 2015, adverse events included ALT or AST elevations in 25% of patients which were above 3 times ULN in 4%, but did not result in clinically apparent liver injury or require drug discontinuation).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.memon.2017.bcr2016218387">Memon A, Miranda J. Hepatitis E virus infection in a patient with suspected drug-induced liver injury. <span><span class="ref-journal">BMJ Case Rep. </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">2017</span>:bcr2016218387. </span> pii. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5293955/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5293955</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28143860" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28143860</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(58 year old Irish woman with multiple sclerosis developed hepatitis 3 months after switching from interferon beta to fingolimod [peak bilirubin 16.1 mg/dL, ALT 2722 U/L, Alk P 158 U/L], subsequently found to be unrelated to fingolimod and due to acute hepatitis E).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.marrone.2014.331">Marrone A, Signoriello E, Alfieri G, Dalla Mora L, Rinaldi L, Rainone I, Adinolfi LE, et al. Epstein Barr virus infection reactivation as a possible trigger of primary biliary cirrhosis-like syndrome in a patient with multiple sclerosis in the course of fingolimod treatment. <span><span class="ref-journal">Infez Med. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">22</span>:331–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25551852" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25551852</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(34 year old man with relapsing multiple sclerosis developed elevations in ALT and GGT after starting fingolimod that were preceded by a viral like syndrome and finding of IgM anti-EBV suggestive of reactivation, and was later found to be AMA positive and with the likely diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis which responded to stopping fingolimod and starting ursodiol therapy).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.berger.2015.118">Berger B, Baumgartner A, Rauer S, Mader I, Luetzen N, Farenkopf U, Stich O. Severe disease reactivation in four patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis after fingolimod cessation. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Neuroimmunol. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">282</span>:118–22.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25903738" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25903738</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Description of 4 patients who were treated with fingolimod for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis for 2 months to 6 years during which the disease was stable, and then had flare of the multiple sclerosis within 2-4 months of stopping).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.rojas.2017.251">Rojas JI, Patrucco L, Miguez J, Cristiano E. Real-world safety and patient profile of fingolimod in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a prospective analysis in Buenos Aires, Argentina. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Neuropharmacol. </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">40</span>:251–4.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28976408" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28976408</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Among 145 Argentinian adults with multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod for an average of 2 years, 11 [8%] had ALT elevations during therapy but all were transient and benign, and none developed symptoms or jaundice).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.filippi.2018.43">Filippi M, Bar-Or A, Piehl F, Preziosa P, Solari A, Vukusic S, Rocca MA. Multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Rev Dis Primers. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">4</span>:43.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30410033" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30410033</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Review of the pathogenesis, clinical features, natural history, management and therapy of multiple sclerosis).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.antonazzo.2019.1633">Antonazzo IC, Poluzzi E, Forcesi E, Riise T, Bjornevik K, Baldin E, Muratori L, et al. Liver injury with drugs used for multiple sclerosis: A contemporary analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mult Scler. </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">25</span>:1633–40.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30230957" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30230957</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Analysis of reports of liver injury to the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System between 2004 and 2016 suggested that the disease modifying agents for multiple sclerosis that appear to have hepatotoxic potential include interferon beta, teriflunomide, fingolimod, mitoxantrone and alemtuzumab, whereas glatiramer, dimethyl fumarate and natalizumab do not).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.swallow.2020.275">Swallow E, Patterson-Lomba O, Yin L, Mehta R, Pelletier C, Kao D, Sheffield JK, et al. Comparative safety and efficacy of ozanimod versus fingolimod for relapsing multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Comp Eff Res. </span>2020;<span class="ref-vol">9</span>:275–85.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31948278" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31948278</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Analysis of individual patient data from trials of ozanimod [n=1773] and fingolimod [n=1212] with adjustments found that adverse events were less frequent with ozanimod, including ALT elevations above 3 times ULN [-3%]).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.lu.2020.886">Lu MC, Shih YL, Hsieh TY, Lin JC. Flare of hepatitis B virus after fingolimod treatment for relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Formos Med Assoc. </span>2020;<span class="ref-vol">119</span>:886–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31679907" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31679907</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Letter describing 41 year old Taiwanese woman with relapsing multiple sclerosis and inactive HBsAg carrier state who developed reactivation of hepatitis B after 35 months of treatment with fingolimod [ALT 385 U/L, HBV DNA 8 log<sub>10</sub> IU/mL, bilirubin not given], who responded to tenofovir with resolution of ALT elevations and decrease of HBV DNA levels to undetectable despite continuation of fingolimod).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF28">Drugs for multiple sclerosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Lett Drugs Ther. </span>2021;<span class="ref-vol">63</span>(1620):42–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33976089" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33976089</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Concise review of the relative clinical efficacy, safety and costs of drugs for relapsing multiple sclerosis including parenteral agents [such as interferon-beta, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, rituximab and mitoxantrone] and the oral agents [such as the S1P receptor modulators, cladribine, fumarates, and teriflunomide], many of which are associated with serum ALT elevations and several have been reported to cause clinically apparent liver injury or reactivation of hepatitis B).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.yang.2021.542">Yang CC, Ro LS, Tsai NW, Lin CC, Huang WN, Tsai CP, Lin TS, et al. Real-world evidence on the safety and effectiveness of fingolimod in patients with multiple sclerosis from Taiwan. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Formos Med Assoc. </span>2021;<span class="ref-vol">120</span>:542–50.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32669233" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32669233</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Among 69 Taiwanese adults with relapsing multiple sclerosis who were started on fingolimod [0.5 mg daily] between 2012 and 2015, 62 remained on therapy and adverse events were mostly mild-to-moderate in severity: bradycardia [22%], dizziness [12%], numbness [12%] and back pain [7%] being most common; 7 persons had liver enzyme elevations but only two had ALT elevations above 5 times ULN, both of which were transient, asymptomatic and did not require discontinuation).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Fingolimod.REF.mcginley.2021">McGinley MP, Cohen JA. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators in multiple sclerosis and other conditions. Lancet 2021 Jun 24: S0140-6736(21)00244-0. Epub ahead of print. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34175020" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34175020</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of the function of S1P receptors and the mechanism of action of S1P receptor modulators in affecting lymphocyte tracking out of lymph nodes into the circulation and tissues; fingolimod is a nonspecific modulator affecting S1P receptors 1, 3, 4 and 5, whereas siponimod and ozanimod act predominantly on S1P receptors 1 and 5 and ponesimod against S1P receptor-1 alone, the activity against S1P receptor-1 accounting for most of the beneficial effects in multiple sclerosis and the restricted specificity perhaps accounting for the lower rate of cardiac, lung and eye adverse events, driven mostly by the inhibition of the other S1P receptor subtypes).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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