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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548255_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Valerian</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK548255_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Valerian.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Valerian_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Valerian.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Valerian is a botanical extract derived from the roots of Valeriana officinalis, which is widely used in herbal medicine for insomnia, anxiety and digestive and urinary problems. Valerian has been linked to rare instances of clinically apparent liver injury.</p></div><div id="Valerian.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Valerian (va ler' ee an) is the common name of the plant genus Valeriana, several species of which are used in herbal medicine, most typically Valeriana officinalis. Valerian has been used for centuries in Europe, usually for digestive and urinary problems. The name valerian derives from the Latin word valere, which means “to be in good health.” Valerian is claimed to have sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic and antidepressant activities. Presently, it is used most commonly as a sleeping aid and for therapy of stress. The basis for its sedative effects is believed to be valepotriates (which are terpene alcohols) and volatile oils (including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes). Components of valerian are believed to interact with the gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor in a manner similar to the benzodiazepines. The typical dosage of valerian is 300 to 600 mg at bedtime for sleep or taken 3 times daily for stress. Valerian is found in many relaxation drinks. Valerian has few side effects, which are mostly mild and transient and include sedation, dizziness and withdrawal symptoms on stopping.</p></div><div id="Valerian.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Valerian has been implicated in a small number of cases of clinically apparent liver injury, but usually in combination with other botanicals such as skullcap or black cohosh. In view of its wide scale use, valerian has to be considered a very rare cause of hepatic injury. In published cases, the latency to onset ranged from 3 to 12 weeks and the pattern of enzyme elevations was usually hepatocellular or mixed hepatocellular-cholestatic. The liver injury was usually mild-to-moderate in severity with recovery within 2 to 4 months of stopping. Immunoallergic and autoimmune features were not present. Severe cases with features of hepatic failure have been described, but usually in association with other potentially hepatotoxic herbals.</p><p>Likelihood score: C (probable rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Valerian.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>The cause of the liver injury associated with valerian use is not known. Valerian extracts contain multiple ingredients, but none have been shown to be specifically hepatotoxic.</p></div><div id="Valerian.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>Hepatotoxicity from valerian is usually mild-to-moderate in severity and self-limiting. Only a small number of cases of liver injury attributed to valerian have been published, and there have been no instances of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis or vanishing bile duct syndrome attributed to its use, and no convincing case of acute liver failure.</p><p>Other Names: All-heal, Garden heliotrope, Tagara, Valeriana officinalis, Common valerian, Garden valerian, Indian valerian</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/HerbalDietarySuppl/?report=reader">Herbal and Dietary Supplements</a></p></div></div><div id="Valerian.CASE_REPORT"><h2 id="_Valerian_CASE_REPORT_">CASE REPORT</h2><div id="Valerian.Case_1_Acute_hepatitis_due_to_v"><h3>Case 1. Acute hepatitis due to valerian.(<a class="bibr" href="#Valerian.REF.1" rid="Valerian.REF.1">1</a>)</h3><p>A 57 year old woman developed fatigue one week after starting an herbal medication for stress (Neurelax: believed to contain valerian, hops, asafetida and gentian). Two weeks later, 3 weeks after starting the botanical, she developed jaundice. She had no history of liver disease or risk factors for viral hepatitis. She drank socially, averaging 1 to 2 alcoholic beverages daily, and took no other medications except indapamide (a nonthiazide diuretic) which she had taken for many years. Physical examination showed jaundice, but no fever, rash or signs of chronic liver disease. Laboratory tests showed marked elevations in serum bilirubin (18.4 mg/dL) and ALT levels (1165 U/L) (Table). There was no mention of results of testing for viral or autoimmune hepatitis. Ultrasonography showed no evidence of biliary obstruction. Despite stopping the herbal, she deteriorated clinically over the next few weeks, developing ascites and hepatic encephalopathy. The jaundice persisted for 4 months but eventually resolved. A liver biopsy showed evidence of chronic hepatitis and fibrosis. Ten months after initial presentation, she was well enough to return to work, but serum ALT levels were still slightly elevated.</p><div id="Valerian.Key_Points"><h4>Key Points</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figValerianTc"><a href="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figValerianTc" rid-ob="figobValerianTc"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Tc/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Tc/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Valerian.Tc"><a href="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobValerianTc">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Valerian.Laboratory_Values"><h4>Laboratory Values</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figValerianTd"><a href="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Td/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figValerianTd" rid-ob="figobValerianTd"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Td/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Td/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Valerian.Td"><a href="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Td/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobValerianTd">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Valerian.Comment"><h4>Comment</h4><p>While this case was convincing as an example of drug induced liver injury, the herbal responsible for the injury was somewhat unclear and it is always possible that the hepatic injury was due to a contaminant of the product. The clinical pattern was of an acute viral hepatitis-like illness with acute liver failure, but eventual partial recovery.</p></div></div></div><div id="Valerian.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Valerian_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Valerian – Generic</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Herbal and Dietary Supplements</p><p>SUMMARY INFORMATION</p><p>
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<a href="https://nccih.nih.gov/health/valerian" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Fact Sheet at National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH</a>
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</p><p>
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<a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Valerian-HealthProfessional/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Fact Sheet at Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH</a>
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</p></div><div id="Valerian.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTURE"><h2 id="_Valerian_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTURE_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figValerianTe"><a href="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Te/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figValerianTe" rid-ob="figobValerianTe"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Te/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Te/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Valerian.Te"><a href="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Te/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobValerianTe">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Valerian.CITED_REFERENCE"><h2 id="_Valerian_CITED_REFERENCE_">CITED REFERENCE</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.1">MacGregor FB, Abernethy VE, Dahabra S, Cobden I, Hayes PC. Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies. <span><span class="ref-journal">BMJ. </span>1989;<span class="ref-vol">299</span>:1156–7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1838039/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1838039</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2513032" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2513032</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="Valerian.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Valerian_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 05 April 2020</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.zimmerman.1999">Zimmerman HJ. Unconventional drugs. Miscellaneous drugs and diagnostic chemicals. In, Zimmerman, HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott,1999: pp. 731-4.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; hepatotoxicity of herbals is discussed, but valerian is not specifically mentioned).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.seeff.2013">Seeff L, Stickel F, Navarro VJ. Hepatotoxicity of herbals and dietary supplements. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 631-58.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of herbal and dietary supplements [HDS] Valerian is listed as a potential cause of hepatitis but is not specifically discussed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF4">Valerian. In, PDR for Herbal Medicines. 4th ed. Montvale, New Jersey: Thomson Healthcare Inc. 2007: pp. 872-6.<div><i>(Compilation of short monographs on herbal medications and dietary supplements).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.macgregor.1989.1156">MacGregor FB, Abernethy VE, Dahabra S, Cobden I, Hayes PC. Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies. <span><span class="ref-journal">BMJ. </span>1989;<span class="ref-vol">299</span>:1156–7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1838039/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1838039</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2513032" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2513032</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Four cases of hepatitis attributed to herbals, all women, ages 41 to 57, developed jaundice 2-8 weeks after starting herbals for stress [“Neurelax” and “Kalms”], believed to contain skullcap and/or valerian [bilirubin 13.5-28.3 mg/dL, ALT 293-1165 U/L, Alk P 97-730 U/L], resolving 2-19 months after stopping: Case 1).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.shepherd.1993.1477">Shepherd C. Sleep disorders. Liver damage warning with insomnia remedy. <span><span class="ref-journal">BMJ. </span>1993;<span class="ref-vol">306</span>:1477.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1677860/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1677860</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8357398" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8357398</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Letter in response to a review on the medical uses of valerian pointing out recent reports of hepatotoxicity [MacGregor 1989]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.caldwell.1994.31">Caldwell SH, Feeley JW, Wieboldt TF, Featherston PL, Dickson RC. Acute hepatitis with use of over-the-counter herbal remedies. <span><span class="ref-journal">Va Med Q. </span>1994 Winter;<span class="ref-vol">121</span>:31–3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8142493" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8142493</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(53 year old woman developed jaundice 4 weeks after starting an herbal containing skullcap and valerian [4 capsules nightly] for sleep [bilirubin 9 mg/dL, ALT 1208 U/L, Alk P 298 U/L, protime 13.5 sec], resolving in 3 months).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.chan.1995.227">Chan TY, Tang CH, Critchley JA. Poisoning due to an over-the-counter hypnotic, Sleep-Qik (hyoscine, cyproheptadine, valerian). <span><span class="ref-journal">Postgrad Med J. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">71</span>:227–8.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2398054/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2398054</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7784284" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7784284</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Study of 23 patients who took an overdose of “Sleep-Qik”, a botanical containing valerian, demonstrated no evidence of ALT elevations or liver injury).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.shaw.1997.342">Shaw D, Leon C, Kolev S, Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements. A 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). <span><span class="ref-journal">Drug Saf. </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>:342–56.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9391777" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9391777</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Five year experience of a Medical Toxicology Unit in London including 1297 enquiries and 37 for liver injury; 9 cases described, 5 due to valerian).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.mennecier.1999.966">Mennecier D, Saloum T, Dourthe PM, Bronstein JA, Thiolet C, Farret O. <span><span class="ref-journal">Presse Med. </span>1999;<span class="ref-vol">28</span>:966.</span> [Acute hepatitis after phytotherapy] French. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10366933" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10366933</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(63 year old woman developed fatigue followed by jaundice several weeks after starting valerian as a sleep aid [bilirubin 4.2 mg/dL, ALT 352 U/L, Alk P 739 U/L], resolving in 3 months after stopping).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.plushner.2000.328">Plushner SL. Valerian: Valeriana officinalis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Health Syst Pharm. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">57</span>:328–35.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10714969" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10714969</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of the uses, pharmacology, clinical efficacy and safety of valerian with mention of report of 4 cases of possible hepatotoxicity [MacGregor 1989]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.stevinson.2000.91">Stevinson C, Ernst E. Valerian for insomnia: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. <span><span class="ref-journal">Sleep Med. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">1</span>:91–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10767649" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10767649</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of efficacy and safety of valerian for insomnia concluded that evidence for efficacy of valerian is promising, but not fully conclusive; no mention of hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.stickel.2001.225">Stickel F, Seitz HK, Hahn EG, Schuppan D. <span><span class="ref-journal">Z Gastroenterol. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">39</span>:225–32, 234-7.</span> [Liver toxicity of drugs of plant origin] German. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11324140" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11324140</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of botanicals including pyrrolizidine alkaloids, germander, celandine, chaparral, Chinese herbs and pennyroyal).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.stedman.2002.195">Stedman C. Herbal hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Semin Liver Dis. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">22</span>:195–206.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12016550" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12016550</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review and description of patterns of liver injury due to herbals, including discussion of potential risk factors, and herb-drug interactions; valerian is listed as potentially causing abnormal liver tests).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.whiting.2002.440">Whiting PW, Clouston A, Kerlin P. Black cohosh and other herbal remedies associated with acute hepatitis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med J Aust. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">177</span>:440–3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12381254" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12381254</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(6 cases of severe hepatitis in patients taking herbal medications, including one on black cohosh alone and 5 taking multiple herbals including skullcap [n=3], valerian [n=2], chaparral [n=1], and greater celandine [n=1] for 1 to 14 weeks, presenting with jaundice [bilirubin 9.9-62.7 mg/dL, ALT 1293-3764 U/L, Alk P 80-219 U/L], the one on black cohosh alone requiring emergency liver transplantation, the other 5 resolving in 7-25 weeks, 3 treated with prednisone for prolonged cholestasis).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.pittler.2003.451">Pittler MH, Ernest E. Systematic review: hepatotoxic events associated with herbal medicinal products. <span><span class="ref-journal">Aliment Pharmacol Ther. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">18</span>:451–71.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12950418" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12950418</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of published cases of hepatotoxicity due to herbal medications listing 52 case reports or case series, most common agents being celandine [3], chaparral [3], germander [8], Jin Bu Huan [3], kava [1], Ma Huang [3], pennyroyal [1], skullcap [2], Chinese herbs [9], valerian [1]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.schiano.2003.453">Schiano TD. Hepatotoxicity and complementary and alternative medicines. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Liver Dis. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">7</span>:453–73.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12879994" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12879994</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of herbal associated hepatotoxicity, including common patterns of presentation; valerian is listed as having hepatotoxic potential).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.hadley.2003.1755">Hadley S, Petry JJ. Valerian. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am Fam Physician. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">67</span>:1755–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12725454" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12725454</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(The root of valerian is used mostly commonly as a sleeping aid, and secondarily as an anxiolytic; review of clinical trials; no discussion of hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.russo.2004.1018">Russo MW, Galanko JA, Shrestha R, Fried MW, Watkins P. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug-induced liver injury in the United States. <span><span class="ref-journal">Liver Transpl. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>:1018–23.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15390328" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15390328</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among ~50,000 liver transplants reported to UNOS between 1990 and 2002, 270 [0.5%] were performed for drug induced acute liver failure, including 7 [5%] attributed to herbal medications, but valerian not mentioned as a cause).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.seeff.2007.577">Seeff LB. Herbal hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Liver Dis. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>:577–96.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17723921" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17723921</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of herbal induced hepatotoxicity, with a review of the case series of acute liver injury attributed to valerian [MacGregor 1989]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.garc_acort_s.2008.688">García-Cortés M, Borraz Y, Lucena MI, Peláez G, Salmerón J, Diago M, Martínez-Sierra MC, et al. <span><span class="ref-journal">Rev Esp Enferm Dig. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">100</span>:688–95.</span> [Liver injury induced by “natural remedies”: an analysis of cases submitted to the Spanish Liver Toxicity Registry] Spanish. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19159172" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19159172</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 521 cases of drug induced liver injury submitted to Spanish registry, 13 [2%] were due to herbals, one attributed to valerian, onset in 1 week [bilirubin 16.9 mg/dL, ALT and Alk P normal], resolving in 6 months).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.chalasani.2008.1924">Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J., Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">135</span>:1924–34.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3654244/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3654244</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955056" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18955056</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected between 2004 and 2008, 9% of cases were attributed to herbal medications, but none were attributed to valerian).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.cohen.2008.961">Cohen DL, Del Toro Y. A case of valerian-associated hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Gastroenterol. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">42</span>:961–2.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18431248" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18431248</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(27 year old woman developed fatigue and abdominal pain 10 weeks after starting valerian root [bilirubin 0.9 mg/dL, ALT 820 U/L, Alk P 278 U/L], resolving within 4 weeks of stopping).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.navarro.2009.373">Navarro VJ. Herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Semin Liver Dis. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>:373–82.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19826971" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19826971</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Overview of the regulatory environment, clinical patterns, and future directions in research with HDS; valerian is listed as having been linked to hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.vassiliadis.2009.935">Vassiliadis T, Anagnostis P, Patsiaoura K, Giouleme O, Katsinelos P, Mpoumponaris A, Eugenidis N. Valeriana hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Sleep Med. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>:935.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19138557" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19138557</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(50 year old woman found to have ALT elevations without symptoms 3 weeks after starting valerian tea [ALT 246 rising to 564 U/L with normal bilirubin and Alk P], resolving 10 months after stopping).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.m_ller.2009.555">Müller Z, Sárkány A, Altorjay A, Szilágyi A, Tura T, Ozsvár Z. <span><span class="ref-journal">Orv Hetil. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">150</span>:555–7.</span> [Liver failure a la Eastern Europe] Hungarian. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19275973" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19275973</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(50 year old woman with alcoholism who took valerian intermittently developed cirrhosis and portal hypertension, the authors suggesting that valerian exacerbated the underlying alcoholic cirrhosis).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.jacobsson.2009.1039">Jacobsson I, Jönsson AK, Gerdén B, Hägg S. Spontaneously reported adverse reactions in association with complementary and alternative medicine substances in Sweden. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">18</span>:1039–47.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19650152" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19650152</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of 778 spontaneous reports of adverse reactions to herbals to Swedish Registry does not mention valerian or skullcap).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.reuben.2010.2065">Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM., Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Hepatology. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">52</span>:2065–76.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3992250/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3992250</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20949552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20949552</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 [11%] were attributed to drug induced liver injury, of which 12 [9%] were due to herbals including usnic acid [2], thermoslim [1], Ma Huang [1], horny goat weed [1], black cohosh [1], Hydroxycut products [1] and unspecified herbals [4], but none were attributed to valerian specifically).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.stacy.2011.605">Stacy S. Relaxation drinks and their use in adolescents. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. </span>2011;<span class="ref-vol">21</span>:605–10.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22136095" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22136095</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of relaxation drinks which now include more than 300 bottled beverages available in the US, some of which include valerian as an anxiolytic and sleeping aid with names such as Bula, Drank, iChill, Marley Mellow Mood, miniCHILLL, Slow Cow).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.teschke.2012.1543">Teschke R, Wolff A, Frenzel C, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Herbal hepatotoxicity: a tabular compilation of reported cases. <span><span class="ref-journal">Liver Int. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">32</span>:1543–56.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22928722" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22928722</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(A systematic compilation of all publications on the hepatotoxicity of specific herbals identified 185 publications on 60 different herbs, herbal drugs and supplements including two publications on valerian [MacGregor 1989, Mennecier 1999]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.bunchorntavakul.2013.3">Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. Review article: herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Aliment Pharmacol Ther. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">37</span>:3–17.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23121117" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23121117</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of literature on HDS associated liver injury mentions that valerian has been implicated in causing clinically apparent hepatotoxicity [Cohen 2008]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.bj_rnsson.2013.1419">Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">144</span>:1419–25.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23419359</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, including 15 attributed to herbals or dietary supplements, but none specifically to valerian).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.navarro.2013.715">Navarro VJ, Seeff LB. Liver injury induced by herbal complementary and alternative medicine. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Liver Dis. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>:715–35.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24099027" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24099027</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of HDS induced liver injury including regulatory problems, difficulties in diagnosis and causality assessment; mentions that valerian containing products have been implicated in several cases of liver injury usually with a hepatocellular pattern).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.navarro.2014.1399">Navarro VJ, Barnhart H, Bonkovsky HL, Davern T, Fontana RJ, Grant L, Reddy KR, et al. Liver injury from herbals and dietary supplements in the U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. <span><span class="ref-journal">Hepatology. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">60</span>:1399–408.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4293199/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4293199</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25043597" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25043597</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 85 cases of HDS associated liver injury [not due to anabolic steroids] enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, one was attributed to valerian).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.seeff.2015.517">Seeff LB, Bonkovsky HL, Navarro VJ, Wang G. Herbal products and the liver: a review of adverse effects and mechanisms. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">148</span>:517–32.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25500423" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25500423</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Extensive review of possible beneficial as well as harmful effects of herbal products on the liver mentions that valerian has been implicated in causing drug induced liver injury resembling an acute hepatitis).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.kia.2016.118">Kia YH, Alexander S, Dowling D, Standish R. A case of steroid-responsive valerian-associated hepatitis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Intern Med J. </span>2016;<span class="ref-vol">46</span>:118–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26813905" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26813905</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(57 year old man developed jaundice 2 weeks after taking 3 tablets of a cold medication that included 2 grams of valerian in each [bilirubin 5.1 mg/dL, ALT 1191 U/L, Alk P 221 U/L, INR 1.3], enzymes not improving over the next 4 weeks when prednisolone was added with prompt resolution and continued normalization after it was stopped).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.schroeck.2016.2340">Schroeck JL, Ford J, Conway EL, Kurtzhalts KE, Gee ME, Vollmer KA, Mergenhagen KA. Review of safety and efficacy of sleep medicines in older adults. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Ther. </span>2016;<span class="ref-vol">38</span>:2340–72.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27751669" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27751669</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Extensive systematic review of medications for sleep mentions that valerian and melatonin are unrelated products that have a small impact on sleep latency and can produce residual sedation; no mention of adverse events except to say that side effects were no greater with valerian than with placebo in small efficacy trials).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.garc_acort_s.2016.e537">García-Cortés M, Robles-Díaz M, Ortega-Alonso A, Medina-Caliz I, Andrade RJ. Hepatotoxicity by dietary supplements: A tabular listing and clinical characteristics. <span><span class="ref-journal">Int J Mol Sci. </span>2016;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>:E537. </span> pii. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4848993/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4848993</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27070596" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27070596</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Listing of published cases of liver injury from HDS products, but does not list those attributed to valerian).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.brown.2017">Brown AC. Liver toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements: Online table of case reports. Part 2 of 5 series. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107 (Pt A): 472-501. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27402097" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27402097</span></a>]<div><i>(Description of an online compendium of cases of liver toxicity attributed to HDS products, lists at least 3 reports of liver injury attributed to valerian, often in combination with other potential causes of liver injury Cohen [2008], Vassiliadis [2009], MacGregor [1989]).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF.de_boer.2017.135">de Boer YS, Sherker AH. Herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Liver Dis. </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">21</span>:135–49.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5117680/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5117680</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27842768" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27842768</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of the frequency, clinical features, patterns of injury and outcomes of HDS hepatotoxicity with specific mention of anabolic steroids, black cohosh, germander, green tea, kava, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and proprietary multiingredient dietary supplements [MIDS], but does not specifically discuss valerian).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Valerian.REF41">Drugs for chronic insomnia. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Lett Drugs Ther. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">60</span>(1562):201–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30625122" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30625122</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Concise review of the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, side effects and costs of medications for chronic insomnia mentions valerian and other herbal therapies but LAO that “there is no convincing evidence that any of the “natural remedies” used for insomnia are effective or safe for this indication and the purity and optimal doses of all of these products is unknown”).</i>
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</div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK548255_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">April 5, 2020</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Valerian. [Updated 2020 Apr 5].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Valacyclovir/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Valproate/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobValerianTc"><div id="Valerian.Tc" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Valerian.Tc_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_Valerian.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medication:</th><td headers="hd_b_Valerian.Tc_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neurelax (Valerian)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_Valerian.Tc_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pattern:</th><td headers="hd_b_Valerian.Tc_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hepatocellular (R=12.7)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_Valerian.Tc_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Severity:</th><td headers="hd_b_Valerian.Tc_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4+ (jaundice, hospitalization, hepatic decompensation)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_Valerian.Tc_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Latency:</th><td headers="hd_b_Valerian.Tc_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 week to fatigue, 3 weeks to jaundice</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_Valerian.Tc_1_1_5_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recovery:</th><td headers="hd_b_Valerian.Tc_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 months (incomplete)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_Valerian.Tc_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other medications:</th><td headers="hd_b_Valerian.Tc_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indapamide chronically</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobValerianTd"><div id="Valerian.Td" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Td/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Valerian.Td_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Time After<br />Starting</th><th id="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Time After<br />Stopping</th><th id="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ALT<br />(U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Alk P<br />(U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Bilirubin<br />(mg/dL)</th><th id="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_6" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_1 hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" scope="col" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Supplement started</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1165</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">232</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.4</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">INR=1.9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">890</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.8</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23.4</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">210</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28.7</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 months</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">90</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.1</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 months</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">95</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.3</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 months</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.2</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_1 hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Normal Values</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b><40</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b><100</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b><1.2</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Valerian.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="Valerian.TF.d.1"><p class="no_margin">Some values estimated from Figure 1. Bilirubin levels converted by formula: 17.1 μmol/L=1.0 mg/dL.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobValerianTe"><div id="Valerian.Te" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548255/table/Valerian.Te/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Valerian.Te_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_Valerian.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_b_Valerian.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_b_Valerian.Te_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_b_Valerian.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_Valerian.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Valerian</td><td headers="hd_b_Valerian.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135281598" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">8008-88-6</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_b_Valerian.Te_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Herbal mixture</td><td headers="hd_b_Valerian.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No Structure</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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