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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548197_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Donepezil</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK548197_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Donepezil.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Donepezil_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Donepezil.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Donepezil is an oral acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for therapy of Alzheimer disease. Donepezil is associated with a minimal rate of serum enzyme elevations during therapy and has only rarely been implicated as a cause of clinically apparent liver injury.</p></div><div id="Donepezil.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Donepezil (doe nep' e zil) is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which acts by inhibition of the metabolism of acetylcholine in the postsynaptic clefts, thus enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Alzheimer disease is associated with a cholinergic deficiency in the cerebral cortex, and the increase in concentration of acetylcholine with acetylcholinesterase inhibition is associated with improvement in cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer dementia. Donepezil has selective activity for acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system with little effect on the enzyme in peripheral tissue. Donepezil was approved for use in the United States in 1996 and is currently the most commonly used acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for management of Alzheimer disease. Donepezil is available as regular tablets of 5 and 10 (and recently 23 mg) and as orally disintegrating tablets of 5 and 10 mg in generic forms and under the brand name Aricept. Donepezil is also available as an solution of 1 mg/mL for oral administration. The usual maintenance dosage is 5 to 10 mg once daily. Patients who tolerate the 10 mg daily dose may benefit from a higher dose of 23 mg daily. Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, insomnia, vivid dreams, anxiety, restlessness, blurred vision, dry mouth and pruritus, symptoms common to cholinergic stimulation. Less common but potentially severe adverse events include bradycardia and heart block, urinary retention, convulsions, hallucinations and gastrointestinal bleeding.</p></div><div id="Donepezil.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>In several large clinical trials, donepezil therapy was not associated with an increased rate of serum enzyme elevations compared to placebo treatment. Furthermore, escalation of the dose from 10 to 23 mg daily was not followed by an increased rate of ALT elevations compared to patients maintained on the lower dose. Nevertheless, since its introduction into clinical use, donepezil has been implicated in several isolated case reports of clinically apparent hepatotoxicity. The time to onset was short (1 to 6 weeks) and the pattern of serum enzyme elevations was cholestatic or mixed. The course of illness can be severe with prolonged jaundice and itching (Case 1), but fatal instances have not been published. Immunoallergic and autoimmune features are not common.</p><p>Likelihood score: D (possible, rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Donepezil.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>Donepezil is extensively metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome P450 system (CYP 2D6 and 3A4) followed by glucuronidation. Hepatotoxicity is likely due to idiosyncratic metabolism to a toxic or immunogenic intermediate. Drug-drug interactions are not common, except with concurrent use of anticholinergic drugs.</p></div><div id="Donepezil.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>Cases of hepatotoxicity from donepezil have been few and there have been no published reports of fatal acute liver failure, chronic hepatitis or vanishing bile duct syndrome attributed to donepezil. There is little information on the possible cross sensitivity to liver injury among the various acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, but successful switching to another cholinesterase inhibitor has been reported.</p><p>References regarding the safety and potential hepatotoxicity of the drugs used for Alzheimer disease are provided below for donepezil and again for all agents after the overview section of Alzheimer Disease Agents.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/AlzheimersDrugs/?report=reader">Alzheimer Disease Agents</a></p></div></div><div id="Donepezil.CASE_REPORT"><h2 id="_Donepezil_CASE_REPORT_">CASE REPORT</h2><div id="Donepezil.Case_1_Cholestatic_hepatitis_d"><h3>Case 1. Cholestatic hepatitis due to donepezil.(<a class="bibr" href="#Donepezil.REF.1" rid="Donepezil.REF.1">1</a>)</h3><p>A 90 year old man developed nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain 2 weeks after starting donepezil for a new diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Several days later he developed jaundice, and donepezil was stopped. He had no previous history of liver disease, adverse drug reactions, alcohol abuse or risk factors for viral hepatitis. His other medical problems included diabetes, renal insufficiency, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease and congestive heart failure. Medications included aspirin, lisinopril, bisoprolol, bumetanide and insulin, all of which he had taken chronically and all of which were continued. His physical examination was normal except for jaundice. Laboratory tests showed a serum bilirubin of 5.9 mg/dL, with marked elevations in alkaline phosphatase (944 U/L) and moderate elevations in serum aminotransferase levels (ALT 329 U/L, AST 186 U/L). Liver tests results had been normal previously except for minor elevations in alkaline phosphatase (Table). Tests for hepatitis A, B and C were negative as were routine autoantibodies. Abdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging showed no evidence of biliary obstruction. A liver biopsy showed intrahepatic cholestasis and mild hepatitis. Despite stopping donepezil, jaundice deepened and serum bilirubin peaked at 22.6 mg/dL two weeks later. Thereafter, the liver test abnormalities began to improve slowly, serum bilirubin falling to normal 13 weeks after donepezil was discontinued.</p><div id="Donepezil.Key_Points"><h4>Key Points</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figDonepezilTc"><a href="/books/NBK548197/table/Donepezil.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobDonepezilTc"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Donepezil.Tc"><a href="/books/NBK548197/table/Donepezil.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobDonepezilTc">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Donepezil.Laboratory_Values"><h4>Laboratory Values</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figDonepezilTd"><a href="/books/NBK548197/table/Donepezil.Td/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobDonepezilTd"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Donepezil.Td"><a href="/books/NBK548197/table/Donepezil.Td/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobDonepezilTd">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Donepezil.Comment"><h4>Comment</h4><p>The timing of onset of jaundice, cholestatic features, liver histology and absence of evidence of other forms of liver injury are quite supportive of a diagnosis of donepezil induced liver injury. While quite rare, the cholestatic injury can be severe and protracted as in this case in which serum alkaline phosphatase levels were still elevated 3 months after stopping donezepil, suggesting some degree of permanent bile duct loss.</p></div></div></div><div id="Donepezil.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Donepezil_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Donepezil – Generic, Aricept®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Alzheimer Disease Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Donepezil" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div><div id="Donepezil.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTURE"><h2 id="_Donepezil_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTURE_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figDonepezilTe"><a href="/books/NBK548197/table/Donepezil.Te/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobDonepezilTe"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Donepezil.Te"><a href="/books/NBK548197/table/Donepezil.Te/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobDonepezilTe">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Donepezil.CITED_REFERENCE"><h2 id="_Donepezil_CITED_REFERENCE_">CITED REFERENCE</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.1">Dierckx RIR, Vandewoude MFJ. Donepezil-related toxic hepatitis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Acta Clinica Belg. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">63</span>:339–42.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19186568" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19186568</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="Donepezil.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Donepezil_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 15 January 2020</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.zimmerman.1999">Zimmerman HJ. Miscellaneous drugs and diagnostic chemicals. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 709-42.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; tacrine, the first cholinesterase inhibitor approved for use in Alzheimer disease, was associated with a very high rate of serum ALT elevations [~50%], but rarely caused clinically apparent liver injury; the other Alzheimer disease agents are not discussed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.larrey.2013">Larrey D, Ripault MP. Hepatotoxicity of psychotropic drugs and drugs of abuse. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 518.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of psychotropic agents ; drugs for Alzheimer disease are not specifically discussed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.roberson.2018">Roberson ED. Alzheimer's disease. Treatment of central nervous system degenerative disorders. In, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 333-5.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.verrico.2000.1659">Verrico MM, Nace DA, Towers AL. Fulminant chemical hepatitis probably associated with donepezil and sertraline therapy. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Amer Geriat Soc. </span>2000;<span class="ref-vol">48</span>:1659–63.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11129758" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11129758</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(83 year old woman developed jaundice ten days after starting donepezil and 5 months after starting sertraline [bilirubin 5.6 rising to 22.6 mg/dL, ALT 529 U/L, Alk P 369 U/L, peak INR 1.8], resolving after stopping both in the next 4 months).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.seltzer.2004.1852">Seltzer B, Zolnouni P, Nunez M, Goldman R, Kumar D, Ieni J, Richardson S. Donepezil "402" Study Group. Efficacy of donepezil in early-stage Alzheimer disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. <span><span class="ref-journal">Arch Neurol. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">61</span>:1852–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15596605" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15596605</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Controlled trial of 24 weeks of donepezil vs placebo in 153 patients with early Alzheimer disease: side effects included diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, dizziness and insomnia; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.winblad.2006.353">Winblad B, Wimo A, Engedal K, Soininen H, Verhey F, Waldemar G, Wetterholm AL, et al. 3-year study of donepezil therapy in Alzheimer's disease: effects of early and continuous therapy. <span><span class="ref-journal">Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">21</span>:353–63.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16508298" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16508298</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Continuation of donepezil for 3 years in 81 patients with Alzheimer disease reported no clinically significant changes in laboratory test results).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.winblad.2006.1057">Winblad B, Kilander L, Eriksson S, Minthon L, Båman S, Wetterholm AL, Jansson-Blixt C, et al. Severe Alzheimer's Disease Study Group. Donepezil in patients with severe Alzheimer's disease: double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Lancet. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">367</span>:1057–65.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581404" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16581404</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Controlled trial of 6 months of donepezil vs placebo in 248 patients with severe Alzheimer disease; side effects were mostly mild and did not differ between donepezil and placebo treated patients; there were "no great changes in the results of laboratory tests").</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.seltzer.2007.1011">Seltzer B. Donepezil: an update. <span><span class="ref-journal">Expert Opinion Pharmacother. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">8</span>:1011–23.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17472546" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17472546</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of safety and efficacy of donepezil, the most commonly used agent in therapy of Alzheimer disease; no discussion of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.farlow.2007.388">Farlow MR, Cummings JL. Effective pharmacologic management of Alzheimer's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Med. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">120</span>:388–97.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17466645" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17466645</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of safety and efficacy of medications for Alzheimer disease; no discussion of hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.dierckx.2008.339">Dierckx RIR, Vandewoude MFJ. Donepezil-related toxic hepatitis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Acta Clinica Belg. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">63</span>:339–42.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19186568" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19186568</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(90 year old man with Alzheimer disease developed abdominal pain and jaundice 2 weeks after starting donepezil [bilirubin 5.9 rising to 22.6 mg/dL, ALT 329 U/L, Alk P 944 U/L], resolving over the next 3 months).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.hansen.2008.211">Hansen RA, Gartlehner G, Webb AP, Morgan LC, Moore CG, Jonas DE. Efficacy and safety of donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Interv Aging. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">3</span>:211–25.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2546466/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2546466</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18686744" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18686744</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of 3 cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer disease; most common adverse events were nausea [19%], vomiting [13%], diarrhea [11%] and weight loss [9%] and withdrawal for adverse events in 11-21%; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.chalasani.2008.1924">Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J., Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">135</span>:1924–34.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3654244/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3654244</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955056" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18955056</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected between 2004 and 2008; none were attributed to a drug used to treat Alzheimer disease).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.mayeux.2010.2194">Mayeux R. Early Alzheimer's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">362</span>:2194–201.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20558370" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20558370</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Case discussion and review of current understanding of Alzheimer disease including role of therapy; common side effects of cholinesterase inhibitors include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, dizziness, muscle cramps, insomnia and vivid dreams; memantine can cause constipation, dizziness, headache and body pains; no mention of hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.reuben.2010.2065">Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM., Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Hepatology. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">52</span>:2065–76.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3992250/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3992250</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20949552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20949552</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 were attributed to drug induced liver injury, but none were attributed to drugs used to treat Alzheimer disease).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.farlow.2011.57">Farlow M, Veloso F, Moline M, Yardley J, Brand-Schieber E, Bibbiani F, Zou H, et al. Safety and tolerability of donepezil 23 mg in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">BMC Neurol. </span>2011;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>:57.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3126705/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3126705</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21612646" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21612646</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 1434 patients with Alzheimer disease treated with 10 vs 23 mg of donepezil daily for 24 weeks, cholinergic side effects were more common with the higher dose, but there were no differences in frequency of "clinically important" abnormal laboratory values).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.dubois.2012.1230">Dubois B, Tolosa E, Katzenschlager R, Emre M, Lees AJ, Schumann G, Pourcher E, et al. Donepezil in Parkinson's disease dementia: a randomized, double-blind efficacy and safety study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mov Disord. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">27</span>:1230–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22915447" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22915447</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 550 patients with Alzheimer disease treated with two doses of donepezil or placebo for 24 weeks, nausea, tremor, diarrhea, insomnia and anorexia were more frequent in patients on donepezil, but "Laboratory tests and physical examination data remained largely unchanged").</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.tariot.2012.283">Tariot P, Salloway S, Yardley J, Mackell J, Moline M. Long-term safety and tolerability of donepezil 23 mg in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">BMC Res Notes. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">5</span>:283.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3493328/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3493328</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22681723" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22681723</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 915 patients with Alzheimer disease treated with donepezil in a dose of 23 vs 10 mg daily, cholinergic side effects were more common at the higher dose, but "there were no changes in laboratory test values").</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.tan.2014.615">Tan CC, Yu JT, Wang HF, Tan MS, Meng XF, Wang C, Jiang T, et al. Efficacy and Safety of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Alzheimers Dis. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">41</span>:615–31.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24662102" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24662102</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of safety and efficacy of 4 Alzheimer drugs does not mention ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.tricco.2013.1393">Tricco AC, Soobiah C, Berliner S, Ho JM, Ng CH, Ashoor HM, Chen MH, Hemmelgarn B, Straus SE. Efficacy and safety of cognitive enhancers for patients with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">CMAJ. </span>2013 Nov 5;<span class="ref-vol">185</span>(16):1393–401.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3826344/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3826344</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24043661" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24043661</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of 8 clinical trials and 3 reports on the safety and efficacy of Alzheimer drugs mentions that side effects of nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and headaches were usually more frequent with the active drugs compared to placebo; no mention of ALT elevations or clinically apparent liver injury).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.ikeda.2013.229">Ikeda M, Mori E, Kosaka K, Iseki E, Hashimoto M, Matsukawa N, Matsuo K, Nakagawa M., Donepezil-DLB Study Investigators. Long-term safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: results from a 52-week, open-label, multicenter extension study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">36</span>(3-4):229–41.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23949147" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23949147</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 108 patients with dementia treated with donepezil for up to 52 weeks, no patient developed clinically apparent liver injury; 12 patients developed CPK elevations, but ALT elevations were not mentioned).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.salloway.2012.421">Salloway S, Mintzer J, Cummings JL, Geldmacher D, Sun Y, Yardley J, Mackell J. Subgroup analysis of US and non-US patients in a global study of high-dose donepezil (23 mg) in moderate and severe Alzheimer's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">27</span>:421–32.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10697396/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10697396</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22930699" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22930699</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Reanalysis of safety and efficacy of a multinational trial of donepezil in Alzheimer disease found that rates of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, fatigue and incontinence where twice as high in patients receiving higher doses of donepezil; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.wang.2015.135">Wang HF, Yu JT, Tang SW, Jiang T, Tan CC, Meng XF, Wang C, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">86</span>:135–43.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24828899" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24828899</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of 10 trials of Alzheimer disease drugs in Parkinson disease and other forms of dementia reported that the common adverse events were cholinergic in nature [anorexia, nausea, diarrhea] and were generally mild-to-moderate in severity; serious adverse events were similar to rates with placebo; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.ikeda.2013.229_1">Ikeda M, Mori E, Kosaka K, Iseki E, Hashimoto M, Matsukawa N, Matsuo K, Nakagawa M., Donepezil-DLB Study Investigators. Long-term safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: results from a 52-week, open-label, multicenter extension study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">36</span>:229–41.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23949147" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23949147</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 108 patients with dementia treated with open label donepezil for 52 weeks, there were no hepatic serious adverse events; no mention of ALT levels).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.bj_rnsson.2013.1419">Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">144</span>:1419–25.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23419359</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, but none of the cases were attributed to a drug used to treat Alzheimer disease).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.chew.2014.2009">Chew AP, Lim WS, Tan KT. Donepezil-induced hepatotoxicity in an elderly adult taking fluoxetine. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Am Geriatr Soc. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">62</span>:2009–11.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25333550" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25333550</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(A 79 year old man with depression, Alzheimer disease and cirrhosis due to hepatitis was taking high doses of fluoxetine [80 mg daily] and lamivudine and developed fatigue and anorexia with abnormal liver tests 6 weeks after starting donepezil [bilirubin 1.5 mg/dL, ALT 177 U/L, Alk P 127 U/L], which resolved within 8 weeks of stopping both and did not recur on restarting sertraline along with and memantine instead of donepezil).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.hern_ndez.2014.231">Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A, Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America: an analysis of published reports. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Hepatol. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>:231–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24552865</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 176 reports of drug induced liver injury from Latin America published between 1996 and 2012, none were attributed to a drug for Alzheimer disease).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.chalasani.2015.1340">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al. United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">148</span>:1340–52.e7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, none were due to a drug for Alzheimer disease).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.kr_ger.2015.1197">Kröger E, Mouls M, Wilchesky M, Berkers M, Carmichael PH, van Marum R, Souverein P, et al. Adverse drug reactions reported with cholinesterase inhibitors: an analysis of 16 years of individual case safety reports from VigiBase. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Pharmacother. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">49</span>:1197–206.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26324356" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26324356</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Analysis of spontaneous adverse event reports made between 2006 and 2013 to a WHO drug monitoring database identified 16,995 serious adverse events in patients receiving cholinesterase inhibitors, 121 of which were hepatobiliary, including 47 for donepezil, 53 rivastigmine and 21 galantamine; no details provided).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.ikeda.2015.4">Ikeda M, Mori E, Matsuo K, Nakagawa M, Kosaka K. Donepezil for dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomized, placebo-controlled, confirmatory phase III trial. <span><span class="ref-journal">Alzheimers Res Ther. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">7</span>:4.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4338565/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4338565</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25713599" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25713599</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 142 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies treated with donepezil [5 or 10 mg] vs placebo for 12 weeks, adverse events were mild-to-moderate and those more frequent with donepezil were anorexia, nausea and Parkinson disease symptoms; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.mohammad.2017.1009">Mohammad D, Chan P, Bradley J, Lanctôt K, Herrmann N. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for treating dementia symptoms - a safety evaluation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Expert Opin Drug Saf. </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">16</span>:1009–19.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28678552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28678552</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of safety of donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine in Alzheimer disease concludes that adverse events are “generally mild”, mostly gastrointestinal, comparable among the different agents, but usually greater with higher doses and less with transdermal formulations).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.dou.2018.126">Dou KX, Tan MS, Tan CC, Cao XP, Hou XH, Guo QH, Tan L, et al. Comparative safety and effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for Alzheimer's disease: a network meta-analysis of 41 randomized controlled trials. <span><span class="ref-journal">Alzheimers Res Ther. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>:126.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6309083/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6309083</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30591071" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30591071</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Meta-analysis of 41 published randomized controlled trials of drugs for Alzheimer disease concluded that all had beneficial effects on cognition and function but not on neuropsychiatric symptoms, and all had adverse effects but memantine showed “the best profile of acceptability”; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.khoury.2018.171">Khoury R, Rajamanickam J, Grossberg GT. An update on the safety of current therapies for Alzheimer's disease: focus on rivastigmine. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ther Adv Drug Saf. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">9</span>:171–8.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5810854/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5810854</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29492246" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29492246</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of the safety of Alzheimer disease agents discusses gastrointestinal adverse events, cardiac side effects, skin reactions [to transdermal formulations] and neuropsychiatric effects, but not hepatic adverse events).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.arai.2018.402">Arai H, Hashimoto N, Sumitomo K, Takase T, Ishii M. Disease state changes and safety of long-term donepezil hydrochloride administration in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Japan-Great Outcome of Long-term trial with Donepezil (J-GOLD). <span><span class="ref-journal">Psychogeriatrics. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">18</span>:402–11.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29993162" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29993162</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among more than 10,000 Japanese patients with Alzheimer disease treated with donepezil for 48 months, adverse events included anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, agitation, anger, dizziness, delusions, insomnia and restlessness, but there were no major safety problems; hepatic adverse events were not mentioned).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.bhattacharjee.2019.294">Bhattacharjee S, Patanwala AE, Lo-Ciganic WH, Malone DC, Lee JK, Knapp SM, Warholak T, Burke WJ. Alzheimer's disease medication and risk of all-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalization: A retrospective cohort study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Alzheimers Dement (N Y). </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">5</span>:294–302.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6626065/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6626065</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31338414" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31338414</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among more than 20,000 Medicare beneficiaries receiving Alzheimer disease drugs, overall survival was better for those on donepezil than memantine or rivastigmine; no mention of serious hepatic adverse events or liver related deaths).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.hong.2019.37">Hong YJ, Han HJ, Youn YC, Park KW, Yang DW, Kim S, Kim HJ, et al. ODESA study (Optimal Dose Escalation Strategy to Successful Achievement of High Dose Donepezil 23 mg). Safety and tolerability of donepezil 23 mg with or without intermediate dose titration in patients with Alzheimer's disease taking donepezil 10 mg: a multicenter, randomized, open label, parallel-design, three-arm, prospective trial. <span><span class="ref-journal">Alzheimers Res Ther. </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>:37.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6492390/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6492390</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31039806" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31039806</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 160 patients with Alzheimer disease receiving donepezil and undergoing dose escalation from 10 to 23 mg daily, there were few gastrointestinal side effects and lower rates of nausea and dizziness in those with an initial titration period to the higher dose; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.carney.2019.732">Carney G, Bassett K, Wright JM, Maclure M, McGuire N, Dormuth CR. Comparison of cholinesterase inhibitor safety in real-world practice. <span><span class="ref-journal">Alzheimers Dement (NY). </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">5</span>:732–9.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6944712/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6944712</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31921965" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31921965</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 29,047 Canadian patients with Alzheimer disease who initiated anticholinesterase therapy between 2007 and 2016, all-cause mortality and serious cardiovascular event rates were lower in those receiving galantamine than those on donepezil; no mention of hepatic adverse events or liver related deaths).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.matsunaga.2019.513">Matsunaga S, Fujishiro H, Takechi H. Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors for mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Alzheimers Dis. </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">71</span>:513–23.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31424411" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31424411</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of 14 randomized controlled trials of anticholinesterase drugs in Alzheimer disease concluded that the agents had slight efficacy in ameliorating symptoms but a moderate rate of discontinuation because of adverse events such as abnormal dreams, dizziness, headache, insomnia, diarrhea, muscle cramps, nausea and weight loss; no mention of discontinuations because of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Donepezil.REF.li.2019.472">Li DD, Zhang YH, Zhang W, Zhao P. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Front Neurosci. </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>:472.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6529534/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6529534</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31156366" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31156366</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Meta-analysis of 36 controlled trials of drugs for Alzheimer disease focusing upon relative efficacy and rates of discontinuation in comparison to placebo).</i>
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</div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK548197_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">January 15, 2020</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Donepezil. [Updated 2020 Jan 15].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Donanemab/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Doravirine/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobDonepezilTc"><div id="Donepezil.Tc" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548197/table/Donepezil.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Donepezil.Tc_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_Donepezil.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medication:</th><td headers="hd_b_Donepezil.Tc_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Donepezil (dose not given)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_Donepezil.Tc_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pattern:</th><td headers="hd_b_Donepezil.Tc_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cholestatic (R=1.1)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_Donepezil.Tc_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Severity:</th><td headers="hd_b_Donepezil.Tc_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3+ (jaundice, hospitalization)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_Donepezil.Tc_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Latency:</th><td headers="hd_b_Donepezil.Tc_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 weeks</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_Donepezil.Tc_1_1_5_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recovery:</th><td headers="hd_b_Donepezil.Tc_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 weeks</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_Donepezil.Tc_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other medications:</th><td headers="hd_b_Donepezil.Tc_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Insulin, aspirin, lisinopril, bisoprolol, bumetanide</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobDonepezilTd"><div id="Donepezil.Td" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548197/table/Donepezil.Td/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Donepezil.Td_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Tme After<br />Starting</th><th id="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Time After<br />Stopping</th><th id="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ALT<br />(U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Alk P<br />(U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Bilirubin<br />(mg/dL)</th><th id="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_6" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Other</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-1 day</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">156</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">157</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">374</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.4</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Nausea</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">329</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">944</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.9</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Donepezil stopped</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">354</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">897</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.3</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Liver biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">363</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1343</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.6</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">INR=1.2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">180</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1243</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.6</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">93</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1152</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.4</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">81</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">839</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.9</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">620</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Symptoms resolved</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_1 hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Normal Values</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b><50</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b><71</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b><1.2</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Donepezil.Td_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobDonepezilTe"><div id="Donepezil.Te" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548197/table/Donepezil.Te/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Donepezil.Te_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_Donepezil.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_b_Donepezil.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_b_Donepezil.Te_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_b_Donepezil.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_Donepezil.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Donepezil</td><td headers="hd_b_Donepezil.Te_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135022890" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">120014-06-4</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_b_Donepezil.Te_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">C24-H29-N-O3</td><td headers="hd_b_Donepezil.Te_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135022890" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=135022890" alt="image 135022890 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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