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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]">
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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548123_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Dipyridamole</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK548123_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Dipyridamole.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Dipyridamole_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Dipyridamole.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Dipyridamole is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation that is used to decrease the risk of thromboembolic complications and recurrence of stroke in patients known to have atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease. Dipyridamole is associated with a low rate of serum enzyme elevations during treatment, but has not been linked to instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury.</p></div><div id="Dipyridamole.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Dipyridamole (dye' pir id' a mole) is a pyrimidine analogue that is used as an antiplatelet agent to decrease the risk of thromboembolic complications in patients at high risk, such as with a prosthetic heart value, with hypercoagulable states and with a history of arterial thromboses (heart attack, stroke). Dipyridamole is usually given in combination with other anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents such as warfarin or aspirin. Dipyridamole was approved for use in the United States in 1961 as an adjunct to coumarin anticoagulants in prevention of thromboembolic complications of cardiac valve replacements. Dipyridamole is available in tablets of 25, 50 and 75 mg in generic forms and under the trade name Persantine. It is also available in fixed combinations with aspirin under the name Aggrenox as prophylaxis to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with previous history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attacks. The typical recommended dose varies by indication, but for adults is generally 150 to 400 mg daily in divided doses. Dipyridamole is also available as a solution for injection for use as an alternative to exercise in thallium myocardial perfusion imaging (“dipyridamole stress test”). Dipyridamole is generally well tolerated, but side effects can include headache, dizziness, flushing, chest pain, gastrointestinal upset, nausea, diarrhea, rash and pruritus.</p></div><div id="Dipyridamole.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Dipyridamole has been associated with a low rate of serum enzyme elevations during therapy, but in large clinical trials the frequency of liver enzyme abnormalities was similar with dipyridamole therapy as with placebo. Cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury from dipyridamole have not been published although hepatitis is listed as a potential side effect in the product label. The clinical features of the liver injury linked to dipyridamole have not been described.</p><p>Likelihood score: E* (unproven but suspected cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Anticoagulants/?report=reader">Antithrombotic Agents</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Anticoagulants/?report=reader">Antiplatelet Agents</a></p><p>Other Drugs in the Subclass, Antiplatelet Agents: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Aspirin/?report=reader">Aspirin</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Cangrelor/?report=reader">Cangrelor</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Clopidogrel/?report=reader">Clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Prasugrel/?report=reader">Prasugrel</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Ticagrelor/?report=reader">Ticagrelor</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Ticlopidine/?report=reader">Ticlopidine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Vorapaxar/?report=reader">Vorapaxar</a></p></div></div><div id="Dipyridamole.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Dipyridamole_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><div id="Dipyridamole.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Dipyridamole – Generic, Persantine®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antithrombotic Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Dipyridamole" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></div><div id="Dipyridamole.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCT"><h2 id="_Dipyridamole_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCT_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figDipyridamoleT1"><a href="/books/NBK548123/table/Dipyridamole.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figDipyridamoleT1" rid-ob="figobDipyridamoleT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548123/table/Dipyridamole.T1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548123/table/Dipyridamole.T1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Dipyridamole.T1"><a href="/books/NBK548123/table/Dipyridamole.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobDipyridamoleT1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Dipyridamole.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Dipyridamole_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 04 January 2018</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R1">Zimmerman HJ. Platelet aggregation inhibitors. Drugs used in cardiovascular disease. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 641-3.<div><i>(Textbook of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; mentions that there are no published cases of hepatic injury associated with dipyridamole).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R2">De Marzio DH, Navarro VJ. Hepatotoxicity of cardiovascular and antidiabetic drugs. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 519-40.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of cardiovascular agents including antiplatelet drugs; dipyridamole is not discussed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R3">Weitz JI. Antiplatelet drugs. Blood coagulation and anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, and antiplatelet drugs. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 868-72.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R4">Picano E; PISA (Persantin In Stable Angina) study group. Dipyridamole in chronic stable angina pectoris; a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1785-93. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11549300" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11549300</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 400 patients with stable angina treated with dipyridamole vs placebo, headache [25% vs 6%], diarrhea [14% vs 6.5%], and nausea [5.6% vs 1.5%] were more frequent among dipyridamole treated patients; no mention of liver adverse events or ALT levels).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R5">Humphreys DM, Street J, Schumacher H, Bertrand-Hardy JM, Palluk R. Dipyridamole may be used safely in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56: 121-7. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11926699" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11926699</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of cardiac adverse events during therapy with dipyridamole indicates no evidence of increased risk).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R6">Babaoglu MO, Karadag O, Saikawa Y, Altundag K, Elkiran T, Yasar U, Bozkurt A. Hepatotoxicity due to a possible interaction between cytosine arabinoside and dipyridamole: a case report. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60: 455-6. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15232664" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15232664</span></a>]<div><i>(52 year old man with acute myeloblastic leukemia in relapse received an induction regimen while also on dipyridamole and developed jaundice with little change in serum enzyme levels, dying a few days later of septicemia; authors suggested a drug-drug interaction between dipyridamole and cytosine arabinoside).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R7">ESPRIT Study Group, Halkes PH, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ, Koudstaal PJ, Algra A. Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 367 (9523): 1665-73. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16714187" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16714187</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 2739 patients treated with dipyridamole/aspirin or aspirin alone after mild stroke or transient ischemic attack, headache was major reason for discontinuation of dipyridamole; no mention of liver adverse events).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R8">Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, Palesch Y, et al.; PRoFESS Study Group. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1238-51. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2714259/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2714259</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18753638" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18753638</span></a>]<div><i>(Controlled trial of dipyridamole/aspirin vs clopidogrel in 20,332 patients with history of stroke followed for an average of 2.5 years; hepatobiliary adverse events occurred in 0.8% on dipyridamole/aspirin vs 0.9% on clopidogrel, but did not account for any of the early discontinuations or deaths).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R9">Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J; Drug Induced Liver Injury Network(DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1924-34. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3654244/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3654244</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955056" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18955056</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected from 2004 to 2008, none were attributed to antiplatelet agents).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R10">Previtera AM, Pagani R. Agranulocytosis and hepatic toxicity with ticlopidine therapy: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2010; 4: 269. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2924862/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2924862</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20704700" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20704700</span></a>]<div><i>(70 year old woman developed agranulocytosis [neutrophils 100/L] 4 weeks after starting ticlopidine, with abnormal liver tests [bilirubin normal, ALT 560 U/L, Alk P 821 U/L, GGT 449 U/L], resolving within 4 weeks of stopping [and switching to dipyridamole and aspirin]).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R11">Bath PM, Cotton D, Martin RH, Palesch Y, Yusuf S, Sacco R, Diener HC, et al.; PRoFESS Study Group. Effect of combined aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel on functional outcome and recurrence in acute, mild ischemic stroke: PRoFESS subgroup analysis. Stroke 2010; 41: 732-8. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20181679" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20181679</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 1360 patients treated with either clopidogrel or dipyridamole/aspirin with 72 hours of a stroke, serious adverse events were low and similar between the two groups; no mention of hepatic adverse events).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R12">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52.e7. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, no cases were attributed to dipyridamole).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R13">Sun Q, Chang S, Lu S, Zhang Y, Chang Y. The efficacy and safety of 3 types of interventions for stroke prevention in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: a network meta-analysis. Clin Ther 2017; 39: 1291-312.e8. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28606562" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28606562</span></a>]<div><i> (Metaanalysis of the efficacy and safety of drugs for stroke prevention including dipyridamole; does not mention ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Dipyridamole.R14">Bath PM, Woodhouse LJ, Appleton JP, Beridze M, Christensen H, Dineen RA, Duley L, et al.; TARDIS Investigators. Antiplatelet therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel, and dipyridamole versus clopidogrel alone or aspirin and dipyridamole in patients with acute cerebral ischaemia (TARDIS): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 superiority trial. Lancet 2017 Dec 20. pii:S0140-6736(17)32849-0. [Epub ahead of print] [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5854459/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5854459</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29274727" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29274727</span></a>]<div><i> (Among 3096 patients with recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack treated with aspirin, clopidogrel and dipyridamole together or clopidogrel alone or dispyridamole with aspirin, the incidence of recurrent stroke at 90 days was similar in all groups, but bleeding adverse events were more common with the combination of all 3 drugs; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK548123_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">January 4, 2018</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Dipyridamole. [Updated 2018 Jan 4].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Diphenoxylate/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Disopyramide/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobDipyridamoleBPI"><div id="Dipyridamole.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Dipyridamole – Generic, Persantine®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antithrombotic Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Dipyridamole" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobDipyridamoleT1"><div id="Dipyridamole.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548123/table/Dipyridamole.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Dipyridamole.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Dipyridamole.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Dipyridamole.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_Dipyridamole.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Dipyridamole.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Dipyridamole.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Dipyridamole</td><td headers="hd_h_Dipyridamole.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135134764" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">211914-51-1</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Dipyridamole.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C25-H25-N7-O3</td><td headers="hd_h_Dipyridamole.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK548123/bin/Dipyridamole_Structure.jpg" alt="Dipyridamole Chemical Structure" /></div>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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