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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Trientine" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2020/07/25" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="31643449" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548119/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Trientine" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2020/07/25" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548119/" /><meta name="description" content="Trientine is an oral copper chelating agent used to treat Wilson disease. Trientine has not been associated with worsening of serum enzyme elevations during therapy or with cases of clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice." /><meta name="og:title" content="Trientine" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Trientine is an oral copper chelating agent used to treat Wilson disease. Trientine has not been associated with worsening of serum enzyme elevations during therapy or with cases of clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548119/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/livertox/Trientine/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548119/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548119_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Trientine</span></h1><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">July 25, 2020</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Trientine.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Trientine_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Trientine.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Trientine is an oral copper chelating agent used to treat Wilson disease. Trientine has not been associated with worsening of serum enzyme elevations during therapy or with cases of clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice.</p></div><div id="Trientine.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Trientine (trye’ en teen) is an orally available copper chelating agent that is used to treat Wilson disease, an inherited abnormality of copper metabolism that leads to excess copper accumulation and injury to liver and brain. The metabolic defect in Wilson disease is caused by mutations in ATPase7B, a hepatic enzyme responsible for transmembrane transport and excretion of copper into the bile. The metabolic detect leads to accumulation of free copper in liver and blood and secondarily in other organs, particularly brain and kidney. The disease usually presents in childhood or adolescence with neurologic syndromes, signs of advanced liver disease and hemolytic anemia. Trientine is one of several copper chelating agents that lower blood and tissue copper levels and, when given chronically, prevent copper accumulation and injury in Wilson disease. Other copper chelating agents include d-penicillamine and dimercaprol (British anti-Lewisite [BAL]). Trientine has a polyamine-like structure and chelates copper by creating a stable complex with the four nitrogens in a plantar ring. Trientine complexed to copper is excreted in the urine. Trientine was approved for use in the United States in 1969, and current formal indications are for treatment of patients with Wilson disease who are intolerant of penicillamine. Trientine is available in capsules of 250 mg generically and under the brand name Syprine. The recommended dose is 750 to 1250 mg for adults and 500 to 750 mg for children given in 2 to 4 divided doses daily initially, which can be raised to a maximum of 2000 mg daily for adults and 1500 mg daily for children. Side effects are generally mild and may include headache, arthralgias, myalgias, nausea, anorexia, diarrhea, rash and renal dysfunction. Uncommon, but potentially severe adverse events include hypersensitivity reactions, lupus-like syndromes and pancytopenia.</p></div><div id="Trientine.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>In clinical trials conducted in children with Wilson disease, serum aminotransferase levels generally improved or were stable during treatment with trientine. There have been no clinical reports of acute liver injury with jaundice attributed to trientine, even with overdoses. Patients with Wilson disease typically have mild-to-moderate serum aminotransferase elevations and may have signs and symptoms of cirrhosis. Improvement in liver injury in Wilson disease typically requires months to years of treatment.</p><p>Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/ChelatingAgents/">Chelating Agents</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/WilsonDiseaseAgents/">Wilson Disease Agents</a></p><p>Other Drugs in the Subclass, Wilson Disease: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Dimercaprol/">Dimercaprol</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Penicillamine/">Penicillamine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Zinc/">Zinc</a></p></div></div><div id="Trientine.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Trientine_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><p>
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||
<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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||
</p><p>Trientine – Generic, Syprine®</p><p>
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||
<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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||
</p><p>Chelating Agents</p><p>
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||
<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Trientine" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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||
</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div><div id="Trientine.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTURE"><h2 id="_Trientine_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTURE_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div id="Trientine.Tc" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548119/table/Trientine.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Trientine.Tc_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Trientine.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Trientine.Tc_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NO.</th><th id="hd_h_Trientine.Tc_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Trientine.Tc_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Trientine.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trientine</td><td headers="hd_h_Trientine.Tc_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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||
<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134975700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">112-24-3</a>
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||
</td><td headers="hd_h_Trientine.Tc_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">C6-H18-N4</td><td headers="hd_h_Trientine.Tc_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
||
<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134975700" title="View this structure in PubChem" class="img_link" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem"><img src="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?t=l&sid=134975700" alt="image 134975700 in the ncbi pubchem database" /></a>
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||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="Trientine.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Trientine_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 25 July 2020</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.zimmerman.1999">Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; trientine is not discussed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.kaplowitz.2013">Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013.<div><i>(Textbook on hepatotoxicity; chelating agents are not discussed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.byrns.2018">Byrns MC, Penning TM. Treatment of metal exposure. Environmental toxicology: carcinogens and heavy metals. In, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 1311-5.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.walshe.1956.487">Walshe JM. Penicillamine, a new oral therapy for Wilson's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Med. </span>1956;<span class="ref-vol">21</span>:487–95.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13362281" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 13362281</span></a>]<div>
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||
<i>(Initial studies on efficacy of oral penicillamine [ β,β-dimethyl cysteine, a monothiol] in inducing cupruresis in Wilson disease and lack of effect of cysteine and methionine; no toxic reactions were observed).</i>
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||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.walshe.1970.154">Walshe JM. Triethylene tetramine. <span><span class="ref-journal">Lancet. </span>1970;<span class="ref-vol">2</span>(7664):154.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4194539" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4194539</span></a>]<div>
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||
<i>(Early studies of trientine used chemical preparations that had to be modified for human use and induced a prompt cupruresis, but were often contaminated with impurities that could be toxic).</i>
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||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.dubois.1970.775">Dubois RS, Rodgerson DO, Slovis TL, Hambidge KM, Bianchi TA. Triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride in Wilson’s disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Lancet. </span>1970;<span class="ref-vol">2</span>:775.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4195996" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4195996</span></a>]<div>
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||
<i>(13 year old boy who developed leukopenia during penicillamine therapy responded to trientine [1 g daily] with prompt cupruresis, after which he was able to tolerate penicillamine).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.walshe.1973.441">Walshe JM. Copper chelation in patients with Wilson’s disease. A comparison of penicillamine and triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride. <span><span class="ref-journal">Q J Med. </span>1973;<span class="ref-vol">42</span>:441–52.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4728043" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4728043</span></a>]<div>
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||
<i>(Trientine induced a cupruresis in 18 patients with Wilson disease which was less than with penicillamine, but was substantial particularly in patients who had never been treated, suggesting that it might be an alternative for patients intolerant to penicillamine therapy).</i>
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||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.epstein.1980.1442">Epstein O, Sherlock S. Triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride toxicity in primary biliary cirrhosis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>1980;<span class="ref-vol">78</span>:1442–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6445305" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6445305</span></a>]<div>
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||
<i>(Four patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and elevated hepatic copper levels developed intolerable side effects within two weeks of starting trientine, marked by anorexia, fatigue, epigastric pain, muscle pains, skin rash and anemia).</i>
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||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.walshe.1982.643">Walshe JM. Treatment of Wilson’s disease with trientine(triethylene tetramine) dihydrochloride. <span><span class="ref-journal">Lancet. </span>1982;<span class="ref-vol">1</span>:643–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6121964" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6121964</span></a>]<div>
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||
<i>(Among 20 patients with Wilson disease who were intolerant of penicillamine therapy, all responded to trientine therapy although complications of penicillamine [lupus syndrome, elastosis perforans] did not always improve; no evidence of toxicity including hepatotoxicity).</i>
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||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.hill.1986.344">Hill GM, Brewer GJ, Juni JE, Prasad AS, Dick RD. Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc. II. Validation of oral 64copper with copper balance. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Med Sci. </span>1986;<span class="ref-vol">292</span>:344–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3799705" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3799705</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Assessment of copper update using a radioactive copper uptake study demonstrated that patients with Wilson disease on zinc have a low [<1%], while those on no therapy or on penicillamine or trientine had normal update levels [~6%]).</i>
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||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.scheinberg.1987.209">Scheinberg IH, Jaffe ME, Sternlieb I. The use of trientine in preventing the effects of interrupting penicillamine therapy in Wilson's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>1987;<span class="ref-vol">317</span>:209–13.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3600712" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3600712</span></a>]<div>
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||
<i>(Eleven patients with Wilson disease who were unable to tolerate penicillamine therapy were treated successfully with trientine for 2-15 years; no mention of effect on copper levels or side effects).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.dubois.1990.77">Dubois RS, Rodgerson DO, Hambidge KM. Treatment of Wilson's disease with triethylene tetramine hydrochloride (Trientine). <span><span class="ref-journal">J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. </span>1990;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>:77–81.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2324883" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2324883</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Seven patients, ages 13 to 33 years, with Wilson disease intolerant of penicillamine were treated with trientine for up to 16 years with stable disease and "no serious untoward side effects").</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.saito.1991.29">Saito H, Watanabe K, Sahara M, Mochizuki R, Edo K, Ohyama Y. Triethylene-tetramine (trien) therapy for Wilson’s disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Tohoku J Exp Med. </span>1991;<span class="ref-vol">164</span>:29–35.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1926144" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1926144</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 4 Japanese patients with Wilson disease intolerant of penicillamine treated with trientine, all had increased cupruresis and clinical improvement without adverse effects).</i>
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||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.morita.1992.6">Morita J, Yoshino M, Watari H, Yoshida I, Motohiro T, Yamashita F, Okano Y, Hashimoto T. Wilson's disease treatment by triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride (trientine, 2HCl): long-term observations. <span><span class="ref-journal">Dev Pharmacol Ther. </span>1992;<span class="ref-vol">19</span>:6–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1307347" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1307347</span></a>]<div>
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||
<i>(19 year old girl and 14 year old boy with Wilson disease and intolerant of penicillamine therapy were treated with trientine [2-3 g daily] for 8 years, with excellent cupruresis and clinical responses and no adverse events except for low serum iron levels without anemia).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.condamine.1993.166">Condamine L, Hermine O, Alvin P, et al. Acquired sideroblastic anaemia during treatment of Wilson’s disease with triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Haematol. </span>1993;<span class="ref-vol">83</span>:166–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8435326" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8435326</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(15 year old girl with severe Wilson disease had marked clinical improvement, but developed sideroblastic anemia 4 months after switching from penicillamine to high doses of trientine [2250 mg daily], which resolved on lowering the dose).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.moreno_p_rezcrespo.1995.145">Moreno Pérez-Crespo JL, García de la Rocha ML, Martín Araguz A, Olmedilla N, Rodríguez Arias CA, Porta J, Moreno Martínez JM. <span><span class="ref-journal">Rev Neurol. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">23</span>:145–7.</span> [Wilson disease: a new case treated with trientine] Spanish. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8548611" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8548611</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(20 year old woman with Wilson disease and cirrhosis with thrombocytopenia was treated with trientine rather than penicillamine and had a prompt cupruresis).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.dahlman.1995.609">Dahlman T, Hartvig P, Löfholm M, Nordlinder H, Lööf L, Westermark K. Long-term treatment of Wilson's disease with triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride (trientine). <span><span class="ref-journal">QJM. </span>1995;<span class="ref-vol">88</span>:609–16.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7583074" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7583074</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 19 Swedish patients with Wilson disease treated with trientine for 4 months to 17 years, 16 had clinical improvement whereas one deteriorated and was switched to penicillamine; serious long term outcomes included liver failure requiring transplantation in 2, and colitis responding to withdrawal of the drug in 2 patients).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.perry.1996.69">Perry AR, Pagliuca A, Fitzsimons EJ, Mufti GJ, Williams R. Acquired sideroblastic anaemia induced by a copper-chelating agent. <span><span class="ref-journal">Int J Hematol. </span>1996 Jul;<span class="ref-vol">64</span>:69–72.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8757970" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8757970</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(19 year old girl with Wilson disease developed myasthenia gravis after 2 years of penicillamine therapy, was switched to trientine [2.4 g daily] and soon developed a sideroblastic anemia, which improved on reduction of the trientine dose [0.9 g daily]).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.harders.1977.10">Harders H, Cohnen E. Preparation of and clinical experiences with trien for the treatment of Wilson’s disease in absolute intolerance of D-penicillamine. <span><span class="ref-journal">Proc R Soc Med. </span>1977;<span class="ref-vol">70</span> Suppl 3:10–2.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1543601/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1543601</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/122652" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 122652</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(28 year old woman who was intolerant to penicillamine was successfully treated with trientine prepared by an improved method, with prompt cupruresis and improvement in neurologic symptoms).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.ala.2007.397">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML. Wilson's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Lancet. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">369</span>(9559):397–408.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17276780</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Review of the clinical features, pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis and treatment including role of trientine).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.roberts.2008.2089">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML. AASLD. Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: an update. <span><span class="ref-journal">Hepatology. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">47</span>:2089–111.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18506894" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18506894</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Thorough review of the cause, natural history, diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease, with specific recommendations for use of penicillamine, trientine and zinc).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.walshe.2009.2289">Walshe JM. The conquest of Wilson's disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Brain. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">132</span>(Pt 8):2289–95.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19596747" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19596747</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(History of the initial description of Wilson disease, its link to copper accumulation, and therapies several of which were developed by the author).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.lu.2010.647">Lu J, Poppitt SD, Othman AA, Sunderland T, Ruggiero K, Willett MS, Diamond LE, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and metabolism of triethylenetetramine in healthy human participants: an open-label trial. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Pharmacol. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">50</span>:647–58.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20145262" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20145262</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Studies in 24 healthy volunteers demonstrated that trientine increases urine copper excretion and its effects were not influenced by N-acetyltransferase [NTA] 2 phenotypes).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.weiss.2012.1">Weiss KH, Stremmel W. Evolving perspectives in Wilson disease diagnosis: treatment and monitoring. <span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Gastroenterol Rep. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">14</span>:1–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22083169" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22083169</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Review of the diagnosis and management of Wilson disease, including the role of genetic testing and the choice of medical therapies).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.weiss.2013.1028">Weiss KH, Thurik F, Gotthardt DN, Schäfer M, Teufel U, Wiegand F, Merle U, et al. EUROWILSON Consortium. Efficacy and safety of oral chelators in treatment of patients with Wilson disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>:1028–35.e1.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23542331" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23542331</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Retrospective analysis of 380 patients with Wilson disease from referral centers in Germany and Austria, including 141 who were treated with trientine and 326 with penicillamine, found higher rate of improvement with penicillamine, but also higher rate of adverse events leading to discontinuation [29% vs 7%], although there were no therapy related deaths; reasons for discontinuation in the trientine group included arthralgias, gastrointestinal upset, myalgias, leukopenia, rash, lupus erythematosus and increase in ANA titers; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.hern_ndez.2014.231">Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A, Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America. An analysis of published reports. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Hepatol. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>:231–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24552865</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Systematic review of literature of drug induced liver injury in Latin American countries published from 1996 to 2012 identified 176 cases, none of which was attributed to trientine or other agents used to treat Wilson disease).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.chalasani.2015.1340">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al. United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">148</span>:1340–52.e7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, one case was attributed to penicillamine but none were attributed to trientine or other drugs for Wilson disease).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.hashim.2015.158">Hashim A, Parnell N. A case of trientine overdose. <span><span class="ref-journal">Toxicol Int. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">22</span>:158–9.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4721165/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4721165</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26862278" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26862278</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(40 year old man with Wilson disease and cirrhosis took an overdose of trientine [60 mg] and developed dizziness, nausea and vomiting that resolved within 48 hrs; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.ala.2015.1433">Ala A, Aliu E, Schilsky ML. Prospective pilot study of a single daily dosage of trientine for the treatment of Wilson disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Dig Dis Sci. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">60</span>:1433–9.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4427615/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4427615</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25605552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25605552</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Among 8 patients with Wilson disease on long term copper chelation therapy who were switched to once-daily weight based trientine, all tolerated therapy well with stable copper balance and minor fluctuations in serum aminotransferase levels).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.pfeiffenberger.2018.1261">Pfeiffenberger J, Beinhardt S, Gotthardt DN, Haag N, Freissmuth C, Reuner U, Gauss A, et al. Pregnancy in Wilson's disease: management and outcome. <span><span class="ref-journal">Hepatology. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">67</span>:1261–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28859232" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28859232</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Among 282 pregnancies in 136 patients with Wilson disease analyzed in a retrospective, multicenter study, spontaneous abortion was less common among patients being treated with penicillamine [17%] or zinc [10%] than untreated patients [41%], which was proportionally greater than with trientine [28%] and similar to that in patients who discontinued therapy during pregnancy [36%]; worsening of liver disease arose in some patients on treatment but was self-limiting and resolved after delivery; birth defects were found in 7 of 209 [3%] newborns overall and in 4 of 98 women taking penicillamine).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.roberts.2018.56">Roberts EA. Update on the diagnosis and management of Wilson disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Curr Gastroenterol Rep. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">20</span>:56.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30397835" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30397835</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Review of recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Wilson disease).</i>
|
||
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Trientine.REF.appenzellerherzog.2019.2136">Appenzeller-Herzog C, Mathes T, Heeres MLS, Weiss KH, Houwen RHJ, Ewald H. Comparative effectiveness of common therapies for Wilson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies. <span><span class="ref-journal">Liver Int. </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">39</span>:2136–52.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31206982" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31206982</span></a>]<div>
|
||
<i>(Systematic review of literature on therapies of Wilson disease found no differences in outcomes with penicillamine vs zinc, but higher rates of adverse events and discontinuations with penicillamine; no mention of hepatotoxicity or ALT elevations).</i>
|
||
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