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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]">
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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548031_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Primaquine</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK548031_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Primaquine.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Primaquine_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Primaquine.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Primaquine is an aminoquinoline that has been used for the prevention and therapy of malaria for more than 50 years. Primaquine is not associated with serum enzyme elevations during therapy and has yet to be linked to instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury.</p></div><div id="Primaquine.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Primaquine (prim' a kwin) is a synthetic aminoquinoline that acts by binding to the protozoal or parasitic DNA and preventing DNA and RNA production and subsequent protein synthesis; it is active against several of the stages in the development of the plasmodia including liver schizonts, hypnozoites and gametocytes and has most activity against Plasmodium ovale and vivax. Primaquine was approved for use in the United States in 1952. The current indications are for treatment of vivax malaria in combination with other antimalarial agents. It is also used as a second line agent in the prophylaxis against vivax malaria. Primaquine has been proposed as a major agent to prevent relapse after therapy of acute attacks of vivax malaria with more schizontocidal agents such as chloroquine or artemesinin. Primaquine is available in generic forms as tablets of 26.3 mg containing 15 mg of primaquine base. The recommended dosage for prophylaxis in adults is 30 mg of the base once daily starting before travel and continuing for at least 7 days after return from an endemic area. The dosage for therapy and prevention of relapse is usually 15 mg daily for 14 days or 45 mg once weekly for 8 weeks. Specific recommendations on the therapy of malaria including details on diagnosis, drug dosage and safety are available at the CDC website: http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/. Common side effects of primaquine include headache, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, skin rash and itching.</p></div><div id="Primaquine.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Despite use for more than 50 years, primaquine has not been linked to significant serum aminotransferase elevations or to clinically apparent acute liver injury. Primaquine can cause hemolysis in patients with G6PD deficiency, which can result in mild jaundice.</p><p>Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Primaquine.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>Hepatic reactions to quinine are usually due to hypersensitivity reactions, but have been rarely reported with primaquine. Primaquine undergoes metabolism by the liver to its active metabolite that is excreted unchanged in the urine.</p></div><div id="Primaquine.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>There does not seem to be cross reactivity to hepatic injury among the various antimalarial agents and switching to other drug can be done.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/AntimalarialAgents/?report=reader">Antimalarial Agents</a></p></div></div><div id="Primaquine.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Primaquine_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><div id="Primaquine.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Primaquine – Generic</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antimalarial Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Primaquin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></div><div id="Primaquine.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR"><h2 id="_Primaquine_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figPrimaquineT1"><a href="/books/NBK548031/table/Primaquine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figPrimaquineT1" rid-ob="figobPrimaquineT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548031/table/Primaquine.T1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548031/table/Primaquine.T1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Primaquine.T1"><a href="/books/NBK548031/table/Primaquine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobPrimaquineT1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Primaquine.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Primaquine_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 02 February 2017</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R1">Zimmerman HJ. Antiprotozoal agents. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 623-5.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; states that primaquine has not been linked to instances of clinically apparent liver disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R2">Vinetz JM, Clain J, Bounkeua V, Eastman RT, Fidock D. Chemotherapy of malaria.l In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman.s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 1383-418.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R3">Thornsvard CT, Guider BA, Kimball DB. An unusual reaction to chloroquine-primaquine. JAMA 1976; 235: 1719-20. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/946467" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 946467</span></a>]<div><i>(39 year old woman developed fever, abdominal pain, myalgias and red urine 2 days after starting chloroquine-primaquine prophylaxis [bilirubin 0.8 mg/dL, AST >300 U/L, Alk P 60 U/L]; porphyrin testing indicated porphyria cutanea tarda).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R4">Taylor WR, White NJ. Antimalarial drug toxicity: a review. Drug Saf 2004; 27: 25-61. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14720085" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14720085</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of the toxicities and side effects of antimalarials; quinine can cause a characteristic hypersensitivity reaction with liver injury; chloroquine can cause worsening of acute porphyria; primaquine can cause hemolysis, but has not been linked to cases of hepatitis).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R5">Leslie T, Mayan I, Mohammed N, Erasmus P, Kolaczinski J, Whitty CJ, Rowland M. A randomised trial of an eight-week, once weekly primaquine regimen to prevent relapse of plasmodium vivax in Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan. PLoS One 2008; 3: e2861. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2481394/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2481394</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18682739" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18682739</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 200 patients with vivax malaria infection randomized to receive two regimens of primaquine in addition to chloroquine therapy for vivax malaria infection, primaquine reduced failure rates and there were "no serious or notable non-serious adverse events" except for anemia in one G6PD deficient patient).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R6">Ebringer A, Heathcote G, Baker J, Waller M, Shanks GD, Edstein MD. Evaluation of the safety and tolerability of a short higher-dose primaquine regimen for presumptive anti-relapse therapy in healthy subjects. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Oct; 105 (10): 568-73. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21890160" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21890160</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 203 Australian soldiers treated with primaquine as a higher dose 7 day regimen, there were no "clinically significant differences ... in biochemical indices before and after treatment").</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R7">John GK, Douglas NM, von Seidlein L, Nosten F, Baird JK, White NJ, Price RN. Primaquine radical cure of Plasmodium vivax: a critical review of the literature. Malar J 2012; 11: 280. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3489597/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3489597</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22900786" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22900786</span></a>]<div><i> (Review of the activity, efficacy and safey of primaquine as therapy and means of prevention of relapse of vivax malaria).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R8">Baird KJ, Maguire JD, Price RN. Diagnosis and treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Adv Parasitol 2012; 80: 203-70. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23199489" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23199489</span></a>]<div><i>(Extensive review of the history and modern approach to diagnosis and treatment of vivax malaria; primaquine has been shown to be effective in preventing relapse and might play a role in the reaching of a goal of elimination of malaria transmission; side effects are few and usually minor except in persons with G6PD deficiency, a problem for the developing world).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R9">Sutanto I, Tjahjono B, Basri H, Taylor WR, Putri FA, Meilia RA, Setiabudy R, et al. Randomized, open-label trial of primaquine against vivax malaria relapse in Indonesia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57: 1128-35. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3591862/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3591862</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23254437" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23254437</span></a>]<div><i>(Prospective trial of three regimens for vivax malaria among 116 Indonesian soliders; primaquine was 92-98% effective in preventing relapse and "most laboratory findings" including serum ALT and alkaline phosphatase levels remained normal before, during and after treatment).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R10">Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America: an analysis of published reports. Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 231-9. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24552865</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 176 reports of drug induced liver injury from Latin America published between 1996 and 2012, none were attributed to an antimalarial agent).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R11">Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1419-25. (In a. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23419359</span></a>]<div><i>population based study from Iceland, 96 cases of drug induced liver injury were identified over a 2 year period [2010 and 2011], but none were attributed to an antimalarial agent).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R12">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, none were attributed to an antimalarial agentl).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Primaquine.R13">Advice for travelers. Treat Guidel Med Lett 2015: 57 (1466): 52-8. <div><i>(Concise guidelines on prevention of malaria in travelers indicates that primaquine is an appropriate prophylactic agent for patients who cannot tolerate chloroquine).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK548031_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">February 2, 2017</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Primaquine. [Updated 2017 Feb 2].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Pretomanid/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Primidone/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobPrimaquineBPI"><div id="Primaquine.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Primaquine – Generic</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antimalarial Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Primaquin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobPrimaquineT1"><div id="Primaquine.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548031/table/Primaquine.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Primaquine.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Primaquine.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Primaquine.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_Primaquine.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Primaquine.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Primaquine.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Primaquine</td><td headers="hd_h_Primaquine.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134971807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">63-45-6</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Primaquine.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C15-H21-N3-O.2H3-O4-P</td><td headers="hd_h_Primaquine.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK548031/bin/Primaquine_Structure.jpg" alt="Chemical Structure for Primaquine" /></div>
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