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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Clonazepam - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Clonazepam">
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<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2017/01/25">
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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK548030_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Clonazepam</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK548030_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Clonazepam.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Clonazepam_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Clonazepam.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine used predominantly as an anticonvulsant as adjunctive therapy in management of epilepsy. Therapy with clonazepam is not associated with serum aminotransferase elevations, and clinically apparent liver injury from clonazepam, if it occurs at all, must be exceedingly rare.</p></div><div id="Clonazepam.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Clonazepam (kloe naz' e pam) is a benzodiazepine with particularly potent activity against spread of seizure activity in several animal models. The antiseizure activity of the benzodiazepines is mediated by their ability to enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediated inhibition of synaptic transmission through binding to the GABA A receptor. Clonazepam was approved in the United States for treatment of epilepsy in 1997 and currently more than 20 million prescriptions are filled yearly. Clonazepam is currently indicated for management of absence seizures and myoclonic seizures in children as well as generalized seizure disorders in both adults and children. Clonazepam is effective in status epilepticus, but diazepam and lorazepam are preferable because of their longer half lives. Clonazepam is also used for restless leg syndrome, dysarthria, tic disorders, panic disorder and acute mania. Clonazepam is available in generic forms and under the brand name Klonopin in tablets of 0.5, 1.0 and 2 mg as well as in orally disintegrating tablets for pediatric use. The recommended initial dose for adults is 1.5 mg daily in three divided doses, increasing as needed to a maximum dose of 20 mg daily. The most common side effects of clonazepam are dose related and include drowsiness, lethargy, ataxia, dysarthria and dizziness. Tolerance develops to these side effects, but tolerance may also develop to the antiseizure effects.</p></div><div id="Clonazepam.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Clonazepam, as with other benzodiazepines, is rarely associated with serum ALT elevations, and clinically apparent liver injury from clonazepam is extremely rare. However, at least one convincing case report of acute liver injury from clonazepam with recurrence on reexposure has been reported. Rare instances of drug induced liver injury has been reported with other benzodiazepines, such as chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, flurazepam, triazolam, clorazepate and alprazolam. In benzodiazepine related cases of acute liver injury, the latency has ranged from a few weeks to 6 months; the typical pattern of liver enzyme elevations has been cholestatic or mixed, but hepatocellular patterns have also been reported. The injury is usually mild to moderate in severity and self-limited. Fever and rash have not been described nor has autoantibody formation.</p><p>Likelihood score: D (possible but rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Clonazepam.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>The liver injury from benzodiazepines is probably due to a rarely produced intermediate metabolite. Their relative safety may relate to the low daily doses used (typically 5 to 10 mg).</p></div><div id="Clonazepam.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>The case reports of hepatic injury due to clonazepam were followed by complete recovery, without evidence of residual or chronic injury. No cases of acute liver failure or chronic liver injury due to clonazepam have been described. There is no information about cross reactivity with other benzodiazepines (clobazam, clorazepate, lorazepam or diazepam), but some degree of cross sensitivity should be assumed.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Anticonvulsants/?report=reader">Anticonvulsants</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/BenzodiazepineDrugs/?report=reader">Benzodiazepines</a></p></div></div><div id="Clonazepam.CASE_REPORTS"><h2 id="_Clonazepam_CASE_REPORTS_">CASE REPORTS</h2><div id="Clonazepam.Case_1._Cholestatic_hepatitis"><h3>Case 1. Cholestatic hepatitis due to flurazepam.</h3><p>[Modified from: Fang MH, Ginsberg AL, Dobbins WO 3rd. Cholestatic jaundice associated with flurazepam hydrochloride. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89: 363-4. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>]</p><p>A 70 year old man developed anorexia, weakness and fatigue 2 months after starting flurazepam for insomnia. Two and a half months later he developed dark urine and jaundice. He had no previous history of liver disease, risk factors for acquiring hepatitis and drank no alcohol. He had coronary artery disease, angina pectoris and type 2 diabetes for which he took chlorthalidone, isosorbide dintitrate, digoxin and tolbutamide chronically. On admission he was jaundiced, but had no fever or rash. Liver tests, which had been normal before starting flurazepam, were elevated (Table). Ultrasound of the abdomen was unremarkable, HBsAg was negative, and a percutaneous cholangiogram was normal. A liver biopsy showed intrahepatic cholestasis. Flurazepam was stopped and liver tests improved, although pruritus did not resolve for four months. The other medications were apparently continued.</p><div id="Clonazepam.Key_Points1"><h4>Key Points</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figClonazepamT1"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figClonazepamT1" rid-ob="figobClonazepamT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Clonazepam.T1"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobClonazepamT1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Clonazepam.Laboratory_Values1"><h4>Laboratory Values</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figClonazepamT2"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figClonazepamT2" rid-ob="figobClonazepamT2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Clonazepam.T2"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobClonazepamT2">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Clonazepam.Comment1"><h4>Comment</h4><p>Cholestatic hepatitis arising after 4 months of intermittent use of flurazepam. Other possible causes were tolbutamide, but the liver injury resolved despite it being continued. Mild self-limited cholestatic hepatitis is the typical pattern of benzodiazepam induced acute liver injury, but it is very rare and has not been associated with acute liver failure or chronic liver injury.</p></div></div><div id="Clonazepam.Case_2._Cholestatic_hepatitis"><h3>Case 2. Cholestatic hepatitis due to flurazepam.</h3><p>[Modified from: Reynolds R, Lloyd DA, Slinger RP. Cholestatic jaundice induced by flurazepam hydrochloride. Can Med Assoc J 1981; 124: 893-4. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7214289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>]</p><p>A 44 year old Dutch woman visiting relatives in Canada developed anorexia, nausea and abdominal discomfort. She had been taking flurazepam for insomnia intermittently for 6 months, but more frequently while visiting. After developing jaundice and pruritis, she was admitted for evaluation. She had no previous history of liver disease, risk factors for acquiring hepatitis and drank little alcohol. She took no other medications. She was jaundiced but had no fever, rash or signs of chronic liver disease. Liver tests were elevated (Table). Ultrasound of the abdomen was unremarkable and HBsAg was negative. A liver biopsy showed intrahepatic cholestasis. Flurazepam was stopped and liver tests improved rapidly.</p><div id="Clonazepam.Key_Points2"><h4>Key Points</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figClonazepamT3"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figClonazepamT3" rid-ob="figobClonazepamT3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T3/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Clonazepam.T3"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobClonazepamT3">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Clonazepam.Laboratory_Values2"><h4>Laboratory Values</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figClonazepamT4"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figClonazepamT4" rid-ob="figobClonazepamT4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T4/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Clonazepam.T4"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobClonazepamT4">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Clonazepam.Comment2"><h4>Comment</h4><p>The benzodiazepines are widely used agents for therapy of anxiety, insomnia, tremor and some forms of seizures. They are extremely well tolerated and only rarely associated with significant liver injury. This case is typical of the rare instances of hepatotoxicity reported with benzodiazepines, marked by a self-limited cholestatic hepatitis arising after several months of use. Signs of hypersensitivity or autoimmunity are uncommon, although this patient had mild eosinophilia. Liver enzymes were only modestly elevated and the calculated R value suggested that the pattern of injury was “mixed.” However, the prominence of jaundice and pruritis along with the liver biopsy findings indicate that the injury was predominantly cholestatic.</p></div></div></div><div id="Clonazepam.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Clonazepam_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><div id="Clonazepam.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Clonazepam – Klonopin®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Anticonvulsants</p><p>
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<b>COMPLETE LABELING</b>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></div><div id="Clonazepam.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR"><h2 id="_Clonazepam_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figClonazepamT5"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figClonazepamT5" rid-ob="figobClonazepamT5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T5/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Clonazepam.T5"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobClonazepamT5">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Clonazepam.REFERENCES"><h2 id="_Clonazepam_REFERENCES_">REFERENCES</h2><p>References updated: 25 January 2017</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R1">Zimmerman HJ. Benzodiazepines. Psychotropic and anticonvulsant agents. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 491-3.<div><i>(Expert review of benzodiazepines and liver injury published in 1999; mentions rare instances of cholestatic hepatitis have been reported due to alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, diazepam, flurazepam, and triazolam, and hepatocellular injury with clorazepate, but no reports of hepatic injury with lorazepam, oxazepam or temazepam).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R2">Larrey D, Ripault M-P. Benzodiazepines. Hepatotoxicity of psychotropic drugs and drugs of abuse. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, p. 455.<div><i>(Review of drug induced liver injury mentions that there have been rare instances of acute liver injury [usually cholestatic] reported with alprazolam, bentazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, clorazepate, clotiazepam, diazepam, flurazepam, and triazolam; a hepatitis-like pattern was reported with alprazolam and diazepam).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R3">Pirmohamed M, Leeder SJ. Anticonvulsant agents. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013: pp 423-42.<div><i>(Review of anticonvulsant induced liver injury; benzodiazepines are not discussed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R4">McNamara JO. Pharmacology of the epilepsies. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 583-607.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R5">Mihic SJ, Harris RA. Hypnotics and sedatives. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 457-80.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R6">Parker JLW. Potassium clorazepate (Tranxene)-induced jaundice. Postgrad Med J 1979; 55: 908-10. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2425684/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2425684</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/44913" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 44913</span></a>]<div><i>(27 year old man developed jaundice, pruritus and fever, 2 months after starting clorazepate [bilirubin 7.6 mg/dL, ALT 880 U/L, Alk P 2.3 times ULN] and had 3 liver biopsies done over 5 months showing intrahepatic cholestasis with thin portal-portal fibrosis septae that persisted as cholestasis and inflammation resolved).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R7">Bonkowsky HL, Sinclair PR, Emery S, Sinclair JF. Seizure management in acute hepatic porphyria: risks of valproate and clonazepam. Neurology 1980; 30: 588-92. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6770287" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6770287</span></a>]<div><i>(38 year old man with acute intermittent porphyria and seizures did not respond to clonazepam, and testing in chicken embryos showed that it increased hepatic prophyrins and ALA synthase activity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R8">Døssing M, Andreasen PB. Drug-induced liver disease in Denmark. An analysis of 572 cases of hepatotoxicity reported to the Danish Board of Adverse Reactions to Drugs. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982; 17: 205-11. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6982502" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6982502</span></a>]<div><i> (Among 572 cases of hepatotoxicity reported to a Danish registry between 1968 and 1978, 97 were due to psychotropic agents, but only two attributed to benzodiazepines).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R9">Keränen T, Sivenius J. Side effects of carbamazepine, valproate and clonazepam during long-term treatment of epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1983; 97: 69-80. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6424398" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6424398</span></a>]<div><i>(Clonazepam has many dose related sedative side effects, but compared to carbamazepine and valproate, few serious or long term side effects; no mention of hepatic side effects of clonazepam).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R10">Davion T, Capron-Chivrac D, Andrejak M, Capron JP. [Hepatitis due to antiepileptic agents] Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1985; 9: 117-26. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3920108" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3920108</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of anticonvulsants; among benzodiazepines, cases of cholestatic hepatitis have been linked to chlordiazepoxide and diazepam, but liver injury from this class of drugs is rare).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R11">Olsson R, Zettergren L. Anticonvulsant-induced liver damage. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83: 576-7. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3364416" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3364416</span></a>]<div><i> (30 year old man developed fever, rash and jaundice 6 weeks after starting phenytoin; he was switched to carbamazepine and clonazepam, but redeveloped jaundice 3 months later; resolved with stopping, but recurred with restarting clonazepam alone [bilirubin 1.8 mg/dL, ALT 1380 U/L, Alk P 176 U/L] without rash, fever or eosinophilia; resolving in 6 weeks of stopping clonazepam).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R12">Suzuki A, Aso K, Ariyoshi C, Ishimaru M. Acute intermittent porphyria and epilepsy: safety of clonazepam. Epilepsia 1992; 33: 108-11. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1733741" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1733741</span></a>]<div><i> (13 year old girl with acute intermittent porphyria worsened on valproate and on phenytoin therapy, but clonazepam led to control of seizures and no worsening of porphyria).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R13">Wallace SJ. A comparative review of the adverse effects of anticonvulsants in children with epilepsy. Drug Saf 1996; 15: 378-93. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8968693" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8968693</span></a>]<div><i>(Systematic review; ALT elevations occur in 4% of children on phenytoin, 6% on valproate, 1% on carbamazepine; “No child taking… benzodiazepines had raised liver enzyme levels,”).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R14">Lewis JH, Zimmerman HJ. Drug- and chemical-induced cholestasis. Clin Liver Dis 1999; 3: 433-64, vii. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11291233" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11291233</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of drug induced cholestatic syndromes, listing many causes including chlordiazepoxide and flurazepam; “Benzodiazepines may cause cholestatic injury, although this is rare”).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R15">Selim K, Kaplowitz N. Hepatotoxicity of psychotropic drugs. Hepatology 1999; 29: 1347-51. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10216114" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10216114</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of phenothiazines, butyrophenones, tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, acetylcholesterase inhibitors, and psychotropic drugs of abuse; “benzodiazepines…have a very low hepatotoxic potential, with only case reports in the literature, usually with a cholestatic pattern).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R16">Russo MW, Galanko JA, Shrestha R, Fried MW, Watkins P. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1018-23. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15390328" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15390328</span></a>]<div><i>(Among ~50,000 liver transplants done in the US between 1990 and 2002, 137 [0.2%] were done for idiosyncratic drug induced acute liver failure, of which 10 were attributed to phenytoin, 10 to valproate and 1 to carbamazepine, but none to benzodiazepines).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R17">Björnsson E, Jerlstad P, Bergqvist A, Olsson R. Fulminant drug-induced hepatic failure leading to death or liver transplantation in Sweden. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 1095-101. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16165719" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16165719</span></a>]<div><i>(36 years of reporting to Swedish registry identified 103 cases of acute liver failure due to drugs, of which 1 was attributed to phenytoin, 1 to valproate and 1 to carbamazepine, but none to benzodiazepines).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R18">Gil-Martin A, Saez-Royuela F, Arias L, Angulo ML, Nogal B. [Hepatic fibrosis after antidepressant treatment] Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2005; 97: 461-2. Spanish. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16048430" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16048430</span></a>]<div><i> (32 year old woman developed pruritis and jaundice 1-2 months after starting sertraline, aprazolam and clorazepate, resolving with stopping sertraline, but had persistent minor ALT elevations and biopsy showing mild bridging fibrosis 4 months later).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R19">Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Kaplowitz N, García-Muņoz B, Borraz Y, Pachkoria K, García-Cortés M, et al. Outcome of acute idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: Long-term follow-up in a hepatotoxicity registry. Hepatology. 2006; 44: 1581-8. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17133470" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17133470</span></a>]<div><i>(28 of 493 [5.7%] cases of drug induced liver disease had evidence of chronicity, including 3 cases due to bentazepam and one with clorazepate, the latter with recovery at 25 months).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R20">Sabaté M, Ibáñez L, Pérez E, Vidal X, Buti M, Xiol X, Mas A, et al. Risk of acute liver injury associated with the use of drugs: a multicentre population survey. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 1401-9. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17539979" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17539979</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 126 cases of drug induced liver injury seen in Spain between 1993-2000, 20 were attributed to benzodiazepines including 5 for clorazepate, 5 alprazolam, 6 lorazepam and 4 diazepam, but compared to controls, relative risk of injury was increased only for clorazepate [8.3: estimated frequency 3.4 per 100,000 person-year exposures]).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R21">Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J; Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1924-34. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3654244/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3654244</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955056" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18955056</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected from 2004 to 2008, none were attributed to a benzodiazepine).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R22">Björnsson E. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiepileptic drugs. Acta Neurol Scand 2008; 118: 281-90. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18341684" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18341684</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of all anticonvulsants focusing upon phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine; “Furthermore, hepatoxicity has not been convincingly shown to be associated with the use of benzodiazepines”).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R23">Ferrajolo C, Capuano A, Verhamme KM, Schuemie M, Rossi F, Stricker BH, Sturkenboom MC. Drug-induced hepatic injury in children: a case/non-case study of suspected adverse drug reactions in VigiBase. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 70: 721-8. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2997312/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2997312</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21039766" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21039766</span></a>]<div><i>(Worldwide pharmacovigilance database contained 9036 hepatic adverse drug reactions in children; benzodiazepines were not among the top 40 agents implicated).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R24">Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2010; 52: 2065-76. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3992250/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3992250</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20949552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20949552</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 were attributed to drug induced liver injury, but none were linked to benzodiazepine use).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R25">Wick JY. The history of benzodiazepines. Consult Pharm 2013; 28: 538-48. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24007886" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24007886</span></a>]<div><i> (History of the development, approval, widescale use and eventual restriction and decrease in use of the benzodiazepines).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R26">Drugs for epilepsy. Treat Guidel Med Lett 2013; 11: 9-18. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23348233" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23348233</span></a>]<div><i>(Concise review of indications and side effects of anticonvulsants including clonazepam; no mention of hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R27">Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1419-25. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23419359</span></a>]<div><i>(In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, but none were linked to benzodiazepines).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R28">Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America. An analysis of published reports. Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 231-9. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24552865</span></a>]<div><i>(Systematic review of literature of drug induced liver injury in Latin American countries published from 1996 to 2012 identified 176 cases, but none were attributed to a benzodiazepine).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clonazepam.R29">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, 40 [4.5%] were attributed to anticonvulsants, but none to benzodiazepine anticonvulsants).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK548030_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">January 25, 2017</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Clonazepam. [Updated 2017 Jan 25].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Clomipramine/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Clonidine/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobClonazepamT1"><div id="Clonazepam.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Clonazepam.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Medication:</th><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Flurazepam (30 mg orally as needed)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Pattern:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Mixed→Cholestatic (R=2.4→1.8)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Severity:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">3+ (jaundice and hospitalization)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Latency:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">2 months until nausea, 4.5 months to jaundice</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Recovery:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Complete recovery 2 months after stopping</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Other medications:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clonazepam.T1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Isosorbide dinitrate, chlorthalidone, digoxin, tolbutamide</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobClonazepamT2"><div id="Clonazepam.T2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Clonazepam.T2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Time After Starting</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Time After Stopping</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">ALT<br /> (U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Alk P<br /> (U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Bilirubin (mg/dL)</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Other</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Pre</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">90</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">0.5</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_6" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Flurazepam started</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">4.5 months</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">225</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">207</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">7.0</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5 months</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">159</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">232</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6.6</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_6" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Flurazepam stopped</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">4 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">174</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">230</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5.0</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">7 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">181</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">225</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">4.5</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Liver biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">24 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">79</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">183</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1.7</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6 months</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">4 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">59</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">142</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6.5 months</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">7 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">104</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">0.6</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Normal Values</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b><49</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b><90</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b><1.2</b>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobClonazepamT3"><div id="Clonazepam.T3" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Clonazepam.T3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Medication:</th><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Flurazepam (30 mg orally as needed)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Pattern:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Mixed (R=2.5)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Severity:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">3+ (jaundice and hospitalization)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Latency:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6 months to onset of symptoms</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Recovery:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Complete recovery one month after stopping</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Other medications:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clonazepam.T3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobClonazepamT4"><div id="Clonazepam.T4" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Clonazepam.T4_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Time After Starting</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Time After Stopping</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">ALT (U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Alk P (U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Bilirubin (mg/dL)</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Other</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6 months</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">106</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">209</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">8.2</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">8% eosinophils</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1 day</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">122</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">203</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">8.3</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">3 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">134</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">201</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">7.2</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Liver biopsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">185</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">195</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6.6</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">17 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">108</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">121</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">2.0</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">4 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">111</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1.8</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">7 months</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">7 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">96</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Normal Values</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<b><24</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<b><120</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<b><1.2</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobClonazepamBPI"><div id="Clonazepam.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Clonazepam – Klonopin®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Anticonvulsants</p><p>
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<b>COMPLETE LABELING</b>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobClonazepamT5"><div id="Clonazepam.T5" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK548030/table/Clonazepam.T5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Clonazepam.T5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Clonazepam.T5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Clonazepam</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/134979678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">1622-61-3</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C15-H10-Cl-N3-O3</td><td headers="hd_h_Clonazepam.T5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK548030/bin/Clonazepam_Structure.jpg" alt="Clonazepam chemical structure" /></div>
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