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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Black Cohosh - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Black Cohosh">
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<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2020/11/04">
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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK547990_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Black Cohosh</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK547990_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="BlackCohosh.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_BlackCohosh_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="BlackCohosh.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Black cohosh is a popular herbal medication derived from a plant of the buttercup family indigenous to North America (Actaea racemosa, syn Cimicifuga racemosa), which is claimed to have estrogen-like effects and is used primarily for relief of symptoms of menopause. In recent years, products labeled as black cohosh has been implicated in many instances of clinically apparent, acute liver injury, some cases of which have been severe and led to emergency liver transplantation or death.</p></div><div id="BlackCohosh.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa; Actaea racemosa) is a perennial plant indigenous to the eastern United States and Canada. It has been long employed as a traditional Native American medicine to treat malaise, gynecological disorders, kidney disorders, malaria, rheumatism, and sore throat. The plant is referred to by many names, including black root, black snakeroot, bugbane, cimicifuga, cohosh bugbane, macrotnys, and rattlesnake root. Black cohosh supplements are made from its roots and rhizomes. Black cohosh is commonly used for the relief of symptoms associated with menopause and has been shown to be effective in ameliorating these symptoms in controlled trials. The constituents of black cohosh include triterpenes glycosides and polyphenols. Black cohosh was initially believed to have estrogen-like activity and modulate tissue specific subtypes of the estrogen receptor; more recent investigations suggest that it may have serotonergic activity. Black cohosh is available in multiple preparations either as an herbal product on its own or as a component of an herbal supplement. Phytochemical analyses have shown that some black cohosh products are mislabeled and contain Chinese Actaea species instead (such as C. dahurica, C. foetida and C. hercleifolia). Side effects of black cohosh may include hypotension, bradycardia, central nervous system effects, nausea, and vomiting.</p></div><div id="BlackCohosh.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>In prospective clinical trials involving more than 1200 patients, black cohosh was not associated with serum enzyme elevations during treatment and no cases of clinically apparent liver injury were reported. However, products labeled as black cohosh have been linked to more than fifty instances of clinically apparent liver injury that have ranged in severity from symptomatic elevations in serum enzymes without jaundice, to acute self-limited hepatitis, prolonged hepatitis with cholestasis, autoimmune hepatitis, and acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation or with a fatal outcome. The latency to onset of liver injury ranged from 1 to 48 weeks, but was usually within 2 to 12 weeks. The clinical presentation was typically with jaundice and a markedly hepatocellular pattern of injury with liver biopsy histology resembling acute viral hepatitis. Some instances of an autoimmune hepatitis-like clinical syndrome have been described with high levels of autoantibodies, chronic hepatitis on liver biopsy and a clinical response to prednisone. In some cases, black cohosh appeared to have precipitated an autoimmune hepatitis that was self-sustained and relapsed when immunosuppression was withdrawn, while in other instances the hepatitis with autoimmune features resolved spontaneously after discontinuation of black cohosh or after a short course of prednisone. In several instances, the implicated product has been retrieved and found to contain Chinese Actaea species rather than black cohosh, and the role of Actaea racemosa in causing liver injury remains controversial.</p><p>Likelihood score: A (products sold as black cohosh are well established causes of clinically apparent liver injury, but the specific ingredient or component that accounts for the injury is unclear).</p></div><div id="BlackCohosh.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>Black cohosh does not appear to be inherently hepatotoxic, and the clinical features of cases suggest that the liver injury is an idiosyncratic reaction which may be immunologically mediated. The specific component of black cohosh responsible for the hepatic injury is not known. As with many HDS products, unknown adulterants or herbals mislabeled as black cohosh may be the actual cause of hepatic injury.</p></div><div id="BlackCohosh.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>The severity of liver injury ranges from moderate elevations in liver enzymes to acute hepatic failure and death. However, mild disease with spontaneous resolution with stopping the herbal is more common. Cases with autoimmune features or prolonged symptomatic cholestasis may benefit for a course of immunosuppression with prednisone, with or without azathioprine. However, the dose of prednisone should be kept to a minimum and attempts should be made to withdraw immunosuppression once the hepatitis has resolved. There is no evidence for cross sensitivity to the liver injury between black cohosh and more conventional estrogen preparations nor with other herbals.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/HerbalDietarySuppl/?report=reader">Herbal and Dietary Supplements</a></p></div></div><div id="BlackCohosh.CASE_REPORTS"><h2 id="_BlackCohosh_CASE_REPORTS_">CASE REPORTS</h2><div id="BlackCohosh.Case_1_Acute_liver_failure_a"><h3>Case 1. Acute liver failure after taking an herbal preparation with black cohosh.(<a class="bibr" href="#BlackCohosh.REF.1" rid="BlackCohosh.REF.1">1</a>)</h3><p>A 52 year old woman developed fatigue and lethargy, followed by jaundice approximately 3 months after starting a liquid herbal preparation that contained black cohosh. She stopped the botanical when she became ill, but subsequently developed jaundice. The preparation was made and provided by a pharmacist and contained fluid extracts of several botanicals, including ground ivy (Nepeta hederacea), golden seal (Hydrastis canadensis), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), oats seed (Avena sativa) and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa). She had no history of liver disease, alcohol abuse or risk factors for viral hepatitis and was not taking other medications. On examination, she was deeply jaundiced, but had no signs of hepatic encephalopathy. Serum bilirubin was 21.5 mg/dL, ALT 1380 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 230 U/L and INR 3.0. Other causes of acute liver failure were said to be excluded. During the initial week, she developed evidence of hepatic failure with progressive hepatic encephalopathy and worsening coagulation, leading to liver transplantation approximately 4 weeks after admission. The explanted liver showed massive necrosis.</p><div id="BlackCohosh.Key_Points"><h4>Key Points</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figBlackCohoshTc"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figBlackCohoshTc" rid-ob="figobBlackCohoshTc"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tc/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tc/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="BlackCohosh.Tc"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobBlackCohoshTc">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="BlackCohosh.Comment"><h4>Comment</h4><p>This patient developed an acute liver failure of unknown cause approximately 3 months after starting an herbal preparation that was claimed to contain black cohosh. The other components have not been implicated in cases of acute liver failure, but may have contributed due to herb-herb interactions. This case was the initial report of hepatotoxicity attributed to black cohosh. The possibility that the liver injury was unrelated to black cohosh and due to a adulterant or mislabeled herbal or was due to a coincidental, idiopathic or unusual viral cause of acute liver failure cannot be completely excluded. However, the clinical presentation with a strongly hepatocellular pattern of injury and a gradual progression to hepatic failure over several weeks, even after stopping the herbal, has been described in other cases of severe acute liver injury attributed to black cohosh.</p></div></div><div id="BlackCohosh.Case_2_Acute_liver_failure_a"><h3>Case 2. Acute liver failure arising during chronic therapy with black cohosh.(<a class="bibr" href="#BlackCohosh.REF.2" rid="BlackCohosh.REF.2">2</a>)</h3><p>A 54 year old woman developed fatigue and weight loss 6 months after starting black cohosh (1000 mg daily) for menopausal symptoms. She had a history of hypothyroidism and was receiving levothyroxine (100 μg daily). The fatigue persisted, and she noted onset of forgetfulness and loss of 10 pounds before seeking medical help. She had no history of liver disease, drank alcohol regularly but not to excess, and had no risk factors for viral hepatitis. On examination, she had tenderness over the liver but was not obviously jaundiced. Serum aminotransferase levels were markedly elevated (ALT 1003 U/L, AST 1014 U/L) with modest increases in alkaline phosphatase (266 U/L) and total bilirubin (2.4 mg/dL). Tests for hepatitis A, B and C were negative as were tests for herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection. Autoantibodies were negative. Ultrasound and computerized tomography of the abdomen showed no evidence of biliary obstruction or abnormalities of the liver. The prothrombin time was elevated (INR 1.4). A liver biopsy showed severe bridging hepatocellular necrosis and with panlobular inflammation and interface hepatitis, but without fibrosis, compatible with a severe acute hepatitis. Prednisone was started, but her condition worsened. After two weeks, serum aminotransferase levels were still high and total bilirubin rose to 20.6 mg/dL. She developed hepatic encephalopathy and worsening coagulation (INR 2.6). Repeat ultrasonography showed reduced liver size. She underwent deceased donor liver transplantation 39 days after admission, but expired during the operation as a result of excessive hemorrhage. Autopsy showed a shrunken liver with extensive necrosis, minimal inflammation and regenerative nodules.</p><div id="BlackCohosh.Key_Points_1"><h4>Key Points</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figBlackCohoshTd"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Td/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figBlackCohoshTd" rid-ob="figobBlackCohoshTd"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Td/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Td/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="BlackCohosh.Td"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Td/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobBlackCohoshTd">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="BlackCohosh.Comment_1"><h4>Comment</h4><p>Acute hepatitis with progressive hepatic failure arose 6 to 8 months after starting black cohosh for menopausal symptomatology. No other obvious cause was present and the patient was taking no other medication that might be considered hepatotoxic. While autoimmune hepatitis was considered and she was treated with prednisone, there were no autoantibodies or other features of this diagnosis and there appeared to be little response to immunosuppression. The clinical presentation and course was similar to other cases of liver injury attributed to black cohosh. The longer latency to onset was atypical, but similar variability in latency to onset of severe hepatotoxicity occurs with other agents that cause idiosyncratic acute liver injury, such as isoniazid and troglitazone.</p></div></div><div id="BlackCohosh.Case_3_Chronic_hepatitis_ass"><h3>Case 3. Chronic hepatitis associated with black cohosh use.(<a class="bibr" href="#BlackCohosh.REF.3" rid="BlackCohosh.REF.3">3</a>)</h3><p>A 58 year old woman developed fatigue and weakness while taking black cohosh (80 mg of root extract daily) in addition to medications for hypertension (irbesartan 150 mg daily), hypothyroidism (levothyroxine 100 μg daily), hypercholesterolemia (simvastatin 20 mg daily), and diabetes (insulin). She had no history of liver disease, alcohol abuse, or risk factors for viral hepatitis. Physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory testing, however, showed elevations in serum ALT (318 U/L), AST (214 U/L) and GGT (95 U/L) with normal bilirubin, albumin, total protein, INR, platelet and white blood cell counts. Tests for hepatitis A, B and C as well as Epstein Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infection were negative. Smooth muscle antibody was weakly positive (titer 1:40). A liver biopsy showed interface hepatitis and lobular inflammation with portal fibrosis suggestive of chronic hepatitis. Simvastatin was stopped, but she did not improve (Table). Accordingly, three months later black cohosh was discontinued. Within two weeks serum aminotransferase levels decreased and two months later her symptoms had resolved and liver tests were normal.</p><div id="BlackCohosh.Key_Points_2"><h4>Key Points</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figBlackCohoshTe"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Te/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figBlackCohoshTe" rid-ob="figobBlackCohoshTe"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Te/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Te/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="BlackCohosh.Te"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Te/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobBlackCohoshTe">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="BlackCohosh.Laboratory_Values"><h4>Laboratory Values</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figBlackCohoshTf"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tf/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figBlackCohoshTf" rid-ob="figobBlackCohoshTf"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tf/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tf/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="BlackCohosh.Tf"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tf/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobBlackCohoshTf">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="BlackCohosh.Comment_2"><h4>Comment</h4><p>The case report lacked information on duration of black cohosh use and several important clinical details (alkaline phosphatase levels, ANA results), but the timing of improvement in relationship to stopping black cohosh was very supportive of the link between the herbal and the chronic hepatic injury. Drugs that cause idiosyncratic acute hepatitis arising within 6 months of starting therapy may, if continued long term, also cause chronic hepatitis, sometimes with autoimmune features (examples being methyldopa, nitrofurantoin, isoniazid). In these instances, the time to onset of injury can be many months or years after starting the medication, particularly if it is given intermittently.</p></div></div></div><div id="BlackCohosh.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_BlackCohosh_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Black Cohosh – Generic</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Herbal and Dietary Supplements</p><p>
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<b>SUMMARY INFORMATION</b>
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</p><p>
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<a href="https://nccih.nih.gov/health/blackcohosh/ataglance.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Fact Sheet at National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH</a>
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</p><p>
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<a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/BlackCohosh-HealthProfessional/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Fact Sheet at Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH</a>
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</p></div><div id="BlackCohosh.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTU"><h2 id="_BlackCohosh_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTU_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figBlackCohoshTg"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tg/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figBlackCohoshTg" rid-ob="figobBlackCohoshTg"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tg/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tg/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="BlackCohosh.Tg"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tg/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobBlackCohoshTg">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="BlackCohosh.CITED_REFERENCES"><h2 id="_BlackCohosh_CITED_REFERENCES_">CITED REFERENCES</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.1">Lontos S, Jones RM, Angus PW, Gow PJ. Acute liver failure associated with the use of herbal preparations containing black cohosh. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med J Aust. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">179</span>:390–1.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14503910" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14503910</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.2">Lynch CR, Folkers ME, Hutson WR. Fulminant hepatic failure associated with the use of black cohosh: a case report. <span><span class="ref-journal">Liver Transpl. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">12</span>:989–92.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16721764" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16721764</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.3">Pierard S, Coche JC, Lanthier P, Dekoninck X, Lanthier N, Rahier J, Geubel AP. Severe hepatitis associated with the use of black cohosh: a report of two cases and an advice for caution. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 21: 941-5. (Modified from case 2.) [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19404202" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19404202</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="BlackCohosh.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_BlackCohosh_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 04 November 2020</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.zimmerman.1999">Zimmerman HJ. Unconventional drugs. Miscellaneous drugs and diagnostic chemicals. In, Zimmerman, HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott,1999: pp. 731-4.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; black cohosh is not discussed).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.seeff.2013">Seeff L, Stickel F, Navarro VJ. Hepatotoxicity of herbals and dietary supplements. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 631-58.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of herbal and dietary supplements [HDS]; black cohosh is mentioned as having been linked to cases of acute hepatitis, acute liver failure and autoimmune hepatitis, the mechanism of injury being unknown and the actual relationship to black cohosh being controversial).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF6">Black cohosh. In, PDR for Herbal Medicines. 4th ed. Montvale, New Jersey: Thomson Healthcare Inc. 2007: pp. 95-100.<div><i>(Compilation of short monographs on herbal medications and dietary supplements).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.lieberman.1998.525">Lieberman S. A review of the effectiveness of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) for the symptoms of menopause. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Womens Health. </span>1998;<span class="ref-vol">7</span>:525–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9650153" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9650153</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(History of the development of black cohosh and series of open label and controlled trials showing its efficacy in decreasing symptoms of menopause).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.american_college_of_obstetricians_and_gynecologists_committee_on_practice_bulletins_gynecology.2001.1">American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Practice Bulletins–Gynecology. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists: use of botanicals for management of menopausal symptoms. <span><span class="ref-journal">Obstet Gynecol. </span>2001;<span class="ref-vol">97</span>:1–11.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11501568" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11501568</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of evidence of benefit of various botanicals for menopausal symptoms: “Black cohosh may be helpful in the short-term treatment of women with vasomotor symptoms”).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.whiting.2002.440">Whiting PW, Clouston A, Kerlin P. Black cohosh and other herbal remedies associated with acute hepatitis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med J Aust. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">177</span>:440–3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12381254" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12381254</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(6 cases of severe hepatitis in patients taking herbal medications, including 1 on black cohosh alone and 5 taking multiple herbals including skullcap [n=3], valerian [n=2], chaparral [n=1] and greater celandine [n=1] for 1-14 weeks, presenting with jaundice [bilirubin 9.9-62.7 mg/dL, ALT 1293-3764 U/L, Alk P 80-219 U/L], the 1 on black cohosh alone requiring emergency liver transplantation, the other 5 resolving in 7-25 weeks, 3 treated with prednisone for prolonged cholestasis).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.vitetta.2003.411">Vitetta L, Thomsen M, Sali A. Black cohosh and other herbal remedies associated with acute hepatitis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med J Aust. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">178</span>:411–2.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12697018" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12697018</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Letter in response to Whiting [2002] suggesting that hepatitis may have been due to a contaminant and without verification, the link to black cohosh cannot be made).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.thomsen.2003.337">Thomsen M, Schmidt M. Hepatotoxicity from Cimicifuga racemosa? Recent Australian case report not sufficiently substantiated. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Altern Complement Med. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">9</span>(3):337–40.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12816621" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12816621</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Authors argue that case series of Whiting [2002] lacked essential information such as analytic verification of components and was weakened by insufficient exclusion of other causes, implausible mechanism of injury, overrating of dangers of herbals and lack of previous reports of hepatotoxicity in multiple prospective studies).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.lontos.2003.390">Lontos S, Jones RM, Angus PW, Gow PJ. Acute liver failure associated with the use of herbal preparations containing black cohosh. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med J Aust. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">179</span>:390–1.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14503910" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14503910</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(52 year old woman developed jaundice 3 months after starting an herbal mixture including black cohosh [bilirubin 21.5 mg/dL, ALT 1380 U/L, Alk P 230 U/L, INR 3.0], with progressive hepatic failure and liver transplantation 1 month later: Case 1).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.pittler.2003.451">Pittler MH, Ernest E. Systematic review: hepatotoxic events associated with herbal medicinal products. <span><span class="ref-journal">Aliment Pharmacol Ther. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">18</span>:451–71.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12950418" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12950418</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of published cases of hepatotoxicity due to herbal medications listing 52 case reports or case series, most common agents being celandine [3], chaparral [3], germander [8], Jin Bu Huan [3], kava [1], Ma Huang [3], pennyroyal [1], skullcap [2], Chinese herbs [9], valerian [1]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.estes.2003.852">Estes JD, Stolpman D, Olyaei A, Corless CL, Ham JM, Schwartz JM, Orloff SL. High prevalence of potentially hepatotoxic herbal supplement use in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. <span><span class="ref-journal">Arch Surg. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">138</span>:852–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12912743" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12912743</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 20 patients undergoing liver transplantation for acute liver failure during 2001-2, 10 were potentially caused by herbals; none were attributed to black cohosh).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.thomsen.2004.598">Thomsen M, Vitetta L, Sali A, Schmidt M. Acute liver failure associated with the use of herbal preparations containing black cohosh. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med J Aust. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">180</span>:598–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15175000" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15175000</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Authors challenge the relationship between black cohosh and liver injury [Lontos 2003] on the basis that the herbal mixture also contained group ivy which has pulegone and that black cohosh has “a very good safety record”).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.cumming.2004.599">Cumming FJ, Kelly L. Acute liver failure associated with the use of herbal preparations containing black cohosh. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med J Aust. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">180</span>:599–600.</span> Author reply. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15175000" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15175000</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Reply to letter [Thomsen 2004] by the Office of Complementary Medicines indicating that the herbal product was analyzed and pulegone levels were below the level of detection).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.cohen.2004.575">Cohen SM, O’Connor AM, Hart J, Merel NH, Te HS. Autoimmune hepatitis associated with the use of black cohosh: a case study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Menopause. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>:575–7.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15356412" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15356412</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(57 year old woman developed fatigue 3 weeks after starting black cohosh for hot flashes [bilirubin normal, ALT 1220 U/L, Alk P minor elevations], with ANA 1:640 and liver biopsy suggesting autoimmune hepatitis, resolving with prednisone therapy and relapsing with stopping [bilirubin 9.2 mg/dL, ALT 1694 U/L]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF18">National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH. Workshop on safety of black cohosh in clinical studies. November 22, 2004. Available at: <a href="http://nccih.nih.gov/news/events/blackcohosh/blackcohosh_mtngsumm.pdf" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://nccih<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nih.gov<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/news/events/blackcohosh<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/blackcohosh_mtngsumm.pdf</a>.<div><i>(Workshop on black cohosh and its association with liver injury including two case reports from Australia: 47 year old woman developed acute liver failure 3 weeks after starting black cohosh for menopausal symptoms [bilirubin 32 mg/dL, ALK 1276 U/L, Alk P 153 U/L, INR 5.0], leading to emergency liver transplant and explant showing massive necrosis [Whiting 2002]; 52 year old woman developed acute liver failure presenting 1 month after taking a 3 month course of black cohosh [bilirubin 20 mg/dL, ALT 1380 U/L, Alk P 230 U/L, INR 3.0], undergoing liver transplant and explant showing massive necrosis).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF19">Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration Statement. New labelling requirements and consumer information for medicines containing Black cohosh(Cimicifuga racemosa). 2006. Available at: <a href="http://www.tga.gov.au/safety/alerts-medicine-black-cohosh-070529.htm" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.tga.gov.au<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/safety/alerts-medicine-black-cohosh-070529.htm</a>.<div><i>(Labeling requirements for black cohosh from the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia: “Warning: Black cohosh may harm the liver in some individuals”).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.huntley.2004.615">Huntley A. The safety of black cohosh(Actaea racemosa, Cimicifuga racemosa). <span><span class="ref-journal">Expert Opin Drug Saf. </span>2004;<span class="ref-vol">3</span>:615–23.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15500420" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15500420</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of experimental animal and human studies of black cohosh focusing upon mechanism of action, clinical efficacy and adverse events; in human trials few adverse events were reported and no liver side effects were encountered; in spontaneous reporting systems worldwide there have been 8 reports of liver and biliary adverse events).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.levitsky.2005.538">Levitsky J, Alli TA, Wisecarver J, Sorrell MF. Fulminant liver failure associated with the use of black cohosh. <span><span class="ref-journal">Dig Dis Sci. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">50</span>:538–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15810638" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15810638</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(50 year old woman developed jaundice 5 months after starting black cohosh [500 mg daily] for menopausal symptoms [bilirubin 7.6 g/dL, ALT 1474 U/L, Alk P 232 U/L, INR 2.5], with subsequent worsening despite prednisone therapy leading to liver transplantation 5 weeks after first presentation).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.low_dog.2005.98">Low Dog T. Menopause: a review of botanical dietary supplements. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Med. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">118</span> Suppl 12B:98–108.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16414334" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16414334</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of 19 controlled trials found evidence that black cohosh is beneficial for relief of menopause related symptoms, but recommendations are tempered by methodologic problems with the published trials, questions about its mechanism of action, and 4 recent reports of severe liver injury suspected to be due to black cohosh).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.lynch.2006.989">Lynch CR, Folkers ME, Hutson WR. Fulminant hepatic failure associated with the use of black cohosh: a case report. <span><span class="ref-journal">Liver Transpl. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">12</span>:989–92.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16721764" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16721764</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(54 year old woman developed fatigue 6 months after starting black cohosh [1 g daily] and jaundice in next 2 months [bilirubin 2.4 mg/dL, ALT 1003 U/L, Alk P 266 U/L, INR 1.4], with subsequent worsening leading to liver transplantation; explant showed shrunken liver with marked centrilobular necrosis and regenerative nodules: Case 2).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.dugoua.2006.e257">Dugoua JJ, Seely D, Perri D, Koren G, Mills E. Safety and efficacy of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) during pregnancy and lactation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Can J Clin Pharmacol. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>:e257–e261.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17085773" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17085773</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of literature on efficacy and safety of black cohosh during pregnancy concluded that it should be used with caution; no mention of hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.nisbet.2007.441">Nisbet BC, O’Connor RE. Black cohosh-induced hepatitis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Del Med J. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">79</span>:441–4.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18203607" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18203607</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(50 year old woman developed abdominal pain 2 weeks after starting black cohosh [40 mg/day] for menopausal symptoms [bilirubin 1.1 mg/dL, ALT 691 U/L, Alk P 117 U/L], with rapid resolution on stopping).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.newton.2006.869">Newton KM, Reed SD, LaCroix AZ, Grothaus LC, Erlich K, Guiltinan J. Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Intern Med. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">145</span>:869–79.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17179056" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17179056</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Controlled trial of black cohosh [160 mg/day], vs a multibotanical with black cohosh, vs a multibotanical with dietary soy, vs estrogen vs placebo in 351 women with vasomotor symptoms attributed to menopause found no difference between herbals and placebo in improving symptoms or in rates of adverse events; no hepatotoxicity or ALT results reported).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.briese.2007.405">Briese V, Stammwitz U, Friede M, Henneicke-von Sapelin HH. Black cohosh with or without St. John’s wort for symptom-specific climacteric treatment–results of a large-scale, controlled, observational study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Maturitas. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">57</span>:405–14.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17590291" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17590291</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Open label observation study of 6141 women receiving either black cohosh alone or combined with St. John’s wort for menopausal symptoms showed similar improvements with either treatment; only 2.2% developed adverse events and there were no case of liver dysfunction reported, but laboratory data were not collected).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.gori.2007.109">Gori L, Firenzuoli F. Is black cohosh a hepatotoxic medicinal herb? <span><span class="ref-journal">Forsch Komplementmed. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">14</span>:109–10.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17464162" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17464162</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(The European Medicines Agency [EMEA] announced that 42 cases of liver injury attributed to black cohosh have been reported; however, authors argue that many cases were poorly documented and the possibility of contamination and other comorbidities raise issue of whether black cohosh was the cause; concluding that black cohosh hepatotoxicity is probably rare).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF29">Herbal Medicinal Products Committee, European Medicines Agency. Assessment of case reports connected to herbal medicinal products containing Cimicifugae racemosae rhizoma (black cohosh, root). 2007. Available at: <a href="http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2010/02/WC500074167.pdf" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.ema.europa<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/Herbal_-<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​_HMPC_assessment_report<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/2010/02/WC500074167.pdf</a>.<div><i>(Assessment of reported cases of black cohosh hepatotoxicity by the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products of the European Medicines Agency using the RUCAM scoring system, concluded that most cases were inadequately documented and only 3 could be considered possible and 2 probable).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.seeff.2007.577">Seeff LB. Herbal hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Liver Dis. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>:577–96.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17723921" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17723921</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of HDS associated hepatotoxicity, with review of the literature including 4 reports of hepatic injury due to black cohosh).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.dunbar.2007.1017">Dunbar K, Solga AF. Black cohosh, safety, and public awareness. <span><span class="ref-journal">Liver International. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">27</span>:1017–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17696943" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17696943</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(41 year old woman developed fatigue 2 weeks after starting black cohosh and developed progressive jaundice, ascites and hepatic encephalopathy leading to transfer to a transplant center [bilirubin 13.1 mg/dL, ALT 393 U/L, INR 2.0], undergoing liver transplant 2.5 months after onset).</i>
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|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.walji.2007.913">Walji R, Boon H, Guns E, Oneschuk D, Younus J. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.): safety and efficacy for cancer patients. <span><span class="ref-journal">Support Care Cancer. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">15</span>:913–21.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17602247" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17602247</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of literature of safety and efficacy of black cohosh in patients with cancer concluded that evidence for benefit as well as for liver toxicity was “inconclusive”).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.teschke.2008.233">Teschke R. Questions regarding causality in presumed black cohosh hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Del Med J. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">80</span>:233–4.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18714667" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18714667</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Letter in response to Nisbet [2006] suggesting that symptoms predated time of starting black cohosh and that other diagnoses were not adequately excluded; reply by authors stating that symptoms arose soon after starting black cohosh and that other diagnoses were either excluded or highly unlikely).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.joy.2008.84">Joy D, Joy J, Duane P. Black cohosh: a cause of abnormal postmenopausal liver function tests. <span><span class="ref-journal">Climacteric. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>:84–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18202968" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18202968</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Two cases: 50 year old woman developed headaches and mild AST [53-70 U/L] and GGT [213-571 U/L] elevations on black cohosh, which resolved on stopping; 51 year old woman developed abdominal pain and liver test abnormalities [bilirubin normal, ALT 722 U/L, Alk P 226 U/L] after taking black cohosh for 2 months, values normalizing within 2 weeks of stopping).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.chow.2008.420">Chow EC, Teo M, Ring JA, Chen JW. Liver failure associated with the use of black cohosh for menopausal symptoms. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med J Aust. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">188</span>:420–2.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18393750" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18393750</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(51 year old woman developed fatigue followed by jaundice 3 years after starting intermittent doses of black cohosh [20 mg daily], [bilirubin 6.2 mg/dL, ALT 1230 U/L, Alk P 191 U/L, INR 1.8], with progressive liver failure leading to liver transplantation; explant showed massive necrosis and collapse).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.borrelli.2008.8">Borrelli F, Ernst E. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) for menopausal symptoms: a systematic review of its efficacy. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pharmacol Res. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">58</span>:8–14.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18585461" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18585461</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of six randomized placebo controlled trials of black cohosh in women with menopausal symptoms found no consistency in support of beneficial effects, but that such an effect could not be excluded; no discussion of adverse events).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.mahady.2008.628">Mahady GB, Low Dog T, Barrett ML, Chavez ML, Gardiner P, Ko R, Marles RJ, et al. United States Pharmacopeia review of the black cohosh case reports of hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Menopause. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">15</span>:628–38.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18340277" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18340277</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Expert committee review of case reports of hepatotoxicity related to black cohosh from all possible sources found 30 separate reports, but on analysis none were considered “certain” or even “probable”, which, nevertheless, led to recommendation that black cohosh be labeled with a cautionary statement regarding liver injury).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.garc_acort_s.2008.688">García-Cortés M, Borraz Y, Lucena MI, Peláez G, Salmerón J, Diago M, Martínez-Sierra MC, et al. <span><span class="ref-journal">Rev Esp Enferm Dig. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">100</span>:688–95.</span> [Liver injury induced by “natural remedies”: an analysis of cases submitted to the Spanish Liver Toxicity Registry] Spanish. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19159172" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19159172</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 521 cases of drug induced liver injury submitted to Spanish registry, 13 [2%] were due to herbals, none were attributed to black cohosh).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.chalasani.2008.1924">Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J., Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">135</span>:1924–34.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3654244/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3654244</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955056" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18955056</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected between 2004 and 2008, 9% of cases were attributed to herbal medications or dietary supplements, but none were attributed to black cohosh).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.pierard.2009.941">Pierard S, Coche JC, Lanthier P, Dekoninck X, Lanthier N, Rahier J, Geubel AP. Severe hepatitis associated with the use of black cohosh: a report of two cases and an advice for caution. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">21</span>:941–5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19404202" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19404202</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Two cases with histological features of chronic hepatitis during black cohosh therapy for menopausal symptoms: 62 year old woman developed abdominal pain 3 months after starting black cohosh [bilirubin normal, ALT 322 U/L, GGT 320 U/L, ANA 1:320], with resolution upon stopping [transient worsening when given prednisolone and azathioprine]; 58 year old woman developed fatigue sometime after starting black cohosh for menopausal symptoms [bilirubin normal, ALT 318 U/L, GGT 95 U/L], with persistence of abnormalities on continuing and rapid improvement upon stopping black cohosh: Case 3).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.naser.2009.99">Naser B, Liske E., Teschke R. Liver failure associated with the use of black cohosh for menopausal symptoms. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med J Aust. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">190</span>:99–100.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19278034" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19278034</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Two letters in response to Chow [2008] raising the issue of alcohol as a cause of the liver injury and the possibility of other causes such as herpes simplex, adenovirus and Wilson disease; reply by authors stating that these etiologies were unlikely).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.teschke.2009.214">Teschke R. A U.S. review determined that black cohosh products should be labeled with a cautionary statement. <span><span class="ref-journal">Menopause. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">16</span>:214–author reply 214-5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19131847" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19131847</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Letter in response to Mahady [2008] questioning the use of the Naranjo rather than the RUCAM scale in assessing causality in cases of black cohosh hepatotoxicity; authors reply stating that the causality assessment was done by expert consensus opinion and the Naranjo scale was used only as an aid).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.teschke.2009.72">Teschke R, Schwarzenboeck A. Suspected hepatotoxicity by Cimicifugae racemosae rhizoma (black cohosh, root): critical analysis and structured causality assessment. <span><span class="ref-journal">Phytomedicine. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">16</span>:72–84.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19010650" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19010650</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 42 reports of severe hepatotoxicity received by the European Medicine Agency, only 4 were considered as possible or probable; application of RUCAM to these 4 cases by the author yielded scores in the “excluded” range [-1 to -3], largely because of other possible diagnoses [autoimmune hepatitis, herpes] and other drugs used).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.teschke.2009.956">Teschke R, Bahre R, Fuchs J, Wolff A. Black cohosh hepatotoxicity: quantitative causality evaluation in nine suspected cases. <span><span class="ref-journal">Menopause. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">16</span>:956–65.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19339903" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19339903</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Analysis of 9 cases of suspected black cohosh hepatotoxicity using RUCAM suggested that none could be considered even possibly related, largely because of competing diagnoses, other medications being taken and lack of information on course and outcome).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.navarro.2009.373">Navarro VJ. Herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Semin Liver Dis. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>:373–82.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19826971" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19826971</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of the problems of causality assessment in herbal and dietary supplement [HDS] associated liver disease, including the variable clinical presentations, the complexity and lack of information on their components, absence of controlled trials demonstrating safety and efficacy, the possibility of contamination or incorrect labeling and frequent underreporting of herbal use by patients. Black cohosh is discussed as a potential cause of severe acute hepatitis).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.vannacci.2009.62">Vannacci A, Lapi F, Gallo E, Vietri M, Toti M, Menniti-Ippolito F, Raschetti R, et al. A case of hepatitis associated with long-term use of Cimicifuga racemosa. <span><span class="ref-journal">Altern Ther Health Med. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">15</span>:62–3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19472866" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19472866</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(37 year old woman developed jaundice 6-8 months after starting black cohosh for menopausal symptoms [bilirubin 1.5 mg/dL, ALT 20 times ULN, GGT slightly increased], with persistent ALT abnormalities until use of the herbal was admitted, resolution occurring within 1 month of stopping).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.guzman.2009.918156">Guzman G, Kallwitz ER, Wojewoda C, Chennuri R, Berkes J, Layden TJ, Cotler SJ. Liver injury with features mimicking autoimmune hepatitis following the use of black cohosh. <span><span class="ref-journal">Case Rep Med. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">2009</span>:918156. </span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2814377/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2814377</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20130783" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20130783</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Two women, ages 42 and 53, developed fatigue 6 and 8 months after starting black cohosh for menopausal symptoms [bilirubin 3.1 and 2.0 mg/dL, ALT 1457 and 443 U/L, Alk P 94 and 188 U/L, ANA 1:20-1:40], biopsy showing changes suggestive of chronic hepatitis and both responding to corticosteroids).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.mahady.2009.139">Mahady G, Low Dog T, Sarma DN, Giancaspro GI. Suspected black cohosh hepatotoxicity—causality assessment versus safety signal. <span><span class="ref-journal">Maturitas. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">64</span>:139–40.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19781876" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19781876</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Letter in response to Teschke [2009] mentioning that there have been 82 reports of hepatotoxicity attributed to black cohosh and that a product warning is warranted).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.betz.2009.155">Betz JM, Anderson L, Avigan MI, Barnes J, Farnsworth NR, Gerden B, Henderson L, et al. Black Cohosh: considerations of safety and benefit. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nutrition Today. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">44</span>:155–62.</span><div>
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<i>(Summary of a 2007 NIH workshop on the safety of black cohosh and making recommendations for future research and analysis).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.jacobsson.2009.1039">Jacobsson I, Jönsson AK, Gerdén B, Hägg S. Spontaneously reported adverse reactions in association with complementary and alternative medicine substances in Sweden. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. </span>2009;<span class="ref-vol">18</span>:1039–47.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19650152" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19650152</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of 778 spontaneous adverse event reports of herbals to the Swedish Registry includes 38 [5%] related to black cohosh, including 3 related to enzyme elevations and 3 various hepatic reactions).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.barnes.2010.79">Barnes J. Black cohosh (black snakeroot, Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt., Actaea racemosa L.). <span><span class="ref-journal">J Prim Health Care. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">2</span>:79–80.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20690409" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20690409</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review mentions that a systematic review conducted in 2007 of 6 controlled trials of black cohosh extracts in 1112 women found evidence of efficacy to be "uncertain" and several spontaneous reports of hepatotoxicity have been published).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.reuben.2010.2065">Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM., Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Hepatology. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">52</span>:2065–76.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3992250/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3992250</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20949552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20949552</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 [11%] were attributed to drug induced liver injury of which 12 [9%] were due to herbals, 1 to black cohosh).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.teschke.2010.426">Teschke R. Black cohosh and suspected hepatotoxicity: inconsistencies, confounding variables, and prospective use of a diagnostic causality algorithm. A critical review. <span><span class="ref-journal">Menopause. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>:426–40.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20216279" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20216279</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Author performed a reanalysis of 69 cases of suspected liver injury from black cohosh using RUCAM and concluded that 27 were excluded, 21 unlikely, 8 unrelated, 12 unassessable, and only 1 possibly related).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.mahady.2010.1088">Mahady G, Low Dog T, Sarma ND, Giancaspro GI, Griffiths J. The causal relationship between the use of black cohosh-containing products and hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Menopause. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>:1088–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20827114" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20827114</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Letter in response to Teschke [2010] arguing that the modified RUCAM he used made most cases unassessable and that several groups have agreed that black cohosh has a "signal of safety concern"; author replies addressing the need of an improved causality instrument).</i>
|
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.painter.2010.1">Painter D, Perwaiz S, Murty M. Black cohosh products and liver toxicity: update. <span><span class="ref-journal">Can Adverse Reaction Newsl. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">20</span>:1–2.</span><div>
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<i>(Among 4 cases of suspected black cohosh hepatotoxicity reported to Health Canada, analysis of retrieved samples showed that none contained authentic black cohosh, but had phytochemical profiles consistent with presence of other related herbal species).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.firenzuoli.2011.821392">Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Roberti di Sarsina P. Black Cohosh Hepatic Safety: Follow-Up of 107 patients consuming a special Cimicifuga racemosa rhizome herbal extract and review of literature. <span><span class="ref-journal">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. </span>2011;<span class="ref-vol">2011</span>:821392. </span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3110476/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3110476</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21660145" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21660145</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 107 women treated with black cohosh extract for at least one year, none had clinical or biochemical evidence of liver injury).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.jiang.2011.339">Jiang B, Ma C, Motley T, Kronenberg F, Kennelly EJ. Phytochemical fingerprinting to thwart black cohosh adulteration: a 15 Actaea species analysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Phytochem Anal. </span>2011;<span class="ref-vol">22</span>:339–51.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21337649" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21337649</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Analysis of 15 Actaea species by HPLC and LC-MS methods showed a characteristic pattern of polyphenols and triterpene glycosides in Actaea racemosa extracts; a specific marker compound [cimifugin] was found in most other species, but not racemosa [black cohosh]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.naser.2011.366">Naser B, Schnitker J, Minkin MJ, de Arriba SG, Nolte KU, Osmers R. Suspected black cohosh hepatotoxicity: no evidence by meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials for isopropanolic black cohosh extract. <span><span class="ref-journal">Menopause. </span>2011;<span class="ref-vol">18</span>:366–75.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21228727" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21228727</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Metaanalysis of 5 randomized controlled trials of black cohosh [Remifemin] found no significant changes in mean ALT, AST or GGT levels among black cohosh and placebo recipients; among 7 patients who developed significant rises in liver tests during therapy, none were judged to be related to black cohosh therapy).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.teschke.2011.567">Teschke R, Schmidt-Taenzer W, Wolff A. Spontaneous reports of assumed herbal hepatotoxicity by black cohosh: is the liver-unspecific Naranjo scale precise enough to ascertain causality? <span><span class="ref-journal">Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. </span>2011;<span class="ref-vol">20</span>:567–82.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702069" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21702069</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(2 cases of suspected black cohosh hepatotoxicity were evaluated by the RUCAM and Naranjo causality scales: scores ranged from -2 to +2 by RUCAM [none even possible] and -1 to +2 by Naranjo [6 possible]).</i>
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|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.teschke.2011.249">Teschke R, Schwarzenboeck A, Schmidt-Taenzer W, Wolff A, Hennermann KH. Herb induced liver injury presumably caused by black cohosh: a survey of initially purported cases and herbal quality specifications. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Hepatol. </span>2011;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>:249–59.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21677326" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21677326</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of problems of causality assessment in cases of liver injury attributed to herbal medications focusing upon black cohosh).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.mahady.2012.339">Mahady G, Low Dog T, Sarma ND, Griffiths J, Giancaspro GI. Response to Teschke et al. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">21</span>:339–40.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22407603" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22407603</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Letter in response to Teschke [2011] arguing that the calculation of RUCAM scores was based upon the author's modifications of the scoring system that resulted in all cases being unlikely or excluded).</i>
|
|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.wang.2011.111">Wang YJ, Dou J, Cross KP, Valerio LG Jr. Computational analysis for hepatic safety signals of constituents present in botanical extracts widely used by women in the United States for treatment of menopausal symptoms. <span><span class="ref-journal">Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. </span>2011;<span class="ref-vol">59</span>:111–24.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20920542" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20920542</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Computer analyses of chemical structures of compounds found in botanicals used to treat menopausal symptoms identified several predicted to cause hepatic injury, including protocatechuic acid in black cohosh).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.teschke.2012.1543">Teschke R, Wolff A, Frenzel C, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Herbal hepatotoxicity: a tabular compilation of reported cases. <span><span class="ref-journal">Liver Int. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">32</span>:1543–56.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22928722" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22928722</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(A systematic compilation of all publications on the hepatotoxicity of specific herbals identified 185 publications on 60 different herbs, herbal drugs and supplements, but neither black cohosh or Cimicifuga racemosa are listed).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.bunchorntavakul.2013.3">Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. Review article: herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Aliment Pharmacol Ther. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">37</span>:3–17.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23121117" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23121117</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Systematic review of the literature on HDS associated hepatotoxicity mentions that black cohosh has been implicated in causing liver injury in at least 6 publications).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.bj_rnsson.2013.1419">Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">144</span>:1419–25.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23419359</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period [2010-12], including 15 attributed to herbals or dietary supplements, but none specifically to black cohosh).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.navarro.2013.715">Navarro VJ, Seeff LB. Liver injury induced by herbal complementary and alternative medicine. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Liver Dis. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>:715–35.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24099027" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24099027</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of herbal hepatotoxicity including discussion of black cohosh, which has been linked to liver injury ranging from asymptomatic increases in ALT levels to acute liver failure and hepatitis with autoimmune features).</i>
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|
</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.abdualmjid.2013.376">Abdualmjid RJ, Sergi C. Hepatotoxic botanicals - an evidence-based systematic review. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Pharm Pharm Sci. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">16</span>:376–404.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24021288" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24021288</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Extensive review of the hepatotoxicity of botanicals mentions the main active constituents of black cohosh are terpene glycosides and discusses 3 case reports of serious liver injury from its use).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.lim.2013.cr2013009325">Lim TY, Considine A, Quaglia A, Shawcross DL. Subacute liver failure secondary to black cohosh leading to liver transplantation. <span><span class="ref-journal">BMJ Case Rep. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">2013</span>:cr2013009325. </span> pii. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3736182/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3736182</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23833086" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23833086</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(60 year old woman developed jaundice 2 weeks after starting black cohosh for menopausal symptoms [bilirubin 27.7 mg/dL, AST 2385 U/L, Alk P 151 U/L, INR 1.57], with progressive worsening requiring liver transplantation 3 weeks later).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.enbom.2014.279">Enbom ET, Le MD, Oesterich L, Rutgers J, French SW. Mechanism of hepatotoxicity due to black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa): Histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopy analysis of two liver biopsies with clinical correlation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Exp Mol Pathol. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">96</span>:279–83.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24657312" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24657312</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Two women, ages 65 and 55 years, developed jaundice while taking black cohosh preparations for an unknown period [peak bilirubin 6.6 and 5.4 mg/dL, ALT 92 and 2061 U/L, Alk P 368 and 156 U/L], resolving within 3 months of stopping).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF70">Cimicifuga: liver transplantation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Prescrire Int. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">22</span>:73.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23593697" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23593697</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Brief report that the UK Drug Regulatory Agency has received 36 spontaneous reports of hepatic injury due to black cohosh and one instance of severe hepatitis requiring liver transplantation).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.teschke.2013.1093">Teschke R, Schulze J, Schwarzenboeck A, Eickhoff A, Frenzel C. Herbal hepatotoxicity: suspected cases assessed for alternative causes. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">25</span>:1093–8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23510966" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23510966</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of 23 case series of herb induced liver disease found alternative possible diagnoses for 278 of 573 cases including 58 of 94 cases [62%] attributed to black cohosh).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.masadaatsumi.2014.454">Masada-Atsumi S, Kumeta Y, Takahashi Y, Hakamatsuka T, Goda Y. Evaluation of the botanical origin of black cohosh products by genetic and chemical analyses. <span><span class="ref-journal">Biol Pharm Bull. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">37</span>:454–60.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24583864" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24583864</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Testing of commercial black cohost products from the US and Europe by DNA fingerprinting found that half were derived from Cimicifuga dahurica rather than C. racemosa and liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectroscopy showed that one third of products were contaminated with plant species other than C. racemosa).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.muqeet_adnan.2014.860614">Muqeet Adnan M, Khan M, Hashmi S, Hamza M, Abdul Mujeeb S, Amer S. Black cohosh and liver toxicity: is there a relationship? <span><span class="ref-journal">Case Rep Gastrointest Med. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">2014</span>:860614. </span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4100270/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4100270</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25093128" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25093128</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(44 year old woman developed jaundice one month after starting black cohosh for menopausal symptoms [bilirubin 20 mg/dL, ALT 215 U/L, Alk P 201 U/L, INR 1.2], resolving within 3 months of stopping the herbal product).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.navarro.2014.1399">Navarro VJ, Barnhart H, Bonkovsky HL, Davern T, Fontana RJ, Grant L, Reddy KR, et al. Liver injury from herbals and dietary supplements in the U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. <span><span class="ref-journal">Hepatology. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">60</span>:1399–408.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4293199/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4293199</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25043597" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25043597</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 85 cases of HDS associated liver injury [not due to anabolic steroids] enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, one was attributed to a product containing black cohosh: remifemin).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.chalasani.2015.1340">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al. United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Gastroenterology. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">148</span>:1340–52.e7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a prospective database between 2004 and 2012, HDS were implicated in 145 [16%], one of which was attributed to Remifemin, a product advertised as helpful for menopausal symptoms that contains black cohosh [Navarro et al. Hepatology 2014]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.ulbricht.2015.265">Ulbricht C, Windsor RC. An evidence-based systematic review of black cohosh(Cimicifuga racemosa, Actaea racemosa) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Diet Suppl. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">12</span>:265–358.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25153652" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25153652</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(A 357 page “evidence-based” review of the safety and efficacy of black cohosh states: “Case reports have indicated that in certain individuals, hepatic failure is possible”).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.tanmahasamut.2015.79">Tanmahasamut P, Vichinsartvichai P, Rattanachaiyanont M, Techatraisak K, Dangrat C, Sardod P. Cimicifuga racemosa extract for relieving menopausal symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. <span><span class="ref-journal">Climacteric. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">18</span>:79–85.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24941138" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24941138</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 54 women with menopausal symptoms treated with black cohosh [40 mg daily] or placebo for 12 weeks, symptoms improved in both groups to a similar extent, there were no serious adverse events, and serum mean ALT and AST levels did not change appreciably).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.garc_acort_s.2016.537">García-Cortés M, Robles-Díaz M, Ortega-Alonso A, Medina-Caliz I, Andrade RJ. Hepatotoxicity by dietary supplements: A tabular listing and clinical characteristics. <span><span class="ref-journal">Int J Mol Sci. </span>2016;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>:537.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4848993/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4848993</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27070596" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27070596</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Listing of published cases of liver injury from HDS products, does not list publications on black cohosh or Cimicifuga species).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.brown.2017">Brown AC. An overview of herb and dietary supplement efficacy, safety and government regulations in the United States with suggested improvements. Part 1 of 5 series. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107(Pt A): 449-71. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27818322" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27818322</span></a>]<div><i>(Summary of the US regulations on safety and efficacy of herbal and dietary supplements).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.brown.2017_1">Brown AC. Liver toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements: Online table of case reports. Part 2 of 5 series. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107(Pt A): 472-501. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27402097" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27402097</span></a>]<div><i>(Description of an online compendium of cases of liver toxicity attributed to HDS products, lists 16 publications implicating black cohosh [Actaea racemose] in liver injury, including hepatitis, hepatic failure and deaths).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.franco.2017.23">Franco DL, Kale S, Lam-Himlin DM, Harrison ME. Black cohosh hepatotoxicity with autoimmune hepatitis presentation. <span><span class="ref-journal">Case Rep Gastroenterol. </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">11</span>:23–28.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5301124/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5301124</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28203134" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28203134</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(69 year old woman developed abdominal pain followed by dark urine and jaundice 3 weeks after starting black cohosh [150 mg daily] for menopausal symptoms [bilirubin 6.3 mg/dL, ALT 2385 U/L, Alk P 296 U/L, INR 1.0, ANA and SMA positive], with rapid improvement on stopping the herbal product and initiation of prednisone and azathioprine which were stopped 3 and 6 months later, with normal liver tests thereafter).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.svedlund.2017.119">Svedlund E, Larsson M, Hägerkvist R. Spontaneously reported adverse reactions for herbal medicinal products and natural remedies in Sweden 2007-15: report from the Medical Products Agency. <span><span class="ref-journal">Drugs Real World Outcomes. </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">4</span>:119–25.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5457307/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5457307</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28353157" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28353157</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(A total of 116 spontaneous reports of adverse reactions to herbal products were received by a Swedish registry between 2007 and 2015, including 15 related to black cohosh, 5 of which were considered “severe” and all 5 were related to liver injury; details were not provided).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.guo.2017.264">Guo Y, Yin T, Wang X, Zhang F, Pan G, Lv H, Wang X, et al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the genus Cimicifuga: A review. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Ethnopharmacol. </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">209</span>:264–82.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28826891" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28826891</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Extensive review of the botanical characteristics, traditional medical uses, phytochemistry, quality control and potential mechanisms of action of the genus Cimicifuga which includes at least 28 species, that are widely distributed, C. racemose in the Americans and C. dahurica, foetida and hercleifolia in Asia, the bioactive components are believed to be the triterpene glycosides which constitute 2-6% of the herbal extracts isolated largely from dried rhizomes; mentions that hepatotoxicity is a possible adverse event associated with its use).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.gao.2018.69">Gao L, Zheng T, Xue W, Wang Y, Deng Y, Zuo H, Sun A. Efficacy and safety evaluation of Cimicifuga foetida extract in menopausal women. <span><span class="ref-journal">Climacteric. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">21</span>:69–74.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29198157" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29198157</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 96 postmenopausal women treated with either one of two fixed combinations of estrogen and progesterone or with C. foetida extract daily for 24 months, improvements in menopausal symptoms were similar across groups and there were no serious adverse events and no differences in serum ALT levels in the three groups during treatment).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="BlackCohosh.REF.hoban.2019.338">Hoban CL, Byard RW, Musgrave IF. Analysis of spontaneous adverse drug reactions to echinacea, valerian, black cohosh and ginkgo in Australia from 2000 to 2015. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Integr Med. </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">17</span>:338–43.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31113761" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31113761</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among spontaneous adverse drug events reported to the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration between 2000 and 2015, 35 were attributed to black cohosh, all in women, ages 51 to 75 years, and 13 were liver related; no details provided).</i>
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</div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK547990_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">November 4, 2020</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Black Cohosh. [Updated 2020 Nov 4].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/BitterMelon/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/BlackCumin/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobBlackCohoshTc"><div id="BlackCohosh.Tc" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__BlackCohosh.Tc_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medication:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Tc_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Herbal mixture with black cohosh</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Tc_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pattern:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Tc_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hepatocellular (R=11.3)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Tc_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Severity:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Tc_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5+ (liver transplantation for acute liver failure)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Tc_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Latency:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Tc_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 months</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Tc_1_1_5_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recovery:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Tc_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Tc_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other medications:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Tc_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other herbals in the liquid mixture included ground ivy, goldenseal, ginkgo and oats seed</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobBlackCohoshTd"><div id="BlackCohosh.Td" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Td/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__BlackCohosh.Td_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Td_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medication:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Td_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black cohosh</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Td_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pattern:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Td_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hepatocellular (R=10.9)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Td_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Severity:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Td_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5+ (acute hepatic failure, liver transplantation and death)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Td_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Latency:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Td_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 months to initial symptoms, 8 months to jaundice</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Td_1_1_5_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recovery:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Td_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Td_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other medications:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Td_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Levothyroxine 100 μg daily</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobBlackCohoshTe"><div id="BlackCohosh.Te" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Te/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__BlackCohosh.Te_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Te_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medication:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Te_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black cohosh (80 mg daily)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Te_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pattern:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Te_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Undefined, probably hepatocellular</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Te_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Severity:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Te_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1+ (enzyme elevations and symptoms without jaundice)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Te_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Latency:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Te_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unclear</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Te_1_1_5_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Recovery:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Te_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 months after stopping</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Te_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other medications:</th><td headers="hd_b_BlackCohosh.Te_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Simvastatin, irbesartan, levothyroxine, insulin</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobBlackCohoshTf"><div id="BlackCohosh.Tf" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tf/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__BlackCohosh.Tf_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Time After<br />Presentation</th><th id="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ALT<br />(U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">AST<br />(U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Bilirubin<br />(mg/dL)</th><th id="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Other</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">183</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">214</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asthenia</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_1 hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_2 hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_3 hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_4 hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_5" colspan="5" scope="col" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Simvastatin discontinued</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 months</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">527</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">663</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_1 hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_2 hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_3 hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_4 hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_5" colspan="5" scope="col" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Black cohosh discontinued</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.3 months</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">85</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">96</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 months</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Symptoms resolved</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Normal Values</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b><34</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b><44</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b><1.2</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tf_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobBlackCohoshTg"><div id="BlackCohosh.Tg" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK547990/table/BlackCohosh.Tg/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__BlackCohosh.Tg_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tg_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tg_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tg_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tg_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tg_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black Cohosh</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tg_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135333051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">84776-26-1</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tg_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Herbal mixture</td><td headers="hd_h_BlackCohosh.Tg_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not applicable</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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