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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]">
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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK547968_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Pramipexole</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK547968_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Pramipexole.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Pramipexole_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Pramipexole.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Pramipexole is a selective dopamine receptor agonist used in the therapy of Parkinson disease. Pramipexole therapy is associated with a low rate of transient serum enzyme elevations during treatment, but has not been implicated in cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury.</p></div><div id="Pramipexole.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Pramipexole (pram" i pex' ole) is synthetic, nonergot derivative and dopamine receptor agonist that has selective activity for the D2 class of dopamine receptors and little agonist activity for the D1 class. For this reason, pramipexole may be better tolerated than bromocriptine or pergolide which have activity for both D1 and D2 receptors. Pramipexole was approved for use in the United States in 1997 for the therapy of symptomatic Parkinson disease. Pramipexole is available in tablets of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg generically and under the brand name of Miraplex. It is used often, but not always in combination with levodopa/carbidopa. Pramipexole is typically initiated in low doses (0.375 mg in 3 divided doses daily), with adjustment upwards based upon tolerance and clinical effects. The typical maintenance dose for Parkinson disease is 1.5 to 4.5 mg daily in three divided doses. Pramipexole can be initiated more quickly than bromocriptine or pergolide, and does not cause the profound hypotension and nausea that are typical of the ergot derivatives. Common side effects include somnolence, fatigue, vivid dreams, anxiety, confusion, depression, dizziness, headache and gastrointestinal upset.</p></div><div id="Pramipexole.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Pramipexole has been reported to cause serum aminotransferase elevations in a small proportion of patients, but these abnormalities are usually mild, asymptomatic and self-limiting even without dose adjustment. Pramipexole has not been implicated in cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury which must be rare, if it occurs at all.</p><p>Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Pramipexole.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>Pramipexole is minimally metabolized by the liver and is excreted largely unchanged in the urine.</p></div><div id="Pramipexole.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>Instances of liver injury attributed to pramipexole have been mild, asymptomatic and self-limiting. No instances of acute liver failure or chronic injury have been reported.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/AntiparkinsonAgents/?report=reader">Antiparkinson Agents</a></p><p>Other Drugs in the Subclass, Dopamine Receptor Agonists: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Apomorphine/?report=reader">Apomorphine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Bromocriptine/?report=reader">Bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Pergolide/?report=reader">Pergolide</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Ropinirole/?report=reader">Ropinirole</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Rotigotine/?report=reader">Rotigotine</a></p></div></div><div id="Pramipexole.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Pramipexole_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><div id="Pramipexole.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Pramipexole – Generic, Mirapex®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antiparkinson Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Pramipexole" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></div><div id="Pramipexole.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTU"><h2 id="_Pramipexole_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTU_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figPramipexoleT1"><a href="/books/NBK547968/table/Pramipexole.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figPramipexoleT1" rid-ob="figobPramipexoleT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK547968/table/Pramipexole.T1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK547968/table/Pramipexole.T1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Pramipexole.T1"><a href="/books/NBK547968/table/Pramipexole.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobPramipexoleT1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Pramipexole.REFERENCES"><h2 id="_Pramipexole_REFERENCES_">REFERENCES</h2><p>References updated: 20 July 2017</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R1">Zimmerman HJ. Antiparkinsonism drugs. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 715-7.<div><i>(Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; among anticholinergic agents, "only trihexyphenidyl has been incriminated in hepatic injury"; other antiparkinsonism drugs discussed include levodopa, lergotrile [no longer available], pergolide and bromocriptine).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R2">Larrey D, Ripault MP. Hepatotoxicity of psychotropic drugs and drugs of abuse. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc, 2013, pp. 443-62.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of agents acting on the central nervous system).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R3">Standaert DG, Roberson ED. Treatment of central nervous system degenerative disorders. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 609-28.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R4">McDowell F. Symposium on levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Clinical and pharmacological aspects. Clinical laboratory abnormalities. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1971; 12: 335-9. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4102803" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4102803</span></a>]<div><i>(Retrospective analysis of laboratory abnormalities arising in 974 patients with Parkinson disease treated with levodopa; AST elevations occurred in 9% of 5427 determinations, but were usually mild and transient returning to normal in 1-2 months without dose adjustment; AST levels rose to 1600 U/L in one patient who later died of complications of diabetes).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R5">Hubble JP, Koller WC, Cutler NR, Sramek JJ, Friedman J, Goetz C, Ranhosky A, et al. Pramipexole in patients with early Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1995; 18: 338-47. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8665547" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8665547</span></a>]<div><i>(55 patients with early Parkinson disease where treated with selegiline and either pramipexole or placebo for 9 weeks; one patient in each group had an asymptomatic, isolated elevation in AST).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R6">Lieberman A, Ranhosky A, Korts D. Clinical evaluation of pramipexole in advanced Parkinson's disease: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Neurology 1997; 49: 162-8. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9222185" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9222185</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 360 patients with advanced Parkinson disease on levodopa/carbidopa treated with pramipexole or placebo, side effects were similar in the two groups; no mention of ALT abnormalities or hepatotoxicity).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R7">Shannon KM, Bennett JP Jr., Friedman JH. Efficacy of pramipexole, a novel dopamine agonist, as monotherapy in mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. The Pramipexole Study Group. Neurology 1997; 49: 724-8. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9305331" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9305331</span></a>]<div><i>(In a controlled trial of pramipexole vs placebo in 335 patients with early Parkinson disease not receiving levodopa, there were no significant changes in serum chemistry test results in either group).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R8">Lambert D, Waters CH. Comparative tolerability of the newer generation antiparkinsonian agents. Drugs Aging 2000; 16: 55-65. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10733264" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10733264</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of mechanism of action, tolerability and safety of selegiline, pramipexole, ropinirole, tolcapone and entacapone in Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R9">Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2010; 52: 2065-76. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3992250/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3992250</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20949552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20949552</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 were attributed to drug induced liver injury, but none were attributed to agents used for Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R10">Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation, and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1419-25,1425. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23419359</span></a>]<div><i>(In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, but none of the 96 were attributed to an agent used to treat Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R11">Drugs for Parkinson's disease. Treat Guidel Med Lett 2013; 11 (135): 101-6. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24165688" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24165688</span></a>]<div><i>(Concise review of recommendations for therapy of Parkinson disease with description of mechanisms of action, efficacy and adverse events). </i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R12">Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America: an analysis of published reports. Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 231-9. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24552865</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 176 reports of drug induced liver injury from Latin America published between 1996 and 2012, none were attributed to an agent to treat Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Pramipexole.R13">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury from the US enrolled in a prospective database between 2004 and 2012, none were attributed to an agent used to treat Parkinson disease).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK547968_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">July 20, 2017</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Pramipexole. [Updated 2017 Jul 20].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Pralsetinib/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Pramlintide/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobPramipexoleBPI"><div id="Pramipexole.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Pramipexole – Generic, Mirapex®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antiparkinson Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Pramipexole" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobPramipexoleT1"><div id="Pramipexole.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK547968/table/Pramipexole.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Pramipexole.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Pramipexole.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Pramipexole.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_Pramipexole.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Pramipexole.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Pramipexole.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Pramipexole</td><td headers="hd_h_Pramipexole.T1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135017226" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">104632-26-0</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Pramipexole.T1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C10-H17-N3-S</td><td headers="hd_h_Pramipexole.T1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK547968/bin/Pramipexole_Structure.jpg" alt="Pramipexole Chemical Structure" /></div>
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