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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]">
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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK547946_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Clopidogrel</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK547946_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Clopidogrel.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Clopidogrel_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Clopidogrel.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Clopidogrel is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation that is used to decrease the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients known to have atherosclerosis. Clopidogrel has been linked to rare instances of idiosyncratic, clinically apparent acute liver injury.</p></div><div id="Clopidogrel.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Clopidogrel (kloe pid' oh grel) is an inhibitor of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation and is used widely to decrease the risk of myocardial infarction and stoke in patients who have documented coronary or cerebrovascular disease or previous heart attack or stroke. Activated platelets release ADP which binds to platelet receptors, causing activation of intracellular glycoprotein IIb/IIIA complex which triggers platelet adherence and aggregation. The aggregation of platelets plays an important role in the growth of atheromatous plaques, which can lead to coronary, cerebral and peripheral arterial occlusions. In large clinical trials, clopidogrel therapy has been shown to decrease the frequency of recurrence of myocardial infarction and stroke. Clopidogrel was approved for use in the United States in 1997 and is widely used, with more than 1.5 million prescriptions filled yearly. Current indications include reduction of atherosclerotic events (myocardial infarction, stroke, vascular death) in patients with documented atherosclerosis and in patients with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Clopidogrel is available in 75 mg tablets generically and under the brand name of Plavix. The usual dose is 75 mg daily, sometimes with a loading dose of 300 mg on day one. Side effects are not common, but can include headache, dizziness, fatigue, gastrointestinal upset, nausea, arthralgias and rash.</p></div><div id="Clopidogrel.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>Clopidogrel is associated with serum enzyme elevations in 1% to 3% of patients during therapy. In several large clinical trials, elevations of serum ALT were no more frequent with clopidogrel as with placebo (or in comparator arms) and no instances of clinically apparent liver injury were reported. Since marketing and release, however, there have been more than a dozen published case reports of clinically apparent liver injury attributed to clopidogrel. The onset of symptoms was within 2 to 24 weeks (averaging 6 weeks) of starting, with fatigue and jaundice. Several patients had an accompanying fever but rash and eosinophilia were not common. The usual pattern of liver enzyme elevations was hepatocellular, but cases with mixed or cholestatic enzyme elevations have also been described (Case 1). Autoantibodies were rarely present. Most cases were self-limited with recovery within 1 to 2 months, but rare cases of acute liver failure or hepatic decompensation with death or need for liver transplantation have been described.</p><p>Likelihood score: B (highly likely but rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Clopidogrel.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>The mechanism of clopidogrel hepatotoxicity is not known, but is clearly idiosyncratic and may be due to the complex hepatic metabolism of the clopidogrel molecule. Immunoallergic features are usually not prominent, but hypersensitivity reactions to clopidogrel have been described. The effectiveness of clopidogrel is dependent upon its activation in the liver by CYP 2C19 and poor metabolizers of this enzyme may not respond adequately to its antiplatelet activity. Furthermore, it is susceptible to drug-drug interactions with agents that induce or inhibit CYP 2C19.</p></div><div id="Clopidogrel.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>The severity of liver injury associated with clopidogrel ranges from transient, mild serum enzyme elevations to clinically apparent acute hepatitis that can be severe and lead to death. Most cases resolve with drug withdrawal within 1 to 3 months. Rechallenge with clopidogrel usually results in recurrence of liver injury and should be avoided. However, there does not appear to be cross sensitivity to the liver injury between clopidogrel and ticlopidine or dipyridamole.</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Anticoagulants/?report=reader">Antithrombotic Agents</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Anticoagulants/?report=reader">Antiplatelet Agents</a></p><p>Other Drugs in the Subclass, Antiplatelet Agents: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Aspirin/?report=reader">Aspirin</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Cangrelor/?report=reader">Cangrelor</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Dipyridamole/?report=reader">Dipyridamole</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Prasugrel/?report=reader">Prasugrel</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Ticagrelor/?report=reader">Ticagrelor</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Ticlopidine/?report=reader">Ticlopidine</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Vorapaxar/?report=reader">Vorapaxar</a></p></div></div><div id="Clopidogrel.CASE_REPORT"><h2 id="_Clopidogrel_CASE_REPORT_">CASE REPORT</h2><div id="Clopidogrel.Case_1._Acute_cholestatic_he"><h3>Case 1. Acute cholestatic hepatitis due to clopidogrel.</h3><p>[Modified from: Chau TN, Yim KF, Mok NS, Chan WK, Leung VK, Leung MF, Lai ST. Clopidogrel-induced hepatotoxicity after percutaneous coronary stenting. Hong Kong Med J 2005; 11: 414-6. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219965" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>]</p><p>A 74 year old man with a history of hypertension and ischemic heart disease presented with retrosternal chest pain and underwent cardiac catheterization which showed complete occlusion of the left anterior descending and 80% occlusion of the left circumflex artery for which he underwent successful percutaneous stenting. Clopidogrel was started in preparation of the coronary artery stenting and continued after discharge. Four weeks later and 41 days after starting clopidogrel he developed dark urine and jaundice. He had no previous history of liver disease, drug allergies, alcohol abuse, or risk factors for viral hepatitis. Other medications included aspirin, isosorbide dinitrate and metoprolol, all of which had been taken for several years. Laboratory testing showed a serum bilirubin of 5.3 mg/dL, ALT 212 U/L and alkaline phosphatase 172 U/L (Table). Serum albumin concentrations and prothrombin time were normal. Tests for acute hepatitis A, B, C (including HCV RNA) and E were negative as were smooth muscle and antinuclear antibodies. Abdominal ultrasound showed no hepatic masses or evidence of biliary obstruction. Four days after onset of jaundice, clopidogrel was stopped, while other medications were continued. Liver tests worsened for the first few days after presentation, but then began to improve and were within the normal range 3 months later.</p><div id="Clopidogrel.Key_Points"><h4>Key Points</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figClopidogrelT1"><a href="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figClopidogrelT1" rid-ob="figobClopidogrelT1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T1/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Clopidogrel.T1"><a href="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobClopidogrelT1">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Clopidogrel.Laboratory_Values"><h4>Laboratory Values</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figClopidogrelT2"><a href="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figClopidogrelT2" rid-ob="figobClopidogrelT2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T2/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Clopidogrel.T2"><a href="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobClopidogrelT2">Table</a></h4></div></div><p>* Some values estimated from figure.</p></div><div id="Clopidogrel.Comment"><h4>Comment</h4><p>A typical example of an acute liver injury with jaundice attributed to clopidogrel. Typical were the time of onset (4-5 weeks), the mixed pattern of serum enzyme elevations and the mild self-limited nature of the injury, with improvement starting within a week of stopping the medication. While the liver injury from clopidogrel resembles that of ticlopidine, there are some differences. Both agents are associated with acute liver injury that usually arises within 1 to 12 weeks of starting. However, the injury tends to be more hepatocellular with clopidogrel and the time to recovery slightly shorter. Interestingly, there does not seem to be cross sensitivity to hepatic injury between clopidogrel and ticlopidine, despite their similar chemical structures and mechanisms of action.</p></div></div></div><div id="Clopidogrel.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Clopidogrel_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><div id="Clopidogrel.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Clopidogrel – Generic, Plavix®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antithrombotic Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Clopidogrel" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></div><div id="Clopidogrel.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTU"><h2 id="_Clopidogrel_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTU_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figClopidogrelT3"><a href="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figClopidogrelT3" rid-ob="figobClopidogrelT3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T3/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Clopidogrel.T3"><a href="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobClopidogrelT3">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Clopidogrel.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Clopidogrel_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 17 October 2017</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R1">Zimmerman HJ. Platelet aggregation inhibitors. Drugs used in cardiovascular disease. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 641-3.<div><i>(Textbook of hepatotoxicity published in 1999 discusses ticlopidine, but not clopidogrel).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R2">De Marzio DH, Navarro VJ. Hepatotoxicity of cardiovascular and antidiabetic drugs: antihypertensives. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, p. 528.<div><i>(Review of hepatotoxicity of antiplatelet drugs mentions that clopidogrel like ticlopidine can cause liver injury although less commonly, and some patients with ticlopidine liver injury can tolerate clopidogrel without recurrence).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R3">Weitz JI. Blood coagulation and anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, and antiplatelet drugs. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 849-76.<div><i>(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R4">A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 1996; 348: 1329-39. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8918275" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8918275</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 19,185 patients treated with either aspirin or clopidogrel and followed for an average of 1.9 years, abnormal liver tests were reported in 3% on clopidogrel vs 3.2% on aspirin and were severe in 0.5% vs 0.7%).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R5">Zeolla MM, Carson JJ. Successful use of clopidogrel for cerebrovascular accident in a patient with suspected ticlopidine-induced hepatotoxicity. Ann Pharmacoth 1999; 33: 939-41. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10492495" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10492495</span></a>]<div><i>(79 year old woman developed elevations in serum enzymes 5 weeks after starting ticlopidine [bilirubin 0.3 mg/dL, ALT 1008 U/L, Alk P 648 U/L] without jaundice or symptoms, and levels fell to near normal within 20 days of switching to clopidogrel and were completely normal 4 months later).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R6">Jarvis B, Simpson K. Clopidogrel: a review of its use in the prevention of atherothrombosis. Drugs 2000; 60: 347-77. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10983738" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10983738</span></a>]<div><i>(Review of the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of clopidogrel; side effects are slightly less common with clopidogrel than aspirin, serum enzyme elevations occurring in 3% vs 3.2% [CAPRIE]).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R7">Willens HJ. Clopidogrel-induced mixed hepatocellular and cholestatic liver injury. Am J Ther 2000; 7: 317-8. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11317178" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11317178</span></a>]<div><i>(81 year old woman developed fatigue and anorexia 2 weeks and jaundice 4 weeks after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 3.0 mg/dL, ALT 507 U/L, Alk P 636 U/L], resolving within 2 months of stopping).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R8">Sgro C, Clinard F, Ouazir K, Chanay H, Allard C, Guilleminet C, Lenoir C, et al. Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: a French population-based study. Hepatology 2002; 36: 451-5. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12143055" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12143055</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 34 cases of drug induced liver injury identified in a population based survey in France [1997-2000], 1 case was attributed to clopidogrel, occurring in a 75 year old woman [bilirubin 6.6 mg/dL, ALT 8 times ULN, Alk P 2 times ULN], resolving within 1 month).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R9">Durán Quintana JA, Jiménez Sáenz M, Montero AR, Gutiérrez MH. [Clopidogrel probably induced hepatic toxicity]. Med Clin (Barc) 2002; 119: 37. Spanish. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12062007" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12062007</span></a>]<div><i>(77 year old man developed jaundice 6 months after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 13 mg/dL, ALT 786 U/L, Alk P 474 U/L], resolving within 4 months of stopping).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R10">Ramos Ramos JC, Sanz Moreno J, Calvo Carrasco L, García Díaz Jde D. [Clopidogrel-induced hepatotoxicity]. Med Clin (Barc) 2003; 120: 156-7. Spanish. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12605844" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12605844</span></a>]<div><i>(89 year old woman developed jaundice 8 weeks after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 24.9 rising to 33.8 mg/dL, ALT 720 U/L, Alk P 118 U/L], resolving within 5 months of stopping).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R11">Wolf I, Mouallem M, Rath S, Farfel Z. Clopidogrel-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78: 618-20. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12744550" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12744550</span></a>]<div><i>(50 year old woman developed fever, weakness and rash 2 weeks after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 1.3 mg/dL, ALT 149 U/L, Alk P 132 U/L], resolving rapidly upon stopping and with positive rechallenge [fever and tachycardia within 4 hours]).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R12">Batwa F, Lamoureaux E, Friedman G. Clopidogrel-induced liver injury [case report]. Can J Gastroenterol 2003; 17: 232. Not in PubMed.<div><i>(Cited in Goyal et al. [2009], 84 year old woman developed mixed pattern of liver injury 56 days after starting clopidogrel, with resolution on follow up).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R13">Beltran-Robles M, Marquez Saavedra E, Sanchez-MuñD, Romero-Gomez M. Hepatotoxicity induced by clopidogrel. J Hepatol 2004; 40: 560-2. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15123377" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15123377</span></a>]<div><i>(59 year old man developed abnormal liver tests 4 days after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 0.5 mg/dL, ALT 318 U/L, Alk P 100 U/L], resolving in 11 days of stopping and recurring within 4 days of restarting [ALT 119]).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R14">Chau TN, Yim KF, Mok NS, Chan WK, Leung VK, Leung MF, Lai ST. Clopidogrel-induced hepatotoxicity after percutaneous coronary stenting. Hong Kong Med J 2005; 11: 414-6. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16219965" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16219965</span></a>]<div><i>(74 year old man developed jaundice 5 weeks after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 5.3 mg/dL, ALT 212 U/L, Alk P 172 U/L], resolving within 4 weeks of stopping: Case 1).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R15">Ng JA, Goldberg N, Tafreshi MJ. Clopidogrel-induced hepatotoxicity and fever. Pharmacotherapy 2006; 26: 1023-6. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16878371" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16878371</span></a>]<div><i>(59 year old woman developed fever 3 days after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 1.5 mg/dL, ALT 536 U/L, Alk P 247 U/L, eosinophils 10%], fevers and laboratory abnormalities resolving with stopping, and recurring on restarting clopidogrel but then able to tolerate ticlopidine).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R16">Höllmüller I, Stadlmann S, Graziadei I, Vogel W. Clinico-histopathological characteristics of clopidogrel-induced hepatic injury: case report and review of literature. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 18: 931-4. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16825915" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16825915</span></a>]<div><i>(80 year old man developed jaundice 6 weeks after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 13.2 rising to 20.8 mg/dL, ALT 854 U/L, Alk P 221 U/L], resolving within 2 months of stopping).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R17">López-Vicente J, Garfia C, López-Medrano F, Yela C. [Hepatic toxicity and clopidogrel-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2007; 60: 323-4. Spanish. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17394881" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17394881</span></a>]<div><i>(63 year old man developed fever and abdominal pain 4 weeks after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 1.0 mg/dL, ALT 204, Alk P 682 U/L, eosinophils 3037/µL], resolving upon stopping clopidogrel).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R18">Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J; Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1924-34. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3654244/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3654244</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955056" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18955056</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected between 2004 and 2008, none were attributed to ticlopidine or clopidogrel).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R19">Wiper A, Schmitt M, Roberts DH. Clopidogrel-induced hepatotoxicity. J Postgrad Med 2008; 54: 152. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18480537" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18480537</span></a>]<div><i>(56 year old man developed fatigue 2 months after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin normal, ALT ~450 U/L, Alk P ~680 U/L], resolving in 4 weeks but recurring upon restarting).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R20">Blombery PA, Russell PA, Daffy JR. An unusual case of recurrent fever, jaundice and right upper quadrant pain. Med J Aust 2009; 191: 396-7. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19807633" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19807633</span></a>]<div><i>(66 year old man developed jaundice 2 months after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 5.8 mg/dL, ALT 344 U/L, Alk P 357 U/L], with improvement on stopping and recurrence within a day of restarting clopidogrel [fever and jaundice], with biopsy showing granulomas, complete resolution 2 months after permanently stopping).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R21">Goyal RK, Srivastava D, Lessnau KD. Clopidogrel-induced hepatocellular injury and cholestatic jaundice in an elderly patient: case report and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 2009; 29: 608-12. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19397467" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19397467</span></a>]<div><i>(78 year old woman developed jaundice 2-3 weeks after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 7.3 rising to 13 mg/dL, ALT 234 U/L, Alk P 1011 U/L], improving on stopping, and worsening on restarting clopidogrel and resolving upon permanent discontinuation; review of 12 published cases).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R22">Anselmino M, Moretti C, Ravera L, Sheiban I. Clopidogrel treatment in a patient with ticlopidine-induced hepatitis following percutaneous coronary stenting. Minerva Cardioangiol 2010; 58: 277-80. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20440256" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20440256</span></a>]<div><i>(81 year old woman developed jaundice 45 days after starting ticlopidine [details not given] and recovered after stopping; one year later clopidogrel was started without recurrence of liver injury).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R23">Kastalli S, El Aïdli S, Zaïem A, ben Abdallah H, Daghfous R. Fatal liver injury associated with clopidogrel. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2010; 24: 433-5. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19895648" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19895648</span></a>]<div><i>(63 year old man developed jaundice 19 days after starting clopidogrel which was continued until 54 days when he was admitted with ascites and jaundice [bilirubin 4.8 mg/dL, ALT 336 U/L, Alk P 186 U/L, prothrombin index 27%], developing progressive coma and dying 2 days later).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R24">Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2010; 52: 2065-76. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3992250/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3992250</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20949552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20949552</span></a>]<div><i> (Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 were attributed to drug induced liver injury, but none were due to clopidogrel or other antiplatelet medications).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R25">Leighton SP, Gordon C, Shand A. Clopidogrel, Turkey and a red herring? BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011. pii: bcr0120113776. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22700934" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3079450/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3079450</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22700934" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22700934</span></a>]<div><i> (61 year old man with history of stroke and TIAs developed jaundice one month after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 3.3 mg/dL, ALT 3636 U/L, Alk P 364 U/L] which improved after stopping clopidogrel, but was then found to be acute hepatitis E, probably acquired while traveling in Turkey).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R26">Monteiro PH, Dos Santos Pinheiro L, Alvoeiro L, Lucas M, Victorino RM. Clopidogrel-induced liver failure. JRSM Short Rep 2011; 2: 40. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21637401" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3105452/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3105452</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21637401" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21637401</span></a>]<div><i>(80 year old woman with diabetes and coronary artery disease developed nausea and dyspnea 1 month after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 1.7 mg/dL, ALT 190 U/L, GGT 166 U/L, INR rising to 1.6] who worsened for a week, but then resolved within 1 month once clopidogrel was stopped).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R27">Pisapia R, Abdeddaim A, Mariano A, Rianda A, Vincenzi L, Taibi C, Baiocchini A, et al. Acute hepatitis associated with clopidogrel: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Ther 2015; 22: e8-e13. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23846525" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23846525</span></a>]<div><i>(53 year old woman developed fatigue, rash followed by jaundice 3 months after starting atorvastatin and 2 days after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 5 mg/dL, ALT 1603 U/L, Alk P 408 U/L, INR 1.14], and did not improve after stopping atorvastatin [bilirubin rising to 24.5, INR 1.8], but did after stopping clopidogrel).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R28">Zahno A, Bouitbir J, Maseneni S, Lindinger PW, Brecht K, Krähenbühl S. Hepatocellular toxicity of clopidogrel: Mechanisms and risk factors. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65C: 208-16. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23770199" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23770199</span></a>]<div><i>(In vitro studies of clopidogrel effects on hepatocytes suggested that low cellular glutathione and high CYP 3A4 activity may predispose to hepatotoxicity). </i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R29">Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1419-25. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23419359" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23419359</span></a>]<div><i>(In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, but none were attributed to clopidogrel).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R30">Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America: an analysis of published reports. Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 231-9. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24552865</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 176 reports of drug induced liver injury from Latin America published between 1996 and 2012, none were attributed to clopidogrel).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R31">Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52.e7. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4446235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4446235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754159</span></a>]<div><i>(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, none were due to clopidogrel).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R32">Kapila A, Chhabra L, Locke AD, Patel P, Khanna A, Reddy CM, Young MF. An idiosyncratic reaction to clopidogrel. Perm J 2015; 19: 74-6. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25663208" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4315382/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4315382</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25663208" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25663208</span></a>]<div><i> (75 year old woman developed fever 5 days after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 1.6 mg/dL, ALT 716 U/L, Alk P 160 U/L], which resolved rapidly upon stopping and rechallenge resulted in rise in ALT [42 to 92 U/L] and AST [49 to 120 U/L] within two days).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R33">Keshmiri H, Behal A, Shroff S, Berkelhammer C. Clopidogrel-induced severe hepatitis: a case report and literature review. Case Reports Hepatol 2016; 2016: 8068276. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27429813" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4939341/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4939341</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27429813" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27429813</span></a>]<div><i>(34 year old man developed jaundice 4 months after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 5.7 mg/dL, ALT 1393 U/L, Alk P 130 U/L, INR 1.5], worsening for a week and improving thereafter on a brief course of prednisone and ursodiol).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R34">Etxeberria Lekuona D, Méndez López I, Mercado MR, Oteiza J, Arteaga M, Jarne V. [Cholestasic toxic hepatitis due to clopidogrel in a patient with multiple conditions]. An Sist Sanit Navar 2016; 39: 143-8. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27125614" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27125614" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27125614</span></a>]<div><i> (78 year old man with diabetes and renal insufficiency developed metabolic acidosis and liver test abnormalities 4 months after starting clopidogrel [bilirubin 2.1 mg/dL, ALT 106 U/L, Alk P 1441 U/L], laboratory tests improving, but not completely upon stopping).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R35">Papagni S, Bonifati C, Dagostino F, Murgo AM. [Clopidogrel- induced hepatotoxicity in hemodialyzed patient: a case report]. G Ital Nefrol 2016; 33. pii: gin/33.1.7. Italian. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26913747" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26913747" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26913747</span></a>]<div><i>(71 year old diabetic on hemodialysis developed jaundice and ascites shortly after starting clopidogrel, which improved slowly upon stopping).</i></div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Clopidogrel.R36">Drug interaction: Clopidogrel and PPIs. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2017; 59 (1515): 39-40. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28222065" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PubMed Citation</a>. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28222065" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28222065</span></a>]<div><i> (Concurrent use of clopidogrel and omeprazole may decrease the antiplatelet activity, but the clinical significance of the effect has not been shown).</i></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK547946_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">October 17, 2017</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Clopidogrel. [Updated 2017 Oct 17].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Clonidine/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Clorazepate/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobClopidogrelT1"><div id="Clopidogrel.T1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Clopidogrel.T1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Medication:</th><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Clopidogrel (75 mg daily for 41 days)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Pattern:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Mixed (R=3.5)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Severity:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">3+ (jaundice, hospitalization)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Latency:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">41 days</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Recovery:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">3 months</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Other medications:</th><td headers="hd_b_Clopidogrel.T1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Aspirin, isosorbide dinitrate, metoprolol</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobClopidogrelT2"><div id="Clopidogrel.T2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Clopidogrel.T2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Time After Starting</th><th id="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Time After Stopping</th><th id="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">ALT* (U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Alk P* (U/L)</th><th id="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Bilirubin* (mg/dL)</th><th id="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Other</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1 day</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">65</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">0.5</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Clopidogrel started</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1 week</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">0.5</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Cardiac catheterization</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">2 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">70</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">0.4</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">212</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">172</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5.3</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Clopidogrel stopped</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">2 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">253</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">202</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5.8</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">3 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">205</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">185</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">3.6</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">7 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5 days</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">140</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">155</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">2.0</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">10 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1 month</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">86</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">110</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">0.4</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">17 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">3 months</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">90</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">0.4</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Normal Values</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<b><40</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<b><115</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<b><1.2</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobClopidogrelBPI"><div id="Clopidogrel.BPI" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Clopidogrel – Generic, Plavix®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Antithrombotic Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Clopidogrel" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobClopidogrelT3"><div id="Clopidogrel.T3" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK547946/table/Clopidogrel.T3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Clopidogrel.T3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NUMBER</th><th id="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Clopidogrel</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/135032924" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubchem">90055-48-4</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">C16-H16-Cl-N-O2-S</td><td headers="hd_h_Clopidogrel.T3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">
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<div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK547946/bin/Clopidogrel_Structure.jpg" alt="Clopidogrel Chemical Structure" /></div>
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