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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Alkylating Agents - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Alkylating Agents">
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<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2015/03/10">
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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Alkylating Agents">
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<meta name="description" content="Alkylating agents are a class of antineoplastic or anticancer drugs which act by inhibiting the transcription of DNA into RNA and thereby stopping the protein synthesis. Alkylating agents substitute alkyl groups for hydrogen atoms on DNA, resulting in the formation of cross links within the DNA chain and thereby resulting in cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. This action occurs in all cells, but alkylating agents have their primary effect on rapidly dividing cells which do not have time for DNA repair. Cancer cells are among the most affected because they are among the most rapidly dividing cells. However, hematopoetic, reproductive, and endothelial cells also divide rapidly which accounts for the common side effects of the alkylating agents: anemia, pancytopenia, amenorrhea, impaired spermatogenesis, intestinal mucosal damage, alopecia, and increased risk of malignancy. The end result of the alkylation process results in the misreading of the DNA code and the inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and the triggering of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in rapidly proliferating tumor cells. The alkylating agents are generally separated into six classes:">
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<meta name="og:description" content="Alkylating agents are a class of antineoplastic or anticancer drugs which act by inhibiting the transcription of DNA into RNA and thereby stopping the protein synthesis. Alkylating agents substitute alkyl groups for hydrogen atoms on DNA, resulting in the formation of cross links within the DNA chain and thereby resulting in cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. This action occurs in all cells, but alkylating agents have their primary effect on rapidly dividing cells which do not have time for DNA repair. Cancer cells are among the most affected because they are among the most rapidly dividing cells. However, hematopoetic, reproductive, and endothelial cells also divide rapidly which accounts for the common side effects of the alkylating agents: anemia, pancytopenia, amenorrhea, impaired spermatogenesis, intestinal mucosal damage, alopecia, and increased risk of malignancy. The end result of the alkylation process results in the misreading of the DNA code and the inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and the triggering of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in rapidly proliferating tumor cells. The alkylating agents are generally separated into six classes:">
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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK547849_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Alkylating Agents</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK547849_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="AlkylatingAgents.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_AlkylatingAgents_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><p>Alkylating agents are a class of antineoplastic or anticancer drugs which act by inhibiting the transcription of DNA into RNA and thereby stopping the protein synthesis. Alkylating agents substitute alkyl groups for hydrogen atoms on DNA, resulting in the formation of cross links within the DNA chain and thereby resulting in cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. This action occurs in all cells, but alkylating agents have their primary effect on rapidly dividing cells which do not have time for DNA repair. Cancer cells are among the most affected because they are among the most rapidly dividing cells. However, hematopoetic, reproductive, and endothelial cells also divide rapidly which accounts for the common side effects of the alkylating agents: anemia, pancytopenia, amenorrhea, impaired spermatogenesis, intestinal mucosal damage, alopecia, and increased risk of malignancy. The end result of the alkylation process results in the misreading of the DNA code and the inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and the triggering of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in rapidly proliferating tumor cells. The alkylating agents are generally separated into six classes:</p><p>(1) The nitrogen mustards [mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan and</p><p>chlorambucil]</p><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Ethylenamine and methylenamine derivatives [altretamine, thiotepa]</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Alkyl sulfonates [busulfan]</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Nitrosoureas [carmustine, lomustine]</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Triazenes [dacarbazine, procarbazine, temozolomide]</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">The platinum-containing antineoplastic agents [cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin], which</p></dd></dl></dl><p>are referred to as platinum coordination complexes. These antineoplastic drugs are</p><p>usually classified as alkylating agents, although they do not alkylate DNA, but cause</p><p>covalent DNA adducts by a different means.</p><p>The alkylating agents all have major toxicities, but the predominant toxicities are to the bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract. Most agents have been shown to cause transient serum aminotransferase elevations in a proportion of patients. Several alkylating agents have also been implicated in causing rare cases of idiosyncratic, clinically apparent acute liver injury which is typically cholestatic and best described for temozolomide, cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil, perhaps because these agents are most frequently used and can be given orally over a prolonged period. Importantly, the alkylating agents can also cause sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (veno-occlusive disease) when given in high doses, and nodular regenerative hyperplasia when given for prolonged periods. These latter two hepatic effects are typically dose related and may be due to direct toxicity. The alkylating agents discussed in LiverTox include:</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/AntineoplasticAgents/?report=reader">Antineoplastic Agents</a></p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Altretamine/?report=reader">Altretamine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Bendamustine/?report=reader">Bendamustine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Busulfan/?report=reader">Busulfan</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Carmustine/?report=reader">Carmustine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Chlorambucil/?report=reader">Chlorambucil</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Cyclophosphamide/?report=reader">Cyclophosphamide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Dacarbazine/?report=reader">Dacarbazine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Ifosfamide/?report=reader">Ifosfamide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Lomustine/?report=reader">Lomustine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Lurbinectedin/?report=reader">Lurbinectedin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Mechlorethamine/?report=reader">Mechlorethamine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Melphalan/?report=reader">Melphalan</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Procarbazine/?report=reader">Procarbazine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Streptozocin/?report=reader">Streptozocin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Temozolomide/?report=reader">Temozolomide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Thiotepa/?report=reader">Thiotepa</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Trabectedin/?report=reader">Trabectedin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/PlatinumCoordination/?report=reader">Platinum Coordination Complexes</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Carboplatin/?report=reader">Carboplatin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Cisplatin/?report=reader">Cisplatin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Oxaliplatin/?report=reader">Oxaliplatin</a>
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</div></li></ul></li></ul><p>
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<i>List updated: 27 December 2022</i>
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</p></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK547849_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">March 10, 2015</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Alkylating Agents. [Updated 2015 Mar 10].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Aliskiren/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Allopurinol/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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