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<title>Alkylating Agents - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Alkylating Agents" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2015/03/10" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="31643188" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547849/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Alkylating Agents" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2015/03/10" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547849/" /><meta name="description" content="Alkylating agents are a class of antineoplastic or anticancer drugs which act by inhibiting the transcription of DNA into RNA and thereby stopping the protein synthesis. Alkylating agents substitute alkyl groups for hydrogen atoms on DNA, resulting in the formation of cross links within the DNA chain and thereby resulting in cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. This action occurs in all cells, but alkylating agents have their primary effect on rapidly dividing cells which do not have time for DNA repair. Cancer cells are among the most affected because they are among the most rapidly dividing cells. However, hematopoetic, reproductive, and endothelial cells also divide rapidly which accounts for the common side effects of the alkylating agents: anemia, pancytopenia, amenorrhea, impaired spermatogenesis, intestinal mucosal damage, alopecia, and increased risk of malignancy. The end result of the alkylation process results in the misreading of the DNA code and the inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and the triggering of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in rapidly proliferating tumor cells. The alkylating agents are generally separated into six classes:" /><meta name="og:title" content="Alkylating Agents" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Alkylating agents are a class of antineoplastic or anticancer drugs which act by inhibiting the transcription of DNA into RNA and thereby stopping the protein synthesis. Alkylating agents substitute alkyl groups for hydrogen atoms on DNA, resulting in the formation of cross links within the DNA chain and thereby resulting in cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. This action occurs in all cells, but alkylating agents have their primary effect on rapidly dividing cells which do not have time for DNA repair. Cancer cells are among the most affected because they are among the most rapidly dividing cells. However, hematopoetic, reproductive, and endothelial cells also divide rapidly which accounts for the common side effects of the alkylating agents: anemia, pancytopenia, amenorrhea, impaired spermatogenesis, intestinal mucosal damage, alopecia, and increased risk of malignancy. The end result of the alkylation process results in the misreading of the DNA code and the inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and the triggering of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in rapidly proliferating tumor cells. The alkylating agents are generally separated into six classes:" /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547849/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-livertox-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/livertox/AlkylatingAgents/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547849/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK547849_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Alkylating Agents</span></h1><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">March 10, 2015</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="AlkylatingAgents.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_AlkylatingAgents_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><p>Alkylating agents are a class of antineoplastic or anticancer drugs which act by inhibiting the transcription of DNA into RNA and thereby stopping the protein synthesis. Alkylating agents substitute alkyl groups for hydrogen atoms on DNA, resulting in the formation of cross links within the DNA chain and thereby resulting in cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. This action occurs in all cells, but alkylating agents have their primary effect on rapidly dividing cells which do not have time for DNA repair. Cancer cells are among the most affected because they are among the most rapidly dividing cells. However, hematopoetic, reproductive, and endothelial cells also divide rapidly which accounts for the common side effects of the alkylating agents: anemia, pancytopenia, amenorrhea, impaired spermatogenesis, intestinal mucosal damage, alopecia, and increased risk of malignancy. The end result of the alkylation process results in the misreading of the DNA code and the inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and the triggering of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in rapidly proliferating tumor cells. The alkylating agents are generally separated into six classes:</p><p>(1) The nitrogen mustards [mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan and</p><p>chlorambucil]</p><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>2.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Ethylenamine and methylenamine derivatives [altretamine, thiotepa]</p></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Alkyl sulfonates [busulfan]</p></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Nitrosoureas [carmustine, lomustine]</p></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Triazenes [dacarbazine, procarbazine, temozolomide]</p></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">The platinum-containing antineoplastic agents [cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin], which</p></dd></dl><p>are referred to as platinum coordination complexes. These antineoplastic drugs are</p><p>usually classified as alkylating agents, although they do not alkylate DNA, but cause</p><p>covalent DNA adducts by a different means.</p><p>The alkylating agents all have major toxicities, but the predominant toxicities are to the bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract. Most agents have been shown to cause transient serum aminotransferase elevations in a proportion of patients. Several alkylating agents have also been implicated in causing rare cases of idiosyncratic, clinically apparent acute liver injury which is typically cholestatic and best described for temozolomide, cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil, perhaps because these agents are most frequently used and can be given orally over a prolonged period. Importantly, the alkylating agents can also cause sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (veno-occlusive disease) when given in high doses, and nodular regenerative hyperplasia when given for prolonged periods. These latter two hepatic effects are typically dose related and may be due to direct toxicity. The alkylating agents discussed in LiverTox include:</p><p>Drug Class: <a href="/books/n/livertox/AntineoplasticAgents/">Antineoplastic Agents</a></p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Altretamine/">Altretamine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Bendamustine/">Bendamustine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Busulfan/">Busulfan</a>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Carmustine/">Carmustine</a>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Chlorambucil/">Chlorambucil</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Cyclophosphamide/">Cyclophosphamide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Dacarbazine/">Dacarbazine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Ifosfamide/">Ifosfamide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Lomustine/">Lomustine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Lurbinectedin/">Lurbinectedin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Mechlorethamine/">Mechlorethamine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Melphalan/">Melphalan</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Procarbazine/">Procarbazine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Streptozocin/">Streptozocin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Temozolomide/">Temozolomide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Thiotepa/">Thiotepa</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Trabectedin/">Trabectedin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/PlatinumCoordination/">Platinum Coordination Complexes</a>
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</div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Carboplatin/">Carboplatin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Cisplatin/">Cisplatin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/livertox/Oxaliplatin/">Oxaliplatin</a>
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</div></li></ul></li></ul><p>
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<i>List updated: 27 December 2022</i>
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</p></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK547849</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31643188" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">31643188</a></span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/livertox/">Drug Records</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/livertox/Aliskiren/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/livertox/Allopurinol/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
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