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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK547736_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Anatomy, Head and Neck: Inferior Alveolar Arteries</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">John D. Nguyen</span><sup>1</sup>; <span itemprop="author">Hieu Duong</span>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> Florida Atlantic University</div><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">August 14, 2023</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="article-36680.s1"><h2 id="_article-36680_s1_">Introduction</h2><p>The predominant blood supply to the mandible derives from the inferior alveolar artery. The inferior alveolar artery originates from one of the terminal arteries the external carotid artery forms. This terminal artery is the maxillary artery. The maxillary further branches into arteries that provide the face perfusion, but the inferior alveolar artery descends to perfuse mainly the mandible.</p><p>The inferior alveolar artery branches from the first portion of the maxillary artery. The inferior alveolar artery is responsible for the majority of the perfusion to the nerves, gingivae, and teeth of the lower jaw. The perfusion territory of the inferior alveolar artery corresponds to the structures that surround and encompasses the mandible bone. </p></div><div id="article-36680.s2"><h2 id="_article-36680_s2_">Structure and Function</h2><p>As the external carotid artery ascends the face, it will branch into six arteries: the superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, facial artery, occipital artery, and posterior auricular artery. The external carotid artery will terminate and become the superficial temporal artery and the maxillary artery. The maxillary artery is what branches into the inferior alveolar artery. The inferior alveolar artery is a small muscular artery that branches from the first portion of the maxillary artery.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r1">[1]</a></p><p>The course of the inferior alveolar artery is similar to the inferior alveolar nerve. Before the inferior alveolar artery enters the mandibular foramen, it will branch into the mylohyoid and lingual branch of the inferior alveolar artery. While the inferior alveolar artery traverses the mandibular foramen, it branches into the incisor arteries. Once the inferior alveolar artery reaches the mental foramen and exits, it becomes the mental artery; this makes the inferior alveolar artery the main blood supply to the mandible bone.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r2">[2]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r3">[3]</a></p><p>The mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar artery will descend toward the mylohyoid muscle and perfuse the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior muscle belly of the digastric muscle. The lingual branch of the inferior alveolar artery perfuses the genioglossus muscle in the tongue. The incisor arteries that branch from the inferior alveolar artery is responsible for perfusing the teeth, dental sockets, and the gingivae of the lower jaw. The mental artery is responsible for the perfusion of the anterior chin. These arterial branches of the inferior alveolar will also perfuse their corresponding nerves.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r4">[4]</a></p><p>The inferior alveolar artery also forms anastomoses with the inferior labial artery and the submental artery. The anastomosis with the inferior labial artery will provide collateral blood to the lower lip, anterior chin, skin, and the muscles in that region. The connection made with the submental artery will provide collateral blood to the skin and muscles on the inferior aspect of the chin.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r3">[3]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r5">[5]</a></p></div><div id="article-36680.s3"><h2 id="_article-36680_s3_">Embryology</h2><p>During embryology, the structures in the face and neck derive from the brachial apparatus, while the arteries in the face and neck derive from the aortic arches. Mesenchymal tissue is the embryonic tissue that will differentiate into blood vessels. The first aortic arch will form the maxillary artery. The maxillary artery will continue to elongate and form branches such as the inferior alveolar artery; this makes the inferior alveolar artery a derivative of the mesenchymal tissue from the first aortic arch.</p></div><div id="article-36680.s4"><h2 id="_article-36680_s4_">Blood Supply and Lymphatics</h2><p>The inferior alveolar arteries are responsible for the direct perfusion of the lower jaw and the lower jaw's structures. The branches that arise from the inferior alveolar artery will travel with the corresponding nerve to perfuse the same structure as the nerve innervation. The inferior alveolar artery is the main blood supply to the mandible bone. The perfusion territory of the inferior alveolar artery includes the lower jaw gingivae and teeth. The branches of the inferior alveolar artery perfuse regions, including the chin, neck, and lower lip.</p><p>The lymphatic drainage of the inferior alveolar artery and its perfusion territory will drain toward the submental and submandibular lymph nodes. The lymph fluid in these lymph nodes will eventually drain into the central circulation via the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct will drain lymph from the left side of the face and neck while the right lymphatic duct will drain the lymph from the right side of the face and neck.</p></div><div id="article-36680.s5"><h2 id="_article-36680_s5_">Nerves</h2><p>There are three primary nerves that the inferior alveolar provides perfusion. These three arteries are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Inferior alveolar nerve</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mental nerve</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mylohyoid nerve</div></li></ul><p>As the inferior alveolar artery descends toward the mandibular foramen, it gives off a branch called the mylohyoid artery. The mylohyoid artery descends into the mylohyoid fossa and joins the mylohyoid nerve. Both the mylohyoid artery and nerve travels toward the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. While the inferior alveolar artery course through the mandibular foramen, it follows closely with the inferior alveolar nerve. As the inferior alveolar artery and nerve approach the mental foramen. Both the inferior alveolar artery and nerve will become the mental artery and nerve as they exit the mental foramen. These are the primary nerves that mainly receive blood from the inferior alveolar nerve, but the collateral circulation in the face is so vast. That these nerves will also be perfused from other arteries in the face, neck, and head via collateral blood flow.</p></div><div id="article-36680.s6"><h2 id="_article-36680_s6_">Muscles</h2><p>The inferior alveolar artery mainly perfuses the lower jaw, including the teeth and gingivae. Also, the inferior alveolar branches will perfuse some of the muscle nearby. The mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar artery perfuses the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior muscle belly of the digastric muscle.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r4">[4]</a> The mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery perfuses the muscles in the chin such as the mentalis muscle and the depressor anguli oris muscle. The lingual branch of the inferior alveolar artery perfuses the genioglossus muscle of the tongue.</p><p>The anastomoses that the inferior alveolar artery and its branches form will perfuse other muscles in the face indirectly.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r3">[3]</a> </p></div><div id="article-36680.s7"><h2 id="_article-36680_s7_">Physiologic Variants</h2><p>As the maxillary artery starts to branch, the inferior alveolar artery usually arises from the first portion. The location of the origin of the inferior alveolar artery is highly dependent on the maxillary artery.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r6">[6]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r7">[7]</a> In some rare instances, the inferior alveolar artery is found to arise from the external carotid artery instead of the maxillary artery.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r8">[8]</a> The inferior alveolar artery has been found in duplication form also. The duplication of the inferior alveolar artery can arise as two inferior alveolar arteries branching from the maxillary artery. Also, there can be a bifurcation into two inferior alveolar arteries after branching from the maxillary artery.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r9">[9]</a></p></div><div id="article-36680.s8"><h2 id="_article-36680_s8_">Surgical Considerations</h2><p>In surgery, the knowledge of the anatomy of the mandible is valuable when it comes to the jaw or even oral surgeries. The inferior alveolar artery is the predominant blood supply to the mandible. If there is a compromise of the inferior alveolar artery, this could lead to necrosis of the mandible and structures perfused by the branches of the inferior alveolar artery.</p><p>In some situations, if there is uncontrolled hemorrhaging from the dental sockets on the lower jaw. The inferior alveolar artery can be embolized to achieve hemostasis and save the patient's life.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-36680.r10">[10]</a></p></div><div id="article-36680.s9"><h2 id="_article-36680_s9_">Clinical Significance</h2><p>Arterial bleeding that comes from gingivae and dental damage to the lower jaw is usually originating from the inferior alveolar artery or the inferior alveolar artery's branches. Bleeding that occurs from the dental sockets are from the incisor branches of the inferior alveolar artery.</p><p>During dental procedures, the gingivae can easily suffer damage. Gingival damage may lead to bleeding. Bleeding from dental sockets is common during teeth extractions. Clinicians can control dental socket bleeding with packing and pressure. If conservative measures are ineffective, then cauterization can be done. The cauterization of the incisor branches will resolve the dental socket bleeding and achieve hemostasis. If the arterial bleeding is coming from the gingivae that do not involve the dental socket. It usually suggests damage to the inferior alveolar artery. If the inferior alveolar artery bleeding is uncontrollable, embolization of the artery may be warranted.</p></div><div id="article-36680.s10"><h2 id="_article-36680_s10_">Other Issues</h2><p>Since the inferior alveolar artery arises from the maxillary artery and the maxillary artery is one of the terminal arteries formed by the external carotid artery. Any damage or compromise to the arteries proximal to the inferior alveolar artery will manifest as possible ischemia. The ischemia may manifest in the regions perfused by the inferior alveolar artery if coupled with poor collateral blood supply. The injury may present as weakness in the mandible. This weakness may be due to nerve, tissue, or muscle ischemia from lack of perfusion.</p></div><div id="article-36680.s11"><h2 id="_article-36680_s11_">Review Questions</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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</div></li></ul></div><div class="floats-group" id="article-36680.s12"></div><div id="article-36680.s13"><h2 id="_article-36680_s13_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-36680.r1">Sethi D, Gofur EM, Munakomi S. <span class="ref-journal">StatPearls [Internet].</span> StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Jul 24, 2023. Anatomy, Head and Neck: Carotid Arteries. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31424822" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31424822</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-36680.r2">Bertl K, Hirtler L, Dobsak T, Heimel P, Gahleitner A, Ulm C, Plenk H. Radiological assessment of the inferior alveolar artery course in human corpse mandibles. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur Radiol. </span>2015 Apr;<span class="ref-vol">25</span>(4):1148-53.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25413966" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25413966</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-36680.r3">Staudt J, Breustedt A, Kunz G, Wilcke G. [The arterial blood supply of the human mandible]. <span><span class="ref-journal">Stomatol DDR. </span>1978 Aug;<span class="ref-vol">28</span>(8):529-37.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/280006" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 280006</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-36680.r4">Toth J, Lappin SL. <span class="ref-journal">StatPearls [Internet].</span> StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Jun 5, 2023. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Mylohyoid Muscle. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31424877" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31424877</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-36680.r5">Kawai T, Sato I, Yosue T, Takamori H, Sunohara M. Anastomosis between the inferior alveolar artery branches and submental artery in human mandible. <span><span class="ref-journal">Surg Radiol Anat. </span>2006 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">28</span>(3):308-10.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16547603" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16547603</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-36680.r6">Jergenson MA, Norton NS, Opack JM, Barritt LC. Unique origin of the inferior alveolar artery. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Anat. </span>2005 Nov;<span class="ref-vol">18</span>(8):597-601.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16187317" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16187317</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-36680.r7">Kim JK, Cho JH, Lee YJ, Kim CH, Bae JH, Lee JG, Yoon JH. Anatomical variability of the maxillary artery: findings from 100 Asian cadaveric dissections. <span><span class="ref-journal">Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. </span>2010 Aug;<span class="ref-vol">136</span>(8):813-8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20713759" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20713759</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-36680.r8">Khaki AA, Tubbs R, Shoja M, Shokouhi G, Farahani RM. A rare variation of the inferior alveolar artery with potential clinical consequences. <span><span class="ref-journal">Folia Morphol (Warsz). </span>2005 Nov;<span class="ref-vol">64</span>(4):345-6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16425165" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16425165</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-36680.r9">Maeda S, Aizawa Y, Kumaki K, Kageyama I. Variations in the course of the maxillary artery in Japanese adults. <span><span class="ref-journal">Anat Sci Int. </span>2012 Dec;<span class="ref-vol">87</span>(4):187-94.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3505518/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3505518</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23011579" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23011579</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-36680.r10">Pham N, Sivapatham T, Hussain MS, Bhalla T, Masaryk TJ, Hui FK. Particle embolization of the bilateral superior and inferior alveolar arteries for life threatening dental socket hemorrhage. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Neurointerv Surg. </span>2012 Jul;<span class="ref-vol">4</span>(4):e20.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21990507" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21990507</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>John Nguyen declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Hieu Duong declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd></dl></div><div class="bk_prnt_sctn"><h2>Figures</h2><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj bk_first_prnt_obj"><div id="article-36680.image.f1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK547736/bin/inferior__alveolar__ar.jpg" alt="Inferior alveolar artery Contributed by Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body https://commons" /></div><div class="caption"><p>Inferior alveolar artery Contributed by Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inferior_alveolar_artery.png</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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<noscript><img alt="statistics" src="/stat?jsdisabled=true&ncbi_db=books&ncbi_pdid=book-part&ncbi_acc=NBK547736&ncbi_domain=statpearls&ncbi_report=printable&ncbi_type=fulltext&ncbi_objectid=&ncbi_pcid=/NBK547736/?report=printable&ncbi_app=bookshelf" /></noscript>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3879255/4121861/3501987/4008961/3893018/3821238/3400083/3426610.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
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